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Fatemi Nasab GS, Salimi V, Abbasi S, Adjami Nezhad Fard F, Mokhtari Azad T. Comparison of neutralizing antibody titers against outbreak-associated measles genotypes (D4, H1 and B3) in Iran. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw089. [PMID: 27777263 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the accessibility of a promising vaccine, outbreaks of the measles virus (MV) take place even in well-vaccinated populations. D4, H1 and B3 genotypes have been detected regularly in different regions of Iran. These observations highlight the necessity of evaluating the protective efficacy of the vaccine against currently circulating MV genotypes during the elimination phase. A focus reduction neutralization test has been developed to measure the neutralizing antibodies against different genotypes of MV, such as H1, D4, B3 and vaccine strain (A), in children after second doses of measles vaccine. The geometric mean titer (GMT) rates of the sera against D4, H1, B3 and A genotypes were 95.9, 90.5, 32.0 and 76.1, respectively. Low GMTs of antibody against the B3 genotype compared with the other genotypes were indicated. Based on the current study results, the MV antibody titers in the sera of vaccinated cases are sufficient to neutralize all circulating genotypes in Iran; however, neutralizing antibody titers were lower for the B3 genotype than for the H1, D4 and A genotypes. The heterogeneous nature of MV, for instance the nucleotide sequence diversity between different strains, necessitates the evaluation of the protective efficacy of the vaccine against measles B3 genotype in countries where this virus has been the most commonly identified circulating genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Sadat Fatemi Nasab
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155, Iran
| | - Simin Abbasi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Adjami Nezhad Fard
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari Azad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155, Iran
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Nonstructural protein 2 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus inhibits the antiviral function of interferon-stimulated gene 15. J Virol 2012; 86:3839-50. [PMID: 22258253 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06466-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (alpha/beta interferon [IFN-α/β]) stimulates the expression of interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), which encodes a ubiquitin-like protein, ISG15. Free ISG15 and ISG15 conjugates function in diverse cellular pathways, particularly regulation of antiviral innate immune responses. In this study, we demonstrate that ISG15 overexpression inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) replication in cell culture and that the antiviral activity of interferon is reduced by inhibition of ISG15 conjugation. PRRSV nonstructural protein 2 (nsp2) was previously identified as a potential antagonist of ISG15 production and conjugation. The protein contains a papain-like protease domain (PLP2) that plays a crucial role in the proteolytic cleavage of the PRRSV replicase polyproteins. PLP2 was also proposed to belong to the ovarian tumor domain-containing superfamily of deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), which is capable of inhibiting ISG15 production and counteracting ISG15 conjugation to cellular proteins. To determine whether this immune antagonist function could be selectively inactivated, we engineered a panel of mutants with deletions and/or mutations at the N-terminal border of the nsp2 PLP2-DUB domain. A 23-amino-acid deletion (amino acids 402 to 424 of the ORF1a-encoded protein) largely abolished the inhibitory effect of nsp2 on ISG15 production and conjugation, but no viable recombinant virus was recovered. A 19-amino-acid deletion (amino acids 402 to 420), in combination with a downstream point mutation (S465A), partially relieved the ISG15 antagonist function and yielded a viable recombinant virus. Taken together, our data demonstrate that ISG15 and ISGylation play an important role in the response to PRRSV infection and that nsp2 is a key factor in counteracting the antiviral function of ISG15.
