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Oliveira MC, Boriollo MFG, de Souza AC, da Silva TA, da Silva JJ, Magalhães-Guedes KT, Dias CTDS, Bernardo WLDC, Höfling JF, de Sousa CP. Oral Staphylococcus Species and MRSA Strains in Patients with Orofacial Clefts Undergoing Surgical Rehabilitation Diagnosed by MALDI-TOF MS. Pathogens 2024; 13:763. [PMID: 39338954 PMCID: PMC11434827 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13090763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence and dynamics of oral Staphylococcus species in patients with orofacial clefts undergoing surgical rehabilitation treatment. Patients (n = 59) were statistically stratified and analyzed (age, gender, types of orofacial clefts, surgical history, and types of previous surgical rehabilitation). Salivary samples were obtained between hospitalization and the return to the specialized medical center. Microbiological diagnosis was performed by classical methods, and MALDI-TOF MS. MRSA strains (SCCmec type II, III, and IV) were characterized by the Decision Tree method. A total of 33 (55.9%) patients showed oral staphylococcal colonization in one, two, or three sampling steps. A high prevalence has been reported for S. aureus (including HA-, MRSA and CA-MRSA), followed by S. saprophyticus, S. epidermidis, S. sciuri, S. haemolyticus, S. lentus, S. arlettae, and S. warneri. The dynamics of oral colonization throughout surgical treatment and medical follow-up may be influenced by (i) imbalances in staphylococcal maintenance, (ii) efficiency of surgical asepsis or break of the aseptic chain, (iii) staphylococcal neocolonization in newly rehabilitated anatomical oral sites, and (iv) total or partial maintenance of staphylococcal species. The highly frequent clinical periodicity in specialized medical and dental centers may contribute to the acquisition of MRSA in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Cardoso Oliveira
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), 901 Limeira Ave, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil; (M.C.O.); (T.A.d.S.); (J.J.d.S.); (W.L.d.C.B.); (J.F.H.)
- Center for Nursing and Health, State University of Southwest Bahia (UESB), José Moreira Sobrinho Avenue, Jequié 45205-490, BA, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Fabiano Gomes Boriollo
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), 901 Limeira Ave, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil; (M.C.O.); (T.A.d.S.); (J.J.d.S.); (W.L.d.C.B.); (J.F.H.)
- Department of Morphology and Pathology & Biotechnology Graduate Program (PPGBiotec), Center for Biological and Health Sciences (CCBS), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Km 235 Washington Luís Road, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil;
| | - Angélica Cristina de Souza
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), s/n Edmir Sá Santos Rotary Interchange, Lavras 37203-202, MG, Brazil;
| | - Thaísla Andrielle da Silva
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), 901 Limeira Ave, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil; (M.C.O.); (T.A.d.S.); (J.J.d.S.); (W.L.d.C.B.); (J.F.H.)
| | - Jeferson Júnior da Silva
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), 901 Limeira Ave, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil; (M.C.O.); (T.A.d.S.); (J.J.d.S.); (W.L.d.C.B.); (J.F.H.)
| | - Karina Teixeira Magalhães-Guedes
- Department of Bromatological Analysis, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), 147 Barão de Jeremoabo Street, Salvador 40170-115, BA, Brazil
| | - Carlos Tadeu dos Santos Dias
- Department of Exact Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), 11 Pádua Dias Ave, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Wagner Luís de Carvalho Bernardo
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), 901 Limeira Ave, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil; (M.C.O.); (T.A.d.S.); (J.J.d.S.); (W.L.d.C.B.); (J.F.H.)
| | - José Francisco Höfling
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (FOP/UNICAMP), 901 Limeira Ave, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil; (M.C.O.); (T.A.d.S.); (J.J.d.S.); (W.L.d.C.B.); (J.F.H.)
| | - Cristina Paiva de Sousa
- Department of Morphology and Pathology & Biotechnology Graduate Program (PPGBiotec), Center for Biological and Health Sciences (CCBS), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Km 235 Washington Luís Road, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil;
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Hu W, Wang Y, Zhou L, Chu K, Jin P, Liang Q, Li J, Tan Z, Zhu F. Nasal Staphylococcus aureus Carriage and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles Among Community-Dwelling Adults in Jiangsu, China. Infect Dis Ther 2024; 13:1215-1233. [PMID: 38700654 PMCID: PMC11128426 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-024-00969-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Persistent nasal carriage has been associated with Staphylococcus aureus infection. Previous S. aureus studies in Asia have primarily focused on clinical patients, providing limited information on persistent nasal carriage among the general adult population. METHODS This study examined 143 healthy adults in a community in Jiangsu, China. Nasal swab samples were collected 10 times. The colonization status was identified using SPA typing. We also determined antimicrobial susceptibility, genotype, and genomic characteristics of S. aureus. RESULTS The prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriage among the community individuals was on average 16.78%. The carriage rates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus and multidrug-resistant S. aureus were 6.29% and 7.69%, respectively. We identified 8.39% persistent carriers, 39.16% intermittent carriers, and 52.45% noncarriers. Furthermore, family members displayed concordance in terms of genotype and genomic characteristics. CONCLUSION Persistent nasal sampling captured intermittent carriers that were missed during short-term sampling, thus highlighting the necessity for regular community testing. SPA typing can serve as a rapid method for determining S. aureus colonization. The potential for intrafamilial transmission of S. aureus is evident, with persistent carriers being the most probable source of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Hu
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Science and Education, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Chu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Innovation Center, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengfei Jin
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Innovation Center, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Liang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Innovation Center, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingxin Li
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Innovation Center, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongming Tan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Innovation Center, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Bastakoti S, Pesonen M, Ajayi C, Julin K, Corander J, Johannessen M, Hanssen AM. Co-culturing with Streptococcus anginosus alters Staphylococcus aureus transcriptome when exposed to tonsillar cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1326730. [PMID: 38333035 PMCID: PMC10850355 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1326730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Improved understanding of Staphylococcus aureus throat colonization in the presence of other co-existing microbes is important for mapping S. aureus adaptation to the human throat, and recurrence of infection. Here, we explore the responses triggered by the encounter between two common throat bacteria, S. aureus and Streptococcus anginosus, to identify genes in S. aureus that are important for colonization in the presence of human tonsillar epithelial cells and S. anginosus, and further compare this transcriptome with the genes expressed in S. aureus as only bacterium. Methods We performed an in vitro co-culture experiment followed by RNA sequencing to identify interaction-induced transcriptional alterations and differentially expressed genes (DEGs), followed by gene enrichment analysis. Results and discussion A total of 332 and 279 significantly differentially expressed genes with p-value < 0.05 and log2 FoldChange (log2FC) ≥ |2| were identified in S. aureus after 1 h and 3 h co-culturing, respectively. Alterations in expression of various S. aureus survival factors were observed when co-cultured with S. anginosus and tonsillar cells. The serine-aspartate repeat-containing protein D (sdrD) involved in adhesion, was for example highly upregulated in S. aureus during co-culturing with S. anginosus compared to S. aureus grown in the absence of S. anginosus, especially at 3 h. Several virulence genes encoding secreted proteins were also highly upregulated only when S. aureus was co-cultured with S. anginosus and tonsillar cells, and iron does not appear to be a limiting factor in this environment. These findings may be useful for the development of interventions against S. aureus throat colonization and could be further investigated to decipher the roles of the identified genes in the host immune response in context of a throat commensal landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijana Bastakoti
- Department of Medical Biology, Research group for Host-Microbe Interaction (HMI), UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Maiju Pesonen
- Oslo Centre of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Clement Ajayi
- Department of Medical Biology, Research group for Host-Microbe Interaction (HMI), UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kjersti Julin
- Department of Medical Biology, Research group for Host-Microbe Interaction (HMI), UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jukka Corander
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Parasites and Microbes, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
- Helsinki Institute of Information Technology, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mona Johannessen
- Department of Medical Biology, Research group for Host-Microbe Interaction (HMI), UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anne-Merethe Hanssen
- Department of Medical Biology, Research group for Host-Microbe Interaction (HMI), UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Smelikova E, Drevinek P, Nyc O, Brajerova M, Tkadlec J, Krutova M. To screen or not to screen medical students for carriage of multidrug-resistant pathogens? J Hosp Infect 2023; 140:15-23. [PMID: 37478913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The carriage of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens in medical students has not been studied extensively, despite the fact that they are in contact with patients and exposed to a hospital environment. AIM To investigate the intestinal and nasal carriage of MDR pathogens among medical students and its association with their lifestyle and demographic data. METHODS In 2021, first- and final-year medical students were invited to the study. Two rectal swabs were used for detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing, colistin-, tigecycline- or carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Nasal swab was used for Staphylococcus aureus culture. S. aureus isolates were characterized by spa typing; Gram-negative resistant isolates and meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were subjected to whole-genome short and/or long sequencing. FINDINGS From 178 students, 80 (44.9%) showed nasal carriage of S. aureus; two isolates were MRSA. In rectal swabs, seven ESBL-producing strains were detected. Sixteen students were colonized by colistin-resistant bacteria, three isolates carried the mcr-1 gene (1.7%). The mcr-9 (10.7%, 19/178) and mcr-10 (2.2%, 4/178) genes were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, but only two colistin-susceptible mcr-10-positive isolates were cultured. The S. aureus nasal carriage was negatively associated with antibiotic and probiotic consumption. S. aureus and colistin-resistant bacteria were detected more frequently among students in contact with livestock. CONCLUSION Medical students can be colonized by (multi)drug-resistant bacteria with no difference between first- and final-year students. The participation of students in self-screening increases their awareness of possible colonization by resistant strains and their potential transmission due to poor hand hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Smelikova
- Department of Medical Microbiology, 2(nd) Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - P Drevinek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, 2(nd) Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - O Nyc
- Department of Medical Microbiology, 2(nd) Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Brajerova
- Department of Medical Microbiology, 2(nd) Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Tkadlec
- Department of Medical Microbiology, 2(nd) Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Krutova
- Department of Medical Microbiology, 2(nd) Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Weiss S, Holtfreter S, Meyer TC, Schmiedeke F, Cammann C, Dörr M, Felix SB, Grabe HJ, Homuth G, Kohler C, Mahncke C, Michalik S, Nauck M, Friedrich N, Samietz S, Völzke H, Völker U, Bröker BM. Toxin exposure and HLA alleles determine serum antibody binding to toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) of Staphylococcus aureus. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1229562. [PMID: 37731490 PMCID: PMC10507260 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1229562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Life-threatening toxic shock syndrome is often caused by the superantigen toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) produced by Staphylococcus aureus. A well-known risk factor is the lack of neutralizing antibodies. To identify determinants of the anti-TSST-1 antibody response, we examined 976 participants of the German population-based epidemiological Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND-0). We measured anti-TSST-1 antibody levels, analyzed the colonization with TSST-1-encoding S. aureus strains, and performed a genome-wide association analysis of genetic risk factors. TSST-1-specific serum IgG levels varied over a range of 4.2 logs and were elevated by a factor of 12.3 upon nasal colonization with TSST-1-encoding S. aureus. Moreover, the anti-TSST-1 antibody levels were strongly associated with HLA class II gene loci. HLA-DRB1*03:01 and HLA-DQB1*02:01 were positively, and HLA-DRB1*01:01 as well as HLA-DQB1*05:01 negatively associated with the anti-TSST-1 antibody levels. Thus, both toxin exposure and HLA alleles affect the human antibody response to TSST-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Weiss
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tanja C. Meyer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frieder Schmiedeke
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Clemens Cammann
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marcus Dörr
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan B. Felix
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hans J. Grabe
- Department of Psychatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Kohler
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Cedric Mahncke
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan Michalik
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nele Friedrich
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefanie Samietz
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Gerodontology and Biomaterials, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Barbara M. Bröker
