1
|
Jain R, Gupta G, Mitra DK, Guleria R. Diagnosis of extra pulmonary tuberculosis: An update on novel diagnostic approaches. Respir Med 2024; 225:107601. [PMID: 38513873 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2024.107601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global public health problem worldwide. Though Pulmonary TB (PTB) is mostly discussed, one in five cases of TB present are extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) that manifests conspicuous diagnostic and management challenges with respect to the site of infection. The diagnosis of EPTB is often delayed or even missed due to insidious clinical presentation, pauci-bacillary nature of the disease, and lack of laboratory facilities in the resource limited settings. Culture, the classical gold standard for the diagnosis of tuberculosis, suffers from increased technical and logistical constraints in EPTB cases. Other than culture, several other tests are available but their feasibility and effciacy for the detection of EPTB is still the matter of interest. We need more specific and precise test/s for the various forms of EPTB diagnosis which can easily be applied in the routine TB control program is required. A test that can contribute remarkably towards improving EPTB case detection reducing the morbidity and mortality is the utmost requirement. In this review we described the scenario of molecular and other noval methods available for laboratory diagnosis of EPTB, and also discussed the challenges linked with each diagnostic method. This review will make the readers aware of new emerging diagnostic techniques in the field of EPTB diagnosis. They can make an informed decision to choose the appropriate one according to the test availability, their clinical settings and financial considerations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashi Jain
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India; Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Gopika Gupta
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - D K Mitra
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Randeep Guleria
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India; Institute of Internal Medicine & Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Medanta-The Medicity, Gurugram, Haryana, 122033, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Naghshgar N, Hosseinzadeh S, Derakhshandeh A, Shaali R, Doroodmand MM. Introducing a portable electrochemical biosensor for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis detection using graphene oxide and chitosan. Sci Rep 2024; 14:34. [PMID: 38167964 PMCID: PMC10761741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50706-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In this contribution, a novel, low-cost, high throughput, and ultra-selective electrochemical DNA nanobiosensor was developed for accurate on-site detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in real media for practical diagnosis of Johne's disease (JD). The method was designed based on the immobilization of graphene oxide and chitosan biopolymer on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode, modified by electrochemical immobilization of graphene oxide and chitosan biopolymer, followed by activation of biopolymer via 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride and N-hydroxy succinimide (EDC/NHS) coupling system. Afterward, the commercial probe DNA (ssDNA) was stabilized on the activated electrode surface to prepare an ultra-selective ssDNA-stabilized nanobiosensor for MAP sensing called "ssDNA-stabilized GO-CH-EDC/NHS-modified electrode". Several characterization methods distinguished the bioelectrode. The DNA hybridization between the nanobiosensor and target DNA was confirmed by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. "At optimal experimental conditions, the nanobiosensor showed a linear range of 1.0 × 10-15-1.0 × 10-12 mol L-1, a detection limit as low as 1.53 × 10-13 mol L-1, and a repeatability with a relative standard deviation (%RSD) of 4.7%. The reproducibility was also appropriate, with a %RSD of about 10%. It was used to diagnose MAP in real samples with highly accurate results. Therefore, the developed nanobiosensor can be used for clinical diagnosis of MAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Naghshgar
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saied Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Abdollah Derakhshandeh
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ruhollah Shaali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kapil K, Xu S, Lee I, Murata H, Kwon SJ, Dordick JS, Matyjaszewski K. Highly Sensitive Detection of Bacteria by Binder-Coupled Multifunctional Polymeric Dyes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2723. [PMID: 37376368 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by pathogens are a health burden, but traditional pathogen identification methods are complex and time-consuming. In this work, we have developed well-defined, multifunctional copolymers with rhodamine B dye synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using fully oxygen-tolerant photoredox/copper dual catalysis. ATRP enabled the efficient synthesis of copolymers with multiple fluorescent dyes from a biotin-functionalized initiator. Biotinylated dye copolymers were conjugated to antibody (Ab) or cell-wall binding domain (CBD), resulting in a highly fluorescent polymeric dye-binder complex. We showed that the unique combination of multifunctional polymeric dyes and strain-specific Ab or CBD exhibited both enhanced fluorescence and target selectivity for bioimaging of Staphylococcus aureus by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The ATRP-derived polymeric dyes have the potential as biosensors for the detection of target DNA, protein, or bacteria, as well as bioimaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Kapil