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Han J, Liu G, Wang Y, Faaberg KS. Identification of nonessential regions of the nsp2 replicase protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strain VR-2332 for replication in cell culture. J Virol 2007; 81:9878-90. [PMID: 17522233 PMCID: PMC2045381 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00562-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The nonstructural protein 2 (nsp2) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a multidomain protein and has been shown to undergo remarkable genetic variation, primarily in its middle region, while exhibiting high conservation in the N-terminal putative protease domain and the C-terminal predicted transmembrane region. A reverse genetics system of PRRSV North American prototype VR-2332 was developed to explore the importance of different regions of nsp2 for viral replication. A series of mutants with in-frame deletions in the nsp2 coding region were engineered, and infectious viruses were subsequently recovered from transfected cells and further characterized. The results demonstrated that the cysteine protease domain (PL2), the PL2 downstream flanking sequence (amino acids [aa] 181 to 323), and the putative transmembrane domain were critical for replication. In contrast, the segment of nsp2 preceding the PL2 domain (aa 13 to 35) was dispensable for viral replication, and the nsp2 middle hypervariable region (aa 324 to 813) tolerated 100-aa or 200-aa deletions but could not be removed as a whole; the largest deletion was about 400 aa (nsp2Delta324-726). Characterization of the mutants demonstrated that those with small deletions possessed growth kinetics and RNA expression profiles similar to those of the parental virus, while the nsp2Delta324-726 mutant displayed decreased cytolytic activity on MARC-145 cells and did not develop visible plaques. Finally, the utilization of the genetic flexibility of nsp2 to express foreign genes was examined by inserting the gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) in frame into one nsp2 deletion mutant construct. The recombinant virus was viable but impaired and unstable and gradually gained parental growth kinetics by the loss of most of the GFP gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Atherton JG, Chaparas SD, Cremer M, Gordon I. Mechanism of Polykaryocytosis Associated with Noncytopathic Infection by Measles Virus. J Bacteriol 2006; 90:213-9. [PMID: 16562019 PMCID: PMC315615 DOI: 10.1128/jb.90.1.213-219.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherton, John G. (University of Southern California, Los Angeles), Sotiros G. Chaparas, Martha Cremer, and Irving Gordon. Mechanism of polykaryocytosis associated with noncytopathic infection by measles virus. J. Bacteriol. 90:213-219. 1965.-Infection with a measles virus variant resulted not only in formation of polykaryocytes (PK) but also in formation of multicellular immunofluorescent foci (IFF) in which no cytopathic effect could be detected. The ratio of IFF to PK changed from 27 to 4 during the first passage and remained 4 after a second passage. PK were plaques. Plaque assay was linear in the presence of IFF. To investigate the mechanism of PK formation, radioautography was done on cells pulse-labeled with tritiated thymidine before virus multiplication began. The results showed that PK were formed by fusion; there were no PK whose nuclei contained no label, and the proportion of labeled nuclei (32%) and distribution of grain counts was the same in PK as in uninvolved cells, ruling out nuclear replication without concomitant cytoplasmic membrane formation as the mechanism of formation of these PK. Early in PK development, neutral red uptake was markedly increased ("red" plaques). As PK matured, hyperchromicity disappeared ("white" plaques). This sequence provided an index of rate of evolution of PK. Rate of PK maturation was more rapid at 37 than at 32 C.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Atherton
- Department of Microbiology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, and Los Angeles County General Hospital, Los Angeles, California
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Rapp F, Butel JS, Wallis C. Protection of Measles Virus by Sulfate Ions Against Thermal Inactivation. J Bacteriol 2006; 90:132-5. [PMID: 16562007 PMCID: PMC315604 DOI: 10.1128/jb.90.1.132-135.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapp, Fred (Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.), Janet S. Butel, and Craig Wallis. Protection of measles virus by sulfate ions against thermal inactivation. J. Bacteriol. 90:132-135. 1965.-The infectivity of measles virus in water is rapidly destroyed at temperatures of 37 C and above. More than 50% of the infectivity is lost after 1 hr at 25 C, and almost 90% loss of infectivity occurs within 24 hr at 4 C. Magnesium chloride enhances the inactivation of the virus at all temperatures tested. Addition of either magnesium or sodium sulfate protects the virus against thermal inactivation. The stabilizing effect is demonstrable at temperatures ranging from 4 to 56 C, but is especially pronounced through 45 C. Prolonged storage (up to 6 weeks) of the virulent virus at 4 C in 1 m magnesium sulfate permits retention of substantial infectivity, whereas storage at 4 C in either water or 1 m magnesium chloride results in a loss of infectivity approximating 99% after 2 weeks. Magnesium chloride also enhances inactivation of the attenuated vaccine strain of measles virus. The attenuated virus, however, is strongly protected by magnesium sulfate against thermal inactivation, and retention of infectivity for long periods of time at 4 C seems feasible when the virus is kept in 1 m magnesium sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rapp
- Department of Virology and Epidemiology, Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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6