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Bruse N, Jansen A, Gerretsen J, Rijbroek D, Wienholts K, Arron M, van Goor H, Ederveen THA, Pickkers P, Kox M. The gut microbiota composition has no predictive value for the endotoxin-induced immune response or development of endotoxin tolerance in humans invivo. Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105174. [PMID: 37348752 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is largely unknown whether the gut microbiome regulates immune responses in humans. We determined relationships between the microbiota composition and immunological phenotypes in 108 healthy volunteers, using 16S sequencing, an ex vivo monocyte challenge model, and an in vivo challenge model of systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). RESULTS Significant associations were observed between the microbiota composition and ex vivo monocytic cytokine responses induced by several stimuli, most notably IL-10 production induced by Pam3Cys, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans, although the explained variance was rather low (0.3-4.8%). Furthermore, a number of pairwise correlations between Blautia, Bacteroides and Prevotella genera and cytokine production induced by these stimuli were identified. LPS administration induced a profound transient in vivo inflammatory response. A second LPS challenge one week after the first resulted in a severely blunted response, reflecting endotoxin tolerance. However, no significant relationships between microbiota composition and in vivo parameters of inflammation or tolerance were found (explained variance ranging from 0.4 to 1.5%, ns). CONCLUSIONS The gut microbiota composition explains a limited degree of variance in ex vivo monocytic cytokine responses to several pathogenic stimuli, but no relationships with the LPS-induced in vivo immune response or tolerance was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Bruse
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Aron Jansen
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jelle Gerretsen
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Danielle Rijbroek
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kiedo Wienholts
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Surgery, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Therapy, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Melissa Arron
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas H A Ederveen
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Kox
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Bastakoti S, Ajayi C, Julin K, Johannessen M, Hanssen AM. Exploring differentially expressed genes of Staphylococcus aureus exposed to human tonsillar cells using RNA sequencing. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:185. [PMID: 37438716 PMCID: PMC10337072 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02919-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nose and the throat are the most predominant colonizing sites of Staphylococcus aureus, and colonization is a risk factor for infection. Nasal colonization is well described; however, we have limited knowledge about S. aureus throat colonization. The main objective of this study was to explore differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in S. aureus throat isolate TR145 exposed to human tonsil epithelial cells (HTEpiC) by using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and pathway analysis. DEGs in S. aureus at 1 or 3 hours (h) interaction with its host were explored. RESULTS S. aureus was co-cultured in absence and presence of tonsillar cells at 1 or 3 h. Over the 3 h time frame, the bacteria multiplied, but still caused only minor cytotoxicity. Upon exposure to tonsillar cell line, S. aureus changed its transcriptomic profile. A total of 508 DEGs were identified including unique (1 h, 160 DEGs and 3 h, 78 DEGs) and commonly shared genes (1 and 3 h, 270 DEGs). Among the DEGs, were genes encoding proteins involved in adhesion and immune evasion, as well as iron acquisition and transport. Reverse transcription qPCR was done on selected genes, and the results correlated with the RNA-seq data. CONCLUSION We have shown the suitability of using HTEpiC as an in vitro model for investigating key determinants in S. aureus during co-incubation with host cells. Several DEGs were unique after 1 or 3 h exposure to host cells, while others were commonly expressed at both time points. As their expression is induced upon meeting with the host, they might be explored further for future targets for intervention to prevent either colonization or infection in the throat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijana Bastakoti
- Department of Medical Biology, Host-Microbe Interaction (HMI) research group, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Clement Ajayi
- Department of Medical Biology, Host-Microbe Interaction (HMI) research group, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Center for Research and Education, University Hospital of North Norway (UNN), Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kjersti Julin
- Department of Medical Biology, Host-Microbe Interaction (HMI) research group, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mona Johannessen
- Department of Medical Biology, Host-Microbe Interaction (HMI) research group, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Center for Research and Education, University Hospital of North Norway (UNN), Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anne-Merethe Hanssen
- Department of Medical Biology, Host-Microbe Interaction (HMI) research group, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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Molecular and Source-Specific Profiling of Hospital Staphylococcus aureus Reveal Dominance of Skin Infection and Age-Specific Selections in Pediatrics and Geriatrics. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010149. [PMID: 36677441 PMCID: PMC9862673 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human-associated pathogen that causes a wide range of clinical infections. However, the increased human dynamics and the changing epidemiology of the species have made it imperative to understand the population structure of local ecotypes, their transmission dynamics, and the emergence of new strains. Since the previous methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) pandemic, there has been a steady increase in global healthcare-associated infections involving cutaneous and soft tissue and resulting in high morbidities and mortalities. Limited data and paucity of high-quality evidence exist for many key clinical questions about the pattern of S. aureus infections. Using clinical, molecular, and epidemiological characterizations of isolates, hospital data on age and infection sites, as well as antibiograms, we have investigated profiles of circulating S. aureus types and infection patterns. We showed that age-specific profiling in both intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU revealed highest infection rates (94.7%) in senior-patients > 50 years; most of which were MRSA (81.99%). However, specific distributions of geriatric MRSA and MSSA rates were 46.5% and 4.6% in ICU and 35.48% and 8.065% in non-ICU, respectively. Intriguingly, the age groups 0−20 years showed uniquely similar MRSA patterns in ICU and non-ICU patients (13.9% and 9.7%, respectively) and MSSA in ICU (11.6%). The similar frequencies of both lineages in youth at both settings is consistent with their increased socializations and gathering strongly implying carriage and potential evolutionary replacement of MSSA by MRSA. However, in age groups 20−50 years, MRSA was two-fold higher in non-ICU (35%) than ICU (18.6%). Interestingly, a highly significant association was found between infection-site and age-groups (p-value 0.000). Skin infections remained higher in all ages; pediatrics 32.14%, adults 56%, and seniors 25% while respiratory infections were lower in pediatrics (14.3%) and adults (17%) while it was highest in seniors (38%). Blood and “other” sites in pediatrics were recorded (28.6%; 25%, respectively), and were slightly lower in adults (18.6%; 8.6%) and seniors (14%; 22.8%), respectively. Furthermore, a significant association existed between infection-site and MRSA (Chi-Square Test, p-value 0.002). Thus, the common cutaneous infections across all age-groups imply that skin is a significant reservoir for endogenous infections; particularly, for geriatrics MRSA. These findings have important clinical implications and in understanding S. aureus profiles and transmission dynamics across different age groups that is necessary for strategic planning in patient management and infection control.
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Stensen DB, Cañadas RAN, Småbrekke L, Olsen K, Nielsen CS, Svendsen K, Hanssen AM, Ericson JU, Simonsen GS, Bongo LA, Furberg AS. Social network analysis of Staphylococcus aureus carriage in a general youth population. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 123:200-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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10
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Circulating sex-steroids and Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in a general male population. Epidemiol Infect 2022; 150:e93. [PMID: 35543107 PMCID: PMC9102054 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268822000735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Male sex is associated with higher risk of both colonisation and infection with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). However, the role of sex-steroids in colonisation among men is largely unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate possible associations between circulating sex-steroids and nasal carriage of S. aureus in a general male population. The population-based Tromsø6 study (2007–2008) included 752 males aged 31–87 years with serum sex-steroids measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and two nasal swab samples for the assessment of S. aureus carriage. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to study the association between sex-steroid concentrations and S. aureus persistent nasal carriage (two positive swabs vs. others), while adjusting for potential confounding factors. S. aureus persistent nasal carriage prevalence was 32%. Among men aged 55 years and above (median age 65 years), there was an inverse dose-response relationship between serum concentration of testosterone and persistent nasal carriage, and carriers had significantly lower mean levels of testosterone (P = 0.028, OR = 0.94 per nmol/l change in testosterone; 95% CI = 0.90–0.98). This association was attenuated when adjusting for body mass index and age (OR = 0.96 per nmol/l change in testosterone; 95% CI = 0.91–1.01). There was no association in the total population. This large population-based study suggests that testosterone levels may be inversely related to S. aureus persistent nasal carriage in older men. Future studies addressing biological mechanisms underlying the male predisposition to S. aureus colonisation and infection may foster preventive interventions that take sex-differences into account.
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Creutz I, Busche T, Layer F, Bednarz H, Kalinowski J, Niehaus K. Evaluation of virulence potential of methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from a German refugee cohort. Travel Med Infect Dis 2021; 45:102204. [PMID: 34785377 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) seem to be highly transmissible, often infect otherwise healthy humans and frequently occur in hospital outbreaks. METHODS Refugees, living in accommodations in Germany were screened for nasal carriage of S. aureus. The isolates were investigated regarding resistance and virulence, phenotypically and by whole genome data analysis. RESULTS 5.6% (9/161) of the refugees are carriers of S. aureus. 2.5% (4/161) are MRSA carriers. Among the refugees, spa-types t021, t084, t304, t991 and t4983 were detected, as well as the new spa-types t18794 and t18795. t304 and t991 are assumed to be local spa-types from the middle east. The isolates are less resistant and marginal biofilm formers. Each isolate has a remarkable set of virulence genes, although genes, encoding for proteins strongly associated with invasive S. aureus infections, like Panton-Valentine leucocidin, were not detected. CONCLUSION The detection of strains from the middle east, supports the assumption that strains co-travel with the refugees and persist despite a transition of the host's living conditions. Whole genome data analysis does not permit to finally evaluate a germ's virulence. Nevertheless, an impression of the virulence potential of the strains, regarding skills in colonization, resistance, immune evasion, and host cell damaging can be pictured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Creutz
- Proteome and Metabolome Research, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; FlüGe Graduate School, School of Public Heath, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Tobias Busche
- Technology Platform Genomics, CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Franziska Layer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, National Reference Centre for Staphylococci and Enterococci, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany.
| | - Hanna Bednarz
- Proteome and Metabolome Research, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Technology Platform Genomics, CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Karsten Niehaus
- Proteome and Metabolome Research, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
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Characterising clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the sinuses of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21940. [PMID: 34753993 PMCID: PMC8578559 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of Staphylococcus aureus in the pathogenesis of the chronic sinonasal disease chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), has not been definitively established. Comparative analyses of S. aureus isolates from CRS with those from control participants may offer insight into a possible pathogenic link between this organism and CRS. The intra- and inter-subject S. aureus strain-level diversity in the sinuses of patients with and without CRS were compared in this cross-sectional study. In total, 100 patients (CRS = 64, control = 36) were screened for S. aureus carriage. The overall carriage prevalence of S. aureus in this cohort was 24% (CRS n = 13, control n = 11). Cultured S. aureus isolates from 18 participants were strain-typed using spa gene sequencing. The bacterial community composition of the middle meatus was assessed using amplicon sequencing targeting the V3V4 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. S. aureus isolates cultured from patients were grown in co-culture with the commensal bacterium Dolosigranulum pigrum and characterised. All participants harboured a single S. aureus strain and no trend in disease-specific strain-level diversity was observed. Bacterial community analyses revealed a significant negative correlation in the relative abundances of S. aureus and D. pigrum sequences, suggesting an antagonistic interaction between these organisms. Co-cultivation experiments with these bacteria, however, did not confirm this interaction in vitro. We saw no significant associations of CRS disease with S. aureus strain types. The functional role that S. aureus occupies in CRS likely depends on other factors such as variations in gene expression and interactions with other members of the sinus bacterial community.
