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Ayuti SR, Khairullah AR, Al-Arif MA, Lamid M, Warsito SH, Moses IB, Hermawan IP, Silaen OSM, Lokapirnasari WP, Aryaloka S, Ferasyi TR, Hasib A, Delima M. Tackling salmonellosis: A comprehensive exploration of risks factors, impacts, and solutions. Open Vet J 2024; 14:1313-1329. [PMID: 39055762 PMCID: PMC11268913 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i6.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis, caused by Salmonella species, is one of the most common foodborne illnesses worldwide with an estimated 93.8 million cases and about 155,00 fatalities. In both industrialized and developing nations, Salmonellosis has been reported to be one of the most prevalent foodborne zoonoses and is linked with arrays of illness syndromes such as acute and chronic enteritis, and septicaemia. The two major and most common Salmonella species implicated in both warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals are Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica. To date, more than 2400 S. enterica serovars which affect both humans and animals have been identified. Salmonella is further classified into serotypes based on three primary antigenic determinants: somatic (O), flagella (H), and capsular (K). The capacity of nearly all Salmonella species to infect, multiply, and survive in human host cells with the aid of their pathogenic and virulence arsenals makes them deadly and important public health pathogens. Primarily, food-producing animals such as poultry, swine, cattle, and their products have been identified as important sources of salmonellosis. Additionally, raw fruits and vegetables are among other food types that have been linked to the spread of Salmonella spp. Based on the clinical manifestation of human salmonellosis, Salmonella strains can be categorized as either non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) and typhoidal Salmonella. The detection of aseptically collected Salmonella in necropsies, environmental samples, feedstuffs, rectal swabs, and food products serves as the basis for diagnosis. In developing nations, typhoid fever due to Salmonella Typhi typically results in the death of 5%-30% of those affected. The World Health Organization (WHO) calculated that there are between 16 and 17 million typhoid cases worldwide each year, with scaring 600,000 deaths as a result. The contagiousness of a Salmonella outbreak depends on the bacterial strain, serovar, growth environment, and host susceptibility. Risk factors for Salmonella infection include a variety of foods; for example, contaminated chicken, beef, and pork. Globally, there is a growing incidence and emergence of life-threatening clinical cases, especially due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella spp, including strains exhibiting resistance to important antimicrobials such as beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and third-generation cephalosporins. In extreme cases, especially in situations involving very difficult-to-treat strains, death usually results. The severity of the infections resulting from Salmonella pathogens is dependent on the serovar type, host susceptibility, the type of bacterial strains, and growth environment. This review therefore aims to detail the nomenclature, etiology, history, pathogenesis, reservoir, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, epidemiology, transmission, risk factors, antimicrobial resistance, public health importance, economic impact, treatment, and control of salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Rani Ayuti
- Doctoral Program of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
- Research Center of Aceh Cattle and Local Livestock, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Aswin Rafif Khairullah
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Anam Al-Arif
- Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Mirni Lamid
- Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sunaryo Hadi Warsito
- Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | | | - Otto Sahat Martua Silaen
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Suhita Aryaloka
- Master Program of Veterinary Agribusiness, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Teuku Reza Ferasyi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
- Center for Tropical Veterinary Studies-One Health Collaboration Center, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Abdullah Hasib
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Mira Delima
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
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Gorski L, Shariat NW, Richards AK, Siceloff AT, Aviles Noriega A, Harhay DM. Growth assessment of Salmonella enterica multi-serovar populations in poultry rinsates with commonly used enrichment and plating media. Food Microbiol 2024; 119:104431. [PMID: 38225041 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Isolation of Salmonella from enrichment cultures of food or environmental samples is a complicated process. Numerous factors including fitness in various selective enrichment media, relative starting concentrations in pre-enrichment, and competition among multi-serovar populations and associated natural microflora, come together to determine which serovars are identified from a given sample. A recently developed approach for assessing the relative abundance (RA) of multi-serovar Salmonella populations (CRISPR-SeroSeq or Deep Serotyping, DST) is providing new insight into how these factors impact the serovars observed, especially when different selective enrichment methods are used to identify Salmonella from a primary enrichment sample. To illustrate this, we examined Salmonella-positive poultry pre-enrichment samples through the selective enrichment process in Tetrathionate (TT) and Rappaport Vassiliadis (RVS) broths and assessed recovery of serovars with each medium. We observed the RA of serovars detected post selective enrichment varied depending on the medium used, initial concentration, and competitive fitness factors, all which could result in minority serovars in pre-enrichment becoming dominant serovars post selective enrichment. The data presented provide a greater understanding of culture biases and lays the groundwork for investigations into robust enrichment and plating media combinations for detecting Salmonella serovars of greater concern for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gorski
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, 94710, USA.
| | - Nikki W Shariat
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Amber K Richards
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Amy T Siceloff
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ashley Aviles Noriega
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Dayna M Harhay
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA
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Waktole H, Ayele Y, Ayalkibet Y, Teshome T, Muluneh T, Ayane S, Borena BM, Abayneh T, Deresse G, Asefa Z, Eguale T, Amenu K, Ashenafi H, Antonissen G. Prevalence, Molecular Detection, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Isolates from Poultry Farms across Central Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas. Microorganisms 2024; 12:767. [PMID: 38674711 PMCID: PMC11051739 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence, molecular detection, and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates within 162 poultry farms in selected urban and peri-urban areas of central Ethiopia. A total of 1515 samples, including cloacal swabs (n = 763), fresh fecal droppings (n = 188), litter (n = 188), feed (n = 188), and water (n = 188), were bacteriologically tested. The molecular detection of some culture-positive isolates was performed via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by targeting spy and sdfl genes for Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis, respectively. Risk factors for the occurrence of the bacterial isolates were assessed. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of PCR-confirmed Salmonella isolates was conducted using 12 antibiotics. In this study, it was observed that 50.6% of the farms were positive for Salmonella. The overall sample-level prevalence of Salmonella was 14.4%. Among the analyzed risk factors, the type of production, breed, and sample type demonstrated a statistically significant association (p < 0.05) with the bacteriological prevalence of Salmonella. The PCR test disclosed that 45.5% (15/33) and 23.3% (10/43) of the isolates were positive for genes of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis, respectively. The antimicrobial susceptibility test disclosed multi-drug resistance to ten of the tested antibiotics that belong to different classes. Substantial isolation of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis in poultry and on poultry farms, along with the existence of multi-drug resistant isolates, poses an alarming risk of zoonotic and food safety issues. Hence, routine flock testing, farm surveillance, biosecurity intervention, stringent antimicrobial use regulations, and policy support for the sector are highly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hika Waktole
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (Y.A.); (Y.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Yonas Ayele
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (Y.A.); (Y.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Yamlaksira Ayalkibet
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (Y.A.); (Y.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Tsedale Teshome
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.T.); (Z.A.)