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Watari E, Shimizu M, Takahashi H. Langerhans cells stimulated by mechanical stress are susceptible to measles virus infection. Intervirology 2005; 48:145-52. [PMID: 15812188 DOI: 10.1159/000081742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Measles virus (MV) first infects the human respiratory tract, but the initial target cells are unknown. We examined whether MV infects Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells (LCs) generated from CD14(+) monocytes in the presence of GM-CSF, IL-4, and TGF-beta1. METHODS Cultured LCs were established as described recently [Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003;306:674-679]. The expression of immunological markers was detected by FACScan. Infection with MV was assessed by syncytia formation, viral-specific fluorescence, and Western blotting. RESULTS MV did not infect and replicate the freshly established, unstimulated LCs expressing CD1a, E-cadherin and Langerin but not CD83. Also, CD150, a receptor for MV was not expressed on the surface of the LCs. However, LCs stimulated by mechanical stress such as washing and centrifugation became susceptible to MV infection. CONCLUSION A subset of mechanically stimulated LCs but not unstimulated immature ones became susceptible to MV. The actual role of Langerhans cells in local immunity seems to be to suppress unfavorable reactions initiated by virus intrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Watari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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SUGIURA A, KILBOURNE ED. GENETIC STUDIES OF INFLUENZA VIRUSES. II. PLAQUE FORMATION BY INFLUENZA VIRUSES IN A CLONE OF A VARIANT HUMAN HETEROPLOID CELL LINE. Virology 1996; 26:478-88. [PMID: 14319718 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(65)90010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Borges MB, Mann GF, Freire MDS. Biological characterization of clones derived from the Edmonston strain of measles virus in comparison with Schwarz and CAM-70 vaccine strains. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1996; 91:507-13. [PMID: 9070412 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761996000400020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Four virus clones were derived from the Edmonston strain of measles virus by repeated plaque purification. These clones were compared with the vaccine strains Schwarz and CAM-70 in terms of biological activities including plaque formation, hemagglutination, hemolysis and replication in Vero cells and chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF). Two clones of intermediate plaque yielded mixed plaque populations on subcultivation whereas the other two, showing small and large plaque sizes, showed stable plaque phenotypes. The vaccine strains showed consistent homogeneous plaque populations. All the Edmonston clones showed agglutination of monkey erythrocytes in isotonic solution while both vaccine strains hemagglutinated only in the presence of high salt concentrations. Variation in the hemolytic activity was observed among the four clones but no hemolytic activity was detected for the vaccine virus strains. Vaccine strains replicated efficiently both in Vero cells and CEF. All four clones showed efficient replication in Vero cells but different replication profiles in CEF. Two of them replicated efficiently, one was of intermediate efficiency and the other showed no replication in CEF. Two of the clones showed characteristics similar to vaccine strains. One in terms of size and homogeneity of plaques, the other for a low hemolytic activity and both for the efficiency of propagation in CEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Borges
- Bio-Manguinhos, Fundaçăo Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Rima
- School of Biology and Biochemistry, Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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10
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Moscona A, Galinski MS. Characterization of human parainfluenza virus type 3 persistent infection in cell culture. J Virol 1990; 64:3212-8. [PMID: 2161938 PMCID: PMC249533 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.64.7.3212-3218.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Three cell lines persistently infected with human parainfluenza virus type 3 were characterized on a molecular level in this study. All six structural protein genes were transcribed into monocistronic RNAs in the persistently infected cells. In both acutely and persistently infected cells, polycistronic transcripts were abundant, although the ratio of polycistronic to monocistronic transcripts was reduced in the persistently infected cells. Each of the persistently infected cell lines contained a distinct subgenomic RNA species. The subgenomic RNAs were present in purified nucleocapsid cores, indicating that they represent viral genome RNA, were far more abundant than full-length RNA, and were stably maintained through at least 36 cell passages. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the subgenomic RNAs from two of the persistently infected cell lines revealed that the 5' ends are identical to that of the standard genome. Hybridization experiments with oligonucleotide probes showed that both fragments retain sequences from the 5' end of the standard genome and contain approximately 1,200 nucleotides (cell line 1) and 1,500 nucleotides (cell line 2) of the polymerase gene sequence. The demonstration of several alterations in viral gene expression in persistently infected cells offers insight into the factors associated with persistence of parainfluenza virus 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Moscona
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6574
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11