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Sanabria AM, Janice J, Hjerde E, Simonsen GS, Hanssen AM. Shotgun-metagenomics based prediction of antibiotic resistance and virulence determinants in Staphylococcus aureus from periprosthetic tissue on blood culture bottles. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20848. [PMID: 34675288 PMCID: PMC8531021 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shotgun-metagenomics may give valuable clinical information beyond the detection of potential pathogen(s). Identification of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), virulence genes and typing directly from clinical samples has been limited due to challenges arising from incomplete genome coverage. We assessed the performance of shotgun-metagenomics on positive blood culture bottles (n = 19) with periprosthetic tissue for typing and prediction of AMR and virulence profiles in Staphylococcus aureus. We used different approaches to determine if sequence data from reads provides more information than from assembled contigs. Only 0.18% of total reads was derived from human DNA. Shotgun-metagenomics results and conventional method results were consistent in detecting S. aureus in all samples. AMR and known periprosthetic joint infection virulence genes were predicted from S. aureus. Mean coverage depth, when predicting AMR genes was 209 ×. Resistance phenotypes could be explained by genes predicted in the sample in most of the cases. The choice of bioinformatic data analysis approach clearly influenced the results, i.e. read-based analysis was more accurate for pathogen identification, while contigs seemed better for AMR profiling. Our study demonstrates high genome coverage and potential for typing and prediction of AMR and virulence profiles in S. aureus from shotgun-metagenomics data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Maria Sanabria
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interaction, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Jessin Janice
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interaction, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Norwegian Advisory Unit on Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Erik Hjerde
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gunnar Skov Simonsen
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interaction, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anne-Merethe Hanssen
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interaction, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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Melo AMA, Furtado RF, de Fatima Borges M, Biswas A, Cheng HN, Alves CR. Performance of an amperometric immunosensor assembled on carboxymethylated cashew gum for Salmonella detection. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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15
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Lerche N, Holtfreter S, Walther B, Semmler T, Al'Sholui F, Dancer SJ, Daeschlein G, Hübner NO, Bröker BM, Papke R, Kohlmann T, Baguhl R, Seifert U, Kramer A. Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among dental health care workers in Northern Germany (StaphDent study). Int J Med Microbiol 2021; 311:151524. [PMID: 34371345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can colonize dental patients and students, however, studies on the prevalence of MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) among dental health care workers (DHCW) including use of personal protective equipment (PPE) are scarce. We conducted an observational study (StaphDent study) to (I) determine the prevalence of MRSA and MSSA colonization in DHCW in the region of Mecklenburg Western-Pomerania, Germany, (II) resolve the S. aureus population structure to gain hints on possible transmission events between co-workers, and (III) clarify use of PPE. Nasal swabs were obtained from dentists (n = 149), dental assistants (n = 297) and other dental practice staff (n = 38). Clonal relatedness of MSSA isolates was investigated using spa typing and, in some cases, whole genome sequencing (WGS). PPE use was assessed by questionnaire. While 22.3% (108/485) of the participants were colonized with MSSA, MRSA was not detected. MSSA prevalence was not associated with size of dental practices, gender, age, or duration of employment. The identified 61 spa types grouped into 17 clonal complexes and four sequence types. Most spa types (n = 47) were identified only once. In ten dental practices one spa type occurred twice. WGS data analysis confirmed a close clonal relationship for 4/10 isolate pairs. PPE was regularly used by most dentists and assistants. To conclude, the failure to recover MRSA from DHCW reflects the low MRSA prevalence in this region. Widespread PPE use suggests adherence to routine hygiene protocols. Compared to other regional HCW MRSA rates the consequent usage of PPE seems to be protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Lerche
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, DE-17475, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, DE-17475, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Birgit Walther
- ZBS 4, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, DE-13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Torsten Semmler
- Microbial Genomics (NG1), Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Fawaz Al'Sholui
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, DE-17475, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Stephanie J Dancer
- Department of Microbiology, Hairmyres Hospital, NHS Lanarkshire, G75 8RG, UK; School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK.
| | - Georg Daeschlein
- Department of Dermatology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, DE-17475, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Nils-Olaf Hübner
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, DE-17475, Greifswald, Germany; Central Unit for Infection Prevention and Control, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Barbara M Bröker
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, DE-17475, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Roald Papke
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, DE-17475, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Thomas Kohlmann
- Institute for Community Medicine, Methodical Subdivision, University Medicine Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 48, DE-17475, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Romy Baguhl
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, DE-17475, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Seifert
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, DE-17475, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Axel Kramer
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, DE-17475, Greifswald, Germany.
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Wood C, Sahl J, Maltinsky S, Coyne B, Russakoff B, Yagüe DP, Bowers J, Pearson T. SaQuant: a real-time PCR assay for quantitative assessment of Staphylococcus aureus. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:174. [PMID: 34103012 PMCID: PMC8188689 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Molecular assays are important tools for pathogen detection but need to be periodically re-evaluated with the discovery of additional genetic diversity that may cause assays to exclude target taxa or include non-target taxa. A single well-developed assay can find broad application across research, clinical, and industrial settings. Pathogen prevalence within a population is estimated using such assays and accurate results are critical for formulating effective public health policies and guiding future research. A variety of assays for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus are currently available. The utility of commercial assays for research is limited, given proprietary signatures and lack of transparent validation. Results In silico testing of existing peer-reviewed assays show that most suffer from a lack of sensitivity and specificity. We found no assays that were specifically designed and validated for quantitative use. Here we present a qPCR assay, SaQuant, for the detection and quantification of S. aureus as might be collected on sampling swabs. Sensitivity and specificity of the assay was 95.6 and 99.9 %, respectively, with a limit of detection of between 3 and 5 genome equivalents and a limit of quantification of 8.27 genome equivalents. The presence of DNA from non-target species likely to be found in a swab sample, did not impact qualitative or quantitative abilities of the assay. Conclusions This assay has the potential to serve as a valuable tool for the accurate detection and quantification of S. aureus collected from human body sites in order to better understand the dynamics of prevalence and transmission in community settings. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02247-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Wood
- Pathogen & Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Jason Sahl
- Pathogen & Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Sara Maltinsky
- Pathogen & Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Briana Coyne
- Pathogen & Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Benjamin Russakoff
- Pathogen & Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | | | - Jolene Bowers
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Talima Pearson
- Pathogen & Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
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Pimentel de Araujo F, Monaco M, Del Grosso M, Pirolo M, Visca P, Pantosti A. Staphylococcus aureus clones causing osteomyelitis: a literature review (2000-2020). J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2021; 26:29-36. [PMID: 33965630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Staphylococcus aureus is the most common causative organism of osteomyelitis (OM). Nevertheless, the molecular epidemiology of S. aureus causing OM remains ill-defined. This study aimed to address the global epidemiology of S. aureus clones from OM patients. METHODS Literature databases were searched for studies reporting the molecular typing of S. aureus involved in OM published between 1 January 2000 and 29 July 2020. Data from 32 articles that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were analysed for year of publication, country of patients, methicillin susceptibility and genotypic characteristics of S. aureus isolates. RESULTS Pandemic clones CC5, CC8, CC22, CC30 and CC45 were the most common in OM. The distribution of clones differed greatly among studies owing to the local epidemiology of S. aureus and the MSSA heterogeneity. PVL-positive MRSA clones belonging to ST80/CC80 and ST8/CC8/USA300 were the most common among paediatric patients in Europe and the USA; greater variability was observed in the adult population. In Europe, MRSA belonged to PVL-negative CC5, CC8 and CC22 indicating a nosocomial origin of infections; in Asia PVL-positive ST59/CC59 MRSA was the most frequent. PVL-positive clones were often detected in haematogenous OM in children and adults. Although MSSA were polyclonal, PVL-negative ST398/CC398 MSSA was the most prevalent clone in diabetic foot OM. CONCLUSION All major S. aureus clones circulating both in hospital and community settings appear to be capable of causing OM. Future studies reporting molecular typing and genomic data will provide more insights into the epidemiology and pathobiology of S. aureus clones causing OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Pimentel de Araujo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy; Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Monaco
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Del Grosso
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Pirolo
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Visca
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pantosti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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van Mierlo MMF, Pasmans SGMA, Totté JEE, de Wit J, Herpers BL, Vos MC, Klaassen CHW, Pardo LM. Temporal Variation in Staphylococcus aureus Protein A Genotypes from Nose and Skin in Atopic Dermatitis Patients. Dermatology 2021; 237:506-512. [PMID: 33823508 DOI: 10.1159/000515235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus colonization is associated with disease severity in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). OBJECTIVE To investigate temporal variation in S. aureus protein A gene (spa)-types isolated from the nose and lesional skin and the correlation of spa-types with disease severity. RESULTS This study included 96 adult AD patients who were assessed at baseline (T0) and after a strict 2-week follow-up period (T1) in which treatment was standardized with a topical corticosteroid. Fifty-five different spa-types were detected in the nose and skin cultures. Seventy-three patients were colonized with S. aureus in the nasal cavity at both time points (persistent carriership), 59 of whom (81%) had identical spa-types over time. For skin samples, 42 (75%) of the 56 persistent skin carriers had identical spa-types over time. The same spa-type was carried in the nose and skin in 79 and 77% of the patients at T0 and T1, respectively. More severe disease was not associated with specific spa-types or with temporal variation in spa-type. CONCLUSION S. aureus strains in AD are highly heterogeneous between patients. The majority of patients carry the same spa-type in the nose and skin without temporal variation, suggesting clonal colonization within individual patients. No predominant spa-type or temporal variation is associated with increased disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minke M F van Mierlo
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam-Sophia Children's Hospital-Center of Pediatric Dermatology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne G M A Pasmans
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam-Sophia Children's Hospital-Center of Pediatric Dermatology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joan E E Totté
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam-Sophia Children's Hospital-Center of Pediatric Dermatology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jill de Wit
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam-Sophia Children's Hospital-Center of Pediatric Dermatology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bjorn L Herpers
- Regional Public Health Laboratory Kennemerland, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet C Vos
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corné H W Klaassen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luba M Pardo
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam-Sophia Children's Hospital-Center of Pediatric Dermatology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Methicillin resistant staphylococci isolated in clinical samples: a 3-year retrospective study analysis. Future Sci OA 2021; 7:FSO681. [PMID: 33815826 PMCID: PMC8015662 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2020-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To determine the prevalence and describe the antimicrobial resistance patterns of circulating methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) isolated from clinical specimens during a 3-year period in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Materials & methods From January 2017 to December 2019, 1683 clinical samples were plated onto Mannitol salt agar. Bacterial identification was performed followed by antibiotic susceptibility testing. Data were analyzed using R program. Results Staphylococci were identified in 90 (5.35%) of the 1683 clinical samples. Among these, 83.33% were MRS with 78.67% being methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The prevalence of MRS infection increased significantly with age. Conclusion The study offers a good baseline for surveillance intervention to contain antimicrobial resistance and highlights the need to strengthen antimicrobial stewardship and infection, prevention and control programs in the country.