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Shirley Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Inseon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Seok-Joon Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mukherjee S, Perveen S, Negi A, Sharma R. Evolution of tuberculosis diagnostics: From molecular strategies to nanodiagnostics. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 140:102340. [PMID: 37031646 PMCID: PMC10072981 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis has remained a global concern for public health affecting the lives of people for ages. Approximately 10 million people are affected by the disease and 1.5 million succumb to the disease worldwide annually. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the role of early diagnosis to win the battle against such infectious diseases. Thus, advancement in the diagnostic approaches to provide early detection forms the foundation to eradicate and manage contagious diseases like tuberculosis. The conventional diagnostic strategies include microscopic examination, chest X-ray and tuberculin skin test. The limitations associated with sensitivity and specificity of these tests demands for exploring new techniques like probe-based assays, CRISPR-Cas and microRNA detection. The aim of the current review is to envisage the correlation between both the conventional and the newer approaches to enhance the specificity and sensitivity. A significant emphasis has been placed upon nanodiagnostic approaches manipulating quantum dots, magnetic nanoparticles, and biosensors for accurate diagnosis of latent, active and drug-resistant TB. Additionally, we would like to ponder upon a reliable method that is cost-effective, reproducible, require minimal infrastructure and provide point-of-care to the patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Summaya Perveen
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Anjali Negi
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rashmi Sharma
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mahle R, Kumbhakar P, Nayar D, Narayanan TN, Kumar Sadasivuni K, Tiwary CS, Banerjee R. Current advances in bio-fabricated quantum dots emphasising the study of mechanisms to diversify their catalytic and biomedical applications. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14062-14080. [PMID: 34549221 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01529j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs), owing to their single atom-like electronic structure due to quantum confinement, are often referred to as artificial atoms. This unique physical property results in the diverse functions exhibited by QDs. A wide array of applications have been achieved by the surface functionalization of QDs, resulting in exceptional optical, antimicrobial, catalytic, cytotoxic and enzyme inhibition properties. Ordinarily, traditionally prepared QDs are subjected to post synthesis functionalization via a variety of methods, such as ligand exchange or covalent and non-covalent conjugation. Nevertheless, solvent toxicity, combined with the high temperature and pressure conditions during the preparation of QDs and the low product yield due to multiple steps in the functionalization, limit their overall use. This has driven scientists to investigate the development of greener, environmental friendly and cost-effective methods that can circumvent the complexity and strenuousness associated with traditional processes of bio-functionalization. In this review, a detailed analysis of the methods to bio-prepare pre-functionalized QDs, with elucidated mechanisms, and their application in the areas of catalysis and biomedical applications has been conducted. The environmental and health and safety aspects of the bio-derived QDs have been briefly discussed to unveil the future of nano-commercialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reddhy Mahle
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Partha Kumbhakar
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Divya Nayar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | | | | | - Chandra Sekhar Tiwary
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Rintu Banerjee
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Multidrug resistant tuberculosis - Diagnostic challenges and its conquering by nanotechnology approach - An overview. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 337:109397. [PMID: 33508305 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
One of the leading killer diseases that target the parenchymal tissues of lungs is Tuberculosis. Although antimycobacterial drugs are available, there are increased incidences of drug resistance encountered in Mycobacterium sp. They have been categorized into MDR (Multidrug resistant) and XDR (Extensively drug-resistant) strains exhibiting resistance toward successive treatment regimen. This situation threatens the futuristic containment of TB with the dearth of anti-TB drugs. Nanotechnology, the emerging multidisciplinary science has presented an excellent opportunity for timely and accurate diagnosis and discrimination of Mycobacteria via its unique physio-chemical and optical characteristics. The delayed and misdiagnosis of TB and lack of sensitive diagnostic method(s) has seen a paradigm shift toward nanoparticulate system for improved diagnosis, drug delivery and reduced treatment frequency. This review article highlights the evolution of tuberculosis and its transformation to multidrug resistant strain. Further, the conventional methods for diagnosing TB and the challenges encountered in their analytical performance have been highlighted and the strategies to overcome those challenges have been briefly discussed. Smart approaches encompassing metal nanoparticles, Quantum Dots (QDs) and Field Effect Transistors (FET) based biosensor for accurate diagnosis have been critically reviewed. A decade long state-of-the-art knowledge on TB nanodiagnostics, fabrication concepts and performance characteristics has been reviewed.
