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Lebbad M, Grüttner J, Beser J, Lizana V, Dea-Ayuela MA, Oropeza-Moe M, Carmena D, Stensvold CR. Complete sequencing of the Cryptosporidium suis gp60 gene reveals a novel type of tandem repeats-Implications for surveillance. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 122:105614. [PMID: 38844191 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is an infectious enteric disease caused by species (some of them zoonotic) of the genus Cryptosporidium that in many countries are under surveillance. Typing assays critical to the surveillance of cryptosporidiosis typically involve characterization of Cryptosporidium glycoprotein 60 genes (gp60). Here, we characterized the gp60 of Cryptosporidium suis from two samples-a human and a porcine faecal sample-based on which a preliminary typing scheme was developed. A conspicuous feature of the C. suis gp60 was a novel type of tandem repeats located in the 5' end of the gene and that took up 777/1635 bp (48%) of the gene. The C. suis gp60 lacked the classical poly-serine repeats (TCA/TCG/TCT), which is usually subject to major genetic variation, and the length of the tandem repeat made a typing assay incorporating this region based on Sanger sequencing practically unfeasible. We therefore designed a typing assay based on the post-repeat region only and applied it to C. suis-positive samples from suid hosts from Norway, Denmark, and Spain. We were able to distinguish three different subtypes; XXVa-1, XXVa-2, and XXVa-3. Subtype XXVa-1 had a wider geographic distribution than the other subtypes and was also observed in the human sample. We think that the present data will inform future strategies to develop a C. suis typing assay that could be even more informative by including a greater part of the gene, including the tandem repeat region, e.g., by the use of long-read next-generation sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Lebbad
- Sjöbjörnsvägen, (formerly at the Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jana Grüttner
- European Programme for Public Health Microbiology Training (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden; Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Jessica Beser
- Department of Microbiology, Unit of Parasitology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Victor Lizana
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain; Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Auxiliadora Dea-Ayuela
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marianne Oropeza-Moe
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Sandnes, Norway
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain; CIBER Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christen Rune Stensvold
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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Hao Y, Liu A, Li H, Zhao Y, Yao L, Yang B, Zhang W, Yang F. Molecular characterization and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in humans and domestic animals in Heilongjiang Province, China. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:155. [PMID: 38528567 PMCID: PMC10964600 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis are significant parasitic diseases shared between humans and domestic animals. Due to the close contact between humans and domestic animals in rural areas, it is important to consider the potential transmission of zoonotic parasites from infected domestic animals to humans. This investigation aimed to determine the prevalence and molecular characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in domestic animals and villagers. METHODS A total of 116 fecal samples from villagers and 686 fecal samples from domestic animals in Heilongjiang Province, China, were analyzed for two parasites using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting various genetic loci and DNA sequence analysis of the PCR products. RESULTS By sequence analysis of the SSU rRNA gene, the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in humans was 0.9% (1/116), with one species of C. parvum (n = 1) detected; among domestic animals, the prevalence was 2.6% (18/686), with five species identified: C. suis (n = 7) and C. scrofarum (n = 7) in pigs, C. meleagridis (n = 1) in chickens, C. andersoni (n = 1) in cattle, and C. canis (n = 2) in foxes. C. parvum and C. canis were further subtyped as IIdA19G1 and XXa4 on the basis of gp60 gene. Regarding G. duodenalis, based on the SSU rRNA, bg, gdh, and tpi genes, the prevalence in domestic animals was 5.1% (31/608), with three assemblages identified: A (n = 1) in pigs, D (n = 1) in foxes, and E (n = 27) in geese, cattle, pigs, ducks, and sheep, along with mixed infection of A + E (n = 1) in one pig and B + E (n = 1) in one sheep. No G. duodenalis was detected in humans (0/116). CONCLUSIONS The present results show that no overlap of subtypes between animals and villagers was found in Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis, indicating a minor role of domestic animals in infecting humans in this population. However, the presence of zoonotic protozoa in domestic animals highlights the need for special attention to high-risk individuals during close contact with domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Hao
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Aiqin Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - He Li
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yiyang Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Weizhe Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Fengkun Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China.
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Holubová N, Zikmundová V, Kicia M, Zajączkowska Ż, Rajský M, Konečný R, Rost M, Mravcová K, Sak B, Kváč M. Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp., Encephalitozoon spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in feral and captive pigeons in Central Europe. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:158. [PMID: 38460006 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. are the most common protistan parasites of vertebrates. The results show that pigeon populations in Central Europe are parasitised by different species of Cryptosporidium and genotypes of microsporidia of the genera Enterocytozoon and Encephalitozoon. A total of 634 and 306 faecal samples of captive and feral pigeons (Columba livia f. domestica) from 44 locations in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland were analysed for the presence of parasites by microscopy and PCR/sequence analysis of small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rDNA), 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of SSU rDNA. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the presence of C. meleagridis, C. baileyi, C. parvum, C. andersoni, C. muris, C. galli and C. ornithophilus, E. hellem genotype 1A and 2B, E. cuniculi genotype I and II and E. bieneusi genotype Peru 6, CHN-F1, D, Peru 8, Type IV, ZY37, E, CHN4, SCF2 and WR4. Captive pigeons were significantly more frequently parasitised with screened parasite than feral pigeons. Cryptosporidium meleagridis IIIa and a new subtype IIIl have been described, the oocysts of which are not infectious to immunodeficient mice, whereas chickens are susceptible. This investigation demonstrates that pigeons can be hosts to numerous species, genotypes and subtypes of the studied parasites. Consequently, they represent a potential source of infection for both livestock and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Holubová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Veronika Zikmundová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Kicia
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Żaneta Zajączkowska
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Matúš Rajský
- Research Institute for Animal Production Nitra, National Agricultural and Food Centre, Lužianky, Slovakia
| | - Roman Konečný
- Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Rost
- Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Mravcová
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kváč
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Egan S, Barbosa AD, Feng Y, Xiao L, Ryan U. The risk of wild birds contaminating source water with zoonotic Cryptosporidium and Giardia is probably overestimated. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169032. [PMID: 38123098 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are important waterborne protozoan parasites that are resistant to disinfectants commonly used for drinking water. Wild birds, especially wild migratory birds, are often implicated in the contamination of source and wastewater with zoonotic diseases, due to their abundance near water and in urban areas and their ability to spread enteric pathogens over long distances. This review summarises the diversity of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in birds, with a focus on zoonotic species, particularly in wild and migratory birds, which is critical for understanding zoonotic risks. The analysis revealed that both avian-adapted and zoonotic Cryptosporidium species have been identified in birds but that avian-adapted Cryptosporidium species dominate in wild migratory birds. Few studies have examined Giardia species and assemblages in birds, but the non-zoonotic Giardia psittaci and Giardia ardeae are the most commonly reported species. The identification of zoonotic Cryptosporidium and Giardia in birds, particularly C. parvum and G. duodenalis assemblages A and B in wild migratory birds, is likely due to mechanical carriage or spillback from birds co-grazing pastures contaminated with C. parvum from livestock. Therefore, the role of wild migratory birds in the transmission of zoonotic Cryptosporidium and Giardia to source water is likely overestimated. To address knowledge gaps, it is important to conduct more extensive studies on the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in a broader range of migratory wild birds. There is also a need to investigate the extent to which zoonotic infections with C. hominis/C. parvum and G. duodenalis assemblages A and B are mechanical and/or transient, and to assess the load and viability of zoonotic oo/cysts shed in avian faeces. Understanding the contribution of birds to zoonoses is essential for effective disease surveillance, prevention, and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhon Egan
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Amanda D Barbosa
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia, DF 70040-020, Brazil
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Una Ryan
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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Penumarthi LR, Baptista RP, Beaudry MS, Glenn TC, Kissinger JC. A new chromosome-level genome assembly and annotation of Cryptosporidium meleagridis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.16.580748. [PMID: 38405792 PMCID: PMC10888889 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.16.580748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. are medically and scientifically relevant protozoan parasites that cause severe diarrheal illness in infants and immunosuppressed populations as well as animals. Although most human Cryptosporidium infections are caused by C. parvum and C. hominis, there are several other human-infecting species including C. meleagridis, which is commonly observed in developing countries. Here, we polished and annotated a long-read genome sequence assembly for C. meleagridis TU1867, a species which infects birds and humans. The genome sequence was generated using a combination of whole genome amplification (WGA) and long-read Oxford Nanopore Technologies sequencing. The assembly was then polished with Illumina data. The chromosome-level genome assembly is 9.2 Mbp with a contig N50 of 1.1 Mb. Annotation revealed 3,923 protein-coding genes. A BUSCO analysis indicates a completeness of 96.6% (n=446), including 430 (96.4%) single-copy and 1 (0.224%) duplicated apicomplexan conserved gene(s). The new C. meleagridis genome assembly is nearly gap-free and provides a valuable new resource for the Cryptosporidium community and future studies on evolution and host-specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasya R Penumarthi
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia. Athens, Georgia. 30602, USA
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia. Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Rodrigo P Baptista
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia. Athens, Georgia. 30602, USA
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia. Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Megan S Beaudry
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia. Athens, GA, USA
| | - Travis C Glenn
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia. Athens, Georgia. 30602, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia. Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia. Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Jessica C Kissinger
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia. Athens, Georgia. 30602, USA
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia. Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia. Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Rotovnik R, Lathrop TS, Skov J, Jokelainen P, Kapel CMO, Stensvold CR. Detection of zoonotic Cryptosporidium spp. in small wild rodents using amplicon-based next-generation sequencing. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2024; 24:e00332. [PMID: 38188480 PMCID: PMC10767489 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2023.e00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Rodents may serve as reservoirs of zoonotic species of Cryptosporidium; however, data from molecular surveys in support of this hypothesis are still scarce. In this study, we screened faeces and rectal content from murid and cricetid rodents (N = 58) caught around three farms in Zealand, Denmark, for Cryptosporidium spp. by amplicon-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) of ribosomal genes. Selected samples were further examined using nested conventional PCR targeting SSU rRNA, gp60, and actin genes. Cryptosporidium-specific DNA was identified in 40/58 (69%) samples, and in 12 (30%) of the 40 positive animals, mixed cryptosporidial infections were observed. Cryptosporidium ditrichi was the species most commonly identified, found in 28 (48%) of the animals. Cryptosporidium parvum was identified in 4 (7%) of the animals, all of which were co-infected with C. ditrichi. The present study is the first to utilize NGS-based screening for Cryptosporidium species in wild rodents. Moreover, it is the first study to provide molecular data on Cryptosporidium in rodents sampled in Denmark and to detect DNA of C. ditrichi in Mus musculus, Myodes glareolus, and Microtus agrestis. The NGS approach was successfully applied to yield new knowledge, and the results showed that zoonotic species of Cryptosporidium are common in murid and cricetid rodents in Zealand, Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalina Rotovnik
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK–2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Tatiana Siegler Lathrop
- Section for Organismal Biology, Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK–1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jakob Skov
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, DK–2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pikka Jokelainen
- Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK–2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Christian Moliin Outzen Kapel
- Section for Organismal Biology, Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK–1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Christen Rune Stensvold
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK–2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