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Stensen DB, Småbrekke L, Olsen K, Grimnes G, Nielsen CS, Sollid JUE, Simonsen GS, Almås B, Furberg AS. Circulating sex-steroids and Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in a general female population. Eur J Endocrinol 2021; 184:337-346. [PMID: 33428587 PMCID: PMC7849480 DOI: 10.1530/eje-20-0877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen, and nasal carriers have an increased risk for infection and disease. The exploration of host determinants for nasal carriage is relevant to decrease infection burden. Former studies demonstrate lower carriage prevalence in women and among users of progestin-only contraceptives. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible associations between circulating sex-steroid hormones and nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in a general population. METHODS In the population-based sixth Tromsø study (2007-2008) nurses collected nasal swab samples from 724 women aged 30-87 not using any exogenous hormones, and 700 of the women had a repeated nasal swab taken (median interval 28 days). We analysed a panel of serum sex-steroids by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and collected information about lifestyle, health and anthropometric measures. Multivariable logistic regression was used to study the association between circulating sex-steroids and Staphylococcus aureus carriage (one swab) and persistent carriage (two swabs), while adjusting for potential confounding factors. Women in luteal phase were excluded in the analysis of androgens. RESULTS Staphylococcus aureus persistent nasal carriage prevalence was 22%. One standard deviation increase in testosterone and bioavailable testosterone was associated with lower odds of persistent nasal carriage, (OR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.35-0.92 and OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.30-0.92) respectively. Analysis stratified by menopause gave similar findings. Persistent carriers had lower average levels of androstenedione and DHEA, however, not statistically significant. CONCLUSION This large population-based study supports that women with lower levels of circulating testosterone may have increased probability of Staphylococcus aureus persistent carriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina B Stensen
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Correspondence should be addressed to D B Stensen;
| | - Lars Småbrekke
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Karina Olsen
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Guri Grimnes
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Endocrinology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Christopher Sivert Nielsen
- Division of Chronic Diseases and Ageing, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Department of Pain Management and Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johanna U E Sollid
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interaction, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gunnar Skov Simonsen
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interaction, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bjørg Almås
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne-Sofie Furberg
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Molde, Norway
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Blomfeldt A, Jørgensen SB, Helmersen K, Eskonsipo PKJ, Aamot HV. Is increased Staphylococcus aureus colonization during military service caused by specific genotypes? Molecular examination of long-term carriage in a prospective cohort study. APMIS 2021; 129:170-177. [PMID: 33336455 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 22% increase in Staphylococcus aureus colonization was observed in Norwegian recruits during first year of military service. The aim was to determine whether specific genotypes caused the increase and to examine carriage status based on genotyping. Characterization of S. aureus from nose, throat and perineum sampled at enrolment and discharge included spa typing, MLVA, detection of PVL genes and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. spa typing demonstrated high and stable genetic diversity. The three most frequent spa types were found in 15% of recruits at enrolment and in 29% at discharge. Only t084 increased significantly (p = 0.02). Subtyping revealed that t084, t065 and t002 consisted of 13, 6 and 11 different MLVA types, respectively, at discharge. The military cohort (n = 265) consisted of S. aureus carriers of identical genotype (n = 99, 38%), carriers of non-identical genotype (n = 52, 20%), intermittent carriers (n = 86, 33%) and non-carriers (n = 27, 10%). Carrier status was indefinable for one recruit due to unavailable isolates for genotyping. Antibiotic resistance towards erythromycin, fusidic acid and clindamycin increased significantly and above national surveillance levels. The observed increase in S. aureus colonization during military service was caused by many different genotypes implying many transmission routes. Genotype did not correlate with colonization niche or carriage status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Blomfeldt
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Silje Bakken Jørgensen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Karin Helmersen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | | | - Hege Vangstein Aamot
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.,Department of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, Lørenskog, Norway
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22
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Roe C, Stegger M, Lilje B, Johannesen TB, Ng KL, Sieber RN, Driebe E, Engelthaler DM, Andersen PS. Genomic analyses of Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex 45 isolates does not distinguish nasal carriage from bacteraemia. Microb Genom 2020; 6:mgen000403. [PMID: 32667872 PMCID: PMC7641415 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a colonizing opportunistic pathogen and a leading cause of bloodstream infection with high morbidity and mortality. S. aureus carriage frequency is reportedly between 20 and 40 % among healthy adults, with S. aureus colonization considered to be a risk factor for S. aureus bacteraemia. It is unknown whether a genetic component of the bacterium is associated with S. aureus bacteraemia in comparison to nasal carriage strains. Previous association studies primarily focusing on the clinical outcome of an S. aureus infection have produced conflicting results, often limited by study design challenged by sample collections and the clonal diversity of S. aureus. To date, no study has investigated whether genomic features separate nasal carriage isolates from S. aureus bacteraemia isolates within a single clonal lineage. Here we have investigated whether genomic features, including single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), genes, or kmers, distinguish S. aureus nasal carriage isolates from bacteraemia isolates that all belong to the same clonal lineage [clonal complex 45 (CC45)] using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and a genome-wide association (GWA) approach. From CC45, 100 isolates (50 bacteraemia and 50 nasal carriage, geographically and temporally matched) from Denmark were whole-genome sequenced and subjected to GWA analyses involving gene copy number variation, SNPs, gene content, kmers and gene combinations, while correcting for lineage effects. No statistically significant association involving SNPs, specific genes, gene variants, gene copy number variation, or a combination of genes was identified that could distinguish bacteraemia isolates from nasal carriage isolates. The presented results suggest that all S. aureus nasal CC45 isolates carry the potential to cause invasive disease, as no core or accessory genome content or variations were statistically associated with invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandler Roe
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
- Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Marc Stegger
- Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Berit Lilje
- Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kim Lee Ng
- Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raphael N. Sieber
- Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Paal Skytt Andersen
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
- Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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23
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Characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying the toxic shock syndrome toxin gene: high prevalence of clonal complex 22 strains and the emergence of new spa types t223 and t605 in Iran. New Microbes New Infect 2020; 36:100695. [PMID: 32518656 PMCID: PMC7270607 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains that carry the tst gene are disseminated worldwide with varying regional incidences and different genetic backgrounds. The data on molecular characteristics of these strains is insufficient in Iran. The present study aimed to assess the characteristics and distribution of spa types of tst-positive MRSA strains. We investigated 89 MRSA isolates carrying the tst gene with spa typing, resistance gene detection and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility. Of the 89 tested isolates, 61 (68.5%) were confirmed as multidrug resistant (MDR). The isolates were distributed across seven clonal complexes (CCs) including CC22 (42.7%), CC8 (28.1%), CC5 (11.2%), CC59 (5.6%), CC30 (4.5%), CC80 (4.5%) and CC15 (3.4%). spa typing identified 11 distinct types, with t223 (16.9%) and t790 (15.7%) being the most prevalent. All high-level mupirocin-resistant strains belonged to t002 (n = 8) and low-level mupirocin-resistant strains belonged to t790 (n = 6) spa types. Fusidic-acid-resistant isolates belonged to t437 (n = 3). iMLSB phenotype was observed in t005 (6.7%), t002 (5.6%), t790 (3.4%), and t030, t044 and t084 (each 2.2%). It was found that in the tst-carrying MRSA strains, there were genetic diversities with a majority of the t223 spa type. Indeed, there is a necessity for more constructive surveillance/infection control strategies to address the prevalence and prevention of the emerging spa types.
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24
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Comparative Analysis of Age- and Gender-Associated Microbiome in Lung Adenocarcinoma and Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061447. [PMID: 32498338 PMCID: PMC7352186 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intra-tumor microbiota has been increasingly implicated in cancer pathogenesis. In this study, we aimed to examine the microbiome in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) and determine its compositional differences with relation to age and gender. After grouping 497 LUAD and 433 LUSC patients by age and gender and removing potential contaminants, we identified differentially abundant microbes in each patient cohort vs. adjacent normal samples. We then correlated dysregulated microbes with patient survival rates, immune infiltration, immune and cancer pathways, and genomic alterations. We found that most age and gender cohorts in both LUAD and LUSC contained unique, significantly dysregulated microbes. For example, LUAD-associated Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. W3110 was dysregulated in older female and male patients and correlated with both patient survival and genomic alterations. For LUSC, the most prominent bacterial species that we identified was Pseudomonas putida str. KT2440, which was uniquely associated with young LUSC male patients and immune infiltration. In conclusion, we found differentially abundant microbes implicated with age and gender that are also associated with genomic alterations and immune dysregulations. Further investigation should be conducted to determine the relationship between gender and age-associated microbes and the pathogenesis of lung cancer.
