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Poddar S, Das A, Hay RJ, Wollina U. Newer Therapies in Dermatophytosis. Indian J Dermatol 2023; 68:515-519. [PMID: 38099134 PMCID: PMC10718254 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_829_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
With the advent of newer drugs and formulations, the armamentarium to combat dermatophytosis is ever-expanding. However, we must be rational and scientific when choosing the drugs. This review is an attempt to summarise the recently approved and upcoming therapeutic options for dermatophytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Poddar
- From the Department of Dermatology, IPGMER and SSKM, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anupam Das
- Department of Dermatology, KPC Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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2
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Mahmoud DB, ElMeshad AN, Fadel M, Tawfik A, Ramez SA. Photodynamic therapy fortified with topical oleyl alcohol-based transethosomal 8-methoxypsoralen for ameliorating vitiligo: Optimization and clinical study. Int J Pharm 2022; 614:121459. [PMID: 35026313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a common autoimmune skin disorder that is characterized by patchy depigmentation of the skin due to melanocytes and melanin loss. Herein, photodynamic therapy mediated 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), has been used fortified with topical oleyl alcohol-based transethosomes; to overcome the poor solubility and adverse effects associated with 8-MOP oral delivery. A 23 factorial design was used to study the formulation variables. In vitro and ex-vivo characterization besides a clinical study were conducted to assess therapeutic efficacy of the formulation. Results revealed that transethosomes were superior to transfersomes regarding drug protection from degradation. The optimized transethosomal formulation, composed of 50 mg oleyl alcohol, 10 mg Tween 80® and 20% v/v ethanol, exhibited high entrapment efficiency (83.87 ± 4.1%) and drug loading (105.0 ± 0.2%). Moreover, it showed small vesicular size (265.0 ± 2.9 nm) and PDI (0.19). The formulation depicted core and shell structure, high deformability index (12.45 ± 0.7 mL/s) and high ex-vivo skin permeation. The topical application of the developed 8-MOP transethosomal gel enhanced the effect of NB UVB radiation in the treatment of vitiligo patients and exhibited no side effects. Hence, it can be used as a future strategy for delivering 8-MOP without the need of systemic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina B Mahmoud
- Pharmaceutics Department, Egyptian Drug Authority formerly known as National Organization of Drug Control and Research, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04317, Germany.
| | - Aliaa N ElMeshad
- Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Technology, The Egyptian Chinese University, Gesr El Suez St., PO 11786, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Maha Fadel
- Department of Medical Applications of Laser, Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Unit, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
| | - Abeer Tawfik
- Department of Medical Applications of Laser, Dermatology Unit, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
| | - Shahenda A Ramez
- Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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3
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Mishra V, Singh M, Mishra Y, Charbe N, Nayak P, Sudhakar K, Aljabali AAA, Shahcheraghi SH, Bakshi H, Serrano-Aroca Á, Tambuwala MM. Nanoarchitectures in Management of Fungal Diseases: An Overview. APPLIED SCIENCES 2021; 11:7119. [DOI: 10.3390/app11157119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Fungal infections, from mild itching to fatal infections, lead to chronic diseases and death. Antifungal agents have incorporated chemical compounds and natural products/phytoconstituents in the management of fungal diseases. In contrast to antibacterial research, novel antifungal drugs have progressed more swiftly because of their mild existence and negligible resistance of infections to antifungal bioactivities. Nanotechnology-based carriers have gained much attention due to their magnificent abilities. Nanoarchitectures have served as excellent carriers/drug delivery systems (DDS) for delivering antifungal drugs with improved antifungal activities, bioavailability, targeted action, and reduced cytotoxicity. This review outlines the different fungal diseases and their treatment strategies involving various nanocarrier-based techniques such as liposomes, transfersomes, ethosomes, transethosomes, niosomes, spanlastics, dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, polymer nanocomposites, metallic nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, and nanoemulsions, among other nanotechnological approaches.