Collapse
|
7
|
DNA markers and nano-biosensing approaches for tuberculosis diagnosis. NANOTECHNOLOGY BASED APPROACHES FOR TUBERCULOSIS TREATMENT 2020. [PMCID: PMC7303904 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819811-7.00013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
According to WHO 2018 report, 10 million people developed tuberculosis and 1.3 million died from it making it 1 of 10 deadliest diseases worldwide. Tuberculosis is caused by infection with the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). WHO recommends using a specific diagnostic kit Xpert MTB/RIF developed by Cepheid (California, United States). An alarming number of new cases (ca. 558,000) of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis was diagnosticated in 2017. In recent years, new diagnosis tools targeting the Mtb DNA biomarkers have emerged using a plethora of nanomaterials capable of delivering new technological approaches for the rapid diagnostics of TB and rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB). In this chapter, we summarized the state-of-the-art of the current available DNA biomarkers and the potential applications for the development of new diagnosis nanotechnology-based devices. The latter use carbonaceous nanomaterials (graphene and carbon nanotubes), noble metals (silver and gold), semi-conducting (metal oxides, magnetic beads, and quantum dots) in order to reveal and/or to amplify the signal after the recognition of target DNA biomarker. The readout techniques such as colorimetry, fluorescence, surface plasmon resonance, and electrochemical methods were also reviewed. Future is bright for point-of-care diagnostics with a sample-in answer-out approach that hampers user-error through miniaturization of biochip technology to the nanoscale range, which will enable their use by nonspecialized personnel.
Collapse
|
8
|
Gamberale F, Pietrella G, Sala M, Scaramella P, Puccica S, Antognetti V, Arrigoni N, Ricchi M, Cersini A. Management of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dairy farms: Selection and evaluation of different DNA extraction methods from bovine and buffaloes milk and colostrum for the establishment of a safe colostrum farm bank. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e875. [PMID: 31420952 PMCID: PMC6813442 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and validate different innovative DNA extraction methods to detect Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) DNA from bovine and buffalo colostrum. Paratuberculosis is a chronic inflammatory infection of domestic and wild animals, especially ruminants, caused by MAP. The primary route of disease transmission is feces, but MAP can also be excreted in milk and colostrum. In 2015, the Italian Ministry of Health has issued a voluntary control plan of MAP in order to allow risk‐based certification of bovine and buffaloes farms. In addition to the annual diagnostic screening and to the clinical surveillance of animals the plan includes the adoption of biosecurity and management measures to progressively mitigate the incidence of MAP. To achieve this goal it is crucial to ensure the accuracy of the methods used to detect the presence of MAP in bovine and buffaloes milk and colostrum, in order to: (1) support a "safe colostrum farm‐bank" set‐up and thus prevent the main within‐farm MAP transmission route and (2) to allow the MAP‐free certification of milk products for export purposes. To achieve these goals, seven different DNA extraction protocols were identified from bibliography, out of which three methods were finally selected after the adoption of an evaluation procedure aimed at assessing the efficiency of extraction of DNA, the purity of DNA and the adaptability of the DNA amplification: NucleoSpin® Food Kit (Macherey‐Nagel), NucleoSpin® Food Kit (Macherey‐Nagel) combined with the magnetic beads, and QIAamp Cador Pathogen Mini kit (QIAGEN). In particular, the NucleoSpin® Food Kit (Macherey‐Nagel) and the QIAamp Cador Pathogen Mini kit (QIAGEN) were tested on bovine and buffalo colostrum, showing a LOD between 4 × 104 (2.6 × 106 cfu/ml) and 4.08 (26.7 cfu/ml) IS900 target copies and a LOD between 5.3 × 105 (4.1 × 106 cfu/ml) and 53 (4.1 × 103 cfu/ml) IS900 target copies, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Gamberale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Pietrella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Sala
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Scaramella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Puccica
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Antognetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Rome, Italy
| | - Norma Arrigoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, National Reference Centre for paratuberculosis, Podenzano, Italy
| | - Matteo Ricchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, National Reference Centre for paratuberculosis, Podenzano, Italy
