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Bertoglio F, Ko YP, Thomas S, Giordano L, Scommegna FR, Meier D, Polten S, Becker M, Arora S, Hust M, Höök M, Visai L. Antibodies to coagulase of Staphylococcus aureus crossreact to Efb and reveal different binding of shared fibrinogen binding repeats. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1221108. [PMID: 37828992 PMCID: PMC10565355 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1221108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus pathology is caused by a plethora of virulence factors able to combat multiple host defence mechanisms. Fibrinogen (Fg), a critical component in the host coagulation cascade, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of this bacterium, as it is the target of numerous staphylococcal virulence proteins. Amongst its secreted virulence factors, coagulase (Coa) and Extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein (Efb) share common Fg binding motives and have been described to form a Fg shield around staphylococcal cells, thereby allowing efficient bacterial spreading, phagocytosis escape and evasion of host immune system responses. Targeting these proteins with monoclonal antibodies thus represents a new therapeutic option against S. aureus. To this end, here we report the selection and characterization of fully human, sequence-defined, monoclonal antibodies selected against the C-terminal of coagulase. Given the functional homology between Coa and Efb, we also investigated if the generated antibodies bound the two virulence factors. Thirteen unique antibodies were isolated from naïve antibodies gene libraries by antibody phage display. As anticipated, most of the selected antibodies showed cross-recognition of these two proteins and among them, four were able to block the interaction between Coa/Efb and Fg. Furthermore, our monoclonal antibodies could interact with the two main Fg binding repeats present at the C-terminal of Coa and distinguish them, suggesting the presence of two functionally different Fg-binding epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Bertoglio
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), Center for Health Technologies (CHT), Unitá di Ricerca (UdR) Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- School of Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ya-Ping Ko
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sheila Thomas
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Liliana Giordano
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), Center for Health Technologies (CHT), Unitá di Ricerca (UdR) Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Scommegna
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), Center for Health Technologies (CHT), Unitá di Ricerca (UdR) Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Doris Meier
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Saskia Polten
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marlies Becker
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Srishtee Arora
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael Hust
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Magnus Höök
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Livia Visai
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), Center for Health Technologies (CHT), Unitá di Ricerca (UdR) Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Medicina Clinica-Specialistica, UOR5 Laboratorio di Nanotecnologie, Istituti Clinici Scientifici (ICS) Maugeri, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Pavia, Italy
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Locatelli C, Gattolin S, Monistero V, Castiglioni B, Moroni P, Addis MF, Cremonesi P. Staphylococcus aureus coa gene sequence analysis can prevent misidentification of coagulase-negative strains and contribute to their control in dairy cow herds. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1120305. [PMID: 37250045 PMCID: PMC10213915 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1120305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate and precise differentiation of staphylococci isolated from milk is of importance for udder health management. In particular, the rapid and specific identification of Staphylococcus aureus plays an essential role in the prevention and treatment programs for bovine mastitis. Plasma gelatinization in coagulase assays is routinely used to discriminate S. aureus from other species by detecting the presence of extracellular free staphylocoagulase. However, rarely occurring coagulase-deficient S. aureus strains can be responsible for clinical and subclinical mastitis cases. By investigating S. aureus isolates from a single herd over a 10-year period we identified the persistence of a phenotypically coagulase-negative S. aureus strain and pinpointed the possible cause to a single base pair deletion in the coa gene sequence. Our results support the need to integrate primary biochemical tests with molecular/sequence analysis approaches for correctly identifying and discriminating atypical S. aureus in bovine herds, as the coagulase test alone may fail to detect persistent mastitis-causing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Locatelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Stefano Gattolin
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Lodi, Italy
| | - Valentina Monistero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Bianca Castiglioni
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Lodi, Italy
| | - Paolo Moroni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Maria Filippa Addis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Paola Cremonesi
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Lodi, Italy
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Francis D, Bhairaddy A, Joy A, Hari GV, Francis A. Secretory proteins in the orchestration of microbial virulence: The curious case of Staphylococcus aureus. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 133:271-350. [PMID: 36707204 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microbial virulence showcases an excellent model for adaptive changes that enable an organism to survive and proliferate in a hostile environment and exploit host resources to its own benefit. In Staphylococcus aureus, an opportunistic pathogen of the human host, known for the diversity of the disease conditions it inflicts and the rapid evolution of antibiotic resistance, virulence is a consequence of having a highly plastic genome that is amenable to quick reprogramming and the ability to express a diverse arsenal of virulence factors. Virulence factors that are secreted to the host milieu effectively manipulate the host conditions to favor bacterial survival and growth. They assist in colonization, nutrient acquisition, immune evasion, and systemic spread. The structural and functional characteristics of the secreted virulence proteins have been shaped to assist S. aureus in thriving and disseminating effectively within the host environment and exploiting the host resources to its best benefit. With the aim of highlighting the importance of secreted virulence proteins in bacterial virulence, the present chapter provides a comprehensive account of the role of the major secreted proteins of S. aureus in orchestrating its virulence in the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Francis
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College, Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
| | - Anusha Bhairaddy
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College, Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Atheene Joy
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College, Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Ashik Francis
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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Maddur AA, Voehler M, Panizzi P, Meiler J, Bock PE, Verhamme IM. Mapping of the fibrinogen-binding site on the staphylocoagulase C-terminal repeat region. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101493. [PMID: 34915025 PMCID: PMC8761706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrin (Fbn) deposits are a hallmark of staphylocoagulase (SC)-positive endocarditis. Binding of the N terminus of Staphylococcus aureus SC to host prothrombin triggers formation of an active SC·prothrombin∗ complex that cleaves host fibrinogen to Fbn. In addition, the C-terminal domain of the prototypical SC contains one pseudorepeat (PR) and seven repeats (R1 → R7) that bind fibrinogen/Fbn fragment D (frag D) by a mechanism that is unclear. Here, we define affinities and stoichiometries of frag D binding to C-terminal SC constructs, using fluorescence equilibrium binding, NMR titration, alanine scanning, and native PAGE. We found that constructs containing the PR and single repeats bound frag D with KD ∼50 to 130 nM and a 1:1 stoichiometry, indicating a conserved binding site bridging the PR and each repeat. NMR titration of PR-R7 with frag D revealed that residues 22 to 49, bridging PR and R7, constituted the minimal peptide (MP) for binding, corroborated by alanine scanning, and binding of labeled MP to frag D. MP alignment with the PR-R and inter-repeat junctions identified critical conserved residues. Full-length PR-(R1 → R7) bound frag D with KD ∼20 nM and a stoichiometry of 1:5, whereas constructs containing the PR and various three repeats competed with PR-(R1 → R7) for frag D binding, with a 1:3 stoichiometry. These findings are consistent with binding at PR-R and R-R junctions with modest inter-repeat sequence variability. CD of PR-R7 and PR-(R1 → R7) suggested a disordered flexible structure, allowing binding of multiple fibrin(ogen) molecules. Taken together, these results provide insights into pathogen localization on host fibrin networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashoka A. Maddur
- FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies, College Station, Texas, USA,For correspondence: Ingrid M. Verhamme; Ashoka A. Maddur
| | - Markus Voehler
- Vanderbilt Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Peter Panizzi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA,Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical School, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul E. Bock
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ingrid M. Verhamme
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA,For correspondence: Ingrid M. Verhamme; Ashoka A. Maddur
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus can target a variety of tissues, causing life-threatening infections. The basis for this diversity stems from the microorganism’s ability to spread in the vascular system throughout the body. To survive in blood, S. aureus coats itself with a fibrinogen (Fg)/fibrin shield. The protective shield is assembled by the coordinated actions of a number of Fg-binding bacterial proteins that manipulate the host’s blood coagulation system. Several of the Fg binders appear redundant, sharing similar functional motifs. This observation led us to screen for the presence of novel proteins with significant amino acid identities to von Willebrand factor-binding protein (vWbp), a key component in the shield assembly machinery. One identified protein showed significant sequence identity with the C-terminal region of vWbp, and we consequently named it vWbp homologous protein (vhp). The vhp gene lies within a cluster of genes that encode other virulence factors in S. aureus. Although each isolate only contains one copy of the vhp gene, S. aureus has at least three distinct alleles, vhpA, B, and C, that are present in the core genome. All three vhp isoforms bind Fg with high affinity, targeting a site located in the D fragment of Fg. We further identified an ∼79 amino acid-long, conserved segment within the C-terminal region of vWbp that shares high sequence identities (54 to 67%) with the vhps and binds soluble Fg with high affinity. Further analysis of this conserved motif and the intact vhps revealed intriguing differences in the Fg binding behavior, perhaps suggesting that these proteins have similar but discrete functions in the shield assembly.
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Maddur AA, Kroh HK, Aschenbrenner ME, Gibson BHY, Panizzi P, Sheehan JH, Meiler J, Bock PE, Verhamme IM. Specificity and affinity of the N-terminal residues in staphylocoagulase in binding to prothrombin. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5614-5625. [PMID: 32156702 PMCID: PMC7186164 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In Staphylococcus aureus-caused endocarditis, the pathogen secretes staphylocoagulase (SC), thereby activating human prothrombin (ProT) and evading immune clearance. A previous structural comparison of the SC(1-325) fragment bound to thrombin and its inactive precursor prethrombin 2 has indicated that SC activates ProT by inserting its N-terminal dipeptide Ile1-Val2 into the ProT Ile16 pocket, forming a salt bridge with ProT's Asp194, thereby stabilizing the active conformation. We hypothesized that these N-terminal SC residues modulate ProT binding and activation. Here, we generated labeled SC(1-246) as a probe for competitively defining the affinities of N-terminal SC(1-246) variants preselected by modeling. Using ProT(R155Q,R271Q,R284Q) (ProTQQQ), a variant refractory to prothrombinase- or thrombin-mediated cleavage, we observed variant affinities between ∼1 and 650 nm and activation potencies ranging from 1.8-fold that of WT SC(1-246) to complete loss of function. Substrate binding to ProTQQQ caused allosteric tightening of the affinity of most SC(1-246) variants, consistent with zymogen activation through occupation of the specificity pocket. Conservative changes at positions 1 and 2 were well-tolerated, with Val1-Val2, Ile1-Ala2, and Leu1-Val2 variants exhibiting ProTQQQ affinity and activation potency comparable with WT SC(1-246). Weaker binding variants typically had reduced activation rates, although at near-saturating ProTQQQ levels, several variants exhibited limiting rates similar to or higher than that of WT SC(1-246). The Ile16 pocket in ProTQQQ appears to favor nonpolar, nonaromatic residues at SC positions 1 and 2. Our results suggest that SC variants other than WT Ile1-Val2-Thr3 might emerge with similar ProT-activating efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashoka A Maddur
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2561.
| | - Heather K Kroh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2561
| | - Mary E Aschenbrenner
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2561
| | - Breanne H Y Gibson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2561
| | - Peter Panizzi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Jonathan H Sheehan
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Jens Meiler
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; Institute for Drug Discovery, Departments of Chemistry and Computer Science, Leipzig University Medical School, SAC 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul E Bock
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2561
| | - Ingrid M Verhamme
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2561.
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Aung MS, Urushibara N, Kawaguchiya M, Sumi A, Takahashi S, Ike M, Ito M, Habadera S, Kobayashi N. Molecular Epidemiological Characterization of Staphylococcus a rgenteus Clinical Isolates in Japan: Identification of Three Clones (ST1223, ST2198, and ST2550) and a Novel Staphylocoagulase Genotype XV. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7100389. [PMID: 31554314 PMCID: PMC6843175 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus argenteus, a novel emerging species within Staphylococcus aureus complex (SAC), has been increasingly reported worldwide. In this study, prevalence of S. argenteus among human clinical isolates, and their clonal diversity and genetic characteristics of virulence factors were investigated in Hokkaido, the northern main island of Japan. During a four-month period starting from March 2019, twenty-four S. argenteus and 4330 S. aureus isolates were recovered from clinical specimens (the ratio of S. argenteus to S. aureus :0.0055). Half of S. argenteus isolates (n = 12) belonged to MLST sequence type (ST) 2250 and its single-locus variant, with staphylocoagulase genotype (coa-) XId, while the remaining isolates were assigned to ST2198/coa-XIV (n = 6), and ST1223 with a novel coa-XV identified in this study (n = 6). All the isolates were mecA-negative, and susceptible to all the antimicrobials tested, except for an ST2198 isolate with blaZ and an ST2250 isolate with tet(L) showing resistance to ampicillin and tetracyclines, respectively. Common virulence factors in the S. argenteus isolates were staphylococcal enterotoxin (-like) genes sey, selz, sel26, and sel27 in ST2250, selx in ST2198, and enterotoxin gene cluster (egc-1: seg-sei-sem-sen-seo) in ST1223 isolates, in addition to hemolysin genes (hla, hlb, and hld) distributed universally. Elastin binding protein gene (ebpS) and MSCRAMM family adhesin SdrE gene (sdrE) detected in all the isolates showed high sequence identity among them (> 97%), while relatively lower identity to those of S. aureus (78–92%). Phylogenetically, ebpS, sdrE, selx, sey, selw, sel26, and sel27 of S. argenteus formed clusters distinct from those of S. aureus, unlike sec, selz, tst-1, and staphylokinase gene (sak). The present study revealed the prevalence of S. argenteus among clinical isolates, and presence of three distinct S. argenteus clones (ST2250; ST2198 and ST1223) harboring different virulence factors in northern Japan. ST2198 S. argenteus, a minor clone (strain BN75-like) that had been rarely reported, was first identified in Japan as human isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiji Soe Aung
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Hokkaido, 060-8556 Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Noriko Urushibara
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Hokkaido, 060-8556 Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Mitsuyo Kawaguchiya
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Hokkaido, 060-8556 Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Ayako Sumi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Hokkaido, 060-8556 Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Seika Takahashi
- Sapporo Clinical Laboratory, Inc., Hokkaido, 060-0005 Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Miyo Ike
- Sapporo Clinical Laboratory, Inc., Hokkaido, 060-0005 Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Masahiko Ito
- Sapporo Clinical Laboratory, Inc., Hokkaido, 060-0005 Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Habadera
- Sapporo Clinical Laboratory, Inc., Hokkaido, 060-0005 Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Hokkaido, 060-8556 Sapporo, Japan.