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Sanchez-Lanier M, Guerin P, McLaren LC, Bankhurst AD. Measles virus-induced suppression of lymphocyte proliferation. Cell Immunol 1988; 116:367-81. [PMID: 2460251 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(88)90238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism by which measles virus induces immunosuppression was investigated using an in vitro system employing phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced human peripheral mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation. At a multiplicity of infection of 1.0 or greater measles virus significantly inhibited (45%) the proliferation of PBMC. This inhibition was not due to an alteration in the kinetics of proliferation. PHA-stimulated PBMC were then infected with measles virus for 72 hr and irradiated (3200 rad) to prevent further proliferation. These infected, irradiated PBMC when added to fresh autologous PBMC caused significant inhibition of lymphoproliferation over a wide range of infected:fresh cell ratios (maximum inhibition seen at a 1:1 ratio, 85% inhibition). Virus recovered from the irradiated, infected cells was 100-fold lower than the virus titer needed to cause inhibition by direct addition of measles virus. However, antibody to measles virus reversed the inhibition. Virus-free supernatant fluids from the infected irradiated cells caused immunosuppression of the PHA response. This immunosuppressive material induced by the measles virus was maximally produced after 72 hr and did not appear to require viral replication. This factor was not prostaglandin E or interferon-alpha or -gamma. The production of such suppressive factors during viral infection may explain some of the profound immunosuppression seen in situations in which little or no infectious virus can be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sanchez-Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Medicine, University of New Mexico, School of Medicine, Albuquerque 87131
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12
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Abstract
Although several methods are now available by which to introduce macromolecules into cultured living mammalian cells, each has limitations on its adoption as a general means, for a variety of purposes. We describe here a simple procedure to introduce protein molecules into various living mammalian cells. This procedure is based upon the finding that mammalian cells, after exposure to a low concentration of a phospholipid (L-alpha-lysophosphatidylcholine) in the presence of high (hypertonic) concentrations of glycerol became permeable to protein molecules and that a significant portion of the exposed cells regain their viability following incubation in the appropriate growth medium. We have demonstrated that diphtheria toxin (A fragment), horseradish peroxidase and antibodies against SV40 T-antigens are incorporated into living mouse erythroleukemia (Friend) cells, baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells and mouse fibroblasts (C3H), respectively. The volume introduced into a single cell (mouse Friend cells) is approx. 3 X 10(-15) liter, which is comparable to those with other systems. Parameters affecting permeability to protein molecules and viability of the treated cells were also investigated with these and other cell lines.
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13
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Carrigan DR. Round cell variant of measles virus: spontaneous conversion from productive to cell-associated state of infection. Virology 1985; 144:337-50. [PMID: 4060592 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(85)90276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A subacute sclerosing panencephalitis strain of measles virus was found to be composed of two viral variants distinguishable by their cytopathic effects in Vero cells. One of the variants was similar to defective cell-associated measles virus strains, whereas the other was highly productive of viral progeny but did not induce cell fusion. Cloning of the variants by an agarose plaque procedure revealed a consistent and rapid interconversion of the variants into one another. While the mechanism of this interconversion remains unknown, analysis of the expression of viral antigens by the variants using indirect immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies specific for measles structural antigens suggested that the interconversion involved modulation of the expression of the viral matrix or M antigen.
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Truant AL, Regnery RL, Kiley MP. Development of an immunofluorescence focus assay for Ebola virus. J Clin Microbiol 1983; 18:416-9. [PMID: 6352735 PMCID: PMC270815 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.18.2.416-419.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A 48-h indirect immunofluorescence focus assay for the quantitation of Ebola virus was developed, utilizing HeLa-229 cell monolayers. The dose dependency and the sensitivity of this assay as compared with conventional assays are reported. This indirect immunofluorescence focus assay can be used as a rapid, quantitative test for the detection of Ebola virus, an agent from Africa known to cause hemorrhagic fever.
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Selinger DS, Reed WP, McLaren LC. Model for studying bacterial adherence to epithelial cells infected with viruses. Infect Immun 1981; 32:941-4. [PMID: 6265368 PMCID: PMC351532 DOI: 10.1128/iai.32.2.941-944.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Measles infection decreased adherence of staphylococci, streptococci, and pneumococci to cultured epithelial cells, whereas adenovirus had no effect. Rhinovirus increased staphylococcal and streptococcal adherence. Influenza A increased or decreased staphylococcal adherence at different times after infection.