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25
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Goudarzi M, Tayebi Z, Dadashi M, Miri M, Amirpour A, Fazeli M. Characteristics of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus associated with wound infections in Tehran, Iran: High prevalence of PVL+ t008 and the emergence of new spa types t657, t5348, and t437 in Iran. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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26
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Olofsson M, Matussek A, Ehricht R, Lindgren PE, Östgren CJ. Differences in molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in nursing home residents and people in unassisted living situations. J Hosp Infect 2018; 101:76-83. [PMID: 30237119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The usefulness of colonization pressure as a working model and proxy for infection transmission is limited due to the inability to grade or quantify the specific risk within environments that are subject to change. AIM To elaborate on the colonization pressure model by comparing the molecular epidemiology of two bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, among residents in a nursing home and people in unassisted living situations. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 73 elderly residents from a village in south-central Sweden was conducted. Of these, 35 were residents of a nursing home, and 34 lived in an own place of residence in the same geographical area. Samples of two representative bacterial species were collected from multiple body sites and analysed for molecular diversity. FINDINGS Combining all body sites, 47% of the participants were colonized with S. aureus and 93% with E. coli. The nursing home group, the group in unassisted living situations, and both units combined, held 16, 17, and 29 different S. aureus spa types, respectively. The corresponding numbers of different E. coli serogenotypes were 34, 28, and 48. Diabetes mellitus was associated with more frequent colonization with S. aureus. CONCLUSION The molecular diversity of bacteria found within different forms of accommodation was within the same range. Hospital quality hygiene might have contributed to the absence of homogenization of the molecular diversity within the nursing home group. Diabetes mellitus might have played a role in a patient selection characterized by advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Olofsson
- Ödeshög Health Care Centre, Ödeshög, Sweden; Division of Community Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - A Matussek
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Region Jönköping County, Sweden; Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska University Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Ehricht
- Abbott (Alere Technologies GmbH), Jena, Germany; InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany
| | - P-E Lindgren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Region Jönköping County, Sweden; Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - C J Östgren
- Ödeshög Health Care Centre, Ödeshög, Sweden; Division of Community Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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27
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Mekonnen SA, Lam TJGM, Hoekstra J, Rutten VPMG, Tessema TS, Broens EM, Riesebos AE, Spaninks MP, Koop G. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk samples of dairy cows in small holder farms of North-Western Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:246. [PMID: 30139356 PMCID: PMC6107951 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1558-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is a contagious, opportunistic pathogen that causes clinical or subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. The genetic background and antimicrobial resistance of isolates from Ethiopian dairy farms has not been studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize S. aureus from Ethiopian hand milked dairy cows, by spa, MLST and virulence factor typing, and by assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility. A total of 79 S. aureus isolates from intramammary infections was studied. A PCR was used to detect lukM-lukF’ and pvl genes encoding the bovine and human associated bi-component leukocidins, and the toxic shock syndrome toxin gene-1 (tst). Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the broth microdilution method. Results Twenty different spa types were identified, most isolates were t042 (58%), and the closely related t15786 (11%). The proportion of isolates positive for lukM-lukF’, tst and pvl was low at 0.04, 0.10 and 0.09 respectively, with lukM-lukF’ often co-occurring with tst, but not with pvl. Methicillin-resistance was not found, but resistance to penicillin/ampicillin (86%) and tetracycline (54%) was very common. Conclusions We found a high degree of relatedness among bovine S. aureus isolates in North-Western Ethiopia, suggesting contagious within and between farm transmission of strains that are often resistant to commonly used antimicrobials. This highlights the need for effective preventive measures that aim at limiting transmission of bacteria rather than using antimicrobials to control S. aureus mastitis in Ethiopia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1558-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Mekonnen
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - T J G M Lam
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,GD Animal Health, P.O. Box 9, 7400 AA, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - J Hoekstra
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - V P M G Rutten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - T S Tessema
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - E M Broens
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A E Riesebos
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M P Spaninks
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - G Koop
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Brailsford SR, Tossell J, Morrison R, McDonald CP, Pitt TL. Failure of bacterial screening to detect Staphylococcus aureus: the English experience of donor follow-up. Vox Sang 2018; 113:540-546. [PMID: 29799121 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Between February 2011 and December 2016, over 1·6 million platelet units, 36% pooled platelets, underwent bacterial screening prior to issue. Contamination rates for apheresis and pooled platelets were 0·02% and 0·07%, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 21 contaminations, including four pooled platelets, one confirmed transfusion-transmitted infection (TTI) and three 'near-miss' incidents detected on visual inspection which were negative on screening. We describe follow-up investigations of 16 donors for skin carriage of S. aureus and molecular characterisation of donor and pack isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS Units were screened by the BacT/ALERT 3D detection system. Contributing donors were interviewed and consent requested for skin and nasal swabbing. S. aureus isolates were referred for spa gene type and DNA macrorestriction profile to determine identity between carriage strains and packs. RESULTS Donors of 10 apheresis and two pooled packs screen positive for S. aureus were confirmed as the source of contamination; seven had a history of skin conditions, predominantly eczema; 11 were nasal carriers. The 'near-miss' incidents were associated with apheresis donors, two donors harboured strains indistinguishable from the pack strain. The TTI was due to a screen-negative pooled unit, and a nasal isolate of one donor was indistinguishable from that in the unit. CONCLUSION Staphylococcus aureus contamination is rare but potentially harmful in platelet units. Donor isolates showed almost universal correspondence in molecular type with pack isolates, thus confirming the source of contamination. The importance of visual inspection of packs prior to transfusion is underlined by the 'near-miss' incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Brailsford
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK
| | - J Tossell
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK
| | - R Morrison
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK
| | - C P McDonald
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK
| | - T L Pitt
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK
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Ajayi C, Åberg E, Askarian F, Sollid JUE, Johannessen M, Hanssen AM. Genetic variability in the sdrD gene in Staphylococcus aureus from healthy nasal carriers. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:34. [PMID: 29661152 PMCID: PMC5902956 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus cell wall anchored Serine Aspartate repeat containing protein D (SdrD) is a member of the microbial surface component recognising adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs). It is involved in the bacterial adhesion and virulence. However the extent of genetic variation in S. aureus sdrD gene within isolates from healthy carriers are not known. The aim of this study was to evaluate allelic variation of the sdrD gene among S. aureus from healthy nasal carriers. Results The sdrD A region from 48 S. aureus isolates from healthy carriers were analysed and classified into seven variants. Variations in the sdrD A region were concentrated in the N2 and N3 subdomains. Sequence analysis of the entire sdrD gene of representative isolates revealed variations in the SD repeat and the EF motifs of the B repeat. In silico structural modelling indicates that there are no differences in the SdrD structure of the 7 variants. Variable amino acid residues mapped onto the 3D structure revealed that the variations are surface located, exist within the groove between the N2-N3 subdomains and distributed mainly on the N3 subdomain. Comparison of adhesion to keratinocytes in an in vitro cell adhesion assay, using NCTC 8325–4∆sdrD strains expressing the various sdrD gene variants, indicated a significant difference between only two complements while others showed no major difference in their adhesion. Conclusions This study provides evidence of sequence variations across the different domains of SdrD from S. aureus isolated from healthy nasal carriers. Proper understanding of these variations is necessary in the study of S. aureus pathogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1179-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Ajayi
- Research group of Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Espen Åberg
- Research group of Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Fatemeh Askarian
- Research group of Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Johanna U E Sollid
- Research group of Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mona Johannessen
- Research group of Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anne-Merethe Hanssen
- Research group of Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
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30
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Kates AE, Thapaliya D, Smith TC, Chorazy ML. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus from human stool samples. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2018; 7:42. [PMID: 29568515 PMCID: PMC5859634 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-018-0331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To determine the prevalence of intestinal S. aureus colonization of patients at a large teaching hospital and determine the molecular characteristics of the identified strains. The second objective of this research was to determine risk factors associated with S. aureus intestinal colonization. Methods A cross-sectional study of 781 specimens from inpatients and outpatients at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Clinical Microbiology Laboratory was conducted. S. aureus was identified using traditional culture methodologies. Methicillin-resistance was determined via PCR of the mecA gene. PVL PCR, spa typing, and antimicrobial sensitivity testing were also done. A nested case-control study was done on a subset of patients with all colonized patients defined as cases and non-colonized controls. Medical record abstractions were done to identify risk factors for intestinal colonization in the nested study. Results Out of 625 patients included in the final study, 58 were positive for S. aureus (9.3%). One isolate was positive for the PVL gene. A high number of isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics including oxacillin (43.1%), erythromycin (51.7%), and levofloxacin (41.4%). All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, and quinupristin-dalfopristin. In the nested study, having a disease or condition of the gastrointestinal tract significantly increased the odds of intestinal colonization (OR: 1.96, 95% CI: 1.04–3.7; aOR: 13.9, 95% CI: 1.67–115.7). No other variables were significantly associated with increased odds of colonization. Conclusions S. aureus was identified from the stool of patients at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, with a large number of those isolates being resistant to antibiotics and may serve a reservoir for subsequent infections as well as asymptomatic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Kates
- 1Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - D Thapaliya
- 2Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Services, College of Public Health, Kent State University, Kent, OH USA
| | - T C Smith
- 2Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Services, College of Public Health, Kent State University, Kent, OH USA
| | - M L Chorazy
- 3Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
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Asadollahi P, Farahani NN, Mirzaii M, Khoramrooz SS, van Belkum A, Asadollahi K, Dadashi M, Darban-Sarokhalil D. Distribution of the Most Prevalent Spa Types among Clinical Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus around the World: A Review. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:163. [PMID: 29487578 PMCID: PMC5816571 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Staphylococcus aureus, a leading cause of community-acquired and nosocomial infections, remains a major health problem worldwide. Molecular typing methods, such as spa typing, are vital for the control and, when typing can be made more timely, prevention of S. aureus spread around healthcare settings. The current study aims to review the literature to report the most common clinical spa types around the world, which is important for epidemiological surveys and nosocomial infection control policies. Methods: A search via PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane library, and Scopus was conducted for original articles reporting the most prevalent spa types among S. aureus isolates. The search terms were “Staphylococcus aureus, spa typing.” Results: The most prevalent spa types were t032, t008 and t002 in Europe; t037 and t002 in Asia; t008, t002, and t242 in America; t037, t084, and t064 in Africa; and t020 in Australia. In Europe, all the isolates related to spa type t032 were MRSA. In addition, spa type t037 in Africa and t037and t437 in Australia also consisted exclusively of MRSA isolates. Given the fact that more than 95% of the papers we studied originated in the past decade there was no option to study the dynamics of regional clone emergence. Conclusion: This review documents the presence of the most prevalent spa types in countries, continents and worldwide and shows big local differences in clonal distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Asadollahi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Nodeh Farahani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirzaii
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Seyed Sajjad Khoramrooz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Alex van Belkum
- Data Analytics Unit, bioMérieux 3, La Balme Les Grottes, France
| | - Khairollah Asadollahi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.,Faculty of Medicine, Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants Researches Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Masoud Dadashi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Darban-Sarokhalil
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Strommenger B, Layer F, Werner G. Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Workers in the Food Industry. STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS 2018. [PMCID: PMC7150186 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809671-0.00009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is part of the common flora on the skin and mucous membranes of mammals and approximately 20–30% of humans are persistently colonized, mainly by mostly susceptible human-adapted isolates. In contrast, colonization with methicillin-resistant S. aureus is rare (approximately 1%), predominantly transient and associated with prior contact to the health care system. Additionally, in recent years livestock-associated S. aureus clones contributed to colonization in humans, especially in those working in close contact to farm animals. A considerable percentage of colonizing S. aureus isolates is equipped with enterotoxin genes. Humans carrying enterotoxigenic isolates represent a contamination source when handling food, thus generating a continuous risk of S. aureus food intoxication. Molecular characterization of isolates colonizing humans and obtained from food, respectively, enables the tracing of food-related outbreaks back to the source of food intoxication. We will summarize current knowledge about the S. aureus population colonizing humans, including those in close contact to animals and food, respectively. Additionally, we will review data on the molecular characterization of S. aureus isolates related to staphylococcal foodborne disease and the elucidation of staphylococcal foodborne outbreaks. Staphylococcal food poisoning is a common foodborne disease, mediated by the ingestion of enterotoxins produced by enterotoxigenic strains of S. aureus. For several outbreaks of foodborne S. aureus disease, colonized personnel could be identified as the source of food contamination. However, because of the widespread occurrence of enterotoxigenic strains as human colonizers and the often transient nature of colonization, the source of contamination cannot always be identified unambiguously. Therefore, compliance with hygiene measures is the most important requirement to prevent food contamination by both human colonization and environmental S. aureus reservoirs.