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4
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Witika BA, Mweetwa LL, Tshiamo KO, Edler K, Matafawali SK, Ntemi PV, Chikukwa MTR, Makoni PA. Vesicular drug delivery for the treatment of topical disorders: current and future perspectives. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:1427-1441. [PMID: 34132342 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vesicular drug delivery has become a useful approach for therapeutic administration of pharmaceutical compounds. Lipid vesicles have found application in membrane biology, immunology, genetic engineering and theragnostics. This review summarizes topical delivery, specifically dermal/transdermal, ocular and transungual, via these vesicles, including future formulation perspectives. KEY FINDINGS Liposomes and their subsequent derivatives, viz. niosomes, transferosomes, pharmacososmes and ethosomes, form a significant part of vesicular systems that have been successfully utilized in treating an array of topical disorders. These vesicles are thought to be a safe and effective mode of improving the delivery of lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs. SUMMARY Several drug molecules are available for topical disorders. However, physicochemical properties and undesirable toxicity have limited their efficacy. Vesicular delivery systems have the potential to overcome these shortcomings due to properties such as high biocompatibility, simplicity of surface modification and suitability as controlled delivery vehicles. However, incorporating these systems into environmentally responsive dispersants such as hydrogels, ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents may further enhance therapeutic prowess of these delivery systems. Consequently, improved vesicular drug delivery can be achieved by considering combining some of these formulation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bwalya A Witika
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, DDT College of Medicine, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Larry L Mweetwa
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, DDT College of Medicine, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Kabo O Tshiamo
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, DDT College of Medicine, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Karen Edler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Scott K Matafawali
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Pascal V Ntemi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Melissa T R Chikukwa
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Pedzisai A Makoni
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
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5
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Shen JJ, Arendrup MC, Verma S, Saunte DML. The Emerging Terbinafine-Resistant Trichophyton Epidemic: What Is the Role of Antifungal Susceptibility Testing? Dermatology 2021; 238:60-79. [PMID: 34058736 DOI: 10.1159/000515290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytosis is commonly encountered in the dermatological clinics. The main aetiological agents in dermatophytosis of skin and nails in humans are Trichophyton (T.) rubrum, T. mentagrophytes and T. interdigitale (former T. mentagrophytes-complex). Terbinafine therapy is usually effective in eradicating infections due to these species by inhibiting their squalene epoxidase (SQLE) enzyme, but increasing numbers of clinically resistant cases and mutations in the SQLE gene have been documented recently. Resistance to antimycotics is phenotypically determined by antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST). However, AFST is not routinely performed for dermatophytes and no breakpoints classifying isolates as susceptible or resistant are available, making it difficult to interpret the clinical impact of a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). SUMMARY PubMed was systematically searched for terbinafine susceptibility testing of dermatophytes on October 20, 2020, by two individual researchers. The inclusion criteria were in vitro terbinafine susceptibility testing of Trichophyton (T.) rubrum, T. mentagrophytes and T. interdigitale with the broth microdilution technique. The exclusion criteria were non-English written papers. Outcomes were reported as MIC range, geometric mean, modal MIC and MIC50 and MIC90 in which 50 or 90% of isolates were inhibited, respectively. The reported MICs ranged from <0.001 to >64 mg/L. The huge variation in MIC is partly explained by the heterogeneity of the Trichophyton isolates, where some originated from routine specimens (wild types) whereas others came from non-responding patients with a known SQLE gene mutation. Another reason for the great variation in MIC is the use of different AFST methods where MIC values are not directly comparable. High MICs were reported particularly in isolates with SQLE gene mutation. The following SQLE alterations were reported: F397L, L393F, L393S, H440Y, F393I, F393V, F415I, F415S, F415V, S443P, A448T, L335F/A448T, S395P/A448T, L393S/A448T, Q408L/A448T, F397L/A448T, I121M/V237I and H440Y/F484Y in terbinafine-resistant isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia J Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.,Unit of Mycology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maiken C Arendrup
- Unit of Mycology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shyam Verma
- 'Nirvan' and 'In skin' Clinics, Vadodara, India
| | - Ditte Marie L Saunte
- Department of Dermatology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.,Unit of Mycology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Valkov A, Zinigrad M, Nisnevitch M. Photodynamic Eradication of Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030263. [PMID: 33668866 PMCID: PMC7996248 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional methods of onychomycosis treatment are ineffective in some cases because the cure of onychomycosis very often depends on the patient’s individual response to the treatment; therefore, there is a crucial need to research and develop new methods of onychomycosis therapy. One of the most innovative treatments is photodynamic therapy (PDT) using photosensitizers (PSs). However, effective treatment depends on the correct choice of photosensitizer and substances that improve the characteristics of the final formulation. The aim of our work was to find an effective formulation for the treatment of onychomycosis. To achieve this goal, we tested the effect of three types of PSs, rose Bengal (RB), malachite green oxalate (MGO), and methylene blue (MB), on Candida albicans. The most effective PS was RB, and so the study was continued with Trichophyton rubrum. Additional comparative studies were carried out on substances included in the formulation (urea and thiourea), focusing on their antifungal activity, which can improve penetration through the nail plate. The composition of the formulation that achieved 100% eradication of Trichophyton rubrum under our conditions consisted of 150 μM RB, 5% urea, and 0.5% thiourea in glycerol/water (70/30%, w/w) solution. A white luminescent lamp was used as a light source (1.9 ± 0.1 mW cm−2). Stability of the formulation was checked. The selected formulation shows potential for future simplification and acceleration of PDT treatment of onychomycosis.
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7
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Gupta A, Stec N, Summerbell R, Shear N, Piguet V, Tosti A, Piraccini B. Onychomycosis: a review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:1972-1990. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A.K. Gupta
- Division of Dermatology Department of Medicine University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- Mediprobe Research Inc. London ON Canada
| | - N. Stec
- Mediprobe Research Inc. London ON Canada
| | - R.C. Summerbell
- Sporometrics Toronto ON Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - N.H. Shear
- Division of Dermatology Department of Medicine University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- Division of Dermatology Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Toronto ON Canada
| | - V. Piguet
- Division of Dermatology Department of Medicine University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- Division of Dermatology Women's College Hospital Toronto ON Canada
| | - A. Tosti
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery Leonard Miller School of Medicine University of Miami Miami FL USA
| | - B.M. Piraccini
- Dermatology Unit Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine University of Bologna Bologna Italy
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8
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Aggarwal R, Targhotra M, Sahoo P, Chauhan MK. Onychomycosis: Novel strategies for treatment. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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9
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Valkov A, Zinigrad M, Sobolev A, Nisnevitch M. Keratin Biomembranes as a Model for Studying Onychomycosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3512. [PMID: 32429167 PMCID: PMC7278978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Difficulties in obtaining human nails that are large enough for examining the penetration of drug formulations led us to produce keratin films regenerated from human hair. We assume that these films can simulate human nail plates in drug penetration and permeation tests and can serve as a biological model for studying onychomycosis. The films were formed from keratin extracted from human hair using dithiothreitol, urea and thiourea. The obtained keratin extract was dispensed into Teflon rings and dried at 40 °C and then cured at 110 °C. The structure, surface morphology, chemical characterization and thermal stability of the films were characterized and were compared to those of human nail, hair and bovine hoof samples using SDS-electrophoresis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The structure of the obtained films was found to be closer to human nails than to hair or bovine hooves. The keratin films were infected with Trichophyton rubrum and were proven to be appropriate for serving as a model for studying onychomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marina Nisnevitch
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ariel University, Kyriat-ha-Mada, Ariel 4070000, Israel; (A.V.); (M.Z.); (A.S.)