| | - Tsedal Muluneh
- Department of Animal Production Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia;
| | - Sisay Ayane
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ambo University, Ambo P.O. Box 19, Ethiopia; (S.A.); (B.M.B.)
| | - Bizunesh Mideksa Borena
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ambo University, Ambo P.O. Box 19, Ethiopia; (S.A.); (B.M.B.)
| | - Takele Abayneh
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Bishoftu P.O. Box 19, Ethiopia; (T.A.); (G.D.)
| | - Getaw Deresse
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Bishoftu P.O. Box 19, Ethiopia; (T.A.); (G.D.)
| | - Zerihun Asefa
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (T.T.); (Z.A.)
| | - Tadesse Eguale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia; (T.E.); (H.A.)
| | - Kebede Amenu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (Y.A.); (Y.A.); (K.A.)
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa P.O. Box 5689, Ethiopia
| | - Hagos Ashenafi
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia; (T.E.); (H.A.)
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
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Mohammed BT. Identification and bioinformatic analysis of invA gene of Salmonella in free range chicken. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 84:e263363. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.263363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Salmonella is a serious cause of the health issues in human and animal worldwide. Salmonella has been isolated from different biological samples and it considers as the key role in induction of inflammation of gastrointestinal tract which in turn cause diarrhoea in different species. To further understand the involvement of Salmonella in contaminating and infecting fresh eggs and meat of free-range chicken. This study aimed to establish the microbiological and molecular detections of Salmonella in the cloaca of the free-range chicken and to identify predicted biological functions using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomic (KEGG) pathways and protein-protein interaction. Cloacal swabs were collected from free range chicken raised in the local farm in Duhok city. The isolates were cultured and biochemical test performed using XLD and TSI, respectively. Molecular detection and functional annotation of invA gene was carried out using Conventional PCR and bioinformatics approaches. The present study found that Salmonella was detected in 36 out of 86 samples using microbiological methods. To confirm these findings, invA gene was utilised and 9 out of 36 Salmonella isolates have shown a positive signal of invA by agarose gel. In addition, bioinformatic analysis revealed that invA gene was mainly associated with bacterial secretion processes as well as their KEGG terms and Protein-Protein Interaction were involved in bacterial invasion and secretion pathways. These findings suggested that invA gene plays important role in regulating colonization and invasion processes of Salmonella within the gut host in the free range chicken.
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Fatima A, Saleem M, Nawaz S, Khalid L, Riaz S, Sajid I. Prevalence and antibiotics resistance status of Salmonella in raw meat consumed in various areas of Lahore, Pakistan. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22205. [PMID: 38097737 PMCID: PMC10721833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports the prevalence and antibiotics resistance status of Salmonella detected in raw meat from Lahore, Pakistan. Overall, N = 111 meat samples, were collected from local markets. Salmonella was recovered from 57 (51.35%) samples, including 45.83% of poultry, 60% of buffalo, 64.28% of cow, and 60% of goat meat samples. The predominant Salmonella strains were Salmonella enterica serovars; Typhimurium (45.4%), Typhi (27.2%), and Enteritidis (18.1%), identified by VITEK system and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The isolates exhibited high resistance to Erythromycin (100%), Cefepime (98.24%), Colistin (94.73%), Azithromycin (92.98%), Tetracycline (87.71%), Polymyxin B (84.21%), Ciprofloxacin (84.21%), Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (80.70%), Nalidixic Acid (80.70%), Kanamycin (78.94%), Chloramphenicol (77.19%), Streptomycin (71.92%) and Ampicillin (64.91%). While the isolates exhibited more susceptibility to Meropenem (75.43%) and Amikacin (73.68%). N = 8 strains were designated as Multidrug Resistant (MDR) and N = 3 as Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) Salmonella. The PCR-based detection of resistance genes revealed the presence of blaTEM-1 gene (100%), catA1 gene (64%), and gyrA gene (18%). The whole genome sequencing (WGS) of two selected strains and subsequent downstream analysis confirmed the strains as MDR and XDR Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. The study showed that raw meat consumed in Lahore carries a significantly high number of drug-resistant Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiman Fatima
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Maira Saleem
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Nawaz
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Linta Khalid
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Saba Riaz
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Imran Sajid
- Institute of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
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Kabiraz MP, Majumdar PR, Mahmud MC, Bhowmik S, Ali A. Conventional and advanced detection techniques of foodborne pathogens: A comprehensive review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15482. [PMID: 37151686 PMCID: PMC10161726 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens are a major public health concern and have a significant economic impact globally. From harvesting to consumption stages, food is generally contaminated by viruses, parasites, and bacteria, which causes foodborne diseases such as hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), typhoid, acute, gastroenteritis, diarrhea, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Hence, early detection of foodborne pathogenic microbes is essential to ensure a safe food supply and to prevent foodborne diseases. The identification of foodborne pathogens is associated with conventional (e.g., culture-based, biochemical test-based, immunological-based, and nucleic acid-based methods) and advances (e.g., hybridization-based, array-based, spectroscopy-based, and biosensor-based process) techniques. For industrial food applications, detection methods could meet parameters such as accuracy level, efficiency, quickness, specificity, sensitivity, and non-labor intensive. This review provides an overview of conventional and advanced techniques used to detect foodborne pathogens over the years. Therefore, the scientific community, policymakers, and food and agriculture industries can choose an appropriate method for better results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Probha Kabiraz
- Department of Biotechnology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Priyanka Rani Majumdar
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - M.M. Chayan Mahmud
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Shuva Bhowmik
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
- Centre for Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- Corresponding author. Centre for Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Azam Ali
- Centre for Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- Corresponding author.