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Bujila I, Troell K, Ögren J, Hansen A, Killander G, Agudelo L, Lebbad M, Beser J. Cryptosporidium species and subtypes identified in human domestic cases through the national microbiological surveillance programme in Sweden from 2018 to 2022. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:146. [PMID: 38291399 PMCID: PMC10826111 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium is an important cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. A national microbiological surveillance programme was implemented in Sweden in 2018 in order to increase knowledge of the molecular epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis to better understand transmission patterns and potential zoonotic sources. This article summarises the results of the first five years of the surveillance programme. METHODS Cryptosporidium-positive faecal and DNA samples from domestically acquired infections were collected from clinical microbiological laboratories in Sweden. Species and subtype determination was performed using 60 kDa glycoprotein and/or small subunit ribosomal RNA gene analysis. RESULTS Between 2018 and 2022, 1654 samples were analysed and 11 different species were identified: C. parvum (n = 1412), C. mortiferum (n = 59), C. hominis (n = 56), C. erinacei (n = 11), C. cuniculus (n = 5), C. meleagridis (n = 3), C. equi (n = 2), C. ubiquitum (n = 2), and one each of C. canis, C. ditrichi and C. felis. Subtyping revealed seven subtype families of C. parvum (new subtype families IIy and IIz) and 69 different subtypes (11 new subtypes). The most common C. parvum subtypes were IIdA22G1c, IIdA24G1, IIdA15G2R1 and IIaA16G1R1b. For C. hominis, four different subtype families and nine different subtypes (two new subtypes) were identified. For additional species, two new subtype families (IIIk and VId) and nine new subtypes were identified. All successfully subtyped C. mortiferum cases were subtype XIVaA20G2T1, confirming previous findings in Sweden. Several outbreaks were identified of which the majority were foodborne and a few were due to direct contact with infected animals. CONCLUSION Infection with C. parvum is the leading cause of human cryptosporidiosis acquired in Sweden, where more than 90% of domestic cases are caused by this zoonotic species and only a small proportion of cases are due to infection with other species. The rodent-associated C. mortiferum is considered an emerging zoonotic species in Sweden and the number of domestically acquired human cases has surpassed that of infection with C. hominis. A high diversity of species and subtypes, as well as diversity within the same subtype, was detected. Also, cryptosporidiosis appears to affect adults to a great extent in Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Bujila
- Department of Microbiology, Unit of Parasitology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Karin Troell
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
| | - Jessica Ögren
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory Medicine, Jönköping County, Jönköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anette Hansen
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Health Protection, Unit of Zoonoses and Antibiotic Resistance, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Gustav Killander
- Department of Microbiology, Unit of Parasitology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Lady Agudelo
- Department of Microbiology, Unit of Parasitology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Marianne Lebbad
- Department of Microbiology, Unit of Parasitology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jessica Beser
- Department of Microbiology, Unit of Parasitology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden
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Yang X, Wang J, Huang S, Song J, Fan Y, Zhao G. Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Escherichia coli in Dairy Goat Kids with Diarrhea in Partial Regions of Shaanxi Province, China. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2922. [PMID: 37760322 PMCID: PMC10526037 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Escherichia coli are important diarrheal pathogens threatening the health of humans and various animals. Goats, especially pre-weaned goat kids, that carry these pathogens are important reservoirs related to human infection. In the present study, PCR-based sequencing techniques were applied to characterize Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, E. bieneusi and E. coli in 202 fecal samples of diarrheal kids for Guanzhong dairy goats from five locations in Shaanxi Province. The positive rates of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, E. bieneusi and E. coli were 37.6% (76/202), 16.3% (33/202), 55.4% (112/202) and 78.7% (159/202) in these goat kids, respectively. Co-infection of two to four pathogens was found in 114 of 202 fecal samples. Significant differences (p < 0.001) in the positive rates of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis were found among locations and age groups. Furthermore, two Cryptosporidium species (C. parvum and C. xiaoi), two G. duodenalis assemblages (E and A), nine E. bieneusi genotypes (CHG3, CHG1, BEB6, CHG5, CHG2, SX1, CHG28, COS-II and CD6) and two E. coli pathotypes (EPEC and EHEC) were identified. As for Cryptosporidium, two (IIdA19G1 and IIdA19G2) and two (XXIIIa and XXIIIg) subtypes were recognized in samples positive for C. parvum and C. xiaoi, respectively. A phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS locus of E. bieneusi indicated that all nine genotypes of E. bieneusi identified in this study belonged to the group 2. Four virulence factors (ehxA, eae, stx2 and stx1) of EPEC and EHEC were found in E. coli strains. Collectively, this study explored the colonization frequency of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, E. bieneusi and E. coli in diarrheal kids of Guanzhong dairy goats in Shaanxi Province and expanded our understanding of the genetic composition and zoonotic potential of these pathogens in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.); (S.H.); (J.S.); (Y.F.)
| | - Junwei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.); (S.H.); (J.S.); (Y.F.)
| | - Shuang Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.); (S.H.); (J.S.); (Y.F.)
| | - Junke Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.); (S.H.); (J.S.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yingying Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.); (S.H.); (J.S.); (Y.F.)
| | - Guanghui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Y.); (J.W.); (S.H.); (J.S.); (Y.F.)
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Ministry of Education, Yangling 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, China
- Engineering Research Center of Efficient New Vaccines for Animals, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, China
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Feng X, Deng J, Zhang Z, Yu F, Zhang J, Shi T, Sun H, Qi M, Liu X. Dominant infection of Cryptosporidium baileyi in broiler chickens in Zhejiang Province, China. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:1993-2000. [PMID: 37347286 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07898-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a common enteric parasite in chickens. A total of 812 fecal specimens were collected from 11 broiler farms in Zhejiang Province, China, and analyzed by nested PCR amplification based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. The overall infection rate of Cryptosporidium was 6.3% (51/812), and five of 11 farms were Cryptosporidium positive. Broilers aged > 90 days accounted for the highest infection rate of 16.1% (6/56), followed by those aged 30-60 days (10.6%, 38/358) and 60-90 days (4/378, 1.1%). Two Cryptosporidium species were identified by sequence analysis, with the predominant species being C. baileyi (96.1%, 49/51) and the minor infection being C. meleagridis (3.9%, 2/51). Based on the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene, two C. meleagridis-positive isolates were identified as one known subtype, IIIbA24G1R1. This study indicated the common occurrence of C. baileyi in broiler chickens in this region and low zoonotic transmission potential of Cryptosporidium to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jinhua Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Fuchang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jianing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tuanyuan Shi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hongchao Sun
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Xuehan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China.
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Feng X, Tuo H, Li T, Yu F, Hu D, Yang X, Ge Y, Qi M, Liu X. Longitudinal surveillance of Cryptosporidium spp. in broiler chickens in Xinjiang, northwest China: genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium meleagridis subtypes. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:3589-3595. [PMID: 36205770 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07683-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. are common enteric parasites in humans and animals. Herein, 175 faecal specimens were collected from a broiler farm in Xinjiang, China, including seven repeated samplings at 10-day intervals of broilers aged 10 to 70 days. Cryptosporidium was detected and identified by PCR-RFLP analysis. The overall infection rate of Cryptosporidium in broilers was 23.4% (41/175), with the highest infection rate of 48.0% (12/25) at 40 days of age, and no infection was detected at 10 days of age. Two Cryptosporidium species were confirmed, namely, C. baileyi (3.4%, 6/175) and C. meleagridis (20%, 35/175). In total, 21 of 35 C. meleagridis isolates were successfully subtyped based on the gp60 gene, and one known subtype, IIIgA22G3R1 (n = 1), and three novel subtypes, IIIbA25G1R1 (n = 10), IIIgA24G3R1 (n = 9) and IIIgA25G2R1 (n = 1), were identified. Our findings highlight the genetic diversity of C. meleagridis in Xinjiang and the potential endemic characteristics of the subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Haixin Tuo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - TianTian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Fuchang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dongfang Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Xuefeng Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Yaming Ge
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Xuehan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China.
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Wang W, Wei Y, Cao S, Wu W, Zhao W, Guo Y, Xiao L, Feng Y, Li N. Divergent Cryptosporidium species and host-adapted Cryptosporidium canis subtypes in farmed minks, raccoon dogs and foxes in Shandong, China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:980917. [PMID: 36072226 PMCID: PMC9444043 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.980917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. are common parasitic pathogens causing diarrhea in humans and various animals. Fur animals are widely farmed in Shandong Province, China, but the prevalence and genetic identity of Cryptosporidium spp. in them are unclear. In this study, 1,211 fecal samples were collected from 602 minks, 310 raccoon dogs and 299 foxes on two farms in Shandong and analyzed for Cryptosporidium spp. by nested PCR and sequence analyses of the small subunit rRNA gene. The overall infection rate of Cryptosporidium spp. was 31.5% (381/1,211), with a higher infection rate in raccoon dogs (37.7%, 117/310) than in foxes (32.4%, 97/299) and minks (27.7%, 167/602). By age, the highest infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp. were observed in raccoon dogs of 1-2 months, minks of 5-6 months, and foxes of > 12 months. Three Cryptosporidium species and genotypes were detected, including C. canis (n = 279), C. meleagridis (n = 65) and Cryptosporidium mink genotype (n = 37). Among the three major host species, raccoon dogs were infected with C. canis only (n = 117), while foxes were infected with both C. canis (n = 32) and C. meleagridis (n = 65), and minks with C. canis (n = 130) and Cryptosporidium mink genotype (n = 37). Subtyping of C. canis by sequence analysis of the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene identified eight subtypes. They belonged to two known subtype families, XXa and XXd, and two novel subtype families XXf and XXg, with host adaptation at the subtype family level. Notably, C. canis from foxes was genetically distant from those in other hosts. Further subtyping analysis identified three subtypes (IIIeA21G2R1, IIIeA19G2R1 and IIIeA17G2R1) of C. meleagridis and two novel subtype families Xf and Xg of the Cryptosporidium mink genotype. The presence of zoonotic C. canis subtypes in raccoon dogs and C. meleagridis subtypes in foxes suggests that these fur animals might be potential reservoirs for human-pathogenic Cryptosporidium spp.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Na Li
- *Correspondence: Yaoyu Feng, ; Na Li,
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12
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Uran-Velasquez J, Alzate JF, Farfan-Garcia AE, Gomez-Duarte OG, Martinez-Rosado LL, Dominguez-Hernandez DD, Rojas W, Galvan-Diaz AL, Garcia-Montoya GM. Multilocus Sequence Typing helps understand the genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum isolated from Colombian patients. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270995. [PMID: 35802653 PMCID: PMC9269747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multilocus Sequence Typing has become a useful tool for the study of the genetic diversity and population structure of different organisms. In this study, a MLST approach with seven loci (CP47, MS5, MS9, MSC6-7, TP14, and gp60) was used to analyze the genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum isolated from 28 Colombian patients. Five Cryptosporidium species were identified: C. hominis, C. parvum, Cryptosporidium felis, Cryptosporidium meleagridis, and Cryptosporidium suis. Unilocus gp60 analysis identified four allelic families for C. hominis (Ia, Ib, Id, and Ie) and two for C. parvum (IIa and IIc). There was polymorphic behavior of all markers evaluated for both C. hominis and C. parvum, particularly with the CP47, MS5, and gp60 markers. Phylogenetic analysis with consensus sequences (CS) of the markers showed a taxonomic agreement with the results obtained with the 18S rRNA and gp60 gene. Additionally, two monophyletic clades that clustered the species C. hominis and C. parvum were detected, with a higher number of subclades within the monophyletic groups compared to those with the gp60 gene. Thirteen MLG were identified for C. hominis and eight for C. parvum. Haplotypic and nucleotide diversity were detected, but only the latter was affected by the gp60 exclusion from the CS analysis. The gene fixation index showed an evolutionary closeness between the C. hominis samples and a less evolutionary closeness and greater sequence divergence in the C. parvum samples. Data obtained in this work support the implementation of MLST analysis in the study of the genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium, considering the more detailed information that it provides, which may explain some genetic events that with an unilocus approach could not be established. This is the first multilocus analysis of the intra-specific variability of Cryptosporidium from humans in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Uran-Velasquez
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica–CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria–SIU, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Juan F. Alzate
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica–CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria–SIU, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- Grupo Pediaciencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Ana E. Farfan-Garcia
- Universidad de Santander, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud, Instituto de Investigación Masira, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Oscar G. Gomez-Duarte
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