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10
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Piumitali B, Neeraj U, Jyotivardhan J. Transfersomes — A Nanoscience in Transdermal Drug Delivery and Its Clinical Advancements. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219581x19500339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The convenient nanotransdermal delivery system is always likely to have some ideal and unique characteristics, predominantly for safety, desired actions, clinical efficacy, enriched with a therapeutic index with minimal adverse occurrence. One of the most challenging tasks for the formulators is to transfer the medicament, especially macromolecules, through the skin. Some of the ways to achieve this is the use of a painful needle or some other methods which also have economical constraints. A new technology has been developed, that is ultradeformable liposomes, also called as transfersomes. These are an elastic type of lipid vesicle aggregates capable of delivering wide range of active moieties including various biomolecules. It can be manufactured by evaporation, vortexing, reverse-phase evaporation, ethanol injection or freeze-thaw methods, where phospholipids and edge activators are the major ingredients that contribute the main role in their unique mechanism of permeation through less permeable stratum corneum. This review mainly focuses on the clinical trial studies and patents accessible on transfersomal products worldwide, highlights the recent work on transfersomes with various therapeutic agents. An effort to explain the deeper penetration of transfersomes across the epidermis layer by its pharmacokinetics and dynamic properties has been taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bera Piumitali
- School of Pharmacy and Research, People’s University, Bhanpur, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462037, India
| | - Upmanyu Neeraj
- School of Pharmacy and Research, People’s University, Bhanpur, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462037, India
| | - Jaiswal Jyotivardhan
- Alkem Research Center, MIDC Industrial Estate, Taloja, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410208, India
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11
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Vikas A, Rashmin P, Mrunali P, Chavan RB, Kaushik T. Mechanistic Insights of Formulation Approaches for the Treatment of Nail Infection: Conventional and Novel Drug Delivery Approaches. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:67. [PMID: 31938980 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Onychomycosis is a chronic disorder that is difficult to manage and hard to eradicate with perilous trends to relapse. Due to increased prevalence of HIV, use of immunosuppressant drugs and lifestyle-related factors, population affected with fungal infection of nail (Onychomycosis) happens to increase extensively in last two decades. Modalities available for the treatment of onychomycosis include systemically administered antifungals, mechanical procedures, and topical drug therapy. But the efficacy of the most of approaches to deliver drug at targeted site, i.e., deep-seated infected nail bed is limited due to compact and highly keratinized nail structure. A series of advanced formulation approaches, such as transfersomes, liposomes, nano/micro emulsion, nail lacquers etc., have been attempted to improve the drug penetration into nail plate more efficiently. The manuscript reviews these formulation approaches with their possible mechanisms by which they improve the drug penetration.Comparative analysis of available treatment modalities for onychomycosis has been provided with pros and cons of each alternatives. Additionally, ongoing research about the application of biological materials such as modified cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), plant-derived proteins, and synthetic antimicrobial peptidomimetics have also been explored.