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Chan SH, Liau SH, Low YJ, Chng KR, Wu Y, Chan JSH, Tan LK. A Real-Time PCR Approach for Rapid Detection of Viable Salmonella Enteritidis in Shell Eggs. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040844. [PMID: 37110268 PMCID: PMC10143610 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid and robust detection assays for Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) in shell eggs are essential to enable a quick testing turnaround time (TAT) at the earliest checkpoint and to ensure effective food safety control. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays provide a workaround for the protracted lead times associated with conventional Salmonella diagnostic testing. However, DNA-based analysis cannot reliably discriminate between signals from viable and dead bacteria. We developed a strategy based on an SE qPCR assay that can be integrated into system testing to accelerate the detection of viable SE in egg-enriched cultures and verify the yielded SE isolates. The specificity of the assay was evaluated against 89 Salmonella strains, and SE was accurately identified in every instance. To define the indicator for a viable bacteria readout, viable or heat-inactivated SE were spiked into shell egg contents to generate post-enriched, artificially contaminated cultures to establish the quantification cycle (Cq) for viable SE. Our study has demonstrated that this technique could potentially be applied to accurately identify viable SE during the screening stage of naturally contaminated shell eggs following enrichment to provide an early alert, and that it consistently identified the serotypes of SE isolates in a shorter time than conventional testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Herng Chan
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Sock Hwee Liau
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Ying Jia Low
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Kern Rei Chng
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Yuansheng Wu
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Joanne Sheot Harn Chan
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, S14 Level 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Li Kiang Tan
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6019-5826
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Hossain T, Khan MAS, Ahmed MF, Rahman SR. Prevalence and molecular detection of multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. isolated from eggshells in the local markets of Dhaka, Bangladesh. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2022.101-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Salmonella spp. are frequently associated with various parts of the egg, including the shell, and cause foodborne outbreaks worldwide. Antibiotic-resistant Salmonella spp. pose serious threats to human and animal health; therefore, preventive measures against these pathogens are important. This study aimed to isolate and characterize Salmonella spp. from eggshell samples from different local markets in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Materials and Methods: Salmonella spp. were recovered from eggshells by enrichment culture and biochemical tests and characterized through molecular amplification of Salmonella-specific genes. Antibiotic sensitivity testing and molecular detection of isolates were performed by disk diffusion method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. The invA, fliC, and sdfI genes were used in PCR to identify the genus Salmonella, and the species Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis, respectively.
Results: The prevalence of Salmonella spp. was recorded as 40%, in which S. Typhimurium was the predominant serotype. PCR analysis revealed that 100%, 59%, and 13.6% of these isolates possessed the invA, fliC, and sdfI genes, respectively. The isolates exhibited multidrug resistance phenotypes, with resistance (95.5%) toward tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, and clindamycin and sensitivity (86.3%) toward chloramphenicol.
Conclusion: The findings of this study reflect the potential of eggs as a reservoir of multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp.; therefore, we recommend the careful handling of eggs to avoid contamination from farm to market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talal Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Firoz Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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9
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Advances in Nucleic Acid Amplification-Based Microfluidic Devices for Clinical Microbial Detection. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10040123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and timely detection of infectious pathogens is urgently needed for disease treatment and control of possible outbreaks worldwide. Conventional methods for pathogen detection are usually time-consuming and labor-intensive. Novel strategies for the identification of pathogenic nucleic acids are necessary for practical application. The advent of microfluidic technology and microfluidic devices has offered advanced and miniaturized tools to rapidly screen microorganisms, improving many drawbacks of conventional nucleic acid amplification-based methods. In this review, we summarize advances in the microfluidic approach to detect pathogens based on nucleic acid amplification. We survey microfluidic platforms performing two major types of nucleic acid amplification strategies, namely, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and isothermal nucleic acid amplification. We also provide an overview of nucleic acid amplification-based platforms including studies and commercialized products for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Technologically, we focus on the design of the microfluidic devices, the selected methods for sample preparation, nucleic acid amplification techniques, and endpoint analysis. We also compare features such as analysis time, sensitivity, and specificity of different platforms. The first section of the review discusses methods used in microfluidic devices for upstream clinical sample preparation. The second section covers the design, operation, and applications of PCR-based microfluidic devices. The third section reviews two common types of isothermal nucleic acid amplification methods (loop-mediated isothermal amplification and recombinase polymerase amplification) performed in microfluidic systems. The fourth section introduces microfluidic applications for nucleic acid amplification-based detection of SARS-CoV-2. Finally, the review concludes with the importance of full integration and quantitative analysis for clinical microbial identification.
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Impact and prospect of the fourth industrial revolution in food safety: Mini-review. Food Sci Biotechnol 2022; 31:399-406. [PMID: 35464250 PMCID: PMC8994800 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The fourth industrial revolution represented by big data and artificial intelligence (AI), already had a significant impact on the food industry. In this review, the impacts and prospects of the 4th industrial revolution in food safety were discussed. First, the general process and characteristics of AI application from data collection to visualization are covered. Additionally, various data collection and analysis methods are discussed, with emphasis on the collection of high variety, volume, and velocity data and visualization. Available literature presents examples of machine learning applications in food samples that are mostly associated with the classification of agricultural food items through convolutional neural networks. Based on these examples, the prospects of the 4th industrial revolution in food safety are categorized as follows: prediction of food safety risk, detection of foodborne pathogens, and food safety management. This mini-review will help understand the relationship between the 4th industrial revolution and food safety.