- John R. Oishei Children’s Hospital, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Larry L. Martinez-Rosado
- Equipo Latinoamericano de Investigación en Infectología y Salud Pública (ELISAP), E.S.E. Hospital La María, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diego D. Dominguez-Hernandez
- Equipo Latinoamericano de Investigación en Infectología y Salud Pública (ELISAP), E.S.E. Hospital La María, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Winston Rojas
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética Molecular (GENMOL), Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana Luz Galvan-Diaz
- Grupo de Microbiología Ambiental, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- * E-mail:
| | - Gisela M. Garcia-Montoya
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica–CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria–SIU, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- Grupo Pediaciencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
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Lin X, Xin L, Qi M, Hou M, Liao S, Qi N, Li J, Lv M, Cai H, Hu J, Zhang J, Ji X, Sun M. Dominance of the zoonotic pathogen Cryptosporidium meleagridis in broiler chickens in Guangdong, China, reveals evidence of cross-transmission. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:188. [PMID: 35668467 PMCID: PMC9169408 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05267-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium is one of the most prevalent parasites infecting both birds and mammals. To examine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium species and evaluate the public health significance of domestic chickens in Guangdong Province, southern China, we analyzed 1001 fecal samples from 43 intensive broiler chicken farms across six distinct geographical regions. Methods Individual DNA samples were subjected to nested PCR-based amplification and sequencing of the small subunit of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rRNA). Analysis of the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene (gp60) was performed to characterize the subtypes of C. meleagridis. Results The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 13.2% (95% CI 11.1–15.3) (24 of 43 farms), with C. meleagridis (7.8%), C. baileyi (4.8%) and mixed infections (0.6%). Using the gp60 gene, three subtype families, IIIb, IIIe and IIIg, were identified, including six subtypes: one novel (IIIgA25G3R1a) and five previously reported (IIIbA23G1R1c, IIIbA24G1R1, IIIbA21G1R1a, IIIeA17G2R1 and IIIeA26G2R1). Within these subtypes, five known subtypes were genetically identical to those identified in humans. Conclusions This is the first report of C. meleagridis in chickens from Guangdong. The frequent occurrence of C. meleagridis in domestic chickens and the common C. meleagridis subtypes identified in both humans and chickens is of public health significance. Our study indicates that broiler chickens represent a potential zoonotic risk for the transmission of Cryptosporidium in this region. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05267-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Lin
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Luyao Xin
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, People's Republic of China
| | - Minyu Hou
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenquan Liao
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanshan Qi
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Minna Lv
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiming Cai
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjing Hu
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfei Zhang
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangbo Ji
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Unconventional Feed Resources, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingfei Sun
- Zhaoqing/Maoming Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for prevention and control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Liao C, Wang T, Koehler AV, Hu M, Gasser RB. Cryptosporidium of birds in pet markets in Wuhan city, Hubei, China. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2022; 1:100025. [PMID: 35284902 PMCID: PMC8906122 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a group of protistan parasites of a range of vertebrates including mammals and birds. Stimulated by previous work that revealed “zoonotic” Cryptosporidium meleagridis subtypes (i.e. IIIbA26G1R1b and IIIbA22G1R1c) in diarrhoeic children and domestic chickens in Wuhan city and environs in Hubei Province, China, here we explored whether zoonotic C. meleagridis subtypes might also occur in pet birds in Wuhan city. From 11 bird markets in this city, we collected 322 faecal samples from 48 species of birds (representing six taxonomic orders), isolated genomic DNA and then conducted PCR-based sequencing of genetic markers in the small subunit (SSU) of the nuclear ribosomal RNA and the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) genes of Cryptosporidium. Using SSU, Cryptosporidium was detected in 55 (17%) of the 322 samples. Cryptosporidium avium, C. baileyi, C. meleagridis, C. muris and C. proventriculi were characterised in 18%, 47%, 11%, 2% and 20% of the 55 samples, respectively, and a novel Cryptosporidium galli-like taxon in one sample. Using gp60, only one subtype (IIIeA17G2R1) of C. meleagridis was identified, which had not been detected in a previous study of diarrhoeic children in Wuhan. However, IIIe subtypes have been found in both humans and birds around the world. The relatively high prevalence and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium recorded here in pet birds raise awareness about possible reservoirs of zoonotic variants of Cryptosporidium in birds in Wuhan, and potentially, other provinces in China. A total of 322 faecal samples from 48 species of pet birds were tested for Cryptosporidium. Relatively high prevalence and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium were found. A novel Cryptosporidium galli-like genotype was recorded. A Cryptosporidium meleagridis subtype with zoonotic potential was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anson V Koehler
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Hancke D, Suárez OV. A review of the diversity of Cryptosporidium in Rattus norvegicus, R. rattus and Mus musculus: What we know and challenges for the future. Acta Trop 2022; 226:106244. [PMID: 34863707 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to review the diversity of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes infecting synantropic rodents. A total of 27 papers published between 1990 and 2020 assed the presence of Cryptosporidium in these rodents worldwide and described 17 different species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium. A great variation in the prevalence values were observed (0-63%). The most frequent species/genotypes were Rat genotype I and IV for R. norvegicus and Rat genotype II and III R. rattus, while C. tyzzeri was for M. musculus. Cryptosporidium parvum, the second most common species after C. hominis involved in human cryptosporidiosis cases, was the third most detected Cryptosporidium species in R, norvergicus (9.4% of the positive samples) and the 3 rodent species are common host for C. muris, also recognized as zoonotic. Besides, these synanthopic rodents can harbor Cryptosporidium species whose natural hosts are cattle, bovids, pigs, other rodent species, birds and a broad range of mammals. Considering the diversity described so far, it would have a great epidemiological impact to know how the variation of Cryptosporidium species composition along urban-rural gradients is like, including synanthropic rodents, wild and domestic animals and environmental samples, and to analyze the causal factors of such variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Hancke
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Roedores, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Avenida Intendente Cantilo s/n, Pabellón II, 4° PisoLaboratorio 104 (C1428EHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), UBA-CONICET, C1428EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, PB II, 4to piso, Argentina.
| | - Olga Virginia Suárez
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Roedores, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Avenida Intendente Cantilo s/n, Pabellón II, 4° PisoLaboratorio 104 (C1428EHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), UBA-CONICET, C1428EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, PB II, 4to piso, Argentina
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Köster PC, González-Barrio D, Carmena D. Editorial for the Special Issue: Diagnosis, Epidemiology and Transmission Dynamics of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020141. [PMID: 35215084 PMCID: PMC8877979 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
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17
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Feng X, Xin L, Yu F, Song X, Zhang J, Deng J, Qi M, Zhao W. Genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in Hotan Black Chickens in China reveals two novel subtypes of Cryptosporidium meleagridis. Parasite 2022; 29:50. [PMCID: PMC9645226 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2022051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 617 fecal specimens were collected on 18 Hotan Black chicken farms in Southern Xinjiang, China, and tested for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. by PCR of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. The overall infection rate by Cryptosporidium spp. was 11.5% (71/617), and ten of the 18 farms were positive. The infection rate by Cryptosporidium spp. was 14.5% (48/331) in the 30–60 d group, higher than chickens in the <30 d (12.0%, 15/125), 60–90 d (6.9%, 5/72), and >90 d (3.4%, 3/89) groups. Cryptosporidium meleagridis (n = 38) and C. baileyi (n = 33) were confirmed by sequencing analysis. A total of 25 of the 38 C. meleagridis-positive specimens were subtyped successfully at the gp60 gene, including one known subtype (IIIbA23G1R1, n = 1) and two novel subtypes, named IIIbA25G1R1 (n = 20) and IIIbA31G1R1 (n = 4). The results showed that infection by Cryptosporidium spp. in Hotan Black Chickens was common in this area and the distribution of C. meleagridis subtypes had regional characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University Alar Xinjiang 843300 China
| | - Luyao Xin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University Alar Xinjiang 843300 China
| | - Fuchang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University Alar Xinjiang 843300 China
| | - Xianming Song
- Xinjiang Agricultural Vocational Technical College Changji Xinjiang 831199 China
| | - Jianing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University Alar Xinjiang 843300 China
| | - Jinhua Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University Alar Xinjiang 843300 China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University Alar Xinjiang 843300 China
- Corresponding authors: ;
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325035 China
- Corresponding authors: ;
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18
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Ryan U, Zahedi A, Feng Y, Xiao L. An Update on Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypes in Humans. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3307. [PMID: 34828043 PMCID: PMC8614385 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric parasite, Cryptosporidium is a major cause of diarrhoeal illness in humans and animals worldwide. No effective therapeutics or vaccines are available and therefore control is dependent on understanding transmission dynamics. The development of molecular detection and typing tools has resulted in the identification of a large number of cryptic species and genotypes and facilitated our understanding of their potential for zoonotic transmission. Of the 44 recognised Cryptosporidium species and >120 genotypes, 19 species, and four genotypes have been reported in humans with C. hominis, C. parvum, C. meleagridis, C. canis and C. felis being the most prevalent. The development of typing tools that are still lacking some zoonotic species and genotypes and more extensive molecular epidemiological studies in countries where the potential for transmission is highest are required to further our understanding of this important zoonotic pathogen. Similarly, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and amplicon next-generation sequencing (NGS) are important for more accurately tracking transmission and understanding the mechanisms behind host specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una Ryan
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6152, Australia;
| | - Alireza Zahedi
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6152, Australia;
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.F.); (L.X.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.F.); (L.X.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
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19
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Russler-Germain EV, Jung J, Miller AT, Young S, Yi J, Wehmeier A, Fox LE, Monte KJ, Chai JN, Kulkarni DH, Funkhouser-Jones LJ, Wilke G, Durai V, Zinselmeyer BH, Czepielewski RS, Greco S, Murphy KM, Newberry RD, Sibley LD, Hsieh CS. Commensal Cryptosporidium colonization elicits a cDC1-dependent Th1 response that promotes intestinal homeostasis and limits other infections. Immunity 2021; 54:2547-2564.e7. [PMID: 34715017 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium can cause severe diarrhea and morbidity, but many infections are asymptomatic. Here, we studied the immune response to a commensal strain of Cryptosporidium tyzzeri (Ct-STL) serendipitously discovered when conventional type 1 dendritic cell (cDC1)-deficient mice developed cryptosporidiosis. Ct-STL was vertically transmitted without negative health effects in wild-type mice. Yet, Ct-STL provoked profound changes in the intestinal immune system, including induction of an IFN-γ-producing Th1 response. TCR sequencing coupled with in vitro and in vivo analysis of common Th1 TCRs revealed that Ct-STL elicited a dominant antigen-specific Th1 response. In contrast, deficiency in cDC1s skewed the Ct-STL CD4 T cell response toward Th17 and regulatory T cells. Although Ct-STL predominantly colonized the small intestine, colon Th1 responses were enhanced and associated with protection against Citrobacter rodentium infection and exacerbation of dextran sodium sulfate and anti-IL10R-triggered colitis. Thus, Ct-STL represents a commensal pathobiont that elicits Th1-mediated intestinal homeostasis that may reflect asymptomatic human Cryptosporidium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie V Russler-Germain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jisun Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aidan T Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shannon Young
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jaeu Yi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alec Wehmeier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lindsey E Fox
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kristen J Monte
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jiani N Chai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Devesha H Kulkarni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lisa J Funkhouser-Jones
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Georgia Wilke
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Vivek Durai
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rafael S Czepielewski
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Suellen Greco
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rodney D Newberry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - L David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Chyi-Song Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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20