| | - Antonella Cersini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kayani Z, Bordbar AK, Firuzi O. Novel folic acid-conjugated doxorubicin loaded β-lactoglobulin nanoparticles induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:945-956. [PMID: 30257407 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy constitutes the main strategy in management of breast cancer (BC). Lack of specificity and high burden of adverse effects of chemotherapeutic agents remain the most important impediments to successful treatment of BC patients. Folate receptor α (FRα) could be very promising for therapeutic targeting in this type of cancer. In this study, ß-lactoglobulin nanoparticles (BNPs) conjugated with folic acid and loaded with doxorubicin (FDBNPs) were prepared. Various characterization techniques were applied to determine the size, polydispersity and doxorubicin loading of prepared FDBNPs in comparison with doxorubicin-loaded BNPs (DBNPs). The results showed that FDBNPs are 109.77 ± 2.80 nm in diameter with well dispersed and spherical shapes. The biodegradation of FDBNPs in the presence of trypsin enzyme and in PBS at different pH (4 and 7) was spectrophotometrically monitored and the results showed that the FDBNPs with encapsulation efficiency of 68.82%±1.76% could deliver doxorubicin at clinically relevant doses. Effects of DBNPs and FDBNPs against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, BC and triple negative BC (TNBC) cell lines, respectively, showed significant inhibition of cell proliferation as well as induction of apoptosis. Based on these findings, FDBNPs with facilitated drug release and targeted doxorubicin delivery capacities could have high therapeutic potential for BC and TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Kayani
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 81746-73441, Iran
| | | | - Omidreza Firuzi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, 71345-3388, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu K, Liang ZC, Ding X, Hu H, Liu S, Nurmik M, Bi S, Hu F, Ji Z, Ren J, Yang S, Yang YY, Li L. Nanomaterials in the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infections. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 28941042 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Despite the tremendous advancements that have been made in biomedical research, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) still remains one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide, outpacing the Human Immunodeficiency Virus as a leading cause of death from an infectious disease. In the light of such significant disease burden, tremendous efforts have been made worldwide to stem this burgeoning spread of disease. The use of nanomaterials in TB management has increased in the past decade, particularly in the areas of early TB detection, prevention, and treatment. Nanomaterials have been proven to be efficacious in the rapid and accurate detection of TB pathogens. Novel nanocarriers have also shown tremendous promise in improving drug delivery, potentially enhancing drug concentrations in target organs while at the same time, reducing treatment frequency. In addition, the engineering of antigen nanocarriers represents an exciting front in TB research, potentially paving the way for the successful development of a new class of effective TB vaccines. This article discusses epidemiology and pathogenesis of TB infections, current TB therapeutics, advanced nanomaterials for anti-TB drug delivery, and TB vaccines. In addition, challenges and future perspectives in developing safe and effective nanomaterials in TB diagnosis and therapy are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaijin Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; The First Affiliated Hospital; College of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310003 P. R. China
| | - Zhen Chang Liang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; 31 Biopolis Way The Nanos 138669 Singapore
| | - Xin Ding
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; 31 Biopolis Way The Nanos 138669 Singapore
| | - Haiyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; The First Affiliated Hospital; College of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310003 P. R. China
| | - Shaoqiong Liu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; 31 Biopolis Way The Nanos 138669 Singapore
| | - Martin Nurmik
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; 31 Biopolis Way The Nanos 138669 Singapore
| | - Sheng Bi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; The First Affiliated Hospital; College of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310003 P. R. China
| | - Feishu Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; The First Affiliated Hospital; College of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310003 P. R. China
| | - Zhongkang Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; The First Affiliated Hospital; College of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310003 P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; The First Affiliated Hospital; College of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310003 P. R. China
| | - Shigui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; The First Affiliated Hospital; College of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310003 P. R. China
| | - Yi Yan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; 31 Biopolis Way The Nanos 138669 Singapore
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; The First Affiliated Hospital; College of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310003 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
