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Brown DR, Whitcomb RF, Bradbury JM. Revised minimal standards for description of new species of the class Mollicutes (division Tenericutes). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2008; 57:2703-2719. [PMID: 17978244 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.64722-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimal standards for novel species of the class Mollicutes (trivial term, mollicutes), last published in 1995, require revision. The International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Mollicutes proposes herein revised standards that reflect recent advances in molecular systematics and the species concept for prokaryotes. The mandatory requirements are: (i) deposition of the type strain into two recognized culture collections, preferably located in different countries; (ii) deposition of the 16S rRNA gene sequence into a public database, and a phylogenetic analysis of the relationships among the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the novel species and its neighbours; (iii) deposition of antiserum against the type strain into a recognized collection; (iv) demonstration, by using the combination of 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, serological analyses and supplementary phenotypic data, that the type strain differs significantly from all previously named species; and (v) assignment to an order, a family and a genus in the class, with an appropriate specific epithet. The 16S rRNA gene sequence provides the primary basis for assignment to hierarchical rank, and may also constitute evidence of species novelty, but serological and supplementary phenotypic data must be presented to substantiate this. Serological methods have been documented to be congruent with DNA-DNA hybridization data and with 16S rRNA gene placements. The novel species must be tested serologically to the greatest extent that the investigators deem feasible against all neighbouring species whose 16S rRNA gene sequences show >0.94 similarity. The investigator is responsible for justifying which characters are most meaningful for assignment to the part of the mollicute phylogenetic tree in which a novel species is located, and for providing the means by which novel species can be identified by other investigators. The publication of the description should appear in a journal having wide circulation. If the journal is not the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, copies of the publication must be submitted to that journal so that the name may be considered for inclusion in a Validation List as required by the International Code of Bacteriological Nomenclature (the Bacteriological Code). Updated informal descriptions of the class Mollicutes and some of its constituent higher taxa are available as supplementary material in IJSEM Online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Brown
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0880, USA
| | - Robert F Whitcomb
- Collaborator, Vegetable Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Janet M Bradbury
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
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Whitcomb RF. Evolution and devolution of minimal standards for descriptions of species of the class Mollicutes: analysis of two Spiroplasma descriptions. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2007; 57:201-206. [PMID: 17267949 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.64545-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Whitcomb
- Collaborator, Vegetable Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Sneath P. Analysis and Interpretation of Sequence Data for Bacterial Systematics: The View of a Numerical Taxonomist. Syst Appl Microbiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(89)80036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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4
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Santha M, Lukacs K, Burg K, Bernath S, Rasko I, Stipkovits L. Intraspecies genotypic heterogeneity among Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 1988; 54:607-9. [PMID: 2895605 PMCID: PMC202505 DOI: 10.1128/aem.54.2.607-609.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA cleavage patterns and protein profiles of six Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains from various parts of the world were compared. Obvious differences among the strains were obtained by DNA restriction analysis. Reflection of genotypic variations in the polypeptide patterns was less pronounced; slight differences in the protein profiles of the strains were found. The data presented here indicate that some intraspecies polymorphism exists among M. gallisepticum strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Santha
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest
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Pachas WN, Schor M, Aulakh GS. Evidence for the bacterial origin of Acholeplasma laidlawii A. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1985; 3:295-309. [PMID: 4028662 DOI: 10.1016/0732-8893(85)90004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
L-forms from a Corynebacterium were induced in hyperosmolar media and gradually adapted to normal osmolarity over a period of two years. During this adaptation several morphologic L-form variants derived from the L-form cultures and were serologically identified as Acholeplasma laidlawii A. The possibility that the bacterial and L-form cultures were contaminated with acholeplasmas was carefully investigated; this was determined not to be the case. Membrane protein gel electrophoresis patterns of these L-form variants were identical to the ATCC A. laidlawii strain PG-8. Acholeplasma phage MVL-1 displayed no affinity for these L-form variants. Phage MVL-2 showed low affinity, but after virus enhancement in the specific host, high plaquing efficiency ensued. DNA hybridization experiments showed a high level of nucleotide sequence homology (greater than 90%) between the L-form-derived variants and PG-8. The homology between the diphtheroid L-forms and the PG-8 strain was 16.4% with te50 values of 86%; this indicates strong base pairing homology. These findings suggest that the L-form variants are acholeplasmas and that they are biologically and genetically related to the Corynebacterium L-forms.