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Tiwari A, Swamy M, Mishra P, Verma Y, Dubey A, Srivastav N. Molecular detection of Salmonella isolated from commercial chicken. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2022; 23:39-45. [PMID: 35782360 PMCID: PMC9238933 DOI: 10.22099/ijvr.2021.41301.5996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella in chicken, specially, the motile salmonellae, causes the food chain unsafe from farm to table and is considered a significant global threat to public health. AIMS The present study was carried out for molecular detection of Salmonellae in commercial poultry using PCR. METHODS The study was conducted for eight months, from July 2019 to February 2020, and a total of 26 poultry farms, including 15 broiler and 11-layer farms, were visited individually. Pooled faecal samples were obtained from the sheds. A total of 189 necropsy cases were examined for gastrointestinal lesions. Isolation and identification of the organism were done using microbe culture method, and the molecular characterization was performed via PCR targeting invA and ent genes. RESULTS The prevalence of salmonellosis in the broiler and layer farms was recorded at 20.0% and 45.4%, respectively, through the traditional gold standard culture method. From 189 necropsy birds, salmonellosis was recorded at 1.58% dead cases. Molecular detection of Salmonella isolates by PCR targeting invA gene was confirmed in 13.33% of the broiler farms and 36.3% of the layer farms. Further detection of Salmonella enteritidis was performed by PCR targeting ent gene by which 11.11% positivity was determined. CONCLUSION This study, focused on the Salmonella prevalence, highlighted the zoonotic importance of the bacterium in the commercial poultry farms, which can subsequently be dispersed into the human food chain causing harmful health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Tiwari
- Ph.D. Student in Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482001, India
| | - M. Swamy
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482001, India
| | - P. Mishra
- Ph.D. Student in Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482001, India
| | - Y. Verma
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482001, India
| | - A. Dubey
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482001, India
| | - N. Srivastav
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Rewa, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482001, India
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Gut AM, Vasiljevic T, Yeager T, Donkor ON. Antimicrobial properties of traditional kefir: An in vitro screening for antagonistic effect on Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Arizonae. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Tiyawattanaroj W, Jung A, Mohr L, Legler M. Examination of common swifts (Apus apus) for salmonella shedding in the area of Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:359-362. [PMID: 34670311 DOI: 10.1055/a-1580-8408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The available literature indicates a high prevalence of the zoonotic pathogen Salmonella (S.) enterica serovar Infantis in the common swift (Apus apus). This long-distance migrant, which only consumes aerial plankton, can reach high population densities in places with suitable breeding sites. Dedicated competent private persons take part in the hand rearing of juvenile common swifts in wildlife rescue centres, which unavoidably results in close contact with these avian patients. For this reason, we examined common swifts for shedding of Salmonella spp. MATERIAL AND METHODS In the years 2014 and 2019, intestinal swabs or fresh faeces of common swifts (2014: n = 54; 2019: n = 62) were examined microbiologically (DIN EN ISO 6579; Annex D) in the area of Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany. RESULTS Salmonella spp. could not be detected in any of the examined common swifts within the investigation period and the studied area in 2014 and 2019. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The results illustrate that the common swift is unlikely to be a natural reservoir of Salmonella spp. For the transmission of salmonella by swifts the local conditions with the corresponding environmental impact seem to play a significant role, and the risk of transmission should be assessed according to the region to be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warakorn Tiyawattanaroj
- Clinic for Small Mammals, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation
| | - Arne Jung
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation
| | - Lydia Mohr
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation
| | - Marko Legler
- Clinic for Small Mammals, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation
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Salman HA, Abdulmohsen AM, Falih MN, Romi ZM. Detection of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi isolated from Iraqi subjects. Vet World 2021; 14:1922-1928. [PMID: 34475718 PMCID: PMC8404135 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1922-1928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Enteric fever initiated by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is among the most consistent disease worldwide, particularly in developing countries. The present study aimed to isolate and identify S. Typhi from typhoid suspected patients and determine their antibacterial susceptibility testing. Materials and Methods Thirty blood samples were collected from typhoid suspected patients in Baghdad, Iraq. The samples were cultured on SS agar and XLD agar for screening of S. Typhi. The suspected colonies were picked up and subjected to Vitek 2 compact for biochemical identification and antibacterial susceptibility testing of the organisms. Molecular identification of the isolates was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results Black colonies were observed on cultured plates. Out of 30 samples, 27 and 29 isolates were identified as S. Typhi using Vitek 2 compact and RT-PCR, respectively. The data of the present study revealed that the strains of S. Typhi were showing multidrug resistance. All S. Typhi strains exhibited resistance to penicillins (ticarcillin and piperacillin), cephalosporins 4th G (cefepime), and monobactam (aztreonam). However, all the strains showed susceptibility against carbapenems (imipenem and meropenem) and tetracycline (minocycline). Conclusion RT-PCR and Vitek 2 compact showed a high level of accuracy in the detection of S. Typhi. Multidrug resistance was observed, which is an alert for the reduction of antibiotic consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamzah Abdulrahman Salman
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, College of Medical Sciences Techniques, The University of Mashreq, Baghdad, Iraq
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15