El-Samadony H, Althani A, Tageldin MA, Azzazy HME. Nanodiagnostics for tuberculosis detection. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2017; 17:427-443. [PMID: 28317400 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2017.1308825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading killer worldwide. End TB strategy aims at ending the TB epidemic by 2030. Early, accurate, and affordable diagnosis represents a cornerstone to achieve this goal. Innovative strategies for TB diagnostics have been introduced. However, the ideal assay is yet unavailable and conventional methods remain necessary for diagnosis. Unique properties of nanoparticles (NPs) have allowed their utilization in TB detection via targeting disease biomarkers. Area covered: Until now, around thirty-five TB NP-based assays have been partially or fully characterized. Accuracy, low-cost, and short time-to-result represent the common properties of proposed platforms. TB nanodiagnostics now encompass almost all clinical aspects of the disease including active TB, non-tuberculous mycobacteria, rifampicin resistant TB, TB/HIV co-infection, latent TB, and extra-pulmonary TB. This review summarizes state-of-the-art knowledge of TB nanodiagnostics for the last 10 years. Special consideration is given for fabrication concepts, detection strategies, and clinical performance using various clinical specimens. The potential of TB nanodiagnostics to fulfill the need for ideal MTB testing is assessed. Expert commentary: TB nanodiagnostics show promise to be ideal detection tools that can meet the rigorous demands to end the TB epidemic by 2030.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Asma Althani
- b Health Sciences Department, College of Arts and Sciences , Qatar University , Doha , Qatar
| | - Mohamed Awad Tageldin
- c Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine , Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Hassan M E Azzazy
- d Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering , the American University in Cairo , New Cairo , Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Moro L, Turemis M, Marini B, Ippodrino R, Giardi MT. Better together: Strategies based on magnetic particles and quantum dots for improved biosensing. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:51-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
13
|
Jin M, Liu X, van den Berg A, Zhou G, Shui L. Ultrasensitive DNA detection based on two-step quantitative amplification on magnetic nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:335102. [PMID: 27378514 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/33/335102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive detection of a specific deoxyribo nucleic acid (DNA) sequence is important for biomedical applications. In this report, a two-step amplification strategy is developed based on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to achieve ultrasensitive DNA fluorescence detection. The first level amplification is obtained from multiple binding sites on MNPs to achieve thousands of probe DNA molecules on one nanoparticle surface. The second level amplification is gained by enzymatic reaction to achieve fluorescence signal enhancement. MNPs functionalized by probe DNA (DNAp) are bound to target DNA (t-DNA) molecules with a ratio of 1:1 on a substrate with capture DNA (DNAc). After the MNPs with DNAp are released from the substrate, alkaline phosphatase (AP) is labelled to MNPs via hybridization reaction between DNAp on MNPs and detection DNAs (DNAd) with AP. The AP on MNPs catalyses non-fluorescent 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate (4-MUP) to fluorescent 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) with high intensity. Finally, fluorescence intensity of the 4-MU is detected by a conventional fluorescence spectrophotometer. With this two-step amplification strategy, the limit of detection (LOD) of 2.8 × 10(-18) mol l(-1) for t-DNA has been achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Jin
- Institute of Electronic paper Displays, Academy of South China Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Recent tuberculosis diagnosis toward the end TB strategy. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 123:51-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
15
|
Detection of Leishmania-specific DNA and surface antigens using a combination of functionalized magnetic beads and cadmium selenite quantum dots. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 123:62-7. [PMID: 26658854 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniosis is a zoonotic disease that affects millions of people especially in resource-poor settings. The development of reliable diagnostic assays that do not require dedicated equipment or highly trained personnel would improve early diagnosis and effective control. For this purpose, a combination of magnetic bead and cadmium selenite quantum dot probes was applied for the detection of Leishmania-specific surface antigens (proteins) and DNA. Both analytes are isolated from the solution using magnetic bead capture probes whereas the presence of the targeted molecules is demonstrated by quantum dot detection probes. The sensitivity and specificity of this method reached 100% based on an assessment performed on 55 cultured isolates of various microbial pathogens. The low limit of detection was 3125 ng/μl and 10(3)cells/ml for Leishmania DNA and protein, respectively. The method shows considerable potential for clinical application in human and veterinary medicine, especially in resource-poor settings.