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12
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Abstract
Introduction: Onychomycosis is a widespread nail disease, often occurring on the feet. It is a chronic and often recurring disease, which makes it difficult to eradicate. The infection may be caused by dermatophytes, non-dermatophyte molds, and yeasts. Traditionally, systemic antifungal medications have been used to treat this infection, but in recent years topical formulations have been the focus of research.Areas covered: This review outlines the current antifungal market and novel treatments currently in development or in experimental phases. It highlights a shift from systemic treatments to topical options as well as penetration enhancers. There are also several novel systemic options in development.Expert opinion: Although there have been significant developments in treatment options for onychomycosis, it remains a challenging chronic condition with less than desirable cure rates. This may be attributed to the formation of fungal biofilms and limited understanding of the fungal lifecycle. However, when patients adhere to treatment protocols and employ preventative measures, outcomes are generally favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K Gupta
- Mediprobe Research Inc, London, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nadia Stec
- Mediprobe Research Inc, London, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Kawa N, Lee KC, Anderson RR, Garibyan L. ONYCHOMYCOSIS: A Review of New and Emerging Topical and Device-based Treatments. THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND AESTHETIC DERMATOLOGY 2019; 12:29-34. [PMID: 32038746 PMCID: PMC6937150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Onychomycosis is a challenging nail condition to treat. The gold standard treatment relies on long-term systemic therapy, which carries risks of potential side effects and drug interactions. Topical alternatives exist; however, treatment outcomes remain disappointing. In this article, we review newer topical formulations that are approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, as well as other topical drugs that are still undergoing clinical trials. Lasers and energy-based devices have also been used for the treatment of onychomycosis; however, standardized parameters and clear treatment endpoints have yet to be specified. Currently, device-based therapies are considered as options for improving the cosmetic appearance of nails. The use of lasers to improve the penetration of topical antifungal treatments as possible combination treatments is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisrine Kawa
- Drs. Kawa, Anderson, and Garibyan are with the Wellman Center for Photomedicine at Massachusetts General Hospital and the Department of Dermatology at Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts
- Dr. Lee is with the Department of Dermatology at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Kachiu C Lee
- Drs. Kawa, Anderson, and Garibyan are with the Wellman Center for Photomedicine at Massachusetts General Hospital and the Department of Dermatology at Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts
- Dr. Lee is with the Department of Dermatology at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island
| | - R Rox Anderson
- Drs. Kawa, Anderson, and Garibyan are with the Wellman Center for Photomedicine at Massachusetts General Hospital and the Department of Dermatology at Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts
- Dr. Lee is with the Department of Dermatology at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Lilit Garibyan
- Drs. Kawa, Anderson, and Garibyan are with the Wellman Center for Photomedicine at Massachusetts General Hospital and the Department of Dermatology at Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts
- Dr. Lee is with the Department of Dermatology at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island
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14
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Saunte DML, Hare RK, Jørgensen KM, Jørgensen R, Deleuran M, Zachariae CO, Thomsen SF, Bjørnskov-Halkier L, Kofoed K, Arendrup MC. Emerging Terbinafine Resistance in Trichophyton: Clinical Characteristics, Squalene Epoxidase Gene Mutations, and a Reliable EUCAST Method for Detection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:e01126-19. [PMID: 31383665 PMCID: PMC6761549 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01126-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, cases involving terbinafine-resistant Trichophyton isolates have been reported increasingly, particularly in India. We present 14 cases of terbinafine treatment failure in Trichophyton-infected Danish patients due to acquired resistance. Patients infected with Trichophyton rubrum (n = 12) or Trichophyton interdigitale (n = 2) with elevated terbinafine MICs during 2013-2018 were included. Antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) was performed following a modified EUCAST E.Def 9.3.1 method (5 days of incubation) with or without cycloheximide and chloramphenicol (CC) supplementation of the growth medium. The squalene epoxidase (SE) target gene was sequenced, and 3-dimensional enzyme homology modeling was performed. Most patients (12/14 [86%]) were male. The mean age was 53.5 years (range, 11 to 77 years). The mean duration of infections was 4.8 years at the time of resistance detection. Prior systemic terbinafine treatment was documented for all patients, and topical therapy for 62% (information was missing in one case). Overall, nine isolates (64%) displayed high terbinafine resistance (MICs, 4 to >8 mg/liter), while two (14%) displayed moderate (MICs, 1 to 2 mg/liter) and three (21%) displayed low (MICs, 0.125 to 0.25 mg/liter) terbinafine resistance compared with control isolates. MICs generated with or without CC supplementation were similar, but CC prevented contamination. Known and novel SE amino acid substitutions (F397L, L393F, L393S, F415S, H440Y F484Y, and I121M V237I) were detected in resistant but not control isolates. Three-dimensional homology modeling suggested a role of the novel I121M and V237I alterations. Terbinafine resistance has been detected in Denmark using a modified EUCAST method, which facilitated susceptibility testing of dermatophytes. Action is needed for this emerging public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte M L Saunte
- Department of Dermatology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Unit of Mycology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus K Hare
- Unit of Mycology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin M Jørgensen
- Unit of Mycology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René Jørgensen
- Unit of Mycology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Deleuran
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Claus O Zachariae
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Simon F Thomsen
- Department of Dermato-Venereology and Wound Healing Centre, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kristian Kofoed
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Maiken C Arendrup
- Unit of Mycology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Improved Methods for Assessing Therapeutic Potential of Antifungal Agents against Dermatophytes and Their Application in the Development of NP213, a Novel Onychomycosis Therapy Candidate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.02117-18. [PMID: 30858219 PMCID: PMC6496068 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02117-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Onychomycosis is a common, difficult-to-treat nail infection that is mainly caused by dermatophytes. Current therapies are not wholly effective and are associated with manifold side effects. Onychomycosis is a common, difficult-to-treat nail infection that is mainly caused by dermatophytes. Current therapies are not wholly effective and are associated with manifold side effects. The development of treatments for onychomycosis is challenging because standard in vitro tests are not predictive of antifungal efficacy within the nail. We have developed a new antifungal agent, NP213, for the treatment of onychomycosis. NP213 is based on endogenous host defense peptides produced within the nail. We compared the in vitro activity of NP213 and existing antifungal agents using conventional antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) systems and more physiologically relevant models based on the human nail. We observed that the standard in vitro AST methodologies failed to predict the efficacy of antifungal agents within the nail. To address that, we present a more physiologically relevant modified AST method. This method, alongside other standard in vitro assessments of activity (including mechanism-of-action and time-of-kill studies), better reflected the activity of NP213 and other antifungal agents within the nail than standard in vitro AST methods. NP213 is a rapidly acting, fungicidal peptide that is superior to existing antifungal agents in vitro. It penetrated the nail more effectively than other antifungals, as confirmed by using an optimized in vitro nail infection model. The data presented here support the current clinical development status of NP213 as a novel agent for treating onychomycosis. We propose that the modified tests developed and applied for NP213 characterization are the most relevant to use for screening any potential therapeutic candidates for onychomycosis.