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Gong Z, Kan ZZ, Huang JM, Fang Z, Liu XC, Gu YF, Li WC. Molecular prevalence and characterization of Cryptosporidium in domestic free-range poultry in Anhui Province, China. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:3519-3527. [PMID: 34417865 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Free-range chickens might mediate the spread of Cryptosporidium oocysts to humans and other animals. Few studies have evaluated the prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in domestic free-range poultry in China. Here, we characterized the prevalence and distribution of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium in domestic free-range chickens, ducks, and geese in Anhui Province, China. A total of 1910 fresh fecal samples from three poultry species were examined from 18 free-range poultry farms by nested PCR and analysis of the Cryptosporidium SSU rRNA gene. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium species was 2.9% (55/1910), with infection rates of 1.3% (11/829) in chickens, 7.3% (36/487) in ducks, and 1.4% (8/594) in geese. C. baileyi (0.6%), C. meleagridis (0.2%), C. galli (0.2%), and C. xiaoi-like genotype (0.2%) were identified in chickens, and only C. baileyi was identified in ducks and geese, with infection rates of 7.4% and 1.3%, respectively. C. baileyi was the most prevalent species. Sequencing of the GP60 gene revealed that the C. meleagridis isolates belonged to the IIIbA26G1R1b subtype. This is the first study to document C. galli and C. xiaoi-like genotype in domestic free-range chickens in China. These findings expand the range of avian hosts known for Cryptosporidium and highlight the need for additional studies to characterize the diversity of Cryptosporidium in avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Gong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Kan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Min Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhui Fang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Chao Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Fang Gu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Chao Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Banda B, Siwila J, Mukubesa AN, Chitanga S, Kaonga P, Changula K, Simulundu E, Saasa N, Kelly P. Cryptosporidiosis is predominantly an urban, anthroponotic infectious disease among Zambian children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 116:270-277. [PMID: 34388242 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium species are leading causes of diarrhoea in children and immunocompromised individuals. This study aimed to characterise Cryptosporidium species from children in rural and urban settings of Zambia. METHODS Stool samples collected from 490 children aged <5 y with diarrhoea were assessed for Cryptosporidium oocysts microscopically. A structured questionnaire was used to collect demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Positive samples were subjected to PCR and gp60 sequence analysis. RESULTS The overall prevalence was 10% (50/490, 95% CI 7.8 to 13.2) with a peak in March, the late rainy season. Children who came from households where boiling water was not practised (OR=2.5, 95% CI 1.29 to 5.17; p=0.007) or who had experienced recurrent episodes of diarrhoea (OR=9.31, 95% CI 3.02 to 28.73; p=0.001) were more likely to have Cryptosporidium infection. Genotyping of 16 positive samples (14 from urban and 2 from rural sources) revealed Cryptosporidium hominis (14/16) and Cryptosporidium parvum (2/16). The Cryptosporidium hominis subtypes identified were Ia, Ib and Ie with subtype families IeAIIG3 (1), IbA9G3R2 (2), IaA31R3 (3), IbA9G3 (5), IaA27R3 (1), IaA30R3 (1) and Ia (1). Subtypes IbA9G3 and Ia were identified in children from a rural area. Cryptosporidium parvum subtypes were IIcA5G3R2 (1) and IIcA5G3a (1). CONCLUSIONS All isolates successfully genotyped were C. hominis or anthroponotic C. parvum, suggesting that anthroponotic transmission dominates in Lusaka and the surrounding countryside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Banda
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Joyce Siwila
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Andrew N Mukubesa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Simbarashe Chitanga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Patrick Kaonga
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Katendi Changula
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ngonda Saasa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Paul Kelly
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition group, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.,Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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22
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Subtyping Cryptosporidium xiaoi, a Common Pathogen in Sheep and Goats. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070800. [PMID: 34202513 PMCID: PMC8308752 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a significant cause of diarrhea in sheep and goats. Among the over 40 established species of Cryptosporidium, Cryptosporidium xiaoi is one of the dominant species infecting ovine and caprine animals. The lack of subtyping tools makes it impossible to examine the transmission of this pathogen. In the present study, we identified and characterized the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene by sequencing the genome of C. xiaoi. The GP60 protein of C. xiaoi had a signal peptide, a furin cleavage site of RSRR, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, and over 100 O-glycosylation sites. Based on the gp60 sequence, a subtyping tool was developed and used in characterizing C. xiaoi in 355 positive samples from sheep and goats in China. A high sequence heterogeneity was observed in the gp60 gene, with 94 sequence types in 12 subtype families, namely XXIIIa to XXIIIl. Co-infections with multiple subtypes were common in these animals, suggesting that genetic recombination might be responsible for the high diversity within C. xiaoi. This was supported by the mosaic sequence patterns among the subtype families. In addition, a potential host adaptation was identified within this species, reflected by the exclusive occurrence of XXIIIa, XXIIIc, XXIIIg, and XXIIIj in goats. This subtyping tool should be useful in studies of the genetic diversity and transmission dynamics of C. xiaoi.
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23
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Lebbad M, Winiecka-Krusnell J, Stensvold CR, Beser J. High Diversity of Cryptosporidium Species and Subtypes Identified in Cryptosporidiosis Acquired in Sweden and Abroad. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050523. [PMID: 33926039 PMCID: PMC8147002 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium is an important cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. The aim of this study was to expand the knowledge on the molecular epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis in Sweden to better understand transmission patterns and potential zoonotic sources. Cryptosporidium-positive fecal samples were collected between January 2013 and December 2014 from 12 regional clinical microbiology laboratories in Sweden. Species and subtype determination was achieved using small subunit ribosomal RNA and 60 kDa glycoprotein gene analysis. Samples were available for 398 patients, of whom 250 (63%) and 138 (35%) had acquired the infection in Sweden and abroad, respectively. Species identification was successful for 95% (379/398) of the samples, revealing 12 species/genotypes: Cryptosporidium parvum (n = 299), C. hominis (n = 49), C. meleagridis (n = 8), C. cuniculus (n = 5), Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I (n = 5), C. felis (n = 4), C. erinacei (n = 2), C. ubiquitum (n = 2), and one each of C. suis, C. viatorum, C. ditrichi, and Cryptosporidium horse genotype. One patient was co-infected with C. parvum and C. hominis. Subtyping was successful for all species/genotypes, except for C. ditrichi, and revealed large diversity, with 29 subtype families (including 4 novel ones: C. parvum IIr, IIs, IIt, and Cryptosporidium horse genotype Vic) and 81 different subtypes. The most common subtype families were IIa (n = 164) and IId (n = 118) for C. parvum and Ib (n = 26) and Ia (n = 12) for C. hominis. Infections caused by the zoonotic C. parvum subtype families IIa and IId dominated both in patients infected in Sweden and abroad, while most C. hominis cases were travel-related. Infections caused by non-hominis and non-parvum species were quite common (8%) and equally represented in cases infected in Sweden and abroad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Lebbad
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, 171 82 Solna, Sweden; (M.L.); (J.W.-K.)
| | | | - Christen Rune Stensvold
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark;
| | - Jessica Beser
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, 171 82 Solna, Sweden; (M.L.); (J.W.-K.)
- Correspondence:
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24
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Li J, Ryan U, Guo Y, Feng Y, Xiao L. Advances in molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in dogs and cats. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:787-795. [PMID: 33848499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of molecular tools has led to the identification of several zoonotic Cryptosporidium spp. in dogs and cats. Among them, Cryptosporidium canis and Cryptosporidium felis are dominant species causing canine and feline cryptosporidiosis, respectively. Some Cryptosporidium parvum infections have also been identified in both groups of animals. The identification of C. canis, C. felis and C. parvum in both pets and owners suggests the possible occurrence of zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. between humans and pets. However, few cases of such concurrent infections have been reported. Thus, the cross-species transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. between dogs or cats and humans has long been a controversial issue. Recently developed subtyping tools for C. canis and C. felis should be very useful in identification of zoonotic transmission of both Cryptosporidium spp. Data generated using these tools have confirmed the occurrence of zoonotic transmission of these two Cryptosporidium spp. between owners and their pets, but have also shown the potential presence of host-adapted subtypes. Extensive usage of these subtyping tools in epidemiological studies of human cryptosporidiosis is needed for improved understanding of the importance of zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. from pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Li
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Una Ryan
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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25
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Braima K, Zahedi A, Egan S, Austen J, Xiao L, Feng Y, Witham B, Pingault N, Perera S, Oskam C, Reid S, Ryan U. Molecular analysis of cryptosporidiosis cases in Western Australia in 2019 and 2020 supports the occurrence of two swimming pool associated outbreaks and reveals the emergence of a rare C. hominis IbA12G3 subtype. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 92:104859. [PMID: 33848684 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an important protozoan parasite and due to its resistance to chlorine is a major cause of swimming pool-associated gastroenteritis outbreaks. The present study combined contact tracing and molecular techniques to analyse cryptosporidiosis cases and outbreaks in Western Australia in 2019 and 2020. In the 2019 outbreak, subtyping at the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene identified 89.0% (16/18) of samples were caused by the C. hominis IdA15G1 subtype. Amplicon next generation sequencing (NGS) at the gp60 locus identified five C. hominis IdA15G1 subtype samples that also had C. hominis IdA14 subtype DNA, while multi locus sequence typing (MLST) analysis on a subset (n = 14) of C. hominis samples identified three IdA15G1 samples with a 6 bp insertion at the end of the trinucleotide repeat region of the cp47 gene. In 2020, 88.0% (73/83) of samples typed were caused by the relatively rare C. hominis subtype IbA12G3. Four mixed infections were observed by NGS with three IdA15G1/ IdA14 mixtures and one C. parvum IIaA18G3R1 sample mixed with IIaA16G3R1. No genetic diversity using MLST was detected. Epidemiological and molecular data indicates that the outbreaks in 2019 and 2020 were each potentially from swimming pool point sources and a new C. hominis subtype IbA12G3 is emerging in Australia. The findings of the present study are important for understanding the introduction and transmission of rare Cryptosporidium subtypes to vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Braima
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Alireza Zahedi
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Siobhon Egan
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Jill Austen
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Benjamin Witham
- OzFoodNet Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nevada Pingault
- OzFoodNet Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shalinie Perera
- Western Diagnostic Pathology, Perth, Western Australia 6154, Australia
| | - Charlotte Oskam
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Simon Reid
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Una Ryan
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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26
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Messa A, Köster PC, Garrine M, Nhampossa T, Massora S, Cossa A, Bassat Q, Kotloff K, Levine MM, Alonso PL, Carmena D, Mandomando I. Molecular Characterisation of Cryptosporidium spp. in Mozambican Children Younger than 5 Years Enrolled in a Matched Case-Control Study on the Aetiology of Diarrhoeal Disease. Pathogens 2021; 10:452. [PMID: 33918893 PMCID: PMC8070020 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a leading cause of childhood diarrhoea and associated physical and cognitive impairment in low-resource settings. Cryptosporidium-positive faecal samples (n = 190) from children aged ≤ 5 years enrolled in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) in Mozambique detected by ELISA (11.5%, 430/3754) were successfully PCR-amplified and sequenced at the gp60 or ssu rRNA loci for species determination and genotyping. Three Cryptosporidium species including C. hominis (72.6%, 138/190), C. parvum (22.6%, 43/190), and C. meleagridis (4.2%, 8/190) were detected. Children ≤ 23 months were more exposed to Cryptosporidium spp. infections than older children. Both C. hominis and C. parvum were more prevalent among children with diarrhoeal disease compared to those children without it (47.6% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.007 and 23.7% vs. 11.8%, p = 0.014, respectively). A high intra-species genetic variability was observed within C. hominis (subtype families Ia, Ib, Id, Ie, and If) and C. parvum (subtype families IIb, IIc, IIe, and IIi) but not within C. meleagridis (subtype family IIIb). No association between Cryptosporidium species/genotypes and child's age was demonstrated. The predominance of C. hominis and C. parvum IIc suggests that most of the Cryptosporidium infections were anthroponotically transmitted, although zoonotic transmission events also occurred at an unknown rate. The role of livestock, poultry, and other domestic animal species as sources of environmental contamination and human cryptosporidiosis should be investigated in further molecular epidemiological studies in Mozambique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Messa
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo 1929, Mozambique; (A.M.J.); (M.G.); (T.N.); (S.M.); (A.C.); (Q.B.); (P.L.A.)
| | - Pamela C. Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Marcelino Garrine
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo 1929, Mozambique; (A.M.J.); (M.G.); (T.N.); (S.M.); (A.C.); (Q.B.); (P.L.A.)