Collapse
|
16
|
Stephen B, Singh S, Datta M, Jain N, Jayaraman S, Chaubey K, Gupta S, Singh M, Aseri G, Khare N, Yadav P, Dhama K, Sohal J. Nanotechnological Approaches for the Detection of Mycobacteria with Special References to Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis (MAP). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2015.518.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
17
|
Yang H, Qin L, Wang Y, Zhang B, Liu Z, Ma H, Lu J, Huang X, Shi D, Hu Z. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis based on H37R(v) binding peptides using surface functionalized magnetic microspheres coupled with quantum dots – a nano detection method for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 10:77-88. [PMID: 25565805 PMCID: PMC4275054 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s71700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite suffering from the major disadvantage of low sensitivity, microscopy of direct smear with the Ziehl–Neelsen stain is still broadly used for detection of acid-fast bacilli and diagnosis of tuberculosis. Here, we present a unique detection method of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) using surface functionalized magnetic microspheres (MMSs) coupled with quantum dots (QDs), conjugated with various antibodies and phage display-derived peptides. The principle is based upon the conformation of the sandwich complex composed of bacterial cells, MMSs, and QDs. The complex system is tagged with QDs for providing the fluorescent signal as part of the detection while magnetic separation is achieved by MMSs. The peptide ligand H8 derived from the phage display library Ph.D.-7 is developed for MTB cells. Using the combinations of MMS-polyclonal antibody+QD-H8 and MMS-H8+QD-H8, a strong signal of 103 colony forming units (CFU)/mL H37Rv was obtained with improved specificity. MS-H8+QD-H8 combination was further optimized by adjusting the concentrations of MMSs, QDs, and incubation time for the maximum detection signal. The limit of detection for MTB was found to reach 103 CFU/mL even for the sputum matrices. Positive sputum samples could be distinguished from control. Thus, this novel method is shown to improve the detection limit and specificity of MTB from the sputum samples, and to reduce the testing time for accurate diagnosis of tuberculosis, which needs further confirmation of more clinical samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianhua Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilong Wang
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingbo Zhang
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Junmei Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochen Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Donglu Shi
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China ; The Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Zhongyi Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shojaei TR, Mohd Salleh MA, Tabatabaei M, Ekrami A, Motallebi R, Rahmani-Cherati T, Hajalilou A, Jorfi R. Development of sandwich-form biosensor to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in clinical sputum specimens. Braz J Infect Dis 2014; 18:600-8. [PMID: 25181404 PMCID: PMC9425227 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causing agent of tuberculosis, comes second only after HIV on the list of infectious agents slaughtering many worldwide. Due to the limitations behind the conventional detection methods, it is therefore critical to develop new sensitive sensing systems capable of quick detection of the infectious agent. In the present study, the surface modified cadmium-telluride quantum dots and gold nanoparticles conjunct with two specific oligonucleotides against early secretory antigenic target 6 were used to develop a sandwich-form fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based biosensor to detect M. tuberculosis complex and differentiate M. tuberculosis and M. bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin simultaneously. The sensitivity and specificity of the newly developed biosensor were 94.2% and 86.6%, respectively, while the sensitivity and specificity of polymerase chain reaction and nested polymerase chain reaction were considerably lower, 74.2%, 73.3% and 82.8%, 80%, respectively. The detection limits of the sandwich-form fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based biosensor were far lower (10 fg) than those of the polymerase chain reaction and nested polymerase chain reaction (100 fg). Although the cost of the developed nanobiosensor was slightly higher than those of the polymerase chain reaction-based techniques, its unique advantages in terms of turnaround time, higher sensitivity and specificity, as well as a 10-fold lower detection limit would clearly recommend this test as a more appropriate and cost-effective tool for large scale operations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taha Roodbar Shojaei
- Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Amran Mohd Salleh
- Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Meisam Tabatabaei
- Nanosystems Research Team (NRTeam), Microbial Biotechnology and Biosafety Department, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Karaj, Iran
| | - Alireza Ekrami
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Roya Motallebi
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, P.O. Box 115, Shahrekord, Iran
| | | | - Abdollah Hajalilou
- Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Raheleh Jorfi
- Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu C, Jiang D, Xiang G, Liu L, Liu F, Pu X. An electrochemical DNA biosensor for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, based on signal amplification of graphene and a gold nanoparticle–polyaniline nanocomposite. Analyst 2014; 139:5460-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00976b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
20
|
High-throughput detection of food-borne pathogenic bacteria using oligonucleotide microarray with quantum dots as fluorescent labels. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 185:27-32. [PMID: 24927399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens are mostly responsible for food-borne diseases, and there is still substantial room for improvement in the effective detection of these organisms. In the present study, we explored a new method to detect target pathogens easily and rapidly with high sensitivity and specificity. This method uses an oligonucleotide microarray combined with quantum dots as fluorescent labels. Oligonucleotide probes targeting the 16SrRNA gene were synthesized to create an oligonucleotide microarray. The PCR products labeled with biotin were subsequently hybridized using an oligonucleotide microarray. Following incubation with CdSe/ZnS quantum dots coated with streptavidin, fluorescent signals were detected with a PerkinElmer Gx Microarray Scanner. The results clearly showed specific hybridization profiles corresponding to the bacterial species assessed. Two hundred and sixteen strains of food-borne bacterial pathogens, including standard strains and isolated strains from food samples, were used to test the specificity, stability, and sensitivity of the microarray system. We found that the oligonucleotide microarray combined with quantum dots used as fluorescent labels can successfully discriminate the bacterial organisms at the genera or species level, with high specificity and stability as well as a sensitivity of 10 colony forming units (CFU)/mL of pure culture. We further tested 105 mock-contaminated food samples and achieved consistent results as those obtained from traditional biochemical methods. Together, these results indicate that the quantum dot-based oligonucleotide microarray has the potential to be a powerful tool in the detection and identification of pathogenic bacteria in foods.