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Taylor MA, Wise KS, McIntosh MA. Selective detection of Mycoplasma hyorhinis using cloned genomic DNA fragments. Infect Immun 1985; 47:827-30. [PMID: 3972456 PMCID: PMC261402 DOI: 10.1128/iai.47.3.827-830.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A 13-kilobase DNA fragment from a genomic library of Mycoplasma hyorhinis demonstrated specific Southern hybridization and dot hybridization when tested against a group of different mycoplasmas. This probe selectively recognized M. hyorhinis sequences in purified DNA, broth-grown organisms, and infected cell cultures, providing a direct method for differential detection of this species.
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Aulakh GS, Stephens EB, Rose DL, Tully JG, Barile MF. Nucleic acid relationships among Acholeplasma species. J Bacteriol 1983; 153:1338-41. [PMID: 6826524 PMCID: PMC221782 DOI: 10.1128/jb.153.3.1338-1341.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
3H-labeled Acholeplasma DNA probes were generated in vitro by the nick-translation method and used to determine the nucleotide sequence homology among the type strains of the eight currently recognized species of Acholeplasma. Very little nucleotide sequence homology (less than or equal to 18%) was found among the eight species, with heteroduplexes showing at least 12% or more mismatching as determined by thermal elution midpoints. The small amount of nucleotide sequence homology among the eight species indicates that these species are quite distinct and are not closely related to each other genomically.
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Moore RL. Nucleic acid reassociation as a guide to genetic relatedness among bacteria. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1974; 64:105-28. [PMID: 4602647 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-65848-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Chapter XI Hybridization of DNA. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(08)70529-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Bak AL, Christiansen C, Stenderup A. Unusual physical properties of mitochondrial DNA in yeast. Nature 1969; 224:270-1. [PMID: 5344604 DOI: 10.1038/224270a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Bellett AJ, Fenner F. Studies of base-sequence homology among some cytoplasmic deoxyriboviruses of vertebrate and invertebrate animals. J Virol 1968; 2:1374-80. [PMID: 4986481 PMCID: PMC375482 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.2.12.1374-1380.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Relationships among some cytoplasmic deoxyriboviruses were investigated by deoxyribonucleic acid/ribonucleic acid hybridization experiments. Evidence of base-sequence homology between nucleic acids of different viruses was found within, but not between, the poxvirus and iridescent virus groups. Viruses of the vaccinia subgroup of poxviruses were 30 to 100% related, and the degree of relatedness was correlated with serological relatedness. Relationships within the iridescent virus group depended on the laboratory of origin and passage history of the virus strains used. None of these viruses was related to a superficially similar virus of frogs.
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Rose JA, Hoggan MD, Koczot F, Shatkin AJ. Genetic relatedness studies with adenovirus-associated viruses. J Virol 1968; 2:999-1005. [PMID: 5739847 PMCID: PMC375430 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.2.10.999-1005.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus-associated viruses (AAV) contain double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA from each of the four AAV serotypes was used as template for the in vitro synthesis of complementary (3)H-ribonucleic acids(RNA). An estimation of genetic interrelatedness was made on the basis of hybridization reactions between synthetic AAV RNA and AAV DNA. Heterologous reactions were 27 to 37% of homologous reactions, suggesting that the AAV serotypes are related to about the same extent. AAV-1 synthetic RNA was also reacted with DNA from helper adenovirus types 2, 7, and SV15. Very low levels of RNA binding were observed, but it is not likely that these reactions represent AAV-adenovirus genetic relatedness.
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Abstract
The electrophoretic patterns of cell proteins in polyacrylamide gels were used for the study of several taxonomic problems in the Mycoplasmatales. The patterns of five Mycoplasma hominis strains showed marked differences that corresponded with their known serological and nucleic acid heterogeneity. The patterns of three M. mycoides var. mycoides strains isolated in different countries were essentially identical. The electrophoretic patterns of several caprine strains resembled those of M. mycoides var. mycoides, supporting their classification as M. mycoides var. capri. Strain B3, a swine isolate, accordingly was tentatively identified as M. mycoides var. capri. The bovine mastitis strain M. agalactiae var. bovis possessed a pattern basically similar to that of the goat mastitis strain M. agalactiae, supporting the inclusion of both strains in one species. Three M. pulmonis strains isolated from rats or tissue cultures showed nearly identical patterns. The pattern of the toxigenic M. neurolyticum (Sabin A) strain resembled but was not identical with that of the nontoxigenic PG28 strain. The avian Mycoplasma species, M. gallisepticum, M. meleagridis, M. synoviae, M. gallinarum, and M. iners showed easily distinguishable and specific patterns, supporting their present classification in different species. Several improvements in the electrophoretic technique are described, and its advantages and limitations as a taxonomic tool are discussed.