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Chmagh AA, Abd Al-Abbas MJ. PCR-RFLP by AluI for coa gene of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from burn wounds, pneumonia and otitis media. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Tam K, Torres VJ. Staphylococcus aureus Secreted Toxins and Extracellular Enzymes. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0039-2018. [PMID: 30873936 PMCID: PMC6422052 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0039-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a formidable pathogen capable of causing infections in different sites of the body in a variety of vertebrate animals, including humans and livestock. A major contribution to the success of S. aureus as a pathogen is the plethora of virulence factors that manipulate the host's innate and adaptive immune responses. Many of these immune modulating virulence factors are secreted toxins, cofactors for activating host zymogens, and exoenzymes. Secreted toxins such as pore-forming toxins and superantigens are highly inflammatory and can cause leukocyte cell death by cytolysis and clonal deletion, respectively. Coagulases and staphylokinases are cofactors that hijack the host's coagulation system. Exoenzymes, including nucleases and proteases, cleave and inactivate various immune defense and surveillance molecules, such as complement factors, antimicrobial peptides, and surface receptors that are important for leukocyte chemotaxis. Additionally, some of these secreted toxins and exoenzymes can cause disruption of endothelial and epithelial barriers through cell lysis and cleavage of junction proteins. A unique feature when examining the repertoire of S. aureus secreted virulence factors is the apparent functional redundancy exhibited by the majority of the toxins and exoenzymes. However, closer examination of each virulence factor revealed that each has unique properties that have important functional consequences. This chapter provides a brief overview of our current understanding of the major secreted virulence factors critical for S. aureus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayan Tam
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, New York, NY 10016
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, New York, NY 10016
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10
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Aung MS, San T, San N, Oo WM, Ko PM, Thet KT, Urushibara N, Kawaguchiya M, Sumi A, Kobayashi N. Molecular characterization of Staphylococcus argenteus in Myanmar: identification of novel genotypes/clusters in staphylocoagulase, protein A, alpha-haemolysin and other virulence factors. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:95-104. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meiji Soe Aung
- 1Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Thida San
- 2Yangon Children’s Hospital, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Nilar San
- 3Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine 2, Yangon, Myanmar
| | | | | | | | - Noriko Urushibara
- 1Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Kawaguchiya
- 1Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayako Sumi
- 1Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- 1Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Qian M, Zhao T, Li R, Yang Q, Yu R, Yin Y, Zai X, Li Y, Zhang J, Xu J, Chen W. Targeting the R domain of coagulase by active vaccination protects mice against lethal Staphylococcus aureus infection. Microbes Infect 2018; 21:163-169. [PMID: 30447395 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Coagulase (Coa) secreted by Staphylococcus aureus is associated with the establishment of staphylococcal disease, which activates host prothrombin and generates fibrin shields. The R domain of Coa, consisting of several conserved repeats, is important in immune evasion during S. aureus infection. However, previous research showed that the Coa R domain induced very weak specific antibody responses. In this study, we constructed a new R domain, CoaR6, consisting of 6 repeats that occur most frequently in clinical isolates. By fusing CoaR6 with Hc, the C-terminal fragment of the heavy chain of tetanus neurotoxin, we successfully increased anti-CoaR6 IgG levels in immunized mice which were hardly detected in mice immunized with CoaR6 plus alum. To further improve anti-CoaR6 responses, the combination adjuvants alum plus CpG were formulated with the antigen and exhibited a significantly higher specific antibody response. Moreover, active Th1/Th17 immune responses were observed in Hc-CoaR6 immunized group rather than CoaR6. Active immunization of Hc-CoaR6 with alum plus CpG showed protective effects in a peritonitis model induced by two S. aureus strains with different coagulase types. Our results provided strategies to improve the immunogenicity of R domain and supporting evidences for R domain to be an S. aureus vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Qian
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Taoran Zhao
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ruihua Li
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Qiaoling Yang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiaodong Zai
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yaohui Li
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China.
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Identification, Cloning, and Characterization of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Coagulase. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00027-18. [PMID: 29891539 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00027-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase activation of prothrombin by staphylococcus induces the formation of fibrin deposition that facilitates the establishment of infection by Staphylococcus species. Coagulase activity is a key characteristic of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius; however, no coagulase gene or associated protein has been studied to characterize this activity. We report a recombinant protein sharing 40% similarity to Staphylococcus aureus coagulase produced from a putative S. pseudintermedius coagulase gene. Prothrombin activation by the protein was measured with a chromogenic assay using thrombin tripeptide substrate. Stronger interaction with bovine prothrombin than with human prothrombin was observed. The S. pseudintermedius coagulase protein also bound complement C3 and immunoglobulin. Recombinant coagulase facilitated the escape of S. pseudintermedius from phagocytosis, presumably by forming a bridge between opsonizing antibody, complement, and fibrinogen. Evidence from this work suggests that S. pseudintermedius coagulase has multifunctional properties that contribute to immune evasion that likely plays an important role in virulence.