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Sophian A, Purwaningsih R, Muindar M, Igirisa EPJ, Amirullah ML. Detection of Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 in Powder Prepared Traditional Medicines Using Real-Time PCR. BORNEO JOURNAL OF PHARMACY 2021. [DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v4i3.1838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 using real-time PCR on powdered traditional medicinal products was carried out in the microbiology and molecular biology testing laboratory of the Food and Drug Administration in Gorontalo. This research aims to provide a reference for alternative testing methods in testing the products of traditional powder preparations on the market. The sample consisted of 10 traditional powder preparations spiked with positive control of S. typhimurium ATCC 14028 phase 2. The method used in the study was real-time PCR analysis using the SYBR® Green method, while DNA isolation using the direct PCR method. Data analysis was performed by analyzing the sample's melting temperature (Tm) curve and comparing it with positive control. The results showed that S. typhimurium ATCC 14028 was detected in samples at an average Tm value of 84.18°C, with ranges of 84.0-84.5°C. For positive control, the Tm value was at 85.2°C, while for the negative control, the Tm value was not detected. Based on these data, it can be concluded that S. typhimurium ATCC 14028 in traditional medicine products powder preparations can be detected using real-time PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfi Sophian
- National Agency of Drug and Food Control of Republic of Indonesia
| | | | - Muindar Muindar
- National Agency of Drug and Food Control of Republic of Indonesia in Gorontalo
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Ha AJW, Siberio Perez LG, Kim TJ, Rahaman Mizan MF, Nahar S, Park SH, Chun HS, Ha SD. Research Note: Identification and characterization of Salmonella spp. in mechanically deboned chickens using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Poult Sci 2020; 100:100961. [PMID: 33518318 PMCID: PMC7936188 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the common foodborne bacteria, causing 80.3 million illnesses every year worldwide. This study was conducted to isolate and identify Salmonella enterica serovars from poultry samples responsible for causing foodborne poisoning in the Mississippi area, United States. A total of 55 S. enterica serovars—Enteritidis (6), Oranienburg (1), Schwarzengrund (8), Heidelberg (4), Kentucky (22), 4, [5], 12:i:- (1), Montevideo (2), Infantis (9), and multi serotypes (2)—were isolated from approximately 110 poultry samples. Through pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis, 8 to 13 bands were obtained. The profiles showed >90% similarity in strains within the same type. Consequently, PFGE could be a useful tool to determine chromosomal similarity (clonality of strains) that can be used to trace down epidemiologic sources and geographical origins of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Jie-Won Ha
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Starkville, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Korea
| | - Lurdes G Siberio Perez
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Starkville, USA
| | - Tae-Jo Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, USA
| | - Md Furkanur Rahaman Mizan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Korea
| | - Shamsun Nahar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Korea
| | - Si-Hong Park
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA
| | - Hyang-Sook Chun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Korea
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Korea.
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Kim S, Kim S. Bacterial pathogen detection by conventional culture‐based and recent alternative (polymerase chain reaction, isothermal amplification, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, bacteriophage amplification, and gold nanoparticle aggregation) methods in food samples: A review. J Food Saf 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang‐Oh Kim
- Department of Plant and Food Sciences Sangmyung University Cheonan Republic of Korea
| | - Sang‐Soon Kim
- Department of Food Engineering Dankook University Cheonan Republic of Korea
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Carlin CR, Lau SS, Cheng RA, Buehler AJ, Kassaify Z, Wiedmann M. Validation Using Diverse, Difficult-to-Detect Salmonella Strains and a Dark Chocolate Matrix Highlights the Critical Role of Strain Selection for Evaluation of Simplified, Rapid PCR-Based Methods Offering Next-Day Time to Results. J Food Prot 2020; 83:1374-1386. [PMID: 32241024 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Modifications to pathogen detection kits to accomplish simplified protocols with reduced time to results may impact method performance, particularly when combining shortened enrichment times and simplified enrichment procedures. We used Salmonella detection in dark chocolate as a model to test the impact of different enrichment times (minimum and maximum validated times) and procedures on detection of low levels of difficult-to-detect Salmonella strains, for three PCR kits that were AOAC International Performance Tested Method certified for detection of Salmonella spp. in dark chocolate. Initial inclusivity studies with pure cultures showed that all three kits detected 70 of 70 Salmonella spp. strains at 1 log above the theoretical limit of detection, with some strains yielding later cycle threshold values or having variable detection among technical replicates, indicating reduced assay performance for these strains. Based on these data, we selected a S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Poona strain as well as three non-subsp. enterica strains to test the ability of the three kits to detect Salmonella in dark chocolate inoculated at low levels (0.06 to 1.18 most probable number per 25 g). With primary enrichment in skim milk at 35°C, detection frequency for all assays did not significantly differ from the reference method for both the minimum and maximum validated enrichment times. However, a pilot study that used primary enrichment in buffered peptone water at 42°C yielded significantly fewer positive samples (13 of 80) than were obtained with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual method using enrichment in skim milk at 35°C (40 of 80 positive samples); strains representing subsp. houtenae and salamae were detected in significantly fewer chocolate samples than enrichment with skim milk. Our data indicate that continued efforts to simplify rapid pathogen detection kits may reduce kit performance in a way that can only be detected with stringent evaluation protocols that are designed to identify kit failure modes. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharine R Carlin
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Samantha S Lau
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Rachel A Cheng
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Ariel J Buehler
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Zeina Kassaify
- Mars, Inc., 6885 Elm Street, McLean, Virginia 22101, USA
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4168-5662 [M.W.])
