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Richards AL, Jackson WT. Intracellular vesicle acidification promotes maturation of infectious poliovirus particles. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1003046. [PMID: 23209416 PMCID: PMC3510256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The autophagic pathway acts as part of the immune response against a variety of pathogens. However, several pathogens subvert autophagic signaling to promote their own replication. In many cases it has been demonstrated that these pathogens inhibit or delay the degradative aspect of autophagy. Here, using poliovirus as a model virus, we report for the first time bona fide autophagic degradation occurring during infection with a virus whose replication is promoted by autophagy. We found that this degradation is not required to promote poliovirus replication. However, vesicular acidification, which in the case of autophagy precedes delivery of cargo to lysosomes, is required for normal levels of virus production. We show that blocking autophagosome formation inhibits viral RNA synthesis and subsequent steps in the virus cycle, while inhibiting vesicle acidification only inhibits the final maturation cleavage of virus particles. We suggest that particle assembly, genome encapsidation, and virion maturation may occur in a cellular compartment, and we propose the acidic mature autophagosome as a candidate vesicle. We discuss the implications of our findings in understanding the late stages of poliovirus replication, including the formation and maturation of virions and egress of infectious virus from cells. The autophagic degradation pathway is a well-known agent of innate immunity. Several pathogens, including poliovirus (PV), a model for several medically important RNA viruses, subvert this pathway for their own benefit. In doing so, pathogens often inhibit the degradative portion of the pathway, presumably to prevent their own destruction. We show here that, surprisingly, PV infection results in high levels of degradative autophagy. However, we find that autophagic degradation is dispensable for PV replication. Inhibiting the formation of autophagosomes inhibits virus RNA replication and subsequent steps in virus production. Inhibiting the acidification of vesicles, which in the case of autophagosomes precedes fusion with lysosomes and autophagic degradation, inhibits a much later step in virus production. Our data suggest an important role for an acidic compartment of the cell in the final maturation step, cleaving a capsid protein to generate infectious virus. Importantly, these data also call into question the long-standing hypothesis that all steps in the production of infectious poliovirus are cytosolic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William T. Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Protein leakage was used as a quantitative measure of poliovirus-induced cellular injury under suspended cell culture conditions. The requirements for protein leakage were studied in detail and it was established that events early in the infectious cycle which depend upon viral protein synthesis were responsible for cell damage. Extralysosomal beta-glucuronidase appeared in infected cells before the onset of protein leakage and release of newly synthesized virus. Hydrocortisone treatment of infected cells resulted in only a slight delay in the release of beta-glucuronidase from lysosomes and protein and virus from cells. These results suggest that events associated with poliovirus synthesis trigger the release of lysosomal hydrolases which in turn injure the plasma membrane, allowing cytoplasmic proteins and virus to leak out of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Blackman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45219
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Schimmel H, Traub P. The effect of mengovirus infection on lipid synthesis in cultured Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Lipids 1987; 22:95-103. [PMID: 3031411 DOI: 10.1007/bf02534860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The concept of generally increased lipid synthesis during the initial 2/3 of picornaviral infectious cycles, held by several authors, needs differentiation. In mengovirus-infected Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, an increase in the rate of synthesis of phosphatidylcholine could be confirmed, but for phosphatidylethanolamine constant to decreasing rates of synthesis were found. Moreover, phosphatidylinositol was increasingly synthesized in the midst of the infectious cycle. The changes observed might have their functional expression in the proliferation of smooth cytoplasmic membrane systems that provide the structural framework for the replication of picornaviral RNA and virus assembly. The alterations in the labeling patterns of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol late in virus infection point to increased turnover of these compounds, possibly mediated by phospholipase D. The formation of lysophosphatidylcholine (cytolytic effect) and bis(monoacylglyceryl)phosphate in the final phase of the infectious cycle might be correlated with the liberation of lysosomal enzymes and the development of the cytopathic effect.