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Valizadeh A, Mikaeili H, Samiei M, Farkhani SM, Zarghami N, kouhi M, Akbarzadeh A, Davaran S. Quantum dots: synthesis, bioapplications, and toxicity. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2012; 7:480. [PMID: 22929008 PMCID: PMC3463453 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-7-480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This review introduces quantum dots (QDs) and explores their properties, synthesis, applications, delivery systems in biology, and their toxicity. QDs are one of the first nanotechnologies to be integrated with the biological sciences and are widely anticipated to eventually find application in a number of commercial consumer and clinical products. They exhibit unique luminescence characteristics and electronic properties such as wide and continuous absorption spectra, narrow emission spectra, and high light stability. The application of QDs, as a new technology for biosystems, has been typically studied on mammalian cells. Due to the small structures of QDs, some physical properties such as optical and electron transport characteristics are quite different from those of the bulk materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Valizadeh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51664, Iran
| | - Haleh Mikaeili
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51656-65811, Iran
| | - Mohammad Samiei
- Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51664, Iran
| | - Samad Mussa Farkhani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51664, Iran
| | - Nosratalah Zarghami
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51664, Iran
| | - Mohammad kouhi
- Department of Physics, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51664, Iran
| | - Soodabeh Davaran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51664, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Thiruppathiraja C, Kamatchiammal S, Adaikkappan P, Santhosh DJ, Alagar M. Specific detection of Mycobacterium sp. genomic DNA using dual labeled gold nanoparticle based electrochemical biosensor. Anal Biochem 2011; 417:73-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
24
|
Liandris E, Gazouli M, Andreadou M, Sechi LA, Rosu V, Ikonomopoulos J. Detection of pathogenic mycobacteria based on functionalized quantum dots coupled with immunomagnetic separation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20026. [PMID: 21637746 PMCID: PMC3103498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria have always proven difficult to identify due to their low growth rate and fastidious nature. Therefore molecular biology and more recently nanotechnology, have been exploited from early on for the detection of these pathogens. Here we present the first stage of development of an assay incorporating cadmium selenide quantum dots (QDs) for the detection of mycobacterial surface antigens. The principle of the assay is the separation of bacterial cells using magnetic beads coupled with genus-specific polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies for heparin-binding hemagglutinin. These complexes are then tagged with anti-mouse biotinylated antibody and finally streptavidin-conjugated QDs which leads to the detection of a fluorescent signal. For the evaluation of performance, the method under study was applied on Mycobacterium bovis BCG and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (positive controls), as well as E. coli and Salmonella spp. that constituted the negative controls. The direct observation of the latter category of samples did not reveal fluorescence as opposed to the mycobacteria mentioned above. The minimum detection limit of the assay was defined to 104 bacteria/ml, which could be further decreased by a 1 log when fluorescence was measured with a spectrofluorometer. The method described here can be easily adjusted for any other protein target of either the pathogen or the host, and once fully developed it will be directly applicable on clinical samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Liandris
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Gazouli
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Margarita Andreadou
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonardo A. Sechi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Microbiology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Valentina Rosu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Microbiology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - John Ikonomopoulos
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|