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tacilta Nhampossa
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo 1929, Mozambique; (A.M.J.); (M.G.); (T.N.); (S.M.); (A.C.); (Q.B.); (P.L.A.)
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Marracuene, Maputo 1120, Mozambique
| | - Sérgio Massora
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo 1929, Mozambique; (A.M.J.); (M.G.); (T.N.); (S.M.); (A.C.); (Q.B.); (P.L.A.)
| | - Anélsio Cossa
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo 1929, Mozambique; (A.M.J.); (M.G.); (T.N.); (S.M.); (A.C.); (Q.B.); (P.L.A.)
| | - Quique Bassat
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo 1929, Mozambique; (A.M.J.); (M.G.); (T.N.); (S.M.); (A.C.); (Q.B.); (P.L.A.)
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic—Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Karen Kotloff
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1509, USA; (K.K.); (M.M.L.)
| | - Myron M. Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201-1509, USA; (K.K.); (M.M.L.)
| | - Pedro L. Alonso
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo 1929, Mozambique; (A.M.J.); (M.G.); (T.N.); (S.M.); (A.C.); (Q.B.); (P.L.A.)
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic—Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Global Malaria Program, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Inácio Mandomando
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo 1929, Mozambique; (A.M.J.); (M.G.); (T.N.); (S.M.); (A.C.); (Q.B.); (P.L.A.)
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Marracuene, Maputo 1120, Mozambique
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Yanta CA, Bessonov K, Robinson G, Troell K, Guy RA. CryptoGenotyper: A new bioinformatics tool for rapid Cryptosporidium identification. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2021; 23:e00115. [PMID: 33748443 PMCID: PMC7966988 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2021.e00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that is transmitted to both humans and animals through zoonotic or anthroponotic means. When a host is infected with this parasite, it causes a gastrointestinal disease known as cryptosporidiosis. To understand the transmission dynamics of Cryptosporidium, the small subunit (SSU or 18S) rRNA and gp60 genes are commonly studied through PCR analysis and conventional Sanger sequencing. However, analyzing sequence chromatograms manually is both time consuming and prone to human error, especially in the presence of poorly resolved, heterozygous peaks and the absence of a validated database. For this study, we developed a Cryptosporidium genotyping tool, called CryptoGenotyper, which has the capability to read raw Sanger sequencing data for the two common Cryptosporidium gene targets (SSU rRNA and gp60) and classify the sequence data into standard nomenclature. The CryptoGenotyper has the capacity to perform quality control and properly classify sequences using a high quality, manually curated reference database, saving users' time and removing bias during data analysis. The incorporated heterozygous base calling algorithms for the SSU rRNA gene target resolves double peaks, therefore recovering data previously classified as inconclusive. The CryptoGenotyper successfully genotyped 99.3% (428/431) and 95.1% (154/162) of SSU rRNA chromatograms containing single and mixed sequences, respectively, and correctly subtyped 95.6% (947/991) of gp60 chromatograms without manual intervention. This new, user-friendly tool can provide both fast and reproducible analyses of Sanger sequencing data for the two most common Cryptosporidium gene targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Yanta
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 110 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 3W4, Canada
| | - Kyrylo Bessonov
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 110 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 3W4, Canada
| | - Guy Robinson
- Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales, Microbiology and Health Protection, Singleton Hospital, Swansea SA2 8QA, UK.,Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Karin Troell
- National Veterinary Institute, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Rebecca A Guy
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 110 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 3W4, Canada
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Molecular Epidemiology of Human Cryptosporidiosis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:34/2/e00087-19. [PMID: 33627442 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00087-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is one of the most important causes of moderate to severe diarrhea and diarrhea-related mortality in children under 2 years of age in low- and middle-income countries. In recent decades, genotyping and subtyping tools have been used in epidemiological studies of human cryptosporidiosis. Results of these studies suggest that higher genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. is present in humans in these countries at both species and subtype levels and that anthroponotic transmission plays a major role in human cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidium hominis is the most common Cryptosporidium species in humans in almost all the low- and middle-income countries examined, with five subtype families (namely, Ia, Ib, Id, Ie, and If) being commonly found in most regions. In addition, most Cryptosporidium parvum infections in these areas are caused by the anthroponotic IIc subtype family rather than the zoonotic IIa subtype family. There is geographic segregation in Cryptosporidium hominis subtypes, as revealed by multilocus subtyping. Concurrent and sequential infections with different Cryptosporidium species and subtypes are common, as immunity against reinfection and cross protection against different Cryptosporidium species are partial. Differences in clinical presentations have been observed among Cryptosporidium species and C. hominis subtypes. These observations suggest that WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene)-based interventions should be implemented to prevent and control human cryptosporidiosis in low- and middle-income countries.
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Development of a Subtyping Tool for Zoonotic Pathogen Cryptosporidium canis. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:JCM.02474-20. [PMID: 33298606 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02474-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium canis is an important cause of cryptosporidiosis in canines and humans. Studies of the transmission characteristics of C. canis are currently hampered by the lack of suitable subtyping tools. In this study, we conducted a genomic survey of the pathogen and developed a subtyping tool targeting the partial 60-kDa glycoprotein gene (gp60). Seventy-six isolates previously identified as C. canis were analyzed using the new subtyping tool. Amplicons of the expected size were obtained from 49 isolates, and phylogenetic analysis identified 10 subtypes clustered into five distinct groups (XXa to XXe). The largest group, XXa, contained 43 isolates from four subtypes that differed slightly from each other at the nucleotide level, while groups XXb to XXe contain one to three isolates each. The similar distributions of subtypes in humans and canines suggest that zoonotic transmission might play an important role in the epidemiology of C. canis In addition, suspected zoonotic transmission of C. canis between dogs and humans in a household was confirmed using the subtyping tool. The subtyping tool and data generated in this study might improve our understanding of the transmission of this zoonotic pathogen.
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Guy RA, Yanta CA, Muchaal PK, Rankin MA, Thivierge K, Lau R, Boggild AK. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates from humans in Ontario, Canada. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:69. [PMID: 33482898 PMCID: PMC7821412 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04546-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidiosis is a gastrointestinal disease with global distribution. It has been a reportable disease in Canada since 2000; however, routine molecular surveillance is not conducted. Therefore, sources of contamination are unknown. The aim of this project was to identify species and subtypes of Cryptosporidium in clinical cases from Ontario, the largest province in Canada, representing one third of the Canadian population, in order to understand transmission patterns. METHODS A total of 169 frozen, banked, unpreserved stool specimens that were microscopy positive for Cryptosporidium over the period 2008-2017 were characterized using molecular tools. A subset of the 169 specimens were replicate samples from individual cases. DNA was extracted directly from the stool and nested PCR followed by Sanger sequencing was conducted targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU) and glycoprotein 60 (gp60) genes. RESULTS Molecular typing data and limited demographic data were obtained for 129 cases of cryptosporidiosis. Of these cases, 91 (70.5 %) were due to Cryptosporidium parvum and 24 (18.6%) were due to Cryptosporidium hominis. Mixed infections of C. parvum and C. hominis occurred in four (3.1%) cases. Five other species observed were Cryptosporidium ubiquitum (n = 5), Cryptosporidium felis (n = 2), Cryptosporidium meleagridis (n = 1), Cryptosporidium cuniculus (n = 1) and Cryptosporidium muris (n = 1). Subtyping the gp60 gene revealed 5 allelic families and 17 subtypes of C. hominis and 3 allelic families and 17 subtypes of C. parvum. The most frequent subtype of C. hominis was IbA10G2 (22.3%) and of C. parvum was IIaA15G2R1 (62.4%). CONCLUSIONS The majority of isolates in this study were C. parvum, supporting the notion that zoonotic transmission is the main route of cryptosporidiosis transmission in Ontario. Nonetheless, the observation of C. hominis in about a quarter of cases suggests that anthroponotic transmission is also an important contributor to cryptosporidiosis pathogenesis in Ontario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Guy
- Parasite Biology Unit/Division of Enteric Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 110 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 3W4 Canada
| | - Christine A. Yanta
- Parasite Biology Unit/Division of Enteric Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 110 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 3W4 Canada
| | - Pia K. Muchaal
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental & Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, 370 Woodlawn Road West, Guelph, ON N1H 7M7 Canada
| | - Marisa A. Rankin
- Parasite Biology Unit/Division of Enteric Diseases, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 110 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 3W4 Canada
| | - Karine Thivierge
- Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, 20045, chemin Sainte-Marie, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec H9X 3R5 Canada
| | - Rachel Lau
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, M5G 1M1 Canada
| | - Andrea K. Boggild
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, M5G 1M1 Canada
- Tropical Disease Unit, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, M5G 2C4 Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8 Canada
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Fan Y, Wang X, Yang R, Zhao W, Li N, Guo Y, Xiao L, Feng Y. Molecular characterization of the waterborne pathogens Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cyclospora cayetanensis and Eimeria spp. in wastewater and sewage in Guangzhou, China. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:66. [PMID: 33472683 PMCID: PMC7818739 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04566-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The waterborne pathogens Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cyclospora cayetanensis can cause intestinal diseases in humans. An understanding of their occurrence and transport in the environment is essential for accurate quantitative microbial risk assessment. Methods A total of 238 influent samples were collected from four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and 88 samples from eight sewer locations in Guangzhou, China. PCR-based tools were used to detect and genetically characterize Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi. Eimeria spp. and Cyclospora spp. were also analyzed to assess the sources of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi in wastewater. Results The overall occurrence rates in the WWTP and sewer samples were 14.3% (34/238) and 13.6% (12/88) for Cryptosporidium spp., 55.5% (132/238) and 33.0% (29/88) for G. duodenalis, 56.3% (134/238) and 26.1% (23/88) for E. bieneusi and 45.4% (108/238) and 47.7% (42/88) for Eimeria spp., respectively. Altogether, 11 Cryptosporidium species and genotypes, six G. duodenalis genotypes, 11 E. bieneusi genotypes and four C. cayetanensis were found, together with the presence of nine Eimeria species. The common occurrence of Cryptosporidium rat genotype IV, C. muris and Eimeria papillata and E. nieschulzi suggested that rodents were significant sources of the enteric pathogens detected in the wastewater samples. Conclusions While the dominant Cryptosporidium spp. detected in the raw wastewater sampled in this study are not pathogenic to humans, the widely detected G. duodenalis assemblage A and E. bieneusi genotypes D and Type IV are well-known zoonotic pathogens. Further studies are needed to monitor the occurrence of these waterborne pathogens in WWTPs to better understand their transmission and environmental transport in China.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Fan
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinrui Wang
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruohong Yang
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Wentao Zhao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Na Li
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
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Subtype Characterization and Zoonotic Potential of Cryptosporidium felis in Cats in Guangdong and Shanghai, China. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020089. [PMID: 33498291 PMCID: PMC7909240 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiumfelis is an important cause of feline and human cryptosporidiosis. However, the transmission of this pathogen between humans and cats remains controversial, partially due to a lack of genetic characterization of isolates from cats. The present study was conducted to examine the genetic diversity of C. felis in cats in China and to assess their potential zoonotic transmission. A newly developed subtyping tool based on a sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene was employed to identify the subtypes of 30 cat-derived C. felis isolates from Guangdong and Shanghai. Altogether, 20 C. felis isolates were successfully subtyped. The results of the sequence alignment showed a high genetic diversity, with 13 novel subtypes and 2 known subtypes of the XIXa subtype family being identified. The known subtypes were previously detected in humans, while some of the subtypes formed well-supported subclusters with human-derived subtypes from other countries in a phylogenetic analysis of the gp60 sequences. The results of this study confirmed the high genetic diversity of the XIXa subtype family of C. felis. The common occurrence of this subtype family in both humans and cats suggests that there could be cross-species transmission of C. felis.