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Hanssen AM, Kindlund B, Stenklev NC, Furberg AS, Fismen S, Olsen RS, Johannessen M, Sollid JUE. Localization of Staphylococcus aureus in tissue from the nasal vestibule in healthy carriers. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:89. [PMID: 28381253 PMCID: PMC5382455 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0997-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colonization of the body is an important step in Staphylococcus aureus infection. S. aureus colonizes skin and mucous membranes in humans and several animal species. One important ecological niche of S. aureus is the anterior nares. More than 60% of the S. aureus in the nose are found in vestibulum nasi. Our aim was to describe the localization of S. aureus in nasal tissue from healthy carriers. Methods Punch skin biopsies were taken from vestibulum nasi from healthy volunteers (S. aureus carriers and non−/intermittent carriers, n = 39) attending the population-based Tromsø 6 study. The tissue samples were processed as frozen sections before immunostaining with a specific S. aureus antibody, and finally evaluated by a confocal laser-scanning microscope. Results Our results suggest that S. aureus colonize both the upper and lower layers of the epidermis within the nasal epithelium of healthy individuals. The number of S. aureus in epidermis was surprisingly low. Intracellular localization of S. aureus in nasal tissue from healthy individuals was also detected. Conclusions Knowledge of the exact localization of S. aureus in nasal tissue is important for the understanding of the host responses against S. aureus. Our results may have consequences for the eradication strategy of S. aureus in carriers, and further work can provide us with tools for targeted prevention of S. aureus colonisation and infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-017-0997-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Merethe Hanssen
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interaction, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Bert Kindlund
- Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niels Christian Stenklev
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anne-Sofie Furberg
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Silje Fismen
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of North-Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Renate Slind Olsen
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical Diagnostics, Jönköping, Region Jönköping County, Sweden
| | - Mona Johannessen
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interaction, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Johanna Ulrica Ericson Sollid
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interaction, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
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Sex differences in the risk factors for Staphylococcus aureus throat carriage. Am J Infect Control 2017; 45:29-33. [PMID: 27671360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male gender and adiposity are considered to be risk factors for Staphylococcus aureus carriage. We tested whether colonization is related to free testosterone (fT) level and adiposity, measured with body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BFP), in healthy adults. METHODS Blood sample and throat swabs were taken twice (at 4-week intervals) from healthy men and women aged 18-36 years. fT level, height, weight, and BFP were measured. Participants were classified as persistent carriers, intermittent carriers (excluded from the analyses), and noncarriers. The final sample was 152 participants: 85 men and 67 women. RESULTS BFP, but not BMI, correlated positively with S aureus colonization (P = .02) in men. BMI became a significant predictor of carriage only when comparing groups within and above norms (P = .04). There was no relationship for BMI nor BFP in women. Higher fT level was related to persistent carriage (P = .02) in women, there was no relationship for fT level in men. CONCLUSION Risk factors for S aureus carriage are sex dependent. Within-sex variation in colonization is related to fT level in women, whereas in men it is related to the amount of body fat.
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Molecular Characterization and Distribution of Class 1 Integron-Bearing Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains in Burn Patients, Tehran, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.40592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Chaves-Moreno D, Wos-Oxley ML, Jáuregui R, Medina E, Oxley AP, Pieper DH. Exploring the transcriptome of Staphylococcus aureus in its natural niche. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33174. [PMID: 27641137 PMCID: PMC5027550 DOI: 10.1038/srep33174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen and commensal, where the human nose is the predominant reservoir. To better understand its behavior in this environmental niche, RNA was extracted from the anterior nares of three documented S. aureus carriers and the metatranscriptome analyzed by RNAseq. In addition, the in vivo transcriptomes were compared to previously published transcriptomes of two in vitro grown S. aureus strains. None of the in vitro conditions, even growth in medium resembling the anterior nares environment, mimicked in vivo conditions. Survival in the nose was strongly controlled by the limitation of iron and evident by the expression of iron acquisition systems. S. aureus populations in different individuals clearly experience different environmental stresses, which they attempt to overcome by the expression of compatible solute biosynthetic pathways, changes in their cell wall composition and synthesis of general stress proteins. Moreover, the expression of adhesins was also important for colonization of the anterior nares. However, different S. aureus strains also showed different in vivo behavior. The assessment of general in vivo expression patterns and commonalities between different S. aureus strains will in the future result in new knowledge based strategies for controlling colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Chaves-Moreno
- Microbial Interactions and Processes Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Melissa L Wos-Oxley
- Microbial Interactions and Processes Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ruy Jáuregui
- Microbial Interactions and Processes Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Eva Medina
- Infection and Immunology Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andrew Pa Oxley
- Microbial Interactions and Processes Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dietmar H Pieper
- Microbial Interactions and Processes Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Molecular Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in the General Population in Northeast Germany: Results of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND-0). J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54:2774-2785. [PMID: 27605711 PMCID: PMC5078557 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00312-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Population-based studies on Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization are scarce. We examined the prevalence, resistance, and molecular diversity of S. aureus in the general population in Northeast Germany. Nasal swabs were obtained from 3,891 adults in the large-scale population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND). Isolates were characterized using spa genotyping, as well as antibiotic resistance and virulence gene profiling. We observed an S. aureus prevalence of 27.2%. Nasal S. aureus carriage was associated with male sex and inversely correlated with age. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) accounted for 0.95% of the colonizing S. aureus strains. MRSA carriage was associated with frequent visits to hospitals, nursing homes, or retirement homes within the previous 24 months. All MRSA strains were resistant to multiple antibiotics. Most MRSA isolates belonged to the pandemic European hospital-acquired MRSA sequence type 22 (HA-MRSA-ST22) lineage. We also detected one livestock-associated MRSA ST398 (LA-MRSA-ST398) isolate, as well as six livestock-associated methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (LA-MSSA) isolates (clonal complex 1 [CC1], CC97, and CC398). spa typing revealed a diverse but also highly clonal S. aureus population structure. We identified a total of 357 spa types, which were grouped into 30 CCs or sequence types. The major seven CCs (CC30, CC45, CC15, CC8, CC7, CC22, and CC25) included 75% of all isolates. Virulence gene patterns were strongly linked to the clonal background. In conclusion, MSSA and MRSA prevalences and the molecular diversity of S. aureus in Northeast Germany are consistent with those of other European countries. The detection of HA-MRSA and LA-MRSA within the general population indicates possible transmission from hospitals and livestock, respectively, and should be closely monitored.