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Okada Y, Toda G, Oka H, Nomoto A, Yoshikura H. Poliovirus infection of established human blood cell lines: relationship between the differentiation stage and susceptibility of cell killing. Virology 1987; 156:238-45. [PMID: 3027975 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90403-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The replication of type 1 poliovirus in 13 established human blood cell lines differing in the differentiation stage and cell lineage was investigated. Three T (CCRF-CEM, CCRF-HSB-2, and Molt-3) and three B (Raji, CCRF-SB, and RPMI 8226) cell lines showed no cytopathic effects (CPE) or virus production. CPE associated with virus production were detected in the other seven cell lines: HL-60, ML-1, and KG-1 (granulocytic lineage), U-937 and THP-1 (monocytic lineage), K-562 (erythroid lineage), and Molt-4 (T cell lineage). These susceptible cell lines greatly differed in the speed at which the CPE progressed. The progression of CPE was faster in relatively well-differentiated cell lines such as HL-60 and U-937, independently of the multiplicity of infection, than in less differentiated cell lines such as K-562, KG-1, and THP-1. Thus, for the same lineage, the speed at which CPE progressed became proportionally higher with subsequent differentiation stages. In the K-562 cell culture, CPE were not observed until at least 5 days postinfection (p.i.), while more than 80% of HL-60 cells were killed within 3 days p.i. There were no significant differences between infected HL-60 and K-562 cells in the efficiency of infection determined at 8 hr p.i. by the indirect immunofluorescent technique, the rate of virus growth, or the amount of viral capsid protein synthesized. This indicated that there were similar viral replication cycles in the two cell lines. These observations suggest that the killing function of the virus is expressed more slowly in K-562 cells than in HL-60 cells.
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Szego CM, Pietras RJ. Lysosomal functions in cellular activation: propagation of the actions of hormones and other effectors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1984; 88:1-302. [PMID: 6145684 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62759-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Garrity P, Szelc C, Paquette C, McEvoy M, Millette R, Adler R. Inhibition of herpes simplex virus replication by succinyl concanavalin A. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1982; 21:450-5. [PMID: 6285811 PMCID: PMC181913 DOI: 10.1128/aac.21.3.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Incubation of herpes simplex virus type 1-infected cells with succinyl-concanavalin A, a derivative of the jack bean lectin concanavalin A, resulted in the decreased production of virus. The mode of inhibition by the lectin was unclear. No effect was apparent on the level of viral DNA synthesis. However, incubation of infected cells with increasing concentrations of the lectin appeared to result in a decrease in the quantity of viral protein produced within the cell. A reduction in the virus titer of 57 to 64% was observed upon direct incubation of extracellular virus in the presence of 50 to 100 micrograms of succinyl-concanavalin A per ml.
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Bossart W, Bienz K. Virus replication, cytopathology, and lysosomal enzyme response in enucleated HEp-2 cells infected with poliovirus. Virology 1979; 92:331-9. [PMID: 218347 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Tanaka J, Ogura H, Fukuda S, Hatano M. Effect of double infection of cowpox virus-infected cells with paramyxovirus (Sendai virus) on formation of cowpox virus-specific cell surface antigen. Microbiol Immunol 1978; 22:765-73. [PMID: 88002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1978.tb00430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The formation of cowpox virus-specific cell surface antigen (CPV S-ag) was significantly enhanced by double infection with HVJ (Sendai virus). Simultaneous double infection, superinfection with HVJ and superinfection with CPV of cells persistently infected with HVJ similarly enhanced the formation of CPV S-ag, while pre-infection with HVJ was ineffective. To be effective, cells must be infected at a m.o.i. of greater than or equal to 1.0 and HVJ gene functions had to be expressed. The HVJ-infected cell extracts had an ability to accelerate uncoating (or degradation) of CPV, causing an early increase and a subsequent decrease in the infectivity of CPV. This activity reached a maximum 4--6 hr after HVJ infection, the increase paralleling enhancement of the total activity of several cellular enzymes. Addition of puromycin abolished the increase of these activities and the formation of CPV S-ag. Thus, the double infection with HVJ of CPV-infected cells induces an enhancement of CPV S-ag formation presumably as a consequence of activation of cellular enzymes which in turn accelerates uncoating of CPV.