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Preston KJ, Owens H, Mowat GN. Relationship between plaque size and the immunising ability of the foot-and-mouth disease virus SAT 1 Nig 10/75. Arch Virol 1981; 70:63-7. [PMID: 6277283 DOI: 10.1007/bf01320794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Mann GF, Allison LM, Copeland JA, Agostini CF, Zuckerman AJ. A simplified plaque assay system for measles virus. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL STANDARDIZATION 1980; 8:219-25. [PMID: 7410445 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-1157(80)80037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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18
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Fisher LE, Rapp F. Temperature-dependent expression of measles virus structural proteins in persistently infected cells. Virology 1979; 94:55-60. [PMID: 442534 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90437-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Fisher LE, Rapp F. Role of virus variants and cells in maintenance of persistent infection by measles virus. J Virol 1979; 30:64-8. [PMID: 480462 PMCID: PMC353298 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.30.1.64-68.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hamster embryo fibroblasts persistently infected with a derivative of the Schwarz vaccine strain of measles virus spontaneously released virus particles with an average buoyant density considerably lower than that of the parental virus. The released virus contained all of the measles virus structural proteins and interfered with replication of standard virus. All of the virus structural proteins were associated with a membrane-free cytoplasmic extract from the persistently infected cells. Membrane-free cytoplasmic extracts prepared from Vero cells lytically infected with Schwarz strain measles contained little or no virus envelope structural protein. Maintenance of persistent infection may involve both the presence of virus variants and a defect in the ability of the infected cell to replicate the virus efficiently.
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ECOB-JOHNSTON MARIONS, BORNSTEIN MB, RAINE CS. LONGTERM INFECTION OF CULTURED HAMSTER DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA WITH HALLÉ SSPE VIRUS. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1977. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.1977.tb00589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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23
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Mirchamsy H, Shafyi A, Bahrami S, Kamali M, Nazari P, Razavi F, Ahourai P, Fatemi S, Amin-Salehi M. A comparative field trial of five measles vaccines produced in human diploid cell, MRC-5. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL STANDARDIZATION 1977; 5:1-18. [PMID: 838748 DOI: 10.1016/0092-1157(77)90014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Yoshizawa S, Hashizume S, Miyamura K, Matumoto M. Variation in thermostability of measles virus. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1976; 20:243-6. [PMID: 966395 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1976.tb00982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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25
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Chiarini A, Sinatra A, Ammatuna P, Di Stefano R. Studies on a measles virus variant inducing persistent infections in cultured cells.I. Isolation and characterization of plaque purified virus clones. Arch Virol 1976; 52:47-58. [PMID: 826238 DOI: 10.1007/bf01317864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Attempts were made to characterized by a plaque assay two variants of the Edmonston strain of measles virus and to obtain plaque purified virus populations. The UP non-cytocidal variant, in all the examined cell systems, mainly produced small but also large plaques; the DP cytocidal variant always large plaques. Three clones, UP-SP4, UP-LP4 and DP-LP4, were derived by plaque purfication respectively of the UP small plaque, UP large plaque and DP large plaque forming particles. The virus populations of the clones could be distinguished by some other biological and physical characters: cytopathic effect in roller tube cultures, growth potential in HeLa cells, thermal stability at 45 degrees C, stability of the properties during serial passages at different input multiplicity. The hypothesis was supported that the typical properties of the UP and DP variants are host-independent and genetically controlled viral markers.
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26
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Haspel MV, Duff R, Rapp F. Isolation and preliminary characterization of temperature-sensitive mutants of measles virus. J Virol 1975; 16:1000-9. [PMID: 51932 PMCID: PMC354762 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.16.4.1000-1009.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-four genetically stable temperature-sensitive mutants of measles virus were isolated after mutangenesis by 5-azacytidine, 5 fluorouracil, or proflavine. The restricted replication of all mutants at 39 C was blocked subsequent to cell penetration and could not be attributed to heat inactivation of virus infectivity. Complementation analysis was made possible through the use of poly-L-ornithine. The members of one complementation group exhibited wild-type RNA synthesis at the nonpermissive temperature and induced the synthesis of virus antigens. These mutants were found defective in both hemolysin antigen synthesis and cell fusion "from within," supporting the unitary hypothesis for these functions. The members of the other two complementation groups synthesized neither virion RNA nor detectable virus antigens at the nonpermissive temperature.