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Ogunremi D, Dupras AA, Naushad S, Gao R, Duceppe MO, Omidi K, Márquez IG, Huang H, Goodridge L, Lévesque RC, Hasan NA, Dadlani M, Dixon B, Magierowski S, Masson L. A New Whole Genome Culture-Independent Diagnostic Test (WG-CIDT) for Rapid Detection of Salmonella in Lettuce. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:602. [PMID: 32362880 PMCID: PMC7181323 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid detection of foodborne microbial pathogens contaminating fresh fruits and vegetables during the intervening period between harvest and consumption could revolutionize microbial quality assurance of food usually consumed raw and those with a limited shelf life. We have developed a sensitive, shotgun whole genome sequencing protocol capable of detecting as few as 1 colony forming unit (cfu) of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium spiked on 25 g of lettuce. The Ion Torrent sequencing platform was used to generate reads of globally amplified DNA from microbes recovered from the surface of lettuce followed by bioinformatic analyses of the nucleotide sequences to detect the presence of Salmonella. The test is rapid and sensitive, and appropriate for testing perishable foods, and those consumed raw, for Salmonella contamination. The test has the potential to be universally applicable to any microbial contaminant on lettuce as long as a suitable bioinformatics pipeline is available and validated. A universal test is expected to pave the way for preventive and precision food safety and the re-shaping of the entire spectrum of food safety investigations from the current disease-limiting, reactive procedure to a proactive, disease prevention process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dele Ogunremi
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrée Ann Dupras
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sohail Naushad
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ruimin Gao
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Marc-Olivier Duceppe
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Katayoun Omidi
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Hongsheng Huang
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lawrence Goodridge
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Roger C Lévesque
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Brent Dixon
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sebastian Magierowski
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Luke Masson
- National Research Council of Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Prabhakar P, Lekshmi M, Ammini P, Nayak BB, Kumar S. Salmonella Contamination of Seafood in Landing Centers and Retail Markets of Mumbai, India. J AOAC Int 2020; 103:1361-1365. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Seafood contamination with Salmonella enterica is not only a public health concern, but can also lead to economic losses due to import rejections. Continuous monitoring of seafood for Salmonella is necessary for risk assessment and to establish suitable control measures.
Objective
The objective of this study was to determine the extent of Salmonella contamination of seafood in fish landing centers and retails markets.
Methods
In this study, we analyzed seafood samples from three fish landing centers and seven retail markets of Mumbai, India for S. enterica contamination. Salmonella was isolated using multiple selective enrichment broths and selective agars, and identified by conventional biochemical tests followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Results
Of 82 samples of seafood, comprising both finfish and shellfish, Salmonella was detected in 17 (20.7%) finfish samples. None of the shellfish samples (shrimps, clams, and cephalopods) were found to be contaminated with Salmonella. Samples from both landing centers and fish markets, as well as from pelagic and demersal sources, harbored Salmonella. Source-wise analysis showed that 11 of 57 (19.3%) samples from retail fish markets and 6 of 25 (24%) samples from fish landing centers were contaminated with Salmonella.
Conclusions
The study emphasizes the need to implement measures to prevent anthropogenic contamination of coastal waters and improve the hygiene of retail fish markets in Mumbai.
Highlights
Seafood from landing centers and retail markets, as well as from pelagic and demersalhabitats were similarly contaminated with Salmonella. Fish species widely consumed in the region of this study were found highly contaminated with Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parmanand Prabhakar
- ICAR—Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Post Harvest Technology, QC Laboratory, Versova, Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Manjusha Lekshmi
- ICAR—Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Post Harvest Technology, QC Laboratory, Versova, Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Parvathi Ammini
- CSIR—National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi 682018, India
| | - Binaya Bhusan Nayak
- ICAR—Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Post Harvest Technology, QC Laboratory, Versova, Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Sanath Kumar
- ICAR—Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Post Harvest Technology, QC Laboratory, Versova, Mumbai 400061, India
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Impact of sodium lactate, encapsulated or unencapsulated polyphosphates and their combinations on Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus growth in cooked ground beef. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 321:108560. [PMID: 32078866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne illnesses affect the health of consumers worldwide, and thus searching for potential antimicrobial agents against foodborne pathogens is given an increased focus. This research evaluated the influence of sodium lactate (SL), encapsulated (e) and unencapsulated (u) polyphosphates (PP; sodium tripolyphosphate, STP; sodium acid pyrophosphate, SPP), and their combinations on Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus growth in cooked ground beef during 30 day storage at 4 or 10 °C. pH, water activity (aw), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and S. Typhimurium, E. coli O157:H7 and S. aureus counts were determined. S. Typhimurium was not found in SPP-SL combination groups after 30 day storage at 4 °C (P <0.05). Lower S. Typhimurium levels were determined in only SL containing groups stored at 10 °C than group with only tested microorganism (MO, P < 0.05). Although there was no change in S. Typhimurium load in all SL incorporated groups during 10 °C storage, S. Typhimurium count increased in other groups (P < 0.05). E. coli O157:H7 in MO and STP groups showed an increase at 4 °C, whereas it decreased in SPP-SL combination groups (P < 0.05). A gradual increase in E. coli O157:H7 at 10 °C was determined in MO and only PP incorporated groups, whereas there was a decrease in STP-SL or SPP-SL combination groups (P < 0.05). E. coli O157:H7 count was stable in SL containing groups during 10 °C storage. A gradual decrease in S. aureus was determined in all treatments at 4 °C, whereas S. aureus count increased in MO and uSTP groups during 10 °C storage (P < 0.05). There was no change in S. aureus level in only eSTP or uSPP or ueSTP containing groups at 10 °C, meantime it decreased in other groups (P < 0.05). The lowest S. aureus load was achieved by uSPP-SL or eSPP-SL or ueSPP-SL combinations after 30 days at both storage temperatures (P < 0.05). In general, pH was higher in samples with STP than those with SPP and control (P < 0.05). The lowest aw was generally obtained in all SL containing groups at both storage temperatures (P < 0.05). Lower ORP was determined in all PP incorporated groups during storage at both temperatures compared to others (P < 0.05). ORP in all treatments generally increased (P < 0.05) during storage at both storage temperatures. This study showed that encapsulation is not a factor affecting antimicrobial efficiency of PP and using PP-SL combinations have synergistic effect on reducing the viability of S. Typhimurium, E. coli O157:H7 and S. aureus and their subsequent growth ability in cooked ground beef.