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Sulochana S, Derbyshire J. Effect of actinomycin D on the cytopathology and replication of porcine enteroviruses. Vet Microbiol 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(77)90038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Egberts E, Hackett PB, Traub P. Alteration of the intracellular energetic and ionic conditions by mengovirus infection of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and its influence on protein synthesis in the midphase of infection. J Virol 1977; 22:591-7. [PMID: 195079 PMCID: PMC515757 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.22.3.591-597.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mengovirus infection of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells caused a change of the intracellular ATP concentration. It increased by 35% within the first 3 h postinfection and then declined to zero within the next 5 h. The decrease in the ATP concentration was due, at least in part, to leakage of ATP into the medium, where it could be demonstrated by the luciferin-luciferase assay. Gross leakage of ATP was observed at 4.5 h postinfection, concomitant with the production of the first intracellular, infectious virus particles. A similar concentration decrease was detected for Mg(2+), the polyamines, and K(+), whereas an increase in the Na(+) concentration was observed. The intracellular Mg(2+) concentration varied synchronously with the ATP level, rising by 16% during the first 3 h postinfection and then progressively falling to lower values in the late period of the infectious cycle. After an initial slight enhancement, the putrescine, spermidine, and spermine concentrations declined at about 1.5 h postinfection. Wherease the intracellular K(+) concentration increased by 17% during the first hour postinfection, the Na(+) concentration diminished by the same value within the same time period, leaving the internal ionic strength unchanged early in infection. Three hours after the beginning of virus infection, there was a rapid decline of K(+) and enhancement of Na(+) within the cell. These alterations of the intracellular energetic and ionic conditions seem to be, at least in part, responsible for the cessation of virus-specific protein synthesis in mengovirus-infected Ehrlich ascites tumor cells commencing 3 to 3.5 h postinfection.
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Tanaka J, Ogura H, Hatano M. Cellular proteases increased in paramyxovirus (Sendai virus) carrier cells possibly responsible for enhanced formation of cowpox virus-specific cell surface antigen. Arch Virol 1977; 53:87-99. [PMID: 15532 DOI: 10.1007/bf01314850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cowpox virus (CPV) growth and its S-ag (cell surface antigen) formation in HVJ (Sendai virus) carrier cells pre-treated with Actinomycin D or Puromycin were not affected as much as those in parent cells. These suggest the different cellular functions of carrier cells. The activity of carrier cell extracts causing a characteristic degradation of CPV reacted with them in vitro disappeared after the pre-incubation of extracts with hemoglobin or casein. Measurements of cellular protease activities including lysosomal enzymes demonstrated significant increases in the carrier cell extracts compared to those in parent cells; The CPV, thus reacted in vitro with the extracts or lysosomal fraction from carrier cells, acquired more rapidly and markedly the enhanced ability of S-ag formation parallel to virus infectivity alteration in the reaction. These results indicate that the enhancement of CPV S-ag formation in the HVJ carrier cells may be due to their increased cellular enzymes, possibly proteolytic ones, capable of promoting the first step of CPV uncoating or degradation in the cells.