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28
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Raine CS, Fields BN. Neurotropic virus-host relationship alterations due to variation in viral genome as studied by electron microscopy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1974; 75:119-38. [PMID: 4363477 PMCID: PMC1910811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A series of experiments has been described in which litters of suckling rats were inoculated either with wild-type reovirus type III or one of two of its temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants. While the wild-type virus produced an acute, fatal syndrome, the ts mutants were substantially less neurovirulent. Of the ts mutant-inoculated animals, a large percentage of the surviving (chronic) animals given ts mutant B showed an unobstructive hydrocephalus ex vacuo whereas chronic ts mutant C animals showed no visible nervous system disease. The ts mutants persisted within the central nervous system (CNS) for 6 to 8 weeks, after which they could not be detected either virologically, immunologically or morphologically. In another set of experiments, organized CNS explants were studied following infection with either measles virus or the neuroadapted Mantooth strain of SSPE virus, a variant of measles. Wild measles (Edmonston strain) exerted an acute destructive effect, but SSPE virus had a tendency to enter into coexistence with the tissue without destroying its organotypic nature. These relationships are somewhat reminiscent of the neuropathologic conditions caused by these two viruses in man. Since the reovirus type III ts mutants possess both genetic and morphologic defects and in many instances cause CNS conditions different from that induced by the wild-type virus, it has been proposed that a comparable situation may exist after measles and SSPE virus infection. SSPE virions of the strain studied were found to be defective in certain viral components which may have contributed to the lower neurovirulence and its entering into a chronic relationship with the CNS, in contrast to the acute destructive nature of measles infection. The findings are discussed in terms of relevance to other chronic CNS diseases, particularly multiple sclerosis, in which the possiblity exists that a mutant virus is operative.
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29
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Suarez HG, Cassingena R, Estrade S, Wicker R, Lavialle C, Lazar P. Properties of SV40 rescued from actinomycin D-sensitive and actinomycin D-resistant transformed hamster cells. I. Lytic infection. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1974; 46:93-104. [PMID: 4374170 DOI: 10.1007/bf01240209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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30
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Haspel MV, Knight PR, Duff RG, Rapp F. Activation of a latent measles virus infection in hamster cells. J Virol 1973; 12:690-5. [PMID: 4204692 PMCID: PMC356686 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.12.4.690-695.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The characteristics of infectious measles virus released from latently infected hamster embryo fibroblast cells are described. Low levels of virus were released spontaneously when the cultures were incubated at 37 C; this phenomenon was observed 19 passages after the cells had been exposed to the virus and has continued through cell passage 45. The virus yield could be significantly increased by cocultivation of the hamster cells with BSC-1 cells or incubation of the latently infected cells at 33.5 C rather than at 37 C. Measles virus released after cocultivation demonstrated increased cytopathology in cell culture and reduced temperature sensitivity when compared to the virus released at 33.5 C. After cell passage 45, there was an increase in spontaneous release of virus. However, the viruses recovered by cocultivation or temperature release after cell passage 45 were nearly identical. These observations suggest a possible mechanism for measles virus activation in cells latently infected with this virus.
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31
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Carter C, Black FL, Schluederberg A. Nucleus-associated RNA in measles virus-infected cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1973; 54:411-6. [PMID: 4200399 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(73)90937-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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32
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33
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Weil ML, Imagawa DT. Measles virus: induced transfer of biological properties. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1972; 39:344-52. [PMID: 4630532 DOI: 10.1007/bf01241013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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34
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Abstract
A latent system employing measles virus (Schwarz strain) was developed in hamster embryo fibroblasts (HEF). Measles virus-specific antigen was detected by immunofluorescence in 30 to 50% of HEF cells, and these cells released infectious virus when co-cultivated with a susceptible monkey cell line, BSC-1 cells. No infectious virus could be detected in the cells when measures were taken to exclude passage of viable latent cells onto the indicator BSC-1 cells. Infectious center assays demonstrated that about 1 in 10 of the latently infected cells in the population could release infectious virus. Infectious virus appeared within 6 hr after co-cultivation of the HEF cells with BSC-1 cells, as compared to 24 hr required for normal replication of measles virus in the BSC-1 cells. Furthermore, labeling of progeny virus ribonucleic acid (RNA) by using tritiated uridine, and inhibition of RNA or protein synthesis by 5-azacytidine or cycloheximide suggested that neither additional RNA nor protein synthesis is required after co-cultivation of the cells to effect early virus release. It can therefore be postulated that there is a block at a late step in virus replication in the latently infected hamster cells. The most obvious site would concern maturation of infectious virions at the cell membrane.