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Functional and Genetic Diversity of Bacteria Associated with the Surfaces of Agronomic Plants. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8040091. [PMID: 30987359 PMCID: PMC6524364 DOI: 10.3390/plants8040091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity and agricultural significance of bacterial communities associated with the surfaces of selected agronomic plants (carrot, cabbage and turnip). The bacterial diversity of fresh agricultural produce was targeted to identify beneficial plant microflora or opportunistic human pathogens that may be associated with the surfaces of plants. Bacterial strains were screened in vitro for auxin production, biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance. 16S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed the presence of several bacterial genera including Citrobacter, Pseudomonas, Pantoea, Bacillus, Kluyvera, Lysinibacillus, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Serratia, Staphylococcus, Burkholderia, Exiguobacterium, Stenotrophomonas, Arthrobacter and Klebsiella. To address the biosafety issue, the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of strains was determined against different antibiotics. The majority of the strains were resistant to amoxicillin (25 µg) and nalidixic acid (30 µg). Strains were also screened for plant growth-promoting attributes to evaluate their positive interaction with colonized plants. Maximum auxin production was observed with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia MCt-1 (101 µg mL−1) and Bacillus cereus PCt-1 (97 µg mL−1). Arthrobacter nicotianae Lb-41 and Exiguobacterium mexicanum MCb-4 were strong biofilm producers. In conclusion, surfaces of raw vegetables were inhabited by different bacterial genera. Potential human pathogens such as Bacillus cereus, Bacillus anthracis, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter amnigenus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were also isolated, which makes the biosafety of these vegetable a great concern for the local community. Nevertheless, these microbes also harbor beneficial plant growth-promoting traits that indicated their positive interaction with their host plants. In particular, bacterial auxin production may facilitate the growth of agronomic plants under natural conditions. Moreover, biofilm formation may help bacteria to colonize plant surfaces to show positive interactions with host plants.
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Sannat C, Patyal A, Rawat N, Ghosh RC, Jolhe DK, Shende RK, Hirpurkar SD, Shakya S. Characterization of Salmonella Gallinarum from an outbreak in Raigarh, Chhattisgarh. Vet World 2017; 10:144-148. [PMID: 28344395 PMCID: PMC5352837 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.144-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The present investigation was conducted to isolate and characterize Salmonella Gallinarum from an outbreak of fowl typhoid in layer birds. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinically ill and dead layer birds from an outbreak were investigated. History, clinical signs, and postmortem lesions were suggestive of fowl typhoid. Postmortem samples including heart blood, intestinal contents, pieces of ovary, and liver were collected and processed immediately for bacterial culture, serotyping and antibiotic sensitivity tests. Isolates were further screened for the presence of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) (blaTEM) gene by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS On the basis of cultural, staining and biochemical characteristics; three bacterial isolates were confirmed as S. Gallinarum. On serotyping, somatic antigen O: 9 and 12 with nonflagellated antigen were detected in all three isolates. Isolates were intermediate sensitive to amoxycillin, amoxyclav, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin and resistant to most of the antibiotics including chloramphenicol, ampicillin, ceftazidime, cefexime, cefepime, azithromycin, nalidixin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and streptomycin. Two isolates were found to harbor ESBL (blaTEM) gene. CONCLUSION Beta lactamase producer S. Gallinarum was confirmed as cause of increased mortality in layer birds during present investigation. Existence of multi drug resistant Salmonella poses serious threat to poultry industry in Chhattisgarh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrahas Sannat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Anjora, Durg - 491 001, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Anil Patyal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Anjora, Durg - 491 001, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Nidhi Rawat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Anjora, Durg - 491 001, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - R. C. Ghosh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Anjora, Durg - 491 001, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - D. K. Jolhe
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Anjora, Durg - 491 001, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - R. K. Shende
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Anjora, Durg - 491 001, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - S. D. Hirpurkar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Anjora, Durg - 491 001, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Sanjay Shakya
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Anjora, Durg - 491 001, Chhattisgarh, India
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Han D, Lee HT, Lee JB, Kim Y, Lee SJ, Yoon JW. A Bioprocessed Polysaccharide from Lentinus edodes Mycelia Cultures with Turmeric Protects Chicks from a Lethal Challenge of Salmonella Gallinarum. J Food Prot 2017; 80:245-250. [PMID: 28221973 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that a bioprocessed polysaccharide (BPP) isolated from Lentinus edodes mushroom mycelia cultures supplemented with black rice bran can protect mice against Salmonella lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia and reduce the mortality from Salmonella Typhimurium infection through upregulated T-helper 1 immunity. Here, we report that a BPP from L. edodes mushroom mycelia liquid cultures supplemented with turmeric (referred to as BPP-turmeric) alters chicken macrophage responses against avian-adapted Salmonella Gallinarum and protects chicks against a lethal challenge from Salmonella Gallinarum. In vitro analyses revealed that the water extract of BPP-turmeric (i) changed the protein expression or secretion profile of Salmonella Gallinarum, although it was not bactericidal, (ii) reduced the phagocytic activity of the chicken-derived macrophage cell line HD-11 when infected with Salmonella Gallinarum, and (iii) significantly activated the transcription expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor α, and inducible nitric oxide synthase in response to various Salmonella infections, whereas it repressed that of IL-4, IL-6, interferon-β, and interferon-γ. We also found that BPP-turmeric (0.1 g/kg of feed) as a feed additive provided significant protection to 1-day-old chicks infected with a lethal dose of Salmonella Gallinarum. Collectively, these results imply that BPP-turmeric contains biologically active component(s) that protect chicks against Salmonella Gallinarum infection, possibly by regulating macrophage immune responses. Further studies are needed to evaluate the potential efficacy of BPP-turmeric as a livestock feed additive for the preharvest control of fowl typhoid or foodborne salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalmuri Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Tae Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - June Bong Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongbaek Kim
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jong Lee
- STR Biotech, Ltd., 56, Soyanggang-ro, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24232, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Won Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