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Todd WJ, Storz J. Ultrastructural cytochemical evidence for the activation of lysosomes in the cytocidal effect of Chlamydia psittaci. Infect Immun 1975; 12:638-46. [PMID: 1172486 PMCID: PMC415335 DOI: 10.1128/iai.12.3.638-646.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytopathic effect of the polyarthritis strain of Chlamydia psittaci was studied in cultured bovine fetal spleen cells and found to be mediated by the release of lysosomal enzymes into the host cytoplasm during the late stages of chlamydial development. Ultrastructural cytochemical analysis and cell fractionation studies of infected cells revealed a close relationship between the stage of chlamydial development, fine structural features of the host, and localization of lysosomal enzyme activities. After adsorption, chlamydiae entered the host cells by endocytosis. The endocytic vacuoles containing individual chlamydiae and later the inclusion vacuoles containing the different chlamydial developmental forms were always free from lysosomal enzyme activity. Even after extensive multiplication of chlamydiae, lysosomal enzymes remained localized within lysosomes or their precursors in the host cell. Coincident with the process of chlamydial maturation, lysosomal enzymes were released into the host cytoplasm and were always associated with disintegration of host cell constituents and lysis. The chlamydiae appeared to be protected from this lysosomal enzyme activity by the inclusion membrane. After release from the inclusion, elementary bodies maintained their fine structural features, whereas all other chlamydial developmental forms lost their ultrasturctural integrity.
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Reed BL, Wenzel DG. The lysosomal permeability test modified for toxicity testing with cultured heart endothelioid cells. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1975; 7:115-26. [PMID: 47854 DOI: 10.1007/bf01004556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A modified lysosomal fragility test is described which is suitable for use with cultured cells. The permeability (fragility) of the lysosomal membranes of the cells to the substrate beta-glycerophosphate is measured by assessing the degree of particulate lysosomal straining seen after exposing the cells to the Gomori acid phosphatase staining reaction under carefully controlled conditions. Monolayer cultures of endothelioid cells from the hearts of neonatal rats have been used in all experiments. The time-course of lysosomal straining for cells exposed to various treatments (normal saline, isotonic sucrose, 0.25 m sucrose, distilled water, acetate buffer pH 5.0, cold acetone, neutral formalin, acetic-ethanol, Triton X-100, hydrocortisone, choloroquine and vitamin A) was compared with that of control cells stained under identical conditions. Statistical differences in staining between the test and control cells were determined by the Wilcoxin Signed Rank Test and also by regression analysis following a transformation designed to allow for the saturation character of the reaction. The success of the modified technique depends upon meticulous methodology. It is capable of demonstrating both lysosomal membrane labilization and stabilation, second- and third-stage lysosomal activation, and apparent lysosomal enzyme loss or destruction in situ. The technique also allows the degree of reversible or first-stage lysosomal activation to be subdivided on an almost continous basis and is suitable for investigating the effects of drugs and other agents on the integrity of the lysosome in situ.
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Gabrielescu E. Structural integration of neuroprotease activity. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1975; 17:189-239. [PMID: 237847 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60210-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Guskey LE, Wolff DA. Effects of actinomycin D on the cytopathology induced by poliovirus in HEp-2 cells. J Virol 1974; 14:1229-34. [PMID: 4372396 PMCID: PMC355639 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.14.5.1229-1234.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
One possible mechanism of virus-induced cell damage is that the redistributed (released) lysosomal enzymes produce the cytopathic effect during cytolytic types of infections such as poliovirus in HEp-2 cells. To determine if the lysosomal enzyme redistribution and cell damage are host-cell directed, we studied sensitivity of these events to the action of actinomycin D. By the use of actinomycin D at concentrations producing the least toxicity but maximal effectiveness in shuting down cell RNA synthesis, it was shown that the cytopathic effect and enzyme redistribution were not inhibited and, therefore, not directly controlled and induced by the cell genome in response to the virus infection. Evaluation of cytopathic effect by a phase contrast microscopy method detected changes earlier than the erythrocin B uptake method.