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Suzuki Y, Matsushita S, Kubota H, Kobayashi M, Murauchi K, Higuchi Y, Kato R, Hirai A, Sadamasu K. Identification and functional activity of a staphylocoagulase type XI variant originating from staphylococcal food poisoning isolates. Lett Appl Microbiol 2016; 63:172-7. [PMID: 27227969 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Staphylocoagulase, an extracellular protein secreted by Staphylococcus aureus, has been used as an epidemiological marker. At least 12 serotypes and 24 genotypes subdivided on the basis of nucleotide sequence have been reported to date. In this study, we identified a novel staphylocoagulase nucleotide sequence, coa310, from staphylococcal food poisoning isolates that had the ability to coagulate plasma, but could not be typed using the conventional method. The protein encoded by coa310 contained the six fundamental conserved domains of staphylocoagulase. The full-length nucleotide sequence of coa310 shared the highest similarity (77·5%) with that of staphylocoagulase-type (SCT) XIa. The sequence of the D1 region, which would be responsible for the determination of SCT, shared the highest similarity (91·8%) with that of SCT XIa. These results suggest that coa310 is a novel variant of SCT XI. Moreover, we demonstrated that coa310 encodes a functioning coagulase, by confirming the coagulating activity of the recombinant protein expressed from coa310. This is the first study to directly demonstrate that Coa310, a putative SCT XI, has coagulating activity. These findings may be useful for the improvement of the staphylocoagulase-typing method, including serotyping and genotyping. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first study to identify a novel variant of staphylocoagulase type XI based on its nucleotide sequence and to demonstrate coagulating activity in the variant using a recombinant protein. Elucidation of the variety of staphylocoagulases will provide suggestions for further improvement of the staphylocoagulase-typing method and contribute to our understanding of the epidemiologic characterization of Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Matsushita
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Kubota
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Kobayashi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Murauchi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Higuchi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - R Kato
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Hirai
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Sadamasu
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Coagulase (Coa) and Efb, secreted Staphylococcus aureus proteins, are important virulence factors in staphylococcal infections. Coa interacts with fibrinogen (Fg) and induces the formation of fibrin(ogen) clots through activation of prothrombin. Efb attracts Fg to the bacterial surface and forms a shield to protect the bacteria from phagocytic clearance. This communication describes the use of an array of synthetic peptides to identify variants of a linear Fg binding motif present in Coa and Efb which are responsible for the Fg binding activities of these proteins. This motif represents the first Fg binding motif identified for any microbial protein. We initially located the Fg binding sites to Coa’s C-terminal disordered segment containing tandem repeats by using recombinant fragments of Coa in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-type binding experiments. Sequence analyses revealed that this Coa region contained shorter segments with sequences similar to the Fg binding segments in Efb. An alanine scanning approach allowed us to identify the residues in Coa and Efb that are critical for Fg binding and to define the Fg binding motifs in the two proteins. In these motifs, the residues required for Fg binding are largely conserved, and they therefore constitute variants of a common Fg binding motif which binds to Fg with high affinity. Defining a specific motif also allowed us to identify a functional Fg binding register for the Coa repeats that is different from the repeat unit previously proposed. Staphylococcus aureus infections are a major health problem that affects an estimated 50 million people globally and causes the death of about 20,000 Americans each year. A number of experimental vaccines have been developed during the past years. However, these vaccines have all failed in clinical trials. The ability of S. aureus to form an Fg shield surrounding and protecting bacterial cells from clearance may explain why the vaccines are failing. Furthermore, S. aureus coagulase can induce the formation of a fibrin(ogen) shield in experimental abscess models which surrounds and protects bacteria in the microcolony from clearance. In this study, we identified for the first time a microbial Fg binding motif. Variants of this motif are present in coagulase and Efb. Our results provide a molecular basis for the rational design of inhibitors that could potentially prevent the formation of the obstructing Fg shield.
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Aung M, Zi H, Nwe K, Maw W, Aung M, Min W, Nyein N, Kawaguchiya M, Urushibara N, Sumi A, Kobayashi N. Drug resistance and genetic characteristics of clinical isolates of staphylococci in Myanmar: high prevalence of PVL among methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus belonging to various sequence types. New Microbes New Infect 2016; 10:58-65. [PMID: 27257489 PMCID: PMC4877606 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevalence, drug resistance and genetic characteristics were analysed for a total of 128 clinical isolates of staphylococci obtained from a tertiary hospital in Myanmar. The dominant species were S. aureus (39%) and S. haemolyticus (35%), followed by S. epidermidis (6%) and S. saprophyticus (5%). The majority of S. haemolyticus isolates (71.1%) harboured mecA, showing high resistance rates to ampicillin, cephalosporins, erythromycin and levofloxacin, while methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was only 8% (four isolates) among S. aureus with type IV SCCmec. Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes were detected in 20 isolates of S. aureus (40%), among which only one isolate was MRSA belonging to sequence type (ST) 88/agr-III/coa-IIIa, and the other 19 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates were classified into six STs (ST88, ST121, ST1153, ST1155, ST1930, ST3206). An ST1153 MSSA isolate with PVL was revealed to belong to a novel coa type, XIIIa. ST121 S. aureus was the most common in the PVL-positive MSSA (47%, 9/19), harbouring genes of bone sialoprotein and variant of elastin binding protein as a distinctive feature. Although PVL-positive MSSA was susceptible to most of the antimicrobial agents examined, ST1930 isolates were resistant to erythromycin and levofloxacin. ST59 PVL-negative MRSA and MSSA had more resistance genes than other MRSA and PVL-positive MSSA, showing resistance to more antimicrobial agents. This study indicated higher prevalence of mecA associated with multiple drug resistance in S. haemolyticus than in S. aureus, and dissemination of PVL genes to multiple clones of MSSA, with ST121 being dominant, among hospital isolates in Myanmar.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.S. Aung
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - H. Zi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine 2, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - K.M. Nwe
- National Health Laboratory, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - W.W. Maw
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine 2, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - M.T. Aung
- Pathology Department, Microbiology Section, North Okkalapa General Hospital, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - W.W. Min
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine Magway, Magway, Myanmar
| | - N. Nyein
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine, Mandalay, Myanmar
| | - M. Kawaguchiya
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - N. Urushibara
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - A. Sumi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - N. Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Corresponding author: N. Kobayashi, Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S-1 W-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
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Park SH, Kim KJ, Kim BK, Hwang SM. Molecular Characterization of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-SusceptibleStaphylococcus aureusIsolates from Children with Skin Infections in Busan, Korea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4167/jbv.2015.45.2.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- So Hae Park
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan, Korea
| | - Ki Ju Kim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan, Korea
| | - Byoung Kuk Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Busan St. Mary's Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Soo Myung Hwang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan, Korea
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Wan MT, Lauderdale TL, Chou CC. Characteristics and virulence factors of livestock associated ST9 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with a novel recombinant staphylocoagulase type. Vet Microbiol 2013; 162:779-784. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Coagulases as determinants of protective immune responses against Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2012; 80:3389-98. [PMID: 22825443 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00562-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
During infection, Staphylococcus aureus secretes two coagulases (Coa and von Willebrand factor binding protein [vWbp]), which, following an association with host prothrombin and fibrinogen, form fibrin clots and enable the establishment of staphylococcal disease. Within the genomes of different S. aureus isolates, coagulase gene sequences are variable, and this has been exploited for a classification of types. We show here that antibodies directed against the variable prothrombin binding portion of coagulases confer type-specific immunity through the neutralization of S. aureus clotting activity and protection from staphylococcal disease in mice. By combining variable portions of coagulases from North American isolates into hybrid Coa and vWbp proteins, a subunit vaccine that provided protection against challenge with different coagulase-type S. aureus strains in mice was derived.