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Sokolov AV, Kostin NN, Ovchinnikova LA, Lomakin YA, Kudriaeva AA. Targeted Drug Delivery in Lipid-like Nanocages and Extracellular Vesicles. Acta Naturae 2019; 11:28-41. [PMID: 31413877 PMCID: PMC6643341 DOI: 10.32607/20758251-2019-11-2-28-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibility of targeted drug delivery to a specific tissue, organ, or cell has opened new promising avenues in treatment development. The technology of targeted delivery aims to create multifunctional carriers that are capable of long circulation in the patient's organism and possess low toxicity at the same time. The surface of modern synthetic carriers has high structural similarity to the cell membrane, which, when combined with additional modifications, also promotes the transfer of biological properties in order to penetrate physiological barriers effectively. Along with artificial nanocages, further efforts have recently been devoted to research into extracellular vesicles that could serve as natural drug delivery vehicles. This review provides a detailed description of targeted delivery systems that employ lipid and lipid-like nanocages, as well as extracellular vesicles with a high level of biocompatibility, highlighting genetically encoded drug delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. V. Sokolov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16 /10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - N. N. Kostin
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16 /10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - L. A. Ovchinnikova
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16 /10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Y. A. Lomakin
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16 /10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - A. A. Kudriaeva
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16 /10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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Dhamoon RK, Popli H, Gupta M. Novel Drug Delivery Strategies for the Treatment of Onychomycosis. Pharm Nanotechnol 2019; 7:24-38. [PMID: 31092174 PMCID: PMC6691844 DOI: 10.2174/2211738507666190228104031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Onychomycosis accounts for 50% of all nail disease cases and is commonly caused by dermatophytes. It was primarily considered a cosmetic problem but has been garnering attention lately due to its persistent nature and difficult treatment with relapses. With prolonged treatment duration and high cost involved in treating onychomycosis, several attempts have been made in overcoming the rigid nail barrier. The conventional treatment of onychomycosis involves oral and topical therapy. The oral antifungal agents though quite effective, are hepato-toxic and cause drug-drug interactions. Topical therapy is more patient compliant being devoid of such adverse effects but it suffers from another setback of improper nail penetration. Amorolfine and ciclopirox nail lacquers are popular market products. Since decades, efforts have been made to enhance topical delivery for efficiently treating onychomycosis. Mechanical, physical and chemical methods have been employed. Despite all the attempts made, the nail delivery issues are far from being solved. Recently, the focus has shifted to novel drug delivery systems like nanoparticles, microemulsions, polymeric films and nail lacquers for enhanced drug permeation and localized therapy. The research around the world is exploring their potential as effective treatment options. This review intends to further explore the novel delivery strategies to treat a persistent fungal infection like onychomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupinder K. Dhamoon
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, M.B Road, New Delhi -110017, India
| | - Harvinder Popli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, M.B Road, New Delhi -110017, India
| | - Madhu Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, M.B Road, New Delhi -110017, India
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Padhan D, Pattnaik S, Behera AK. Growth-arresting Activity of Acmella Essential Oil and its Isolated Component D-Limonene (1, 8 P-Mentha Diene) against Trichophyton rubrum (Microbial Type Culture Collection 296). Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:S555-S560. [PMID: 29142414 PMCID: PMC5669097 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_65_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Spilanthes acmella is used as a remedy in toothache complaints by the tribal people of Western part of Odisha, India. Objective: The objective of this study was to study the growth-arresting activity of an indigenous Acmella essential oil (EO) (S. acmella Murr, Asteraceae) and its isolated component, d-limonene against Trichophyton rubrum (microbial type culture collection 296). Materials and Methods: The EO was extracted from flowers of indigenous S. acmella using Clevenger's apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was carried out to isolate the major constituent. The isolated fraction was subjected to fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The antidermatophytic activity was screened for using “disc diffusion” and “slant dilution” method followed by optical, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. The molecular dockings were made between d-limonene with cell wall synthesis-related key enzymes (14 methyl deaminase and monooxygenase). Results: The GC-MS analysis EO had inferred the presence of 7 number of major (≥2%) components. The component with highest peak area (%) was found to be 41.02. The HPLC-isolated fraction was identified as d-limonene (1,8 p-Mentha-diene) by FTIR and NMR. Qualitative and quantitative assays had suggested the growth inhibitory activity of Acmella EO and its component. Shrinkage, evacuation, cell wall puncture, and leakage of cellular constituents by the activity of Acmella oil and d-limonene were evidenced from optical, SEM, and TEM studies. The computer simulation had predicted the binding strengths of d-limonene and fluconazole with dermatophyte cell wall enzymes. Conclusion: There could have been synergistic action of all or some of compounds present in indigenous Acmella EO. SUMMARY There was presence of seven number of (d-limonene, ocimene, β-myrcene, cyclohexene, 3-(1, 5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-6-methylene, β-caryophyllene, and β-sesquiphellandrene and β-phellandrene) major components in the indigenous Acmella essential oil The d-limonene content was 41.02% in the indigenous oil The antidermatophytic activity of Acmella essential oil could have been attributable to its chemotypes.