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Seebach G, Eschenbach C. [On the formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles of leukocytes in vitro. I. Formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles in dependence on inflammatory processes (author's transl)]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1974; 52:678-87. [PMID: 4371636 DOI: 10.1007/bf01468479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Hecker W, Meyer J, Boeni R, Bienz K. Pinocytotic uptake and intralysosomal crystal formation of coxsackievirus A9 in monkey kidney cells. An electron microscopic autoradiographic study. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1974; 46:167-74. [PMID: 4216342 DOI: 10.1007/bf01240216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Bienz K, Egger D, Wolff DA. Virus replication, cytopathology, and lysosomal enzyme response of mitotic and interphase Hep-2 cells infected with poliovirus. J Virol 1973; 11:565-74. [PMID: 4121707 PMCID: PMC355138 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.11.4.565-574.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitotic Hep-2 cells, selected by the PEL (colloidal silica) density gradient method and held in mitosis with Colcemid, are readily infected by poliovirus type I (Mahoney). They produce and release the same amount of virus as interphase, random-growing cells. In contrast to interphase cells, mitotic cells show no detectable virus-induced cytopathic effect at the light microscopy level and only slight alterations, consisting of small clusters of vacuoles, at the electron microscopy level. Mitotic cells contain the same total amount of lysosomal enzymes per cell as interphase cells, but they display no redistribution of lysosomal enzymes during the virus infection as interphase cells do. This supports the view that lysosomal enzyme redistribution is associated with the cytopathic effect in poliovirus infection but shows that virus synthesis and release is not dependent on either the cytopathic effect or lysosomal enzyme release. The possible reasons for the lack of cytopathic effect in mitotic cells are discussed.
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Collins FD, Roberts WK. Mechanism of Mengo virus-induced cell injury in L cells: use of inhibitors of protein synthesis to dissociate virus-specific events. J Virol 1972; 10:969-78. [PMID: 4344257 PMCID: PMC356567 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.10.5.969-978.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
L cells were infected with Mengo virus in the presence of varying concentrations of protein synthesis inhibitors (azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, p-fluorophenylalanine, puromycin), and examined with respect to the effects of the inhibitors on several features of virus-induced cell injury. The virus-specific events in the cells could be dissociated into three groups, based on their sensitivity to the inhibitors: (i) viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis, bulk viral protein synthesis, and infectious particle production, all of which were prevented by low inhibitor concentrations; (ii) the cytopathic effect (CPE) and stimulation of phosphatidylcholine synthesis, which were sensitive to intermediate concentrations of the inhibitors; and (iii) the virus-induced inhibitions of host RNA and protein synthesis, which were resistart to the inhibitors of protein synthesis except at very high concentrations. It is concluded from this that the virus-induced CPE and stimulation of phosphatidylcholine synthesis are not consequences of the inhibition of cellular RNA or protein synthesis. Analysis of the virus-specific protein and RNA synthesized at several concentrations of azetidine and puromycin suggests that the CPE may be induced by a viral protein precursor. Virus-induced inhibition of host RNA and protein synthesis occurred at azetidine concentrations which blocked the synthesis of over 99.7% of the total viral RNA and over 99% of the viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Calculations show that this would correspond to less than 150 dsRNA molecules per infected cell, resulting in a dsRNA-polysome ratio of less than 1:1,000; this indicates that host protein synthesis cannot be inhibited by an irreversible binding of dsRNA to polysomes.
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Mosser AG, Caliguiri LA, Scheid AS, Tamm I. Chemical and enzymatic characteristics of cytoplasmic membranes of poliovirus-infected HeLa cells. Virology 1972; 47:30-8. [PMID: 4333575 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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25
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Cytochemischer Nachweis von saurer Desoxyribonuclease im Cytoplasma von Blutzellen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01489459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sabesin SM, Datta DV, Isselbacher KJ. Release of beta-glucuronidase as a quantitative assay of murine viral hepatitis injury in cultured cells. Exp Mol Pathol 1971; 14:200-11. [PMID: 4323484 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(71)90065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Sato K, Righthand F, Karzon DT. Effect of host cell on distribution of a lysosomal enzyme during virus infection. J Virol 1971; 7:467-72. [PMID: 5000115 PMCID: PMC356145 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.7.4.467-472.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The time of appearance of a lysosomal enzyme, beta-glucuronidase, in the medium of cells infected with either measles virus or echovirus 6 varied with the host cell system. Replication and release of virus preceded leakage of beta-glucuronidase from green monkey kidney cells. In contrast, extracellular enzyme appeared before replication and release of virus in human amnion cells. Hydrocortisone depressed enzyme leakage but did not retard replication of measles virus or viral-induced cytopathology. The intracellular distribution of beta-glucuronidase in uninfected and measles virus-infected cells was also studied. Measles virus infection altered the position of particulate-bound beta-glucuronidase in linear sucrose gradients prior to substantial release of this enzyme intra- and extracellularly. At early stages in infection, most of the cell-associated virus banded with particulate-bound enzyme in the middle of the gradient. As infection progressed, separation of measles virus infectivity from enzyme activity occurred, and intracellular virus was recovered near the meniscus of sucrose gradients.