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen whose virulence relies on the secretion of many different proteins. In general, the secretion of most proteins in S. aureus, as well as other bacteria, is dependent on the type I signal peptidase (SPase)-mediated cleavage of the N-terminal signal peptide that targets a protein to the general secretory pathway. The arylomycins are a class of natural product antibiotics that inhibit SPase, suggesting that they may be useful chemical biology tools for characterizing the secretome. While wild-type S. aureus (NCTC 8325) is naturally resistant to the arylomycins, sensitivity is conferred via a point mutation in its SPase. Here, we use a synthetic arylomycin along with a sensitized strain of S. aureus and multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT) mass spectrometry to identify 46 proteins whose extracellular accumulation requires SPase activity. Forty-four possess identifiable Sec-type signal peptides and thus are likely canonically secreted proteins, while four also appear to possess cell wall retention signals. We also identified the soluble C-terminal domains of two transmembrane proteins, lipoteichoic acid synthase, LtaS, and O-acyteltransferase, OatA, both of which appear to have noncanonical, internal SPase cleavage sites. Lastly, we identified three proteins, HtrA, PrsA, and SAOUHSC_01761, whose secretion is induced by arylomycin treatment. In addition to elucidating fundamental aspects of the physiology and pathology of S. aureus, the data suggest that an arylomycin-based therapeutic would reduce virulence while simultaneously eradicating an infection.
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mecA-positive Staphylococcus aureus with low-level oxacillin MIC in Taiwan. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:1679-83. [PMID: 22378906 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.06711-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the presence of mecA is the genotypic determinant of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), certain MRSA strains, especially community-associated MRSA (C-MRSA), can display an oxacillin MIC in the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute susceptible breakpoint range (≤ 2 μg/ml). Among 91 and 180 isolates thought to be methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) with oxacillin MICs of 2 and 1 μg/ml as determined by the Sensititre broth microdilution test initially, 52 (57.1%) and 6 (3.3%), respectively, were mecA positive. These mecA-positive low-oxacillin-MIC isolates belong to the dominant Taiwan C-MRSA clone (clonal complex [CC] 59), 56 of which carried SCCmec type V and were pvl positive, and 43 of which belonged to spa CC t437. All 271 isolates were retested by Sensititre, as well as by Vitek II and disk diffusion (DD). Based on the oxacillin results, the sensitivities of the Sensititre, Vitek II, and DD methods were 48.3% (28/58), 46.6% (27/58), and 89.6% (52/58), respectively. Although cefoxitin was better at detecting these isolates, 12.1, 10.4, and 5.2% of these isolates were still misidentified as MSSA by Sensititre, Vitek II, and DD, respectively. These results highlight the difficulty in the accurate identification of MRSA with borderline oxacillin MICs in the CC59:SCCmec V clone, which likely has contributed to its spread in the health care and community settings. Since this clone has now been detected in other countries, and since other C-MRSA lineages have also been found to have low-level β-lactam resistance, the findings of the present study may be relevant to other regions. Further studies are warranted to determine the extent and clinical impact of such misidentification.
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A coagulase- and α-glucosidase-negative variant of Staphylococcus aureus: a challenge for routine microbiological diagnostics. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:1827-8. [PMID: 22337984 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.06345-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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22
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McAdow M, Missiakas DM, Schneewind O. Staphylococcus aureus secretes coagulase and von Willebrand factor binding protein to modify the coagulation cascade and establish host infections. J Innate Immun 2012; 4:141-8. [PMID: 22222316 PMCID: PMC3388267 DOI: 10.1159/000333447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus secrete coagulases, polypeptides that bind to and activate prothrombin, thereby converting fibrinogen to fibrin and promoting the clotting of plasma or blood. Two staphylococcal products, the canonical coagulase (Coa) as well as the recently identified von Willebrand factor binding protein (vWbp), promote similar modifications of the coagulation cascade during host infection. Staphylococcal binding to fibrinogen or fibrin is an important attribute of disease pathogenesis, which leads to the formation of abscesses and bacterial persistence in host tissues and also enables the pathogen to cause lethal sepsis. Circumstantial evidence suggests that the product of coagulase activity, staphylococci captured within a fibrin meshwork, enable this pathogen to disseminate as thromboembolic lesions and to resist opsonophagocytic clearance by host immune cells. In addition, the coagulation products of staphylococci appear to display discrete differences when compared to those of thrombin-mediated coagulation, the latter representing a key innate defense mechanism against many invading pathogens. Preclinical evidence suggests that inactivation or neutralization of coagulases may prevent the pathogenesis of staphylococcal infections, a strategy that could be used to combat the current epidemic of hospital-acquired infections with drug-resistant S. aureus isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olaf Schneewind
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill., USA
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Adhesive polypeptides of Staphylococcus aureus identified using a novel secretion library technique in Escherichia coli. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:117. [PMID: 21615970 PMCID: PMC3127751 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial adhesive proteins, called adhesins, are frequently the decisive factor in initiation of a bacterial infection. Characterization of such molecules is crucial for the understanding of bacterial pathogenesis, design of vaccines and development of antibacterial drugs. Because adhesins are frequently difficult to express, their characterization has often been hampered. Alternative expression methods developed for the analysis of adhesins, e.g. surface display techniques, suffer from various drawbacks and reports on high-level extracellular secretion of heterologous proteins in Gram-negative bacteria are scarce. These expression techniques are currently a field of active research. The purpose of the current study was to construct a convenient, new technique for identification of unknown bacterial adhesive polypeptides directly from the growth medium of the Escherichia coli host and to identify novel proteinaceous adhesins of the model organism Staphylococcus aureus. RESULTS Randomly fragmented chromosomal DNA of S. aureus was cloned into a unique restriction site of our expression vector, which facilitates secretion of foreign FLAG-tagged polypeptides into the growth medium of E. coli ΔfliCΔfliD, to generate a library of 1663 clones expressing FLAG-tagged polypeptides. Sequence and bioinformatics analyses showed that in our example, the library covered approximately 32% of the S. aureus proteome. Polypeptides from the growth medium of the library clones were screened for binding to a selection of S. aureus target molecules and adhesive fragments of known staphylococcal adhesins (e.g coagulase and fibronectin-binding protein A) as well as polypeptides of novel function (e.g. a universal stress protein and phosphoribosylamino-imidazole carboxylase ATPase subunit) were detected. The results were further validated using purified His-tagged recombinant proteins of the corresponding fragments in enzyme-linked immunoassay and surface plasmon resonance analysis. CONCLUSIONS A new technique for identification of unknown bacterial adhesive polypeptides was constructed. Application of the method on S. aureus allowed us to identify three known adhesins and in addition, five new polypeptides binding to human plasma and extracellular matrix proteins. The method, here used on S. aureus, is convenient due to the use of soluble proteins from the growth medium and can in principle be applied to any bacterial species of interest.