Abbreviations used: °C: Degree centigrade; w/v: Weight/volume; TS: Transverse section; min: minute; Hz: hertz: h: Hr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptikanta Padhan
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, Odisha, India
| | - Smaranika Pattnaik
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, Odisha, India
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Abstract
Azole antifungal agents (eg, fluconazole and itraconazole) have been widely used to treat superficial fungal infections caused by dermatophytes and, unlike the allylamines (such as terbinafine and naftifine), have been associated with resistance development. Although many published manuscripts describe resistance to azoles among yeast and molds, reports describing resistance of dermatophytes are starting to appear. In this review, I discuss the mode of action of azole antifungals and mechanisms underlying their resistance compared with the allylamine class of compounds. Data from published and original studies were compared and summarized, and their clinical implications are discussed. In contrast to the cidal allylamines, static drugs such as azoles permit the occurrence of mutations in enzymes involved in ergosterol biosynthesis, and the ergosterol precursors accumulating as a consequence of azole action are not toxic. Azole antifungals, unlike allylamines, potentiate resistance development in dermatophytes.
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Kataria P, Sharma G, Thakur K, Bansal V, Dogra S, Katare OP. Emergence of nail lacquers as potential transungual delivery system in the management of onchomycosis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:937-52. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1174691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gajanand Sharma
- Division of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kanika Thakur
- Division of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vikas Bansal
- Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sunil Dogra
- Department of Dermatology Venereology and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Om Prakash Katare
- Division of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Akhtar N, Sharma H, Pathak K. Onychomycosis: Potential of Nail Lacquers in Transungual Delivery of Antifungals. SCIENTIFICA 2016; 2016:1387936. [PMID: 27123362 PMCID: PMC4829734 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1387936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Onychomycosis constitutes the most common fungal infection of the nail (skin beneath the nail bed) that affects the finger as well as toe nails. It is an infection that is initiated by yeasts, dermatophytes, and nondermatophyte molds. Nail lacquers are topical solutions intended only for use on fingernails as well as toenails and have been found to be useful in the treatment of onychomycosis. Thus, in the present review an attempt has been made to focus on the treatment aspects of onychomycosis and the ungual delivery of antifungals via nail lacquer. Several patents issued on nail lacquer till date have also been discussed. Penetration efficiency was assessed by several researchers across the human nail plate to investigate the potentiality of nail lacquer based formulations. Various clinical trials have also been conducted in order to evaluate the safety and efficacy of nail lacquers in delivering antifungal agents. Thus, it can be concluded that nail lacquer based preparations are efficacious and stable formulations. These possess tremendous potential for clinical topical application to the nail bed in the treatment of onychomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, P.O. Chhatikara, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281001, India
| | - Hemlata Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, P.O. Chhatikara, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281001, India
| | - Kamla Pathak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pharmacy College Saifai, Saifai, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh 206130, India
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Abstract
Nail disorders are beyond cosmetic concern; besides discomfort in the performance of daily chores, they disturb patients psychologically and affect their quality of life. Fungal nail infection (onychomycosis) is the most prevalent nail-related disorder affecting a major population worldwide. Overcoming the impenetrable nail barrier is the toughest challenge for the development of efficacious topical ungual formulation. Sophisticated techniques such as iontophoresis and photodynamic therapy have been proven to improve transungual permeation. This article provides an updated and concise discussion regarding the conventional approach and upcoming novel approaches focused to alter the nail barrier. A comprehensive description regarding preformulation screening techniques for the identification of potential ungual enhancers is also described in this review while highlighting the current pitfalls for the development of ungual delivery.