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Abstract
Eleven aerobic species of Neisseria, a Mima sp., and a Herellea sp. were tested for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) homology in direct hybridization experiments. DNA labeled with either (14)C or (32)P was prepared from five species of Neisseria. Unlabeled DNA from the various microorganisms was immobilized on membrane filters, which, after pretreatment, were incubated with labeled DNA (4,000 counts per min per filter) for 14 hr at 67 C. The measure of relatedness was expressed as the relative percentage of direct binding compared to that obtained with homologous DNA. All serological types of N. meningitidis, including the newly proposed types, were homologous to the standard strain of N. meningitidis with one possible exception, type Z. The genus Neisseria is heterogeneous in nature, forming at least three distinct groups: first, N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae; second, N. perflava, N. subflava, N. sicca, N. flavescens, and N. flava; third, N. catarrhalis and N. caviae. Mima and Herellea species show no significant homology with the Neisseria.
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Purcell RH, Wong D, Chanock RM, Taylor-Robinson D, Canchola J, Valdesuso J. Significance of antibody to mycoplasma as measured by metabolic-inhibition techniques. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1967; 143:664-75. [PMID: 5233796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1967.tb27712.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Edward DG, Freundt EA, Chanock RM, Fabricant J, Hayflick L, Lemcke RM, Rezin S, Somerson NL, Wittler RG. Recommendations on nomenclature of the order Mycoplasmatales. Science 1967; 155:1694-6. [PMID: 6020298 DOI: 10.1126/science.155.3770.1694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Weissman SM, Reich PR, Somerson NL, Cole RM. Genetic differentiation by nucleic acid homology. IV. Relationships among Lancefield groups and serotypes of streptococci. J Bacteriol 1966; 92:1372-7. [PMID: 4380803 PMCID: PMC276433 DOI: 10.1128/jb.92.5.1372-1377.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Weissman, Sherman M. (National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md.), Paul R. Reich, Norman L. Somerson, and Roger M. Cole. Genetic differentiation by nucleic acid homology. IV. Relationships among Lancefield groups and serotypes of streptococci. J. Bacteriol. 92:1372-1377. 1966.-A deoxyribonucleic acid-ribonucleic acid homology technique was used to measure the genetic relatedness among Lancefield groups and serotypes of streptococci. Organisms in different Lancefield groups were related, but were differentiated from each other. Serotypes within group A could be distinguished. Two isolates serologically classified in group A type 1 were indistinguishable. Streptococcus faecalis was only remotely related to streptococci of Lancefield groups A and H, whereas Diplococcus pneumoniae was more closely related to these organisms. The serological data were in good agreement with the results obtained with the homology method.
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Somerson NL, Reich PR, Walls BE, Chanock RM, Weissman SM. Genetic Differentiation by Nucleic Acid Homology II. Genotypic Variations Within Two Mycoplasma Species. J Bacteriol 1966; 92:311-7. [PMID: 16562112 PMCID: PMC276240 DOI: 10.1128/jb.92.2.311-317.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Somerson, Norman L. (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.), Paul R. Reich, Barbara E. Walls, Robert M. Chanock, and Sherman M. Weissman. Genetic differentiation by nucleic acid homology. II. Genotypic variations within two Mycoplasma species. J. Bacteriol. 92:311-317. 1966.-A deoxyribonucleic-ribonucleic acid (DNA-RNA) homology technique was used to determine genetic relatedness among the nucleic acids of eight mycoplasmas which were serologically classified as Mycoplasma hominis type 1. The DNA preparations from these organisms were each found to be distinct. No subgrouping of the M. hominis type 1 strains could be demonstrated. In contrast, when the nucleic acids from six serologically related mycoplasmas which were isolated from tissue cultures were studied, the DNA from these species could not be distinguished. The DNA buoyant densities of the tissue culture isolates were similar. These isolates were closely related genetically to a porcine mycoplasma, M. hyorhinis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Somerson
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and Metabolism Service, National Cancer Institute, U.S. Public Health Service, Bethesda, Maryland
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