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Li QT, Zhu YZ, Dong K, Liu C, Zhou YH, Ni YX, Guo XK. A novel sequence-based coa genotyping method to discriminate nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Ir J Med Sci 2011; 180:463-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11845-011-0680-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Genetic variation in Staphylococcus aureus surface and immune evasion genes is lineage associated: implications for vaccine design and host-pathogen interactions. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:173. [PMID: 20550675 PMCID: PMC2905362 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background S. aureus is a coloniser and pathogen of humans and mammals. Whole genome sequences of 58 strains of S. aureus in the public domain and data from multi-strain microarrays were compared to assess variation in the sequence of proteins known or putatively interacting with host. Results These included 24 surface proteins implicated in adhesion (ClfA, ClfB, Cna, Eap, Ebh, EbpS, FnBPA, FnBPB, IsaB, IsdA, IsdB, IsdH, SasB, SasC, SasD, SasF, SasG, SasH, SasK, SdrC, SdrD, SdrE, Spa and SraP) and 13 secreted proteins implicated in immune response evasion (Coa, Ecb, Efb, Emp, EsaC, EsxA, EssC, FLIPr, FLIPr like, Sbi, SCIN-B, SCIN-C, VWbp) located on the stable core genome. Many surface protein genes were missing or truncated, unlike immune evasion genes, and several distinct variants were identified. Domain variants were lineage specific. Unrelated lineages often possess the same sequence variant domains proving that horizontal transfer and recombination has contributed to their evolution. Surprisingly, sequenced strains from four animal S. aureus strains had surface and immune evasion proteins remarkably similar to those found in human strains, yet putative targets of these proteins vary substantially between different hosts. This suggests these proteins are not essential for virulence. However, the most variant protein domains were the putative functional regions and there is biological evidence that variants can be functional, arguing they do play a role. Conclusion Surface and immune evasion genes are candidates for S. aureus vaccines, and their distribution and functionality is key. Vaccines should contain cocktails of antigens representing all variants or they will not protect against naturally occurring S. aureus populations.
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Kłodzińska E, Szumski M, Hrynkiewicz K, Dziubakiewicz E, Jackowski M, Buszewski B. Differentiation of Staphylococcus aureus strains by CE, zeta potential and coagulase gene polymorphism. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3086-3091. [PMID: 19676088 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of infection in both hospitals and the community, and it is becoming increasingly virulent and resistant to antibiotics. Possibilities of fast, sensitive and cheap determination of these pathogenic bacteria are extremely important in antimicrobial therapy. In the present study, CE with chemically modified capillary and zeta potential measurements were used for differentiation of three different clinical strains of S. aureus. The data presented in this contribution suggested that electrophoretic behavior and the values of zeta potential should be very useful in distinguishing between closely related strains, which exhibited coagulase gene/protein polymorphism. Understanding the differences between S. aureus strains could help to improve our knowledge about S. aureus pathogenecity and to monitor for and respond to emergence of more virulent strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kłodzińska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Michał Szumski
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Hrynkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of General and Molecular Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Ewelina Dziubakiewicz
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Marek Jackowski
- Department of Surgery, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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Genetic diversity of staphylocoagulase genes (coa): insight into the evolution of variable chromosomal virulence factors in Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5714. [PMID: 19492076 PMCID: PMC2683563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The production of staphylocoagulase (SC) causing the plasma coagulation is one of the important characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus. Although SCs have been classified into 10 serotypes based on the differences in the antigenicity, genetic bases for their diversities and relatedness to chromosome types are poorly understood. Methodology/Principal Findings We compared the nucleotide sequences of 105 SC genes (coa), 59 of which were determined in this study. D1 regions, which contain prothrombin-activating and -binding domains and are presumed to be the binding site of each type-specific antiserum, were classified into twelve clusters having more than 90% nucleotide identities, resulting to create two novel SC types, XI and XII, in addition to extant 10 types. Nine of the twelve SC types were further subdivided into subtypes based on the differences of the D2 or the central regions. The phylogenetical relations of the D1 regions did not correlate exactly with either one of agr types and multilocus sequence types (STs). In addition, genetic analysis showed that recombination events have occurred in and around coa. So far tested, STs of 126 S. aureus strains correspond to the combination of SC type and agr type except for the cases of CC1 and CC8, which contained two and three different SC types, respectively. Conclusion The data suggested that the evolution of coa was not monophyletic in the species. Chromosomal recombination had occurred at coa and agr loci, resulting in the carriage of the combinations of allotypically different important virulence determinants in staphylococcal chromosome.