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Gupta AK, Simpson FC. New pharmacotherapy for the treatment of onychomycosis: an update. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014; 16:227-36. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2015.993380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Elsayed MMA. Development of topical therapeutics for management of onychomycosis and other nail disorders: a pharmaceutical perspective. J Control Release 2014; 199:132-44. [PMID: 25481439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The human nail plate is a formidable barrier to drug permeation. Development of therapeutics for management of nail diseases thus remains a challenge. This article reviews the current knowledge and recent advances in the field of transungual drug delivery and provides guidance on development of topical/ungual therapeutics for management of nail diseases, with special emphasis on management of onychomycosis, the most common nail disease. Selection of drug candidates, drug delivery approaches, and evaluation of formulations are among the topics discussed. A comprehensive mathematical description for transungual permeation is also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa M A Elsayed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, El-Khartoum Square, El-Azarita, Alexandria 21521, Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Ghannoum
- Center for Medical Mycology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nancy Isham
- Center for Medical Mycology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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Gupta AK, Daigle D. Tavaborole (AN-2690) for the treatment of onychomycosis of the toenail in adults. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 12:735-42. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2014.915738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mediprobe Research Inc.,
London, Ontario, Canada
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Koutsoulas C, Suleiman E, Wagner A, Žabka M. Comparative study between synthetic and phospholipids of natural origin: effect of phospholipid selection on the behavior of a topical liposomal dosage form incorporating terbinafine. J Liposome Res 2014; 24:336-43. [PMID: 24766655 DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2014.905957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Selection of excipients used is a critical step in the design of a pharmaceutical dosage form as it affects its behavior upon application, as during storage. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate and compare the behavior of six liposomal formulations intended for topical application composed of two widely used phospholipids 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine with and without incorporation of cholesterol. Liposomal hydrogels made of hydroxyethylcellulose 3% and incorporating the anti-fungal agent terbinafine hydrochloride (E)-N-(6,6-dimethyl-2-hepten-4-inyl)-N-methyl-1-naphthalene-methanamine (-hydrochloride) were prepared, their viscosity was measured and in vitro drug release was studied. Moreover, physical stability and drug retention during storage at two different temperatures (2-8 °C and RT) were examined over time. The results showed differences in the behavior between the two phospholipids while incorporation of cholesterol at the studied concentrations was found to be of minor importance. Drug release was found to be favorable from 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) liposomal hydrogels and drug retention was found to be higher at lower storage temperature for all batches. Original physicochemical properties of all batches were found to be retained at least for a week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Koutsoulas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Galenic Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava , Odbojárov, Bratislava , Slovakia and
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Naumann S, Meyer JP, Kiesow A, Mrestani Y, Wohlrab J, Neubert RH. Controlled nail delivery of a novel lipophilic antifungal agent using various modern drug carrier systems as well as in vitro and ex vivo model systems. J Control Release 2014; 180:60-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Mercer DK, Robertson J, Wright K, Miller L, Smith S, Stewart CS, O′Neil DA. A prodrug approach to the use of coumarins as potential therapeutics for superficial mycoses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80760. [PMID: 24260474 PMCID: PMC3832404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Superficial mycoses are fungal infections of the outer layers of the skin, hair and nails that affect 20–25% of the world's population, with increasing incidence. Treatment of superficial mycoses, predominantly caused by dermatophytes, is by topical and/or oral regimens. New therapeutic options with improved efficacy and/or safety profiles are desirable. There is renewed interest in natural product-based antimicrobials as alternatives to conventional treatments, including the treatment of superficial mycoses. We investigated the potential of coumarins as dermatophyte-specific antifungal agents and describe for the first time their potential utility as topical antifungals for superficial mycoses using a prodrug approach. Here we demonstrate that an inactive coumarin glycone, esculin, is hydrolysed to the antifungal coumarin aglycone, esculetin by dermatophytes. Esculin is hydrolysed to esculetin β-glucosidases. We demonstrate that β-glucosidases are produced by dermatophytes as well as members of the dermal microbiota, and that this activity is sufficient to hydrolyse esculin to esculetin with concomitant antifungal activity. A β-glucosidase inhibitor (conduritol B epoxide), inhibited antifungal activity by preventing esculin hydrolysis. Esculin demonstrates good aqueous solubility (<6 g/l) and could be readily formulated and delivered topically as an inactive prodrug in a water-based gel or cream. This work demonstrates proof-of-principle for a therapeutic application of glycosylated coumarins as inactive prodrugs that could be converted to an active antifungal in situ. It is anticipated that this approach will be applicable to other coumarin glycones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derry K. Mercer
- NovaBiotics Ltd, Craibstone, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Kristine Wright
- NovaBiotics Ltd, Craibstone, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna Miller
- NovaBiotics Ltd, Craibstone, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Shane Smith
- NovaBiotics Ltd, Craibstone, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Colin S. Stewart
- NovaBiotics Ltd, Craibstone, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada ;
- Mediprobe Research, Inc.,
London, Ontario, Canada