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Dayan GH, Mohamed N, Scully IL, Cooper D, Begier E, Eiden J, Jansen KU, Gurtman A, Anderson AS. Staphylococcus aureus: the current state of disease, pathophysiology and strategies for prevention. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:1373-1392. [PMID: 27118628 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1179583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is both a commensal organism and also an important opportunistic human pathogen, causing a variety of community and hospital-associated pathologies, such as bacteremia-sepsis, endocarditis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, arthritis and skin diseases. The resurgence of S. aureus during the last decade in many settings has been facilitated not only by bacterial antibiotic resistance mechanisms but also by the emergence of new S. aureus clonal types with increased expression of virulence factors and the capacity to neutralize the host immune response. Prevention of the spread of S. aureus infection relies on the use of contact precautions and adequate procedures for infection control that so far have not been fully effective. Prevention using a prophylactic vaccine would complement these processes, having the potential to bring additional, significant progress toward decreasing invasive disease due to S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo H Dayan
- a Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development , Pearl River , NY , USA
| | - Naglaa Mohamed
- a Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development , Pearl River , NY , USA
| | - Ingrid L Scully
- a Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development , Pearl River , NY , USA
| | - David Cooper
- a Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development , Pearl River , NY , USA
| | - Elizabeth Begier
- a Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development , Pearl River , NY , USA
| | - Joseph Eiden
- a Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development , Pearl River , NY , USA
| | - Kathrin U Jansen
- a Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development , Pearl River , NY , USA
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Lata C, Girard L, Parkins M, James MT. Catheter-related bloodstream infection in end-stage kidney disease: a Canadian narrative review. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2016; 3:24. [PMID: 27152201 PMCID: PMC4857243 DOI: 10.1186/s40697-016-0115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose of the review Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are at a high risk of bacterial infection. We reviewed publications on risk factors, prevention, and treatment paradigms, as well as outcomes associated with bacterial infection in end-stage kidney disease. We focused in particular on studies conducted in Canada where rates of haemodialysis catheter use are high. Sources of information We included original research articles in English text identified from MEDLINE using search terms ‘chronic kidney failure’, ‘renal dialysis’, or ‘chronic renal insufficiency’, and ‘bacterial infection’. We focused on articles with Canadian study populations and included comparisons to international standards and outcomes where possible. Findings Bacterial infections in this setting are most commonly due to Gram-positive skin flora, particularly Staphylococcus, with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carrying a poorer prognosis. Interventions that may decrease mortality from sepsis include a collaborative care model that includes a nephrology team, an infectious disease specialist, and use of standardized care bundles that adhere to proven quality-of-care indicators. Decreased infectious mortality may be achieved by ensuring appropriate antibiotic selection and dosing as well as avoiding catheter salvage attempts. Reduction in bloodstream infection (BSI) incidence has been observed with the use of tPA catheter-locking solutions and the use of mupirocin or polysporin as a topical agent at the catheter exit site, as well as implementing standarized hygiene protocols during catheter use. Limitations There has been a paucity of randomized controlled trials of prevention and treatment strategies for catheter-related BSIs in haemodialysis. Some past trials have been limited by lack of blinding and short duration of follow-up. Microbiological epidemiology, although well characterized, may vary by region and treatment centre. Implications With the high prevalence of catheter use in Canadian haemodialysis units, further studies on long-term treatment and preventative strategies for BSI are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Lata
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Louis Girard
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9 Canada
| | - Michael Parkins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Matthew T James
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9 Canada ; Division of Nephrology, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9 Canada
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Ilczyszyn WM, Sabat AJ, Akkerboom V, Szkarlat A, Klepacka J, Sowa-Sierant I, Wasik B, Kosecka-Strojek M, Buda A, Miedzobrodzki J, Friedrich AW. Clonal Structure and Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Strains from Invasive Infections in Paediatric Patients from South Poland: Association between Age, spa Types, Clonal Complexes, and Genetic Markers. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151937. [PMID: 26992009 PMCID: PMC4798296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of current study was to examine clonal structure and genetic profile of invasive Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from infants and children treated at the Jagiellonian University Children’s Hospital of Krakow, Poland. The 107 invasive S. aureus isolates, collected between February 2012 and August 2014, were analysed retrospectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, spa typing and DNA microarray analysis were performed to determine clonal distribution, diversity and gene content in regard to patients characteristics. In total, 107 isolates were recovered from 88 patients with clinical symptoms of invasive bacterial infection. The final set of 92 non-duplicate samples included 38 MRSA isolates. Additionally, a set of 54 S. aureus isolates collected during epidemiological screening was genotyped and analysed. There were 72 healthcare-associated (HCA) and 20 community-onset (CO) infection events caused by 33 and 5 MRSA isolates, respectively. The majority of isolates were affiliated with the major European clonal complexes CC5 (t003, spa-CC 002), CC45 (spa-CC 015), CC7 or CC15 (t084, t091, spa-CC 084). Two epidemic clones (CC5-MRSA-II or CC45-MRSA-IV) dominated among MRSA isolates, while MSSA population contained 15 different CCs. The epidemiological screening isolates belonged to similar genetic lineages as those collected from invasive infection cases. The HCA infection events, spa types t003, t2642 or CC5 were significantly associated with infections occurring in neonates and children under 5 years of age. Moreover, carriage of several genetic markers, including erm(A), sea (N315), egc-cluster, chp was significantly higher in isolates obtained from children in this age group. The spa types t091 and t008 were underrepresented among patients aged 5 years or younger, whereas spa type t008, CC8 and presence of splE was associated with infection in children aged 10 years or older. The HCA-MRSA strains were most frequently found in children under 5 years, although the majority of invasive infections was associated with MSSA strains. Moreover, an association between age group of children from the study population and a specific strain genotype (spa type, clonal complex or genetic content) was observed among the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika M Ilczyszyn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Artur J Sabat
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Viktoria Akkerboom
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Szkarlat
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Children's University Hospital, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Klepacka
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Children's University Hospital, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Iwona Sowa-Sierant
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Children's University Hospital, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Wasik
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Children's University Hospital, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maja Kosecka-Strojek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aneta Buda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Miedzobrodzki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Alexander W Friedrich
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Diseminación de cepas Staphylococcus aureus sensible a meticilina (SASM) relacionadas genéticamente, pertenecientes al CC45, entre portadores nasales sanos de hogares infantiles de Medellín, Colombia. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2016; 34:159-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Mehraj J, Witte W, Akmatov MK, Layer F, Werner G, Krause G. Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage Patterns in the Community. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 398:55-87. [PMID: 27370344 DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a Gram-positive opportunistic pathogen that colonizes frequently and asymptomatically the anterior nares of humans and animals. It can cause different kinds of infections and is considered to be an important nosocomial pathogen. Nasal carriage of S. aureus can be permanent or intermittent and may build the reservoir for autogenous infections and cross-transmission to other individuals. Most of the studies on the epidemiology of S. aureus performed in the past were focused on the emergence and dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in healthcare settings. There are, however, a number of more recent epidemiological studies have aimed at analysing carriage patterns over time in the community settings providing new insights on risk factors for colonization and important data for the development of strategies to prevent infections. This chapter aims to give a review of current epidemiological studies on S. aureus carriage patterns in the general community and put them into perspective with recent, yet unpublished, investigations on the S. aureus epidemiology in the general population in northern Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaishri Mehraj
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Brunswick, Germany.,Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Witte
- The Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Manas K Akmatov
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Brunswick, Germany.,TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Franziska Layer
- The Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Guido Werner
- The Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode Branch, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Gérard Krause
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Brunswick, Germany. .,Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Genome-Wide Association Study of Staphylococcus aureus Carriage in a Community-Based Sample of Mexican-Americans in Starr County, Texas. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142130. [PMID: 26569114 PMCID: PMC4646511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the number one cause of hospital-acquired infections. Understanding host pathogen interactions is paramount to the development of more effective treatment and prevention strategies. Therefore, whole exome sequence and chip-based genotype data were used to conduct rare variant and genome-wide association analyses in a Mexican-American cohort from Starr County, Texas to identify genes and variants associated with S. aureus nasal carriage. Unlike most studies of S. aureus that are based on hospitalized populations, this study used a representative community sample. Two nasal swabs were collected from participants (n = 858) 11–17 days apart between October 2009 and December 2013, screened for the presence of S. aureus, and then classified as either persistent, intermittent, or non-carriers. The chip-based and exome sequence-based single variant association analyses identified 1 genome-wide significant region (KAT2B) for intermittent and 11 regions suggestively associated with persistent or intermittent S. aureus carriage. We also report top findings from gene-based burden analyses of rare functional variation. Notably, we observed marked differences between signals associated with persistent and intermittent carriage. In single variant analyses of persistent carriage, 7 of 9 genes in suggestively associated regions and all 5 top gene-based findings are associated with cell growth or tight junction integrity or are structural constituents of the cytoskeleton, suggesting that variation in genes associated with persistent carriage impact cellular integrity and morphology.
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Michiels B, Appelen L, Franck B, den Heijer CDJ, Bartholomeeusen S, Coenen S. Staphylococcus aureus, Including Meticillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, among General Practitioners and Their Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140045. [PMID: 26458264 PMCID: PMC4601797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of general practitioners (GPs) as reservoir and potential source for Staphylococcus aureus (SA) transmission is unknown. Our primary objective was to evaluate the prevalence of SA and community-acquired methicillin resistant SA (CA-MRSA) carrier status (including spa typing) among GPs and their patients in Belgium. The secondary objective was to determine the association between SA/CA-MRSA carriage in patients and their characteristics, SA carriage in GPs, GP and practice characteristics. Methods The Belgian GPs, who swabbed their patients in the APRES study (which assessed the prevalence of SA nasal carriage in nine European countries; November 2010 –June 2011), were asked to swab themselves as well (May-June 2011). GPs and their patients had to complete a questionnaire on factors related to SA carriage and transmission. SA isolation including CA-MRSA and spa typing was performed on the swabs. Results In eighteen practices 34 GPs swabbed patients of which 25 GPs provided personal swabs. The analysis was performed on 3008 patient records. Among GPs SA carriage (28%) was more prevalent than among their patients (19.2%), but CA-MRSA carriage was not present. SA was more prevalent among younger patients and those living with cattle. Spa typing SA and MRSA strains did not suggest correlation within practices or between patients and GPs, but chronic skin conditions of GPs and always handshaking patients by SA positive GPs were associated with more SA among patients, and hand washing after every patient contact with less SA among patients in practices with high antibiotic prescribing rates. Conclusion No MRSA was found among GPs, although their SA carriership was higher compared to their patients’. Spa types did not cluster within practices, possibly due to difference in timing of swabbing. To minimise SA transmission to their patients GPs should consider taking appropriate care of their chronic skin diseases, antibiotic prescribing behaviour, handshaking and hand washing habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Michiels
- Department of Primary and Interdisciplinary Care Antwerp—Centre for General Practice, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Lien Appelen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Barbara Franck
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Casper D. J. den Heijer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre/CAPHRI, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Stefaan Bartholomeeusen
- Department of Primary and Interdisciplinary Care Antwerp—Centre for General Practice, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Samuel Coenen
- Department of Primary and Interdisciplinary Care Antwerp—Centre for General Practice, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO)—Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Kaasch AJ, Fätkenheuer G, Prinz-Langenohl R, Paulus U, Hellmich M, Weiß V, Jung N, Rieg S, Kern WV, Seifert H. Early oral switch therapy in low-risk Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection (SABATO): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2015; 16:450. [PMID: 26452342 PMCID: PMC4600306 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-015-0973-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Current guidelines recommend that patients with Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection (SAB) are treated with long courses of intravenous antimicrobial therapy. This serves to avoid SAB-related complications such as relapses, local extension and distant metastatic foci. However, in certain clinical scenarios, the incidence of SAB-related complications is low. Patients with a low-risk for complications may thus benefit from an early switch to oral medication through earlier discharge and fewer complications of intravenous therapy. The major objective for the SABATO trial is to demonstrate that in patients with low-risk SAB a switch from intravenous to oral antimicrobial therapy (oral switch therapy, OST) is non-inferior to a conventional course of intravenous therapy (intravenous standard therapy, IST). Methods/Design The trial is designed as randomized, parallel-group, observer-blinded, clinical non-inferiority trial. The primary endpoint is the occurrence of a SAB-related complication (relapsing SAB, deep-seated infection, and attributable mortality) within 90 days. Secondary endpoints are the length of hospital stay; 14-day, 30-day, and 90-day mortality; and complications of intravenous therapy. Patients with SAB who have received 5 to 7 full days of adequate intravenous antimicrobial therapy are eligible. Main exclusion criteria are polymicrobial bloodstream infection, signs and symptoms of complicated SAB (deep-seated infection, hematogenous dissemination, septic shock, and prolonged bacteremia), the presence of a non-removable foreign body, and severe comorbidity. Patients will receive either OST or IST with a protocol-approved antimicrobial and are followed up for 90 days. Four hundred thirty patients will be randomized 1:1 in two study arms. Efficacy regarding incidence of SAB-related complications is tested sequentially with a non-inferiority margin of 10 and 5 percentage points. Discussion The SABATO trial assesses whether early oral switch therapy is safe and effective for patients with low-risk SAB. Regardless of the result, this pragmatic trial will strongly influence the standard of care in SAB. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01792804 registered 13 February 2013; German Clinical trials register DRKS00004741 registered 4 October 2013, EudraCT 2013-000577-77. First patient randomized on 20 December 2013. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-015-0973-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim J Kaasch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Goldenfelsstr. 19-21, D-50935, Köln, Germany.
| | - Gerd Fätkenheuer
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, 50924, Cologne, Germany. .,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Germany.
| | | | - Ursula Paulus
- Clinical Trial Center Cologne, University of Cologne, 50924, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Martin Hellmich
- Institute of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Verena Weiß
- Institute of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Norma Jung
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, 50924, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Siegbert Rieg
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases and Travel Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Winfried V Kern
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases and Travel Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Harald Seifert
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Goldenfelsstr. 19-21, D-50935, Köln, Germany. .,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Germany.