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Chemical changes in some lysosomal enzymes and death of cells in herpetic infection. Bull Exp Biol Med 1971. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00808478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Brier AM, Snyderman R, Mergenhagen SE, Notkins AL. Inflammation and herpes simplex virus: release of a chemotaxis-generating factor from infected cells. Science 1970; 170:1104-6. [PMID: 4319925 DOI: 10.1126/science.170.3962.1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Infection of primary rabbit kidney cells with herpes simplex virus leads to the release of a cell factor or factors that upon incubation with serum results in the cleavage of the fifth component, C5, of complement. The product of this cleavage, C5a, is chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes and could be responsible for the accumulation of these cells at the site of herpetic lesions.
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Falke D, Kahl GF. Die Hemmung der Riesenzellbildung durch Compound 48/80 nach der Infektion mit dem Herpesvirus hominis. Arch Virol 1970. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01258365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Bienz K, Bienz-Isler G, Egger D, Weiss M, Loeffler H. Coxsackievirus infection in skeletal muscles of mice. An electron microscopic study. II. Appearance and fate of virus progeny. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1970; 31:257-65. [PMID: 4923321 DOI: 10.1007/bf01253760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Bienz-Isler G, Bienz K, Weiss M, Loeffler H. Coxsackievirus infection in skeletal muscles of mice. An electron microscopic study. I. Cell- and nucleus alterations. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1970; 31:247-56. [PMID: 4923320 DOI: 10.1007/bf01253759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
A correlation has been made between the host lysosomal responses to and release of infectious virus from HEp-2 cells infected with two strains of herpes simplex virus (HSV). Supravital staining with acridine orange was used for morphological studies of macroplaque and microplaque HSV-infected cells. With the progression of infection, cells infected with either microplaque HSV or macroplaque HSV were observed to undergo different lysosomal and cytopathic changes, which could be correlated with increased accumulation of acid phosphatase and infectious virus in the extracellular fluid.
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Weil R, Maass G, Wallenfels K, Haas R. Reversible inhibition of the reproduction of DNA viruses by glycosides of 2-phenethyl alcohol and related compounds. Biochem Pharmacol 1968; 17:1909-21. [PMID: 4301302 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(68)90107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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DNS-, RNS- und Proteinsynthese und ihre Relation zur Riesenzellbildung in vitro nach Infektion mit Herpesvirus hominis. Arch Virol 1968. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01241298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Thacore H, Wolff DA. Activation of isolated lysosomes by poliovirus-infected cell extracts. Nature 1968; 218:1063-4. [PMID: 4297810 DOI: 10.1038/2181063a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Plagemann PG. Mengovirus replication in Novikoff rat hepatoma and mouse L cells: effects on synthesis of host-cell macromolecules and virus-specific synthesis of ribonucleic acid. J Virol 1968; 2:461-73. [PMID: 4176992 PMCID: PMC375635 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.2.5.461-473.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Novikoff cells (strain N1S1-67) and L-67 cells, a nutritional mutant of the common strain of mouse L cells which grows in the same medium as N1S1-67 cells, were infected with mengovirus under identical experimental conditions. The synthesis of host-cell ribonucleic acid (RNA) by either type of cell was not affected quantitatively or qualitatively until about 2 hr after infection, when viral RNA synthesis rapidly displaced the synthesis of cellular RNA. The rate of synthesis of protein by both types of cells continued at the same rate as in uninfected cells until about 3 hr after infection, and a disintegration of polyribosomes occurred only towards the end of the replicative cycle, between 5 and 6 hr. The time courses and extent of synthesis of single-stranded and double-stranded viral RNA and of the production of virus were very similar in both types of cells, in spite of the fact that the normal rate of RNA synthesis and the growth rate of uninfected N1S1-67 cells are about three times greater than those of L-67 cells. In both cells, the commencement of viral RNA synthesis coincided with the induction of viral RNA polymerase, as measured in cell-free extracts. Viral RNA polymerase activity disappeared from infected L-67 cells during the period of production of mature virus, but there was a secondary increase in activity in both types of cells coincidental with virus-induced disintegration of the host cells. Infected L-67 cells, however, disintegrated and released progeny virus much more slowly than N1S1-67 cells. The two strains of cells also differed in that replication of the same strain of mengovirus was markedly inhibited by treating N1S1-67 cells with actinomycin D prior to infection; the same treatment did not affect replication in L-67 cells.