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Berglund C, Ito T, Ma XX, Ikeda M, Watanabe S, Soderquist B, Hiramatsu K. Genetic diversity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying type IV SCCmec in Orebro County and the western region of Sweden. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 63:32-41. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkn435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Kinoshita M, Kobayashi N, Nagashima S, Ishino M, Otokozawa S, Mise K, Sumi A, Tsutsumi H, Uehara N, Watanabe N, Endo M. Diversity of staphylocoagulase and identification of novel variants of staphylocoagulase gene in Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Immunol 2008; 52:334-48. [PMID: 18667032 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Staphylocoagulase (SC) is a major phenotypic determinant of Staphylococcus aureus. Serotype of SC (coagulase type) is used as an epidemiological marker and 10 types (I-X) have been discriminated so far. To clarify genetic diversity of SC within a single and among different serotype(s), we determined approximately 1500 bp-nucleotide sequences of SC gene encoding D1, D2, and central regions (N-terminal half and central regions of SC; SC(NC)) for a total of 33 S. aureus strains comprising two to three strains from individual coagulase types (I-VIII, X) and 10 strains which were not determined as previously known SC serotypes (ND-strains). Amino acid sequence identities of SC(NC) among strains with a single coagulase type of II, III, IV, V, VI and X were extremely high (more than 99%), whereas lower identity (56-87%) was observed among different types. In contrast, within a single coagulase type of I, VII, or VIII, sequence divergence was found (lowest identity; 82%). SC(NC) sequences from the ND-strains were discriminated into two genetic groups with an identity of 71% to each other (tentatively assigned to genotypes [XI] and [XII]), and exhibited less than 86% sequence identities to those of most known coagulase types. All the types [XI] and [XII] strains were methicillin susceptible and belonged to different sequence types from those of coagulase types I-X strains reported so far by multilocus sequence typing. These findings indicated genetic heterogeneity of SC in coagulase types I, VII, and VIII strains, and the presence of two novel SC genotypes related to antigenicity of SC serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Kinoshita
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medincine, Sapporo, Japan
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Sakai F, Takemoto A, Watanabe S, Aoyama K, Ohkubo T, Yanahira S, Igarashi H, Kozaki S, Hiramatsu K, Ito T. Multiplex PCRs for assignment of Staphylocoagulase types and subtypes of type VI Staphylocoagulase. J Microbiol Methods 2008; 75:312-7. [PMID: 18675306 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Staphylocoagulases (SCs) have been classified by the differences in antigenicity using a serological method. We have developed a system to classify them based on the nucleotide differences in SC genes (coa). The system was composed of three multiplex PCRs (M-PCRs): M-PCR:A, identifying types III, IV, VII, and VIII; M-PCR:B, identifying types I, II, V, and VI; M-PCR:C, identifying three subtypes of type VI. In this study, we found that coa genes of the serotype VI were not identical, but classified into three subtypes based on the nucleotide differences, especially in D2 and the central region: VIa, the coa gene carried by stp12 from human; and VIb and VIc, the coa genes carried by strains IFH556 and IFH514 isolated from bovine raw milk. The primer pair used in M-PCR:B was designed to identify all three subtypes of type VI coa. The results showed that coa types of 154 out of 155 Staphylococcus aureus strains from various origins assigned by M-PCR:A and B were identical to those obtained by serological methods, leaving a serotype IV strain unclassifiable. All 73 type VI strains were classified into one of three subtypes by M-PCR:C. Furthermore, we found that type VIa and VIb strains carried characteristic pyrogenic toxin superantigen genes, while no toxin genes were identified in type VIc strains, suggesting the correlation between the subtype of type VI coa gene and the carriage of genomic islands. Our results showed that these M-PCRs are convenient methods for SC typing that might be useful for epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Sakai
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Snow Brand Milk Products Co., Ltd., 1-1-2 Minamidai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-1165, Japan.
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Kouguchi Y, Fujiwara T, Tamaoka Y, Teramoto M. Development of rapid coagulase serotyping method by PCR and microplate hybridization. J Microbiol Methods 2008; 75:308-11. [PMID: 18662726 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We developed a novel PCR-based method for coagulase serotyping. Coagulase gene amplicons biotinylated by PCR were identified by microplate hybridization (MPH) using serotype-specific probes. The conventional serotyping method, which is strongly dependent on coagulase activity, may sometimes give a mistaken determination of the serotype, especially in cases where there is high coagulase activity. In contrast, the results of PCR-MPH are not affected by coagulase activity. Furthermore, once the isolated colonies are obtained, it only takes 3 h to perform PCR-MPH, and the interpretation of the results is entirely objective. We compared PCR-MPH with the conventional method for 90 strains of coagulase-producing Staphylococcus aureus. The same results were found for both the PCR-MPH and conventional methods, and thus, our results indicate that PCR-MPH is a rapid, objective, and reliable method for coagulase serotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kouguchi
- Fukuyama City Public Health Center, 2-11-22, Miyoshi-chou-minami, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 720-0032, Japan.