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Altamimi MK, Al-Zubaidi MTS. High Prevalence of Cryptosporidium meleagridis in Domestic Pigeons (Columba livia domestica) Raises a Prospect of Zoonotic Transmission in Babylon Province, Iraq. THE IRAQI JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v44i(e0).1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is one of the most common protozoan’s parasites with remarkable infectivity of a wide range of animals, including mammals and birds. Domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) act as a potential reservoir for several species of Cryptosporidium because they live in close proximity to humans. This study was conducted to assess the genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium in domestic pigeons in Iraq. A total of one hundred samples obtained from feces of domestic pigeons in Babylon province were included. After being exposed to microbial examination, all fecal samples were subsequently screened by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the possible recognition of Cryptosporidium species. Microscopy tests detected only 14/100 (14%) of infection with Cryptosporidium, while molecular tests detected 21/100 (21%) of the same targeted parasite. Sequencing experiments showed a high prevalence of C. meleagridis with 13/21 (61.90%), followed by C. baileyi with 7/21 (33.33%), while only one infection was detected with C. hominis (1/21) (4.76%). No co-infection with mixed Cryptosporidium spp. was observed, and sex factor was not found to affect the infection rate. In conclusion, this study informed a high prevalence of C. meleagridis in domestic pigeons than both C. baileyi and C. hominis, respectively, signifying a higher zoonotic potential of C. meleagridis between domestic pigeons and their handlers. This finding may raise more questions with regard to the increasing infectivity of C. meleagridis in human. This is the first important screening study in Iraq that uses molecular methods for the detection of Cryptosporidium in domesticated pigeons.
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Arias-Agudelo LM, Garcia-Montoya G, Cabarcas F, Galvan-Diaz AL, Alzate JF. Comparative genomic analysis of the principal Cryptosporidium species that infect humans. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10478. [PMID: 33344091 PMCID: PMC7718795 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parasites are ubiquitous and can infect a broad range of vertebrates and are considered the most frequent protozoa associated with waterborne parasitic outbreaks. The intestine is the target of three of the species most frequently found in humans: C. hominis, C. parvum, and. C. meleagridis. Despite the recent advance in genome sequencing projects for this apicomplexan, a broad genomic comparison including the three species most prevalent in humans have not been published so far. In this work, we downloaded raw NGS data, assembled it under normalized conditions, and compared 23 publicly available genomes of C. hominis, C. parvum, and C. meleagridis. Although few genomes showed highly fragmented assemblies, most of them had less than 500 scaffolds and mean coverage that ranged between 35X and 511X. Synonymous single nucleotide variants were the most common in C. hominis and C. meleagridis, while in C. parvum, they accounted for around 50% of the SNV observed. Furthermore, deleterious nucleotide substitutions common to all three species were more common in genes associated with DNA repair, recombination, and chromosome-associated proteins. Indel events were observed in the 23 studied isolates that spanned up to 500 bases. The highest number of deletions was observed in C. meleagridis, followed by C. hominis, with more than 60 species-specific deletions found in some isolates of these two species. Although several genes with indel events have been partially annotated, most of them remain to encode uncharacterized proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Arias-Agudelo
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica - CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria - SIU, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Gisela Garcia-Montoya
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica - CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria - SIU, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Felipe Cabarcas
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica - CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria - SIU, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia.,Grupo SISTEMIC, Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Ana L Galvan-Diaz
- Grupo de Microbiología ambiental. Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Juan F Alzate
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica - CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria - SIU, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
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Jiang W, Roellig DM, Lebbad M, Beser J, Troell K, Guo Y, Li N, Xiao L, Feng Y. Subtype distribution of zoonotic pathogen Cryptosporidium felis in humans and animals in several countries. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:2446-2454. [PMID: 33084542 PMCID: PMC7655080 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1840312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium felis is the major etiologic agent of cryptosporidiosis in felines and has been reported in numerous human cryptosporidiosis cases. Sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene has been developed for subtyping C. felis recently. In this study, 66 C. felis isolates from the United States, Jamaica, Peru, Portugal, Slovakia, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Kenya, China, India and Australia were subtyped using the newly established tool. Forty-four specimens yielded gp60 sequences, generating 23 subtypes clustered in 4 subtype families (XIXa, XIXc, XIXd and XIXe) with high bootstrap support in a phylogenetic analysis of sequence data. Among them, XIXa showed high genetic diversity at the nucleotide level, with the formation of 18 subtypes from both cats and humans with different geographic distribution. In contrast, all 11 XIXd isolates derived from humans from various countries had identical sequences. Results of this study improve our understanding of the genetic diversity, host specificity and transmission dynamics of C. felis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dawn M. Roellig
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yaqiong Guo
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Veterinary Students Have a Higher Risk of Contracting Cryptosporidiosis when Calves with High Fecal Cryptosporidium Loads Are Used for Fetotomy Exercises. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01250-20. [PMID: 32709724 PMCID: PMC7499042 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01250-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. can cause severe diarrhea in infected individuals. Cryptosporidium parvum is zoonotic, and cattle are the main reservoir. In several countries, outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis have occurred in veterinary students after handling calves. We carried out a 1-year-long prospective study to investigate the occurrence of these recurrent cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in Denmark. Our investigation used a One Health approach and combined comprehensive epidemiological approaches and laboratory methods applied to both students and calves in the setting of the fetotomy exercises. Two outbreaks took place during the study period; additionally, we retrospectively identified two more suspected outbreaks prior to the study period. The results illustrated a high risk of contracting cryptosporidiosis among veterinary students in the setting of the fetotomy exercises, especially when using calves with high fecal Cryptosporidium loads. Our data can be used to inform future efforts to prevent transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum to students during fetotomy exercises. An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis among veterinary students performing fetotomy exercises on euthanized calves took place in September 2018 in Denmark. A prospective cohort investigation was performed to identify risk factors and provide guidance for preventing outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis in this setting. Ninety-seven students attended the fetotomy exercises and completed a questionnaire about symptoms and potential risk behavior. Real-time PCR was used to detect Cryptosporidium spp. in stool samples from students and to quantify the fecal parasite load in the calves used for the exercises. gp60 subtyping was carried out for the Cryptosporidium-positive samples. Our case definition was based on participation in a fetotomy exercise, reported symptoms, and laboratory results. Eleven laboratory-confirmed or probable cases (11%) were identified in two outbreaks during the prospective study period, with attack rates of 4/10 (40%) and 7/9 (78%), respectively. The risk factors for cryptosporidiosis we identified were performing the exercise on a diarrheic calf, reporting visible fecal contamination on the personal protective equipment (PPE), and reporting problems with PPE during the exercise. Cryptosporidium parvum IIaA15G2R1 was detected in both cases and calves. A significantly higher proportion of the calves aged 7 days old and above were positive compared with younger calves. Furthermore, a high fecal Cryptosporidium load in a calf was associated with a higher probability of an outbreak among the students. Based on our results, using noninfected calves for the exercises, appropriate use of PPE, and thorough hand hygiene are recommended to reduce the risk of contracting cryptosporidiosis in connection with fetotomy exercises. IMPORTANCECryptosporidium spp. can cause severe diarrhea in infected individuals. Cryptosporidium parvum is zoonotic, and cattle are the main reservoir. In several countries, outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis have occurred in veterinary students after handling calves. We carried out a 1-year-long prospective study to investigate the occurrence of these recurrent cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in Denmark. Our investigation used a One Health approach and combined comprehensive epidemiological approaches and laboratory methods applied to both students and calves in the setting of the fetotomy exercises. Two outbreaks took place during the study period; additionally, we retrospectively identified two more suspected outbreaks prior to the study period. The results illustrated a high risk of contracting cryptosporidiosis among veterinary students in the setting of the fetotomy exercises, especially when using calves with high fecal Cryptosporidium loads. Our data can be used to inform future efforts to prevent transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum to students during fetotomy exercises.