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46
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Aamot HV, Stavem K, Skråmm I. No change in the distribution of types and antibiotic resistance in clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates from orthopaedic patients during a period of 12 years. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34:1833-7. [PMID: 26076750 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2420-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is the most common cause of bone and joint infections. However, limited information is available on the distribution of S. aureus geno- and phenotypes causing orthopaedic infections. The aim of this study was to identify the dominating types causing infections in orthopaedic patients, investigate if the characteristics of these types changed over time and examine if different types were more often associated with surgical site infection (SSI) than primary infection (non-SSI). All clinical S. aureus isolates collected from orthopaedic patients from 2000 through 2011 at Akershus University Hospital, Norway, were characterised by S. aureus protein A (spa) typing and tested for antibiotic resistance. A total of 548 patients with orthopaedic S. aureus infections were included, of which 326 (59 %) had SSI and 222 (41 %) had non-SSI. The median age was 62 years [range 2-97 years] and 54 % were male. Among the 242 unique spa types, t084 was the most common (7 %). Penicillin resistance was identified in 75 % of the isolates, whereas the resistances to the other antibiotics tested were <5 %. Three isolates (0.5 %) were resistant to methicillin. There was no significant difference in the distribution of geno- and phenotypes over time and there was no difference in types between SSI and non-SSI. In this large collection of S. aureus from orthopaedic patients, the S. aureus infections, regardless of origin, were heterogeneous, mainly resistant to penicillin, stable over time and consisted of similar types as previously found in both carrier and other patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H V Aamot
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway,
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Abstract
Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) was recognized in Europe and worldwide in the late 1990s. Within a decade, several genetically and geographically distinct CA-MRSA lineages carrying the small SCCmec type IV and V genetic elements and the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) emerged around the world. In Europe, the predominant CA-MRSA strain belongs to clonal complex 80 (CC80) and is resistant to kanamycin/amikacin and fusidic acid. CC80 was first reported in 1993 but was relatively rare until the late 1990s. It has since been identified throughout North Africa, the Middle East, and Europe, with recent sporadic reports in sub-Saharan Africa. While strongly associated with skin and soft tissue infections, it is rarely found among asymptomatic carriers. Methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) CC80 strains are extremely rare except in sub-Saharan Africa. In the current study, we applied whole-genome sequencing to a global collection of both MSSA and MRSA CC80 isolates. Phylogenetic analyses strongly suggest that the European epidemic CA-MRSA lineage is derived from a PVL-positive MSSA ancestor from sub-Saharan Africa. Moreover, the tree topology suggests a single acquisition of both the SCCmec element and a plasmid encoding the fusidic acid resistance determinant. Four canonical SNPs distinguish the derived CA-MRSA lineage and include a nonsynonymous mutation in accessory gene regulator C (agrC). These changes were associated with a star-like expansion into Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa in the early 1990s, including multiple cases of cross-continent imports likely driven by human migrations. With increasing levels of CA-MRSA reported from most parts of the Western world, there is a great interest in understanding the origin and factors associated with the emergence of these epidemic lineages. To trace the origin, evolution, and dissemination pattern of the European CA-MRSA clone (CC80), we sequenced a global collection of strains of the S. aureus CC80 lineage. Our study determined that a single descendant of a PVL-positive methicillin-sensitive ancestor circulating in sub-Saharan Africa rose to become the dominant CA-MRSA clone in Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. In the transition from a methicillin-susceptible lineage to a successful CA-MRSA clone, it simultaneously became resistant to fusidic acid, a widely used antibiotic for skin and soft tissue infections, thus demonstrating the importance of antibiotic selection in the success of this clone. This finding furthermore highlights the significance of horizontal gene acquisitions and underscores the combined importance of these factors for the success of CA-MRSA.
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48
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Fredheim EGA, Flægstad T, Askarian F, Klingenberg C. Colonisation and interaction between S. epidermidis and S. aureus in the nose and throat of healthy adolescents. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 34:123-129. [PMID: 25079512 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nasal colonisation with Staphylococcus aureus is a risk factor for developing nosocomial infections. It has been reported that S. epidermidis may produce a serine protease (Esp) inhibiting S. aureus biofilm formation and nasal colonisation. We aimed to analyse the correlation between S. aureus nasal and/or throat carriage and co-colonisation with S. epidermidis strains carrying esp, and the inhibitory effects of S. epidermidis culture supernatants on S. aureus biofilm formation and growth. We obtained 114 S. epidermidis isolates from the nose and 74 S. aureus from the nose and/or throat of healthy adolescents. S. aureus biofilm formation was analysed in a microtitre plate assay and the prevalence of ica, encoding biofilm formation, and esp was analysed with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Inhibitory effects of S. epidermidis culture supernatants on S. aureus biofilm formation and growth was analysed in vitro. esp prevalence and expression was correlated with inhibitory effects. We detected biofilm formation in 45/74 (61%) S. aureus strains. The ica operon was more prevalent in isolates colonising the nose (12/15; 80%) versus isolates colonising the throat only (8/46; 17%). Almost two-thirds of S. epidermidis culture supernatants displayed high (≥ 50%) S. aureus biofilm inhibitory activity, without affecting growth. We found no correlation between the level of inhibitory activity and S. aureus colonisation. esp was ubiquitous in S. epidermidis, but esp expression did not correlate with biofilm inhibitory activity. S. epidermidis culture supernatants inhibit S. aureus biofilm formation, but do not affect bacterial growth. esp expression was not correlated with the inhibitory effects observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G A Fredheim
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway. .,Paediatric Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - T Flægstad
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Paediatric Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - F Askarian
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - C Klingenberg
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Paediatric Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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49
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Differences in epidemiological and molecular characteristics of nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA-MRSA) in children from a university hospital and day care centers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101417. [PMID: 24987854 PMCID: PMC4079298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical significance of Staphylococcus aureus colonization has been demonstrated in hospital settings; however, studies in the community have shown contrasting results regarding the relevance of colonization in infection by community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA). In Colombia there are few studies on S. aureus colonization. The aim of this study was to determine the molecular and epidemiological characteristics of nasal colonization by S. aureus (MSSA-MRSA) in children from a university hospital and day care centers (DCCs) of Medellin, Colombia. Methods An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in 400 children (200 in each setting), aged 0 months to 5 years, during 2011. Samples were collected from each nostril and epidemiological information was obtained from the parents. Genotypic analysis included spa typing, PFGE, MLST, SCCmec typing, detection of genes for virulence factors and agr groups. Results Frequency of S. aureus colonization was 39.8% (n = 159) (hospital 44.5% and DCCs 35.0%) and by MRSA, 5.3% (n = 21) (hospital 7.0% and DCCs 3.5%). Most S. aureus colonized children were older than two years (p = 0.005), the majority of them boys (59.1%), shared a bedroom with a large number of people (p = 0.028), with history of β-Lactamase inhibitors usage (p = 0.020). MSSA strains presented the greatest genotypic diversity with 15 clonal complexes (CC). MRSA isolates presented 6 CC, most of them (47.6%) belonged to CC8-SCCmec IVc and were genetically related to previously reported infectious MRSA strains. Conclusion Differences in epidemiological and molecular characteristics between populations may be useful for the understanding of S. aureus nasal colonization dynamics and for the design of strategies to prevent S. aureus infection and dissemination. The finding of colonizing MRSA with similar molecular characteristics of those causing infection demonstrates the dissemination capacity of S. aureus and the risk of infection among the child population.
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50
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Skråmm I, Fossum Moen AE, Årøen A, Bukholm G. Surgical Site Infections in Orthopaedic Surgery Demonstrate Clones Similar to Those in Orthopaedic Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriers. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2014; 96:882-888. [PMID: 24897735 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.m.00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is the main microbial pathogen in orthopaedic infections, and it adds considerable extra costs to the national health-care system each year. Nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus have an increased risk of invasive disease, including surgical site infection. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the Staphylococcus aureus carrier clones found in patients undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery were the same as the clones found in isolates from orthopaedic patients with Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infections. METHODS Patients admitted for elective orthopaedic surgery underwent nasal cultures for Staphylococcus aureus. Further, orthopaedic patients with a deep surgical site infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus were characterized using the same genotyping methods: multilocus sequence typing and staphylococcal protein A typing. RESULTS Multilocus sequence typing revealed a large number of genotypes in the two populations. However, 85% of nasal carriers and 90% of surgical site infection isolates could be classified into the same four multilocus sequence typing clonal complexes. The risk of Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infection in nasal carriers compared with non-carriers was 5.8 times higher (95% confidence interval, 1.5 to 23.1 times). Of the nasal carriers, 6.3% (95% confidence interval, 1.7% to 10.9% [seven of 111 patients]) developed a deep Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infection, and all but one patient had identical genotypes in the nasal and surgical site infection isolates. CONCLUSIONS Staphylococcus aureus isolates from nasal carriers and patients with surgical site infection clustered into the same few multilocus sequence typing clonal complexes. This finding confirms the existence of some commonly occurring Staphylococcus aureus clones in different population groups within a geographically restricted area. The almost complete individual concordance between Staphylococcus aureus genotypes in carriers who developed a deep surgical site infection strongly supports transmission from the nose, skin surfaces, and other endogenous body regions as a possible route. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Surgical site infections might be more frequently caused by endogenous transmission than was previously assumed. Perioperative preventive efforts must focus more on this route to further decrease the risk of postoperative orthopaedic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Skråmm
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery (I.S. and A.A.) and Clinical Molecular Biology and Laboratory Sciences (EpiGen) (I.S. and A.E.F.M.), Division of Surgery, Akershus University Hospital, Sykehusvn 25, N-1478 Lørenskog, Norway. E-mail address for I. Skråmm:
| | - Aina E Fossum Moen
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery (I.S. and A.A.) and Clinical Molecular Biology and Laboratory Sciences (EpiGen) (I.S. and A.E.F.M.), Division of Surgery, Akershus University Hospital, Sykehusvn 25, N-1478 Lørenskog, Norway. E-mail address for I. Skråmm:
| | - Asbjørn Årøen
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery (I.S. and A.A.) and Clinical Molecular Biology and Laboratory Sciences (EpiGen) (I.S. and A.E.F.M.), Division of Surgery, Akershus University Hospital, Sykehusvn 25, N-1478 Lørenskog, Norway. E-mail address for I. Skråmm:
| | - Geir Bukholm
- Department of Infection Prevention, Oslo University Hospital, Kirkevn 166, Postboks 4950, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
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