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Coulibaly O, Alhanout K, L'Ollivier C, Brunel JM, Thera MA, Djimdé AA, Doumbo OK, Piarroux R, Ranque S. In vitroactivity of aminosterols against dermatophytes. Med Mycol 2013; 51:309-12. [DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2012.724773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Sigurgeirsson B, Ghannoum M. Therapeutic potential of TDT 067 (terbinafine in Transfersome®): a carrier-based dosage form of terbinafine for onychomycosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:1549-62. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.711315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kumar A, Pathak K, Bali V. Ultra-adaptable nanovesicular systems: a carrier for systemic delivery of therapeutic agents. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:1233-41. [PMID: 22766375 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The skin acts as a barrier and prevents transcutaneous delivery of therapeutic agents. Transferosomes are novel vesicular systems that are several times more elastic than other vesicular systems. These are composed of phospholipids, edge activator and ethanol and are applied in a non-occlusive manner. Owing to their ultradeformability, they have the potential to deliver therapeutic agents across the intact skin in a non-invasive and non-allergenic manner. The present review attempts to provide an in-depth account of ultra-adaptable nanovesicular systems. The current investigation, besides compiling existing knowledge in a systematic manner, also includes information like regulatory aspects of excipients used in preparation, summary of clinical investigations performed, marketed preparations available, research reports and patent reports related to transfersomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Steinberg G. Cytoplasmic fungal lipases release fungicides from ultra-deformable vesicular drug carriers. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38181. [PMID: 22666476 PMCID: PMC3362563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Transfersome® is a lipid vesicle that contains membrane softeners, such as Tween 80, to make it ultra-deformable. This feature makes the Transfersome® an efficient carrier for delivery of therapeutic drugs across the skin barrier. It was reported that TDT 067 (a topical formulation of 15 mg/ml terbinafine in Transfersome® vesicles) has a much more potent antifungal activity in vitro compared with conventional terbinafine, which is a water-insoluble fungicide. Here we use ultra-structural studies and live imaging in a model fungus to describe the underlying mode of action. We show that terbinafine causes local collapse of the fungal endoplasmic reticulum, which was more efficient when terbinafine was delivered in Transfersome® vesicles (TFVs). When applied in liquid culture, fluorescently labeled TFVs rapidly entered the fungal cells (T1/2∼2 min). Entry was F-actin- and ATP-independent, indicating that it is a passive process. Ultra-structural studies showed that passage through the cell wall involves significant deformation of the vesicles, and depends on a high concentration of the surfactant Tween 80 in their membrane. Surprisingly, the TFVs collapsed into lipid droplets after entry into the cell and the terbinafine was released from their interior. With time, the lipid bodies were metabolized in an ATP-dependent fashion, suggesting that cytosolic lipases attack and degrade intruding TFVs. Indeed, the specific monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor URB602 prevented Transfersome® degradation and neutralized the cytotoxic effect of Transfersome®-delivered terbinafine. These data suggest that (a) Transfersomes deliver the lipophilic fungicide Terbinafine to the fungal cell wall, (b) the membrane softener Tween 80 allows the passage of the Transfersomes into the fungal cell, and (c) fungal lipases digest the invading Transfersome® vesicles thereby releasing their cytotoxic content. As this mode of action of Transfersomes is independent of the drug cargo, these results demonstrate the potential of Transfersomes in the treatment of all fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gero Steinberg
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail apparatus that affects 10 - 30% of the global population. Current therapeutic options for onychomycosis have a low to moderate efficacy and result in a 20 - 25% rate of relapse and reinfection. New therapeutic options are needed to broaden the spectrum of treatment options and improve the efficacy of treatment. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the emerging pharmacotherapeutics; including topical reformulations of terbinafine, new azole molecules for systemic and topical administration, topical benzoxaboroles and topical polymer barriers. The paper also discusses device-based options, which may be designed to activate a drug or to improve drug delivery, such as photodynamic therapy and iontophoresis; laser device systems have also begun to receive regulatory approval for onychomycosis. EXPERT OPINION Device-based therapeutic options for onychomycosis are expanding more rapidly than pharmacotherapy. Systemic azoles are the only class of pharmacotherapy that has shown a comparable efficacy to systemic terbinafine; however terbinafine remains the gold standard. The most notable new topical drugs are tavaborole, efinaconazole and luliconazole, which belong to the benzoxaborole and azole classes of drugs. Photodynamic therapy, iontophoresis and laser therapy have shown positive initial results, but randomized controlled trials are necessary to determine the long-term success of these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K Gupta
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Walters KA, Abdalghafor HM, Lane ME. The human nail--barrier characterisation and permeation enhancement. Int J Pharm 2012; 435:10-21. [PMID: 22521879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The human nail remains one of the most challenging membranes for formulation scientists to target and for clinicians to heal. Its formidable barrier properties are the primary reason that oral therapy remains the primary approach to manage ungual infections. This article considers the major structural properties underlying the excellent barrier function of the nail, with particular emphasis on the role of biophysical methods in advancing our knowledge of this appendage. Formulations currently available for management of ungual disease are discussed and their therapeutic efficacy is assessed. Finally, experimental strategies to enhance ungual permeation are reviewed and prospects for future developments in the field are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Walters
- An-eX Analytical Services Ltd, 14/16 CBTC2, Capital Business Park, Cardiff CF3 2PX, United Kingdom
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Evaluation of the morphological effects of TDT 067 (terbinafine in Transfersome) and conventional terbinafine on dermatophyte hyphae in vitro and in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:2530-4. [PMID: 22354309 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05998-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TDT 067 is a novel, carrier-based dosage form of terbinafine in Transfersome (1.5%) formulated for topical delivery of terbinafine to the nail, nail bed, and surrounding tissue. We examined the effects of TDT 067 and conventional terbinafine on the morphology of dermatophytes. Trichophyton rubrum hyphae were exposed to TDT 067 or terbinafine (15 mg/ml) and examined under white light, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Subungual debris from patients treated with TDT 067 in a clinical trial was also examined. Exposure of T. rubrum hyphae to TDT 067 led to rapid and extensive ultrastructural changes. Hyphal distortion was evident as early as 4 h after exposure to TDT 067. After 24 h, there was complete disruption of hyphal structure with few intact hyphae remaining. Exposure to terbinafine resulted in morphological alterations similar to those seen with TDT 067; however, the effects of TDT 067 were more extensive, whereas a portion of hyphae remained intact after 24 h of exposure to terbinafine. Lipid droplets were observed under TEM following 30 min of exposure to TDT 067, which after 24 h had filled the intracellular space. These effects were confirmed in vivo in subungual debris from patients with onychomycosis who received topical treatment with TDT 067. The Transfersome in TDT 067 may potentiate the action of terbinafine by delivering terbinafine more effectively to its site of action inside the fungus. Our in vivo data confirm that TDT 067 can enter fungus in the nail bed of patients with onychomycosis and exert its antifungal effects.
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