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García-Livia K, Martín-Alonso A, Foronda P. Diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in wild rodents from the Canary Islands, Spain. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:445. [PMID: 32887646 PMCID: PMC7472698 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium spp. are worldwide protozoan parasites which include species that can lead to cryptosporidiosis in humans. Different animal species can serve as reservoirs and sources of dissemination of the disease, such as rodent species due their potential in transmitting zoonotic pathogens to humans and other animals. In the Canary Islands (Spain), Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis have been identified in patients with diarrhea. However, the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in possible reservoirs in this archipelago remains unclear. Considering the zoonotic potential of these protozoans, the aim of the present study was to determine the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. in peridomestic wild rodents and the possible role of these mammals as a source of transmission of these protozoans in Canary Islands. METHODS A total of 179 rodents belonging to Rattus rattus and Mus musculus domesticus from four Canary Islands, La Palma, El Hierro, Tenerife and Lanzarote, were analyzed. Feces were screened for Cryptosporidium spp. by nested PCR of the 18S ribosomal RNA fragment and the sequences used for phylogenetic analyses. RESULTS Cryptosporidium spp. were found widely distributed with an overall prevalence of 12.30% in rodents (13.86% for R. rattus and 10.25% for M. m. domesticus). The overall prevalence by island was 19.60% for Tenerife, 7.14% for La Palma, 5.71% for El Hierro and 0% for Lanzarote. Cryptosporidium tyzzeri, Cryptosporidium meleagridis, Cryptosporidium muris and Cryptosporidium sp. rat genotype I and II/III were successfully identified, in addition to two unidentified Cryptosporidium genotypes. CONCLUSIONS This study contributes to the knowledge of the biodiversity and distribution of Cryptosporidium spp. in wild rodents from the Canary Islands, highlighting the presence of three zoonotic species, C. tyzzeri, C. meleagridis and C. muris, being the first detection of these three species in wild rodents in the Canary Islands and the first report of C. meleagridis in R. rattus. Given the results obtained in our study, future studies in non-sampled areas are required to better understand the epidemiology of these protozoans in wild rodents in the archipelago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine García-Livia
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristobal de La Laguna, Canary Islands Spain
- Departament Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristobal de La Laguna, Canary Islands Spain
| | - Aarón Martín-Alonso
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristobal de La Laguna, Canary Islands Spain
| | - Pilar Foronda
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristobal de La Laguna, Canary Islands Spain
- Departament Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristobal de La Laguna, Canary Islands Spain
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Jiang W, Roellig DM, Li N, Wang L, Guo Y, Feng Y, Xiao L. Contribution of hospitals to the occurrence of enteric protists in urban wastewater. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3033-3040. [PMID: 32748039 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06834-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the potential contribution of hospitals to contaminations of wastewater by enteric protists, including Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in raw wastewater. Wastewater samples were collected from storage tanks in two hospitals and one associated wastewater treatment plant in Shanghai, China, from March to November 2009. Enteric pathogens were detected and identified using PCR and DNA sequencing techniques. Among a total of 164 samples analyzed, 31 (18.9%), 45 (27.4%), and 122 (74.4%) were positive for Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi, respectively. Altogether, three Cryptosporidium species, four G. duodenalis assemblages, and 12 E. bieneusi genotypes were detected. Cryptosporidium hominis, G. duodenalis sub-assemblage AII, and E. bieneusi genotype D were the dominant ones in wastewater from both hospitals and the wastewater treatment plant. A similar distribution in genotypes of enteric pathogens was seen between samples from hospitals and the wastewater treatment plant, suggesting that humans are one of the major sources for these pathogens and hospitals are important contributors of enteric parasites in urban wastewater. Data from this study might be useful in the formulation of preventive measures against environmental contamination of waterborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Dawn M Roellig
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Na Li
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lin Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China. .,Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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Yang X, Huang N, Jiang W, Wang X, Li N, Guo Y, Kváč M, Feng Y, Xiao L. Subtyping Cryptosporidium ryanae: A Common Pathogen in Bovine Animals. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081107. [PMID: 32722048 PMCID: PMC7466019 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium ryanae is one of the most common species for cryptosporidiosis in cattle. However, little is known of the genetic characteristics of C. ryanae due to the lack of subtyping tools. In the present study, the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene of C. ryanae was identified in whole genome sequence data and analyzed for sequence characteristics using bioinformatics tools. The protein it encodes had some of the typical characteristics of GP60 proteins, with a signal peptide, a furin cleavage site, and a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor at the C terminus of the protein, and numerous O-glycosylation sites. The gene sequence was used in the development of a subtyping tool, which was used in characterizing C. ryanae from 110 specimens from dairy cattle, 2 from beef cattle, 6 from yaks, and 4 from water buffaloes in China. Altogether, 17 subtypes from 8 subtype families were recognized, namely XXIa to XXIh. Possible host adaption was identified within this species, reflected by the unique occurrence of XXIa, XXIc, and XXIh in dairy cattle, yaks, and water buffaloes, respectively. Some geographical differences were detected in the distribution of subtype families in dairy cattle; specimens from southern China showed higher genetic diversity than from northern China, and the XXIa subtype family was only seen in dairy cattle in southern and eastern China. The gp60-based subtyping tool should be useful in molecular epidemiological studies of the transmission of C. ryanae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Y.); (N.H.); (X.W.); (N.L.); (Y.G.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ni Huang
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Y.); (N.H.); (X.W.); (N.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Wen Jiang
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;
| | - Xinrui Wang
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Y.); (N.H.); (X.W.); (N.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Na Li
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Y.); (N.H.); (X.W.); (N.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Y.); (N.H.); (X.W.); (N.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Martin Kváč
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Y.); (N.H.); (X.W.); (N.L.); (Y.G.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (Y.F.); (L.X.); Tel.: +86-159-2144-6686 (Y.F.); +86-183-0173-2862 (L.X.)
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Y.); (N.H.); (X.W.); (N.L.); (Y.G.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (Y.F.); (L.X.); Tel.: +86-159-2144-6686 (Y.F.); +86-183-0173-2862 (L.X.)
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Galvan-Diaz AL, Bedoya-Urrego K, Medina-Lozano A, Uran-Velasquez J, Alzate JF, Garcia-Montoya G. Common occurrence of Cryptosporidium hominis in children attending day-care centers in Medellin, Colombia. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2935-2942. [PMID: 32594239 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06782-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. are apicomplexan protozoa associated with chronic diarrhea in AIDS and other immunocompromised patients, and one of the commonest causes of childhood diarrhea and malnutrition, particularly in low-income settings. In Colombia, there are few molecular epidemiological studies on Cryptosporidium spp.; thereby, the transmission dynamics of this parasite in the country is poorly known. This study evaluated the diversity of Cryptosporidium at species, subtype family, and subtype level in children attending various day-care centers in Medellin, Colombia. Two hundred and ninety stool samples from children < 5 years of age were collected from April to November of 2015. All samples were processed by PCR and sequence analysis of the ssu RNA gene and the gp60 gene. An infection rate of 2.4% was observed, with only two Cryptosporidium species identified: C. hominis (6/7) and C. meleagridis (1/7). Cryptosporidium hominis isolates belonged to the subtypes IbA10G2, IaA13R6 and IaA13R7; IIIbA26G1R1 C. meleagridis subtype was also detected. There is a C. hominis predominance in the children evaluated, suggesting an important role of the anthroponotic transmission cycle in the day-care centers analyzed. Further investigation is required to determine infection sources and susceptible hosts in order to define appropriate management of cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luz Galvan-Diaz
- Grupo de Microbiología ambiental, Escuela de microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Ciudad universitaria, Bloque 5-410. Cl. 67 #53-108, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia.
| | - Katherine Bedoya-Urrego
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica-CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria-SIU, Universidad de Antioquia, Cra 53#61-30 Torre 1 Lab S2-15, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Angelica Medina-Lozano
- Grupo de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Corporación Académica para el Estudio de las Patologías Tropicales, Universidad de Antioquia, Cra. 51d #62-29, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Johanna Uran-Velasquez
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica-CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria-SIU, Universidad de Antioquia, Cra 53#61-30 Torre 1 Lab S2-15, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Juan F Alzate
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica-CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria-SIU, Universidad de Antioquia, Cra 53#61-30 Torre 1 Lab S2-15, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Gisela Garcia-Montoya
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica-CNSG, Sede de Investigación Universitaria-SIU, Universidad de Antioquia, Cra 53#61-30 Torre 1 Lab S2-15, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
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Garcia-R JC, Pita AB, Velathanthiri N, French NP, Hayman DTS. Species and genotypes causing human cryptosporidiosis in New Zealand. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2317-2326. [PMID: 32494897 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06729-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is one of the most common causes of diarrhoea around the world. Successful management and prevention of this infectious disease requires knowledge of the diversity of species and subtypes causing human disease. We use sequence data from 2598 human faecal samples collected during an 11-year period (2009-2019) to better understand the impact of different species and subtypes on public health and to gain insights into the variation of human cryptosporidiosis in New Zealand. Human cryptosporidiosis in New Zealand is caused by a high diversity of species and subtypes. Six species cause human disease in New Zealand: C. hominis, C. parvum, C. cuniculus, C. erinacei, C. meleagridis and C. tyzzeri. Sequence analysis of the gp60 gene identified 16 subtype families and 101 subtypes. Cryptosporidium hominis IbA10G2 and C. parvum IIaA18G3R1 were the most frequent causes of human cryptosporidiosis with 27% and 29% of infections, respectively. Cryptosporidium hominis presented a peak of notified human cases during autumn (March-May) whereas most cases of human cryptosporidiosis caused by C. parvum are found during the calving and lambing season in spring (September-November). We also reported some subtypes that have been rarely detected in other countries such as IbA20G2 and IIoA13G1 and a low prevalence of the hypertransmissible and virulent IIaA15G2R1. This study provides insight into the variability of cryptosporidiosis in New Zealand essential for disease management and surveillance to prevent the introduction or spread of new species and subtypes in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Garcia-R
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Anthony B Pita
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Niluka Velathanthiri
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P French
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Rojas-Lopez L, Elwin K, Chalmers RM, Enemark HL, Beser J, Troell K. Development of a gp60-subtyping method for Cryptosporidium felis. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:39. [PMID: 31973771 PMCID: PMC6979280 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3906-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline cryptosporidiosis is an increasing problem, especially in catteries. In humans, close contact with cats could be a potential source of infection although the risk of contracting cryptosporidiosis caused by Cryptosporidium felis is considered to be relatively low. Sequencing of the 60-kDa glycoprotein gene is a commonly used tool for investigation of the genetic diversity and transmission dynamics of Cryptosporidium species. However, until now the sequence of gp60 from C. felis has not been available and genotyping has been limited to less discriminatory markers, such as 18S rRNA, COWP and HSP70. METHODS We have identified the gp60 orthologue within the genome sequence of C. felis, and used the sequence to design a nested PCR for subtyping purposes. A total of 128 clinical isolates of both feline and human origin, were used to evaluate the marker. RESULTS Sequence analysis revealed large variations between the different samples. The C. felis gp60 lack the characteristic serine-tract found in many other cryptosporidian orthologues, instead it has an insertion of variable length (361-742 nt). Also, two cases of suspected zoonotic transmission of C. felis between cats and humans were successfully confirmed. CONCLUSIONS We have identified the gp60 gene in C. felis and show how this highly variable marker can be used in epidemiological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rojas-Lopez
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, 171 82 Solna, Sweden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristin Elwin
- Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology and Health Protection, Singleton Hospital Sgeti, Swansea, SA2 8QA UK
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Grove Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP UK
| | - Rachel M. Chalmers
- Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology and Health Protection, Singleton Hospital Sgeti, Swansea, SA2 8QA UK
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Grove Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP UK
| | - Heidi L. Enemark
- National Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jessica Beser
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, 171 82 Solna, Sweden
| | - Karin Troell
- National Veterinary Institute, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium species in poultry in Bangladesh. One Health 2020; 9:100122. [PMID: 32368610 PMCID: PMC7184206 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an opportunistic parasite that has been reported in >30 avian hosts worldwide, however, there is no information regarding Cryptosporidium spp. in poultry in Bangladesh. Accordingly, we investigated the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in poultry at open live bird markets in Bangladesh. A total of 197 samples were randomly collected from poultry at open live bird markets in Bangladesh and screened for the detection of Cryptosporidium. Initial microscopic examination revealed Cryptosporidium spp. was observed in 19.8% (39/197) of the poultry specimens. Subsequent nested PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene revealed that 15.7% (31/197) of the samples were Cryptosporidium positive. Of these 31 samples, 17 were Cryptosporidium baileyi (8.7%), 12 were Cryptosporidium meleagridis (6.0%), and 2 were Cryptosporidium parvum (1.0%). Nucleotide sequence analysis of the GP60 gene of the C. meleagridis revealed that two subtypes (IIIbA21G1R1 and IIIbA23G1R1), which were found in broiler, native and sonali chickens and a pigeon, matched those previously reported in humans and poultry. We identified two novel subtypes (IIIbA21G2R1 and IIIbA20G2R1) in sonali chickens, a broiler chicken and a layer chicken. We also amplified the GP60 gene of C. parvum and found two subtypes (IIaA11G2R1 and IIaA13G2R1) in a sonali and a broiler chicken that were previously reported in calf. These findings suggest that poultry can be a source of cryptosporidial infections for humans and animals in Bangladesh. This is the first molecular investigation of Cryptosporidium genotypes and subtypes in poultry at open live bird markets in Bangladesh. Cryptosporidium genotypes and subtypes in poultry in Bangladesh have been investigated firstly. Cryptosporidium baileyi, C. meleagridis and C. parvum are identified while C. baileyi is predominant species in poultry. Two novel subtypes (IIIbA21G2R1 and IIIbA20G2R1) of the C. meleagridis in chickens are detected. Cryptosporidium parasites are common among the live bird markets in Bangladesh.