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Tokumaru T. The nature of toxins of herpes simplex virus. I. Syncytial giant cell producing components in tissue culture. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1968; 24:104-22. [PMID: 4300901 DOI: 10.1007/bf01242905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Thacore H, Wolff DA. Isolation and characterization of lysosome-rich fractions from cultured cells. Exp Cell Res 1968; 49:266-76. [PMID: 5760437 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(68)90177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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The penetration of reovirus RNA and initiation of its genetic function in L-strain fibroblasts. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1968; 36:197-230. [PMID: 19806702 PMCID: PMC2107329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Reovirus type 3 is phagocytized by L cells and rapidly sequestered inside lysosomes. Hydrolases within these organelles are capable of stripping the viral coat proteins, but they fail to degrade the double-stranded RNA genome. These observations support the view that sojourn of reovirus in lysosomes, when the lytic enzymes uncoat its genome, is an obligatory step in the sequence of infection. Although the mechanism for transferring the uncoated RNA out of lysosomes remains to be elucidated, evidence is presented suggesting that progeny genomes are bound to site(s) possessing the fine structure of viral inclusions or factories. It appears that both the synthesis of single- and double-stranded viral RNA and the morphogenesis of progeny virus particles occur in such factories.
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Amako K, Dales S. Cytopathology of Mengovirus infection. I. Relationship between cellular disintegration and virulence. Virology 1967; 32:184-200. [PMID: 4290639 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(67)90269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Amako K, Dales S. Cytopathology of Mengovirus infection. II. Proliferation of membranous cisternae. Virology 1967; 32:201-15. [PMID: 4290640 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(67)90270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Flanagan JF. Virus-specific ribonucleic acid synthesis in KB cells infected with herpes simplex virus. J Virol 1967; 1:583-90. [PMID: 4318959 PMCID: PMC375284 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.1.3.583-590.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of virus-specific ribonucleic acid (RNA) was investigated in KB cells infected with herpes simplex virus. A fraction of RNA annealable to virus deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was found in these cells as early as 3 hr after virus inoculation. Production of this species of RNA increased up to 6 or 7 hr after infection, at which time elaboration of virus messenger RNA (mRNA) declined. At 24 hr after infection, the rate of incorporation of uridine into this RNA was approximately one-half of the rate present at 6 hr after inoculation. Nucleotide analysis of the RNA annealable to virus DNA was compatible with that expected for virus mRNA. Centrifugation showed considerable spread in the size of the virus-induced nucleic acid, the bulk of this RNA sedimenting between 12 and 32S. Incorporation of uridine into cell mRNA, ribosomal precursor RNA, and soluble RNA was suppressed rapidly after infection. As is the case with most other cytocidal viruses investigated to date, virus-induced suppression of cell RNA synthesis appears to be a primary mechanism of cell injury.
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