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25
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Ogunremi D, Nadin-Davis S, Dupras AA, Márquez IG, Omidi K, Pope L, Devenish J, Burke T, Allain R, Leclair D. Evaluation of a Multiplex PCR Assay for the Identification of Salmonella Serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium Using Retail and Abattoir Samples. J Food Prot 2017; 80:295-301. [PMID: 28221989 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex PCR was developed to identify the two most common serovars of Salmonella causing foodborne illness in Canada, namely, serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium. The PCR was designed to amplify DNA fragments from four Salmonella genes, namely, invA gene (211-bp fragment), iroB gene (309-bp fragment), Typhimurium STM 4497 (523-bp fragment), and Enteritidis SE147228 (612-bp fragment). In addition, a 1,026-bp ribosomal DNA (rDNA) fragment universally present in bacterial species was included in the assay as an internal control fragment. The detection rate of the PCR was 100% among Salmonella Enteritidis (n = 92) and Salmonella Typhimurium (n = 33) isolates. All tested Salmonella isolates (n = 194) were successfully identified based on the amplification of at least one Salmonella -specific DNA fragment. None of the four Salmonella DNA amplicons were detected in any of the non- Salmonella isolates (n = 126), indicating an exclusivity rate of 100%. When applied to crude extracts of 2,001 field isolates of Salmonella obtained during the course of a national microbiological baseline study in broiler chickens and chicken products sampled from abattoir and retail outlets, 163 isolates, or 8.1%, tested positive for Salmonella Enteritidis and another 80 isolates, or 4.0%, tested as Salmonella Typhimurium. All isolates identified by serological testing as Salmonella Enteritidis in the microbiological study were also identified by using the multiplex PCR. The new test can be used to identify or confirm pure isolates of the two serovars and is also amenable for integration into existing culture procedures for accurate detection of Salmonella colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dele Ogunremi
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2H 8P9
| | - Susan Nadin-Davis
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2H 8P9
| | - Andrée Ann Dupras
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2H 8P9
| | - Imelda Gálvan Márquez
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2H 8P9
| | - Katayoun Omidi
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2H 8P9
| | - Louise Pope
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2H 8P9
| | - John Devenish
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2H 8P9
| | - Teresa Burke
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2H 8P9
| | - Ray Allain
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2H 8P9
| | - Daniel Leclair
- Food Safety Science Division, Floor 5, 1400 Merivale Road, Tower 2, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
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26
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Draft Genome Sequences of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Berta ATCC 8392 and a Nalidixic Acid-Resistant Isolate of This Strain. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/2/e00186-16. [PMID: 27103707 PMCID: PMC4841122 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00186-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Berta has been isolated in multiple animal species and has been implicated in human disease. Here, we report a 4.7-Mbp draft genome sequence of S. enterica serovar Berta (ATCC strain 8392) and a nalidixic acid-resistant isolate derived from this strain.
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27
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Jawad AAK, Al-Charrakh AH. Outer Membrane Protein C (ompC) Gene as the Target for Diagnosis of Salmonella Species Isolated from Human and Animal Sources. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2016; 8:42-5. [PMID: 26855735 PMCID: PMC4717466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of selective and differential plating media is a simple method for the isolation of Salmonella spp. Recently, there has been a general move toward molecular methods of Salmonella detection and typing. METHODS A total of 1200 different specimens collected from human and animal sources were involved in his study. 600 stool specimens from patients suffering from diarrhea and 600 specimens from gall bladder (bile) of cattle from Al-Diwaniya slaughter house, Iraq were used. Salmonella spp. were isolated and identified using bacterial culturing on selective media and colonies were tested by API 20Eand then serotyping through polyvalent antisera and conformation by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). PCR was used to detect ompC gene encoding biosynthesis of outer membrane protein C of Salmonella genus. RESULTS The results revealed that the rate of Salmonella isolates was 0.5% (3/600) from human and 1% (6/600) from animals. The PCR technique revealed that 9 isolates of Salmonella spp. harbored ompC gene. The results of this study revealed that the PCR technique had a high specificity in detection of Salmonella spp., in comparison to culture and biochemical test, Mini API 20 E and serological tests. The present study found no significant differences between human and animal isolates. CONCLUSION Detection of ompC gene is a good method for detection of Salmonella species isolated from clinical specimens. It has a high specificity in comparison with other tests, with its advantages of greater speed and effectiveness than conventional detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alaa H. Al-Charrakh
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Babylon University, Hilla, Babylon Governorate, Iraq,Corresponding author: Alaa H. Al-Charrakh, Ph.D., Department of Microbiology College of Medicine, Babylon University, Hilla, Babylon Governorate, Iraq, Tel: +96 47813216822, E-mail:;
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28
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Wu D, Teng D, Wang X, Dai C, Wang J. Saccharomyces boulardii prevention of the hepatic injury induced by Salmonella Enteritidis infection. Can J Microbiol 2014; 60:681-6. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2014-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis (Salmonella Enteritidis) is the predominant cause of serovar-associated food-borne outbreaks in many countries and causes significant clinical symptoms of liver injury, enteritis, and diarrheal diseases. Saccharomyces boulardii is used in clinical application for prophylaxis and the treatment of a variety of diseases caused by bacterial infection. We used a mouse model of Salmonella Enteritidis infection, which included pretreatment with S. boulardii, to reveal the protection mechanisms of S. boulardii against Salmonella Enteritidis infection, including the translocation of Salmonella Enteritidis to the liver 10 days after Salmonella Enteritidis challenge, and the colonisation of Salmonella Enteritidis and the formation of hepatic tissue lesions in mice after Salmonella Enteritidis challenge on the 10th day. Compared with Salmonella Enteritidis infection in mice, S. boulardii decreased Salmonella Enteritidis translocation to the liver by 96%, and 99% of Salmonella Enteritidis colonised the cecum on the 10th day. Saccharomyces boulardii also abated hepatic tissue injury caused by the infiltration of neutrophilic granulocytes, lymphocytes, and plasmocytes by decreasing the translocation of Salmonella to the liver. These findings demonstrated that S. boulardii is an effective agent in the prevention of the hepatic injury induced by Salmonella Enteritidis infection in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Da Teng
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changsong Dai
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
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