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Koehler AV, Šlapeta J. Use of Markers to Determine Cryptosporidium Genotypes for Epidemiology Tracking and Detection. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2052:117-127. [PMID: 31452160 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9748-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) enables amplification of specific DNA fragments for the detection and tracking of Cryptosporidium spp. Newly obtained DNA are compared to an ever-growing database of Cryptosporidium sequences with uncertain or outdated metadata in primary public repositories (i.e., EMBL/DDBJ/GenBank). Here, we describe standard operating procedures to obtain DNA sequences from Cryptosporidium spp. marker genes. Small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene, large-subunit ribosomal RNA gene, and glycoprotein 60 are amplified using conventional PCR. Amplified and sequenced genes are compared to a reference library of up-to-date curated gene sequences to identify Cryptosporidium species and variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anson V Koehler
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Jan Šlapeta
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Boughattas S, Behnke JM, Al-Sadeq D, Ismail A, Abu-Madi M. Cryptosporidium spp., prevalence, molecular characterisation and socio-demographic risk factors among immigrants in Qatar. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007750. [PMID: 31661498 PMCID: PMC6818760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization WHO has estimated that in developed countries, up to 30% of the population may suffer from foodborne diseases each year, and that in developing countries up to 2 million deaths per annum can be attributed to cryptosporidiosis. Reports have already emphasized the role of immigrants in outbreaks of parasitic diseases especially those working in food processing industries. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Herein we assessed Cryptosporidium spp. infections among immigrants in Qatar with a special focus on food handlers and housemaids. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. by q-PCR among 839 asymptomatic subjects was 4.5%. Based on the Gp60 gene, the majority of isolates were identified as C. parvum subtype IIdA20G1b. The positive sample for C. hominis was subtyped as IeA12G3T3. Seven mixed infections were also identified (four C. parvum + C. hominis, and three C. parvum + C. meleagridis). The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. did not differ significantly between the sexes or age classes but varied significantly between subjects affiliated to different religions with the lowest prevalence among the Muslims. Multifactorial analysis retained also marked significance with education, income, and a house contents index. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis and the risk factors associated with the likelihood of carrying this infection among immigrant workers from developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Boughattas
- College of Health Sciences, Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jerzy M. Behnke
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Duaa Al-Sadeq
- College of Health Sciences, Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Ismail
- Medical Commission, Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar
| | - Marawan Abu-Madi
- College of Health Sciences, Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- * E-mail:
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Braima K, Zahedi A, Oskam C, Reid S, Pingault N, Xiao L, Ryan U. Retrospective analysis of Cryptosporidium species in Western Australian human populations (2015-2018), and emergence of the C. hominis IfA12G1R5 subtype. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 73:306-313. [PMID: 31146044 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium species are a major cause of diarrhoea worldwide. In the present study, a retrospective analysis of 109 microscopically Cryptosporidium-positive faecal specimens from Western Australian patients, collected between 2015 and 2018 was conducted. Sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA and the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene loci identified four Cryptosporidium species: C. hominis (86.2%, 94/109), C. parvum (11.0%, 12/109), C. meleagridis (1.8%, 2/109) and C. viatorum (0.9%, 1/109). Subtyping at the gp60 locus identified a total of 11 subtypes including the emergence of the previously rare C. hominis IfA12G1R5 subtype in 2017 as the dominant subtype (46.7%, 21/45). This subtype has also recently emerged as the dominant subtype in the United States but the reasons for its emergence are unknown. This is also the first report of C. viatorum in humans in Australia and a novel subtype (XVaA3g) was identified in the one positive patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Braima
- Vector and Waterborne Pathogens Research Group, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
| | - Alireza Zahedi
- Vector and Waterborne Pathogens Research Group, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
| | - Charlotte Oskam
- Vector and Waterborne Pathogens Research Group, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
| | - Simon Reid
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Nevada Pingault
- OzFoodNet Communicable Disease Control Directorate, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Una Ryan
- Vector and Waterborne Pathogens Research Group, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia.
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Sannella AR, Suputtamongkol Y, Wongsawat E, Cacciò SM. A retrospective molecular study of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in HIV-infected patients from Thailand. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:91. [PMID: 30867022 PMCID: PMC6417249 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3348-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Opportunistic infections represent a serious health problem for HIV-infected people. Among enteric infections, cryptosporidiosis, a severe and life-threatening diarrheal disease, is of particular importance in low economic settings where access to anti-retroviral therapy is limited. Understanding transmission routes is crucial in establishing preventive measures, and requires the use of informative genotyping methods. In this study, we performed a retrospective analysis of Cryptosporidium species in 166 stool samples collected from 155 HIV-infected patients during 1999–2004 at the Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand. Results Microscopic examination of stools identified 104 of the 155 patients as positive for Cryptosporidium. Other common pathogens identified were microsporidia, Isospora, Giardia, Strongyloides and Opisthorchis. All samples were tested by amplification of a fragment of the 18S rDNA locus, and sequencing showed the presence of Cryptosporidium hominis (n = 42), C. meleagridis (n = 20), C. canis (n = 12), C. felis (n = 7), C. suis (n = 6) and C. parvum (n = 5). Genotyping at the glycoprotein 60 (gp60) locus revealed substantial variability in isolates of C. hominis and C. meleagridis. Among C. hominis isolates, subtype IeA11G3T3 was the most prevalent, but allelic family Id was the more diverse with four subtypes described, two of which were identified for the first time. Among C. meleagridis isolates, seven subtypes, two of which were new, were found in the allelic family IIIb, along with new subtypes in allelic families IIIe and IIIg. In the four C. parvum isolates, subtype IIoA16G1, a rare subtype previously reported in a Swedish patient who had traveled to Thailand, was identified. Conclusions This study confirms the high susceptibility of HIV-infected individuals to infection with different Cryptosporidium species and subtypes, and further stresses the importance of surveillance for opportunistic intestinal protozoans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3348-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rosa Sannella
- Department of Infectious Disease, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Yupin Suputtamongkol
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ekkarat Wongsawat
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Simone M Cacciò
- Department of Infectious Disease, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Hatalová E, Valenčáková A, Luptáková L, Špalková M, Kalinová J, Halánová M, Bednárová V, Gabzdilová J, Dedinská K, Ondriska F, Boldiš V. The first report of animal genotypes of
Cryptosporidium parvum
in immunosuppressed and immunocompetent humans in Slovakia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:243-249. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hatalová
- The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice Košice Slovakia
| | | | - Lenka Luptáková
- The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice Košice Slovakia
| | - Michaela Špalková
- The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice Košice Slovakia
| | - Jana Kalinová
- The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice Košice Slovakia
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Liao C, Wang T, Koehler AV, Fan Y, Hu M, Gasser RB. Molecular investigation of Cryptosporidium in farmed chickens in Hubei Province, China, identifies 'zoonotic' subtypes of C. meleagridis. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:484. [PMID: 30157928 PMCID: PMC6114272 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium is a key genus of parasitic protists that infect humans and other vertebrates (mammals and birds). Birds are typically infected with C. avium, C. baileyi, C. galli and/or C. meleagridis, the latter of which is recognised as being zoonotic. Stimulated by the previous finding of C. meleagridis subtypes IIIbA21G1R1, IIIbA22G1R1 and IIIbA26G1R1 in diarrhoeic children in Wuhan city and environs in Hubei Province, China, we performed a molecular epidemiological survey to explore whether these or similar subtypes might occur in farmed chickens in this province. METHODS PCR-coupled sequencing analyses of regions in the small subunit (SSU) of the nuclear ribosomal RNA and 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) genes were utilised to characterise Cryptosporidium in faecal samples from chickens (n = 471) from 14 farms from six distinct regions in Hubei Province. RESULTS Cryptosporidium baileyi (33/471; 7.0%) and C. meleagridis (15/471; 3.2%) were identified in chickens on eight farms in five of the six distinct geographical regions. No significant age-associated difference in the prevalence of C. baileyi was evident, whereas the prevalence of C. meleagridis was significantly higher in younger (≤ 4 months) than in older chickens (> 4 months). For C. meleagridis, two subtype families, IIIb and IIIe, were defined; some of the subtypes (i.e. IIIbA26G1R1b and IIIbA22G1R1c) characterised here matched those identified previously in diarrhoeic children in Wuhan. CONCLUSIONS This is the first molecular study reporting the genetic identity and prevalence of C. baileyi and C. meleagridis in chickens in Hubei. The findings suggest that C. meleagridis subtypes IIIbA26G1R1b and IIIbA22G1R1c are cross-transmissible between chickens and humans, raising awareness about the significance of birds as potential reservoirs of zoonotic variants of Cryptosporidium. Future studies might focus on investigating the prevalence of 'zoonotic' subtypes of Cryptosporidium meleagridis in various species of wild and domesticated birds, and on comparing them with those found in humans in China and other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Anson V Koehler
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yingying Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Robin B Gasser
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China. .,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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da Cunha MJR, Cury MC, Santín M. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in poultry from Brazil. Res Vet Sci 2018; 118:331-335. [PMID: 29605466 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is an important zoonotic disease caused by Cryptosporidium. Infections in birds are mainly caused by C. meleagridis, C. baileyi, and C. galli. C. meleagridis is the third most common cause of cryptosporidiosis in humans and the only Cryptosporidium species known to infect both birds and mammals. One hundred and fifty-five fecal specimens from different poultry species (chicken, turkey, ostrich, helmeted guinea fowl, quail, pheasant, and emu) were collected at local markets in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Twenty-three (14.8%) birds (20 chickens, 2 quails, and 1 turkey) were found Cryptosporidium-positive. This constitutes the first report of Cryptosporidium in turkeys from Brazil. Nucleotide sequence analysis identified C. meleagridis in chickens (15), a turkey (1), and a quail (1), C. baileyi in chickens (4) and a quail (1), and a mixed infection C. meleagridis/C. baileyi in a chicken (1). This is the first report of C. meleagridis in turkeys and quails from Brazil. Using the gp60 gene, three subtype families were identified, IIIa, IIIb and IIIg. Within subtype family IIIg, four subtypes were identified in chickens, two novel (IIIgA25G3R1 and IIIgA21G3R1) and two previously reported (IIIgA22G3R1 and IIIgA24G2R1). Within subtype family IIIb two subtypes were identified, IIIbA24G1R1 in a chicken and IIIbA23G1R1 in a quail. A novel subtype in the family IIIa was identified (IIIaA22G3R1) in a turkey. The finding of C. meleagridis subtypes previously identified in humans (IIIgA22G3R1, IIIbA24G1R1 and IIIbA23G1R1) indicates that they can be potentially zoonotic. Further subtyping studies that clarify genetic diversity of C. meleagridis are required to better understand host specificity, source of infection, and transmission dynamics of C. meleagridis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Júlia Rodrigues da Cunha
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Building 173, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Av. Pará, 1720, Campus Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil Caixa, Postal 250, 70040-020 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Márcia Cristina Cury
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Av. Pará, 1720, Campus Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Monica Santín
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Building 173, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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