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35
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Schumacher HP, Albrecht P, Tauraso NM. Markers for measles virus. II. Tissue culture properties. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1972; 36:296-310. [PMID: 4623186 DOI: 10.1007/bf01249860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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36
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Schluederberg A, Williams CA, Black FL. Inhibition of measles virus replication and RNA synthesis by actinomycin D. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1972; 48:657-61. [PMID: 4625867 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(72)90398-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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37
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38
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Raine CS, Feldman LA, Sheppard RD, Bornstein MB. Ultrastructural study of long-term measles infection in cultures of hamster dorsal-root ganglion. J Virol 1971; 8:318-29. [PMID: 4107542 PMCID: PMC356245 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.8.3.318-329.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphogenesis of the Edmonston strain of measles is described in cultures of hamster dorsal-root ganglion maintained for as long as 63 days postinoculation. The patterns observed confirmed those previously reported in both neural and non-neural tissue. However, in the present tissue, the development of viral material could be followed chronologically within different cell types such as neurons and Schwann cells. Active replication was visualized up to 63 days postinoculation. The appearance of cytoplasmic nucleocapsid preceded that of intranuclear nucleocapsid, the latter occurring after 14 days. These intranuclear inclusions were formed after the transformation of the nucleoli into bizarre pleomorphic bodies which eventually segregated into clumps of nucleocapsid. These intranuclear inclusions mimic those seen in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, now known to be etiologically related to a measles-like virus.
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39
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Minagawa T. Studies on the persistent infection with measles virus in HeLa cells. II. The properties of carried virus. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1971; 15:333-40. [PMID: 5000618 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1971.tb00589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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40
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Jensen AB, Spjut HJ, Smith MN, Rapp F. Intracellular branched tubular structures in osteosarcoma. An ultrastructural and serological study. Cancer 1971; 27:1440-8. [PMID: 4932474 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(197106)27:6<1440::aid-cncr2820270626>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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41
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Wear DJ, Rapp F. Encephalitis in newborn hamsters after intracerebral injection of attenuated human measles virus. Nature 1970; 227:1347-8. [PMID: 4989434 DOI: 10.1038/2271347a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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42
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Taylor WP, Perry CT. A plaque assay system for rinderpest virus and its use in characterising virus adsorption. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1970; 32:269-82. [PMID: 5533699 DOI: 10.1007/bf01249963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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43
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Yamanouchi K, Kobune F, Fukuda A, Hayami M, Shishido A. Comparative immunofluorescent studies on measles, canine distemper, and rinderpest viruses. Immunofluorescence of measles, distemper, and rinderpest viruses. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1970; 29:90-100. [PMID: 4195094 DOI: 10.1007/bf01253884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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44
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Abstract
Boston and ABC strains of mumps virus produced plaques approximately 1.0 mm in diameter in monolayers of BGM cells. The plaques were circular and either clear or target-like in form. Ricki strain virus produced plaques of similar size and form but, in addition, a red plaque was observed with this agent. The vaccine strain of mumps virus, Jeryl Lynn, produced minute clear plaques approximately 0.3 mm in diameter. Incorporation of diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-dextran into the overlay medium did not affect the size difference between Jeryl Lynn plaques and those of the other strains. However plaques of the Jeryl Lynn and Ricki strains were more easily visualized when the overlay medium contained 400 mug/ml of DEAE-dextran. Simultaneous titration by plaque formation and roller tube infectivity showed that these two methods were of equal sensitivity. Virus neutralization by antibody was demonstrated by plaque reduction. Rise in antibody titer was observed in sera from human and animal infection, human vaccination, and rabbit immunization.
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45
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Raine CS, Feldman LA, Sheppard RD, Bornstein MB. Ultrastructure of measles virus in cultures of hamster cerebellum. J Virol 1969; 4:169-81. [PMID: 5806983 PMCID: PMC375852 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.4.2.169-181.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication of Edmonston strain of measles virus in cultures of hamster central nervous system tissue was studied by electron microscopy of ultrathin sections. Infected cultures were fixed from 3 hr to 39 days postinoculation (PI). Measles nucleocapsid was first seen within the cytoplasm of giant cells, the latter appearing 5 to 6 days PI. Measles virus particles were most abundant at 10 days PI and appeared to bud off from areas of the cell membrane along which nucleocapsid was aligned. Intranuclear nucleocapsid was more abundant at later stages, and by 39 days PI entire nuclei were seen to be occupied. By this time, the cytoplasmic formations, which had been sequestered by membranes, appeared to lose their regular structure. Budding viral particles at 39 days PI were of a much simplified structure and did not involve the alignment of nucleocapsid about their periphery.