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Loughman A, Sweeney T, Keane FM, Pietrocola G, Speziale P, Foster TJ. Sequence diversity in the A domain of Staphylococcus aureus fibronectin-binding protein A. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8:74. [PMID: 18466610 PMCID: PMC2390562 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibronectin-binding protein A (FnBPA) mediates adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to fibronectin, fibrinogen and elastin. We previously reported that S. aureus strain P1 encodes an FnBPA protein where the fibrinogen/elastin-binding domain (A domain) is substantially divergent in amino acid sequence from the archetypal FnBPA of S. aureus NCTC8325, and that these variations created differences in antigenicity. In this study strains from multilocus sequence types (MLST) that spanned the genetic diversity of S.aureus were examined to determine the extent of FnBPA A domain variation within the S. aureus population and its effect on ligand binding and immuno-crossreactivity. Results Seven different isotype forms (I – VII) of the FnBPA A domain were identified which were between 66 to 76% identical in amino acid sequence in any pair-wise alignment. The fnbA allelic variants in strains of different multilocus sequence type were identified by DNA hybridization using probes specific for sequences encoding the highly divergent N3 sub-domain of different isotypes. Several isotypes were not restricted to specific clones or clonal complexes but were more widely distributed. It is highly likely that certain fnbA genes have been transferred horizontally. Residues lining the putative ligand-binding trench were conserved, which is consistent with the ability of each A domain isotype to bind immobilized fibrinogen and elastin by the dock-latch-lock mechanism. Variant amino acid residues were mapped on a three-dimensional model of the FnBPA A domain and were predicted to be surface-exposed. Polyclonal antibodies raised against the recombinant isotype I A domain bound that protein with a 4 – 7 fold higher apparent affinity compared to the A domains of isotypes II – VII, while some monoclonal antibodies generated against the isotype I A domain showed reduced or no binding to the other isotypes. Conclusion The FnBPA A domain occurs in at least 7 different isotypes which differ antigenically and exhibit limited immuno-crossreactivity, yet retain their ligand-binding functions. Antigenic variation of the FnBPA A domain may aid S. aureus to evade the host's immune responses. These findings have implications for the development of vaccines or immunotherapeutics that target FnBPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Loughman
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
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Feng Y, Chen CJ, Su LH, Hu S, Yu J, Chiu CH. Evolution and pathogenesis ofStaphylococcus aureus: lessons learned from genotyping and comparative genomics. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2008; 32:23-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2007.00086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Genome sequence of Staphylococcus aureus strain Newman and comparative analysis of staphylococcal genomes: polymorphism and evolution of two major pathogenicity islands. J Bacteriol 2007; 190:300-10. [PMID: 17951380 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01000-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Strains of Staphylococcus aureus, an important human pathogen, display up to 20% variability in their genome sequence, and most sequence information is available for human clinical isolates that have not been subjected to genetic analysis of virulence attributes. S. aureus strain Newman, which was also isolated from a human infection, displays robust virulence properties in animal models of disease and has already been extensively analyzed for its molecular traits of staphylococcal pathogenesis. We report here the complete genome sequence of S. aureus Newman, which carries four integrated prophages, as well as two large pathogenicity islands. In agreement with the view that S. aureus Newman prophages contribute important properties to pathogenesis, fewer virulence factors are found outside of the prophages than for the highly virulent strain MW2. The absence of drug resistance genes reflects the general antibiotic-susceptible phenotype of S. aureus Newman. Phylogenetic analyses reveal clonal relationships between the staphylococcal strains Newman, COL, NCTC8325, and USA300 and a greater evolutionary distance to strains MRSA252, MW2, MSSA476, N315, Mu50, JH1, JH9, and RF122. However, polymorphism analysis of two large pathogenicity islands distributed among these strains shows that the two islands were acquired independently from the evolutionary pathway of the chromosomal backbones of staphylococcal genomes. Prophages and pathogenicity islands play central roles in S. aureus virulence and evolution.
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Takeuchi F, Baba T, Hiramatsu K. Comparative analysis of MRSA. Methods Mol Biol 2007; 391:153-168. [PMID: 18025676 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-468-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This chapter explains computer techniques for comparing genes, proteins, or genomes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In the principle methodology for comparative genomics, first researchers obtain the data of DNA sequences and phenotypes for various strains of interest, and from those they infer what difference/similarity in sequences results in what difference/similarity in phenotypes. Usually, the obtained hypothesis provides guidance for the succeeding biological experiments, such as producing knockout strains or conducting transcriptome or proteome analysis, which examine the hypothesis. Even for physicians and experimental researchers, these computer-aided researches would be needed in order to understand the physiological characteristics and pathogenic abilities of the MRSA that they deal with in this "genome era." This chapter involves no experiments and is confined to computer analysis. We explain methods for extracting the difference/similarity between sequences of nucleotide, amino acid, or even the whole genomes of bacteria. We also introduce how to compare the pathways between strains that possess different sets of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Takeuchi
- Department of Infection Control Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Takeuchi F, Watanabe S, Baba T, Yuzawa H, Ito T, Morimoto Y, Kuroda M, Cui L, Takahashi M, Ankai A, Baba SI, Fukui S, Lee JC, Hiramatsu K. Whole-genome sequencing of staphylococcus haemolyticus uncovers the extreme plasticity of its genome and the evolution of human-colonizing staphylococcal species. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:7292-308. [PMID: 16237012 PMCID: PMC1272970 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.21.7292-7308.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus haemolyticus is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that colonizes human skin and is remarkable for its highly antibiotic-resistant phenotype. We determined the complete genome sequence of S.haemolyticus to better understand its pathogenicity and evolutionary relatedness to the other staphylococcal species. A large proportion of the open reading frames in the genomes of S.haemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis were conserved in their sequence and order on the chromosome. We identified a region of the bacterial chromosome just downstream of the origin of replication that showed little homology among the species but was conserved among strains within a species. This novel region, designated the "oriC environ," likely contributes to the evolution and differentiation of the staphylococcal species, since it was enriched for species-specific nonessential genes that contribute to the biological features of each staphylococcal species. A comparative analysis of the genomes of S.haemolyticus, S.aureus, and S.epidermidis elucidated differences in their biological and genetic characteristics and pathogenic potentials. We identified as many as 82 insertion sequences in the S.haemolyticus chromosome that probably mediated frequent genomic rearrangements, resulting in phenotypic diversification of the strain. Such rearrangements could have brought genomic plasticity to this species and contributed to its acquisition of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Takeuchi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Takeuchi F, Watanabe S, Baba T, Yuzawa H, Ito T, Morimoto Y, Kuroda M, Cui L, Takahashi M, Ankai A, Baba SI, Fukui S, Lee JC, Hiramatsu K. Whole-genome sequencing of staphylococcus haemolyticus uncovers the extreme plasticity of its genome and the evolution of human-colonizing staphylococcal species. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:7292-7308. [PMID: 16237012 PMCID: PMC1272970 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.21.7292-7308.2005%0a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Accepted: 08/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus haemolyticus is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that colonizes human skin and is remarkable for its highly antibiotic-resistant phenotype. We determined the complete genome sequence of S.haemolyticus to better understand its pathogenicity and evolutionary relatedness to the other staphylococcal species. A large proportion of the open reading frames in the genomes of S.haemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis were conserved in their sequence and order on the chromosome. We identified a region of the bacterial chromosome just downstream of the origin of replication that showed little homology among the species but was conserved among strains within a species. This novel region, designated the "oriC environ," likely contributes to the evolution and differentiation of the staphylococcal species, since it was enriched for species-specific nonessential genes that contribute to the biological features of each staphylococcal species. A comparative analysis of the genomes of S.haemolyticus, S.aureus, and S.epidermidis elucidated differences in their biological and genetic characteristics and pathogenic potentials. We identified as many as 82 insertion sequences in the S.haemolyticus chromosome that probably mediated frequent genomic rearrangements, resulting in phenotypic diversification of the strain. Such rearrangements could have brought genomic plasticity to this species and contributed to its acquisition of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Takeuchi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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