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46
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Altstein AD, Dodonova NN, Tsetlin EM, Babakova SV, Levenbook IS. Large- and small-plaque variants of oncogenic Simian Adenovirus SA7(C8). Int J Cancer 1969; 4:446-54. [PMID: 5346884 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910040410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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47
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Abstract
Serial passage of the 64-2389 strain of type 3 parainfluenza virus in cercopithecus monkey kidney tissue cultures at low temperatures resulted in the selection of a variant which had a higher efficiency of plaque formation at 25 C than the parent line grown at 37 C. The cold variant, unlike the parent strain, plaqued readily at 25 C, and at 37 C it produced significantly larger plaques. Virus titers of the cold variant in hamster lungs were significantly lower and this was probably caused by the stimulation of interferon by the cold variant during the early phase of the infection. The cold variant, like the virus grown at 37 C, also induced the synthesis of interferon late in the infection. Hamsters responded to the intranasal inoculation of each virus line by the development of hemagglutinating-inhibiting antibodies in the sera.
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48
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Desmyter J, Melnick JL, Rawls WE. Defectiveness of interferon production and of rubella virus interference in a line of African green monkey kidney cells (Vero). J Virol 1968; 2:955-61. [PMID: 4302013 PMCID: PMC375423 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.2.10.955-961.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vero cells, a line of African green monkey kidney cells, failed to produce interferon when infected with Newcastle disease, Sendai, Sindbis, and rubella viruses, although the cells were sensitive to interferon. Further, infection of Vero cells with rubella virus did not result in interference with the replication of echovirus 11, Newcastle disease virus, or vesicular stomatitis virus, even in cultures where virtually every cell was infected with rubella virus. Under the same conditions, BSC-1 cells and other cells of primate origin produced interferon and showed rubella virus interference. The results indicate that the presence of rubella virus in the cell does not in itself exclude multiplication of other viruses and that rubella virus interference appears to be linked to the capability of the cell to produce interferon.
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49
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Arita M, Matumoto M. Plaque formation and initial virus-cell interaction of measles virus. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1968; 12:51-61. [PMID: 5302656 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1968.tb00368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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50
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Rustigian R. Persistent infection of cells in culture by measles virus. II. Effect of measles antibody on persistently infected HeLa sublines and recovery of a HeLa clonal line persistently infected with incomplete virus. J Bacteriol 1966; 92:1805-11. [PMID: 5334769 PMCID: PMC316264 DOI: 10.1128/jb.92.6.1805-1811.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Rustigian, Robert (Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass.). Persistent infection of cells in culture by measles virus. II. Effect of measles antibody on persistently infected HeLa clonal line persistently infected with incomplete virus. J. Bacteriol. 92:1805-1811. 1966.-The effect of viral antibody on persistent infection of HeLa cells by the Edmonston strain of measles virus was investigated by culturing cells from three persistently infected clones in medium supplemented with human immune globulin. The three infected HeLa clones were isolated from a persistently infected parent line. Two sublines which were grown in the presence of measles antibody developed a nonyielder state, wherein there is no detectable virus infectious for normal HeLa cultures. There is, however, continued synthesis of intracellular viral antigen and formation of viral intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. The development of a nonyielder state was associated with a marked decrease in the degree of hemadsorption in cultures of both sublines. Further studies of the viral properties of non-yielder HeLa cell populations were made with a clone obtained from one of these sublines by plating under antibody. Persistent infection in this line was characterized by synthesis of incomplete virus even when the cells were cultured thereafter in anti-body-free medium. This was evidenced by (i) failure to recover infectious virus from the clonal population despite continued formation of intracellular viral antigen and viral intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in a majority of the cells, (ii) the presence of only a few cells with surface viral antigen(s) including hemagglutinin, and (iii) the relatively weak antibody response to viral envelope antigen(s) after injection of cells into guinea pigs.
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