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Li W, Chen Y, Feng Y, Li J, Kang X, Zhang S, Li Y, Zhao Z, Yang W, Zhao L, Wang H, Jiang T. Generation and Characterization of a Replication-Competent Human Adenovirus Type 55 Encoding EGFP. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051192. [PMID: 37243276 DOI: 10.3390/v15051192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus 55 (HAdV-55) has recently caused outbreaks of acute respiratory disease (ARD), posing a significant public threat to civilians and military trainees. Efforts to develop antiviral inhibitors and quantify neutralizing antibodies require an experimental system to rapidly monitor viral infections, which can be achieved through the use of a plasmid that can produce an infectious virus. Here, we used a bacteria-mediated recombination approach to construct a full-length infectious cDNA clone, pAd55-FL, containing the whole genome of HadV-55. Then, the green fluorescent protein expression cassette was assembled into pAd55-FL to replace the E3 region to obtain a recombinant plasmid of pAd55-dE3-EGFP. The rescued recombinant virus rAdv55-dE3-EGFP is genetically stable and replicates similarly to the wild-type virus in cell culture. The virus rAdv55-dE3-EGFP can be used to quantify neutralizing antibody activity in sera samples, producing results in concordance with the cytopathic effect (CPE)-based microneutralization assay. Using an rAdv55-dE3-EGFP infection of A549 cells, we showed that the assay could be used for antiviral screening. Our findings suggest that the rAdv55-dE3-EGFP-based high-throughput assay provides a reliable tool for rapid neutralization testing and antiviral screening for HAdV-55.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yuehong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ye Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiaoping Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yuchang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhiyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Wenguang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Huiyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
- School of Public Health, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- School of Public Health, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China
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Collins ND, Adhikari A, Yang Y, Kuschner RA, Karasavvas N, Binn LN, Walls SD, Graf PCF, Myers CA, Jarman RG, Hang J. Live Oral Adenovirus Type 4 and Type 7 Vaccine Induces Durable Antibody Response. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030411. [PMID: 32718082 PMCID: PMC7564809 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (AdV) are mostly associated with minimal pathology. However, more severe respiratory tract infections and acute respiratory diseases, most often caused by AdV-4 and AdV-7, have been reported. The only licensed vaccine in the United States, live oral AdV-4 and AdV-7 vaccine, is indicated for use in the military, nearly exclusively in recruit populations. The excellent safety profile and prominent antibody response of the vaccine is well established by placebo-controlled clinical trials, while, long-term immunity of vaccination has not been studied. Serum samples collected over 6 years from subjects co-administered live oral AdV-4 and AdV-7 vaccine in 2011 were evaluated to determine the duration of the antibody response. Group geometric mean titers (GMT) at 6 years post vaccination compared to previous years evaluated were not significantly different for either AdV-4 or AdV-7 vaccine components. There were no subjects that demonstrated waning neutralization antibody (NAb) titers against AdV-4 and less than 5% of subjects against AdV-7. Interestingly, there were subjects that had a four-fold increase in NAb titers against either AdV-4 or AdV-7, at various time points post vaccination, suggesting either homotypic or heterotypic re-exposure. This investigation provided strong evidence that the live oral AdV-4 and AdV-7 vaccine induced long-term immunity to protect from AdV-4 and AdV-7 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie D. Collins
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (A.A.); (Y.Y.); (R.A.K.); (N.K.); (L.N.B.); (S.D.W.); (R.G.J.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-319-3062
| | - Anima Adhikari
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (A.A.); (Y.Y.); (R.A.K.); (N.K.); (L.N.B.); (S.D.W.); (R.G.J.); (J.H.)
| | - Yu Yang
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (A.A.); (Y.Y.); (R.A.K.); (N.K.); (L.N.B.); (S.D.W.); (R.G.J.); (J.H.)
| | - Robert A. Kuschner
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (A.A.); (Y.Y.); (R.A.K.); (N.K.); (L.N.B.); (S.D.W.); (R.G.J.); (J.H.)
| | - Nicos Karasavvas
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (A.A.); (Y.Y.); (R.A.K.); (N.K.); (L.N.B.); (S.D.W.); (R.G.J.); (J.H.)
| | - Leonard N. Binn
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (A.A.); (Y.Y.); (R.A.K.); (N.K.); (L.N.B.); (S.D.W.); (R.G.J.); (J.H.)
| | - Shannon D. Walls
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (A.A.); (Y.Y.); (R.A.K.); (N.K.); (L.N.B.); (S.D.W.); (R.G.J.); (J.H.)
| | - Paul C. F. Graf
- Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA 92186, USA; (P.C.F.G.); (C.A.M.)
- U.S. Navy Medical Research Unit Six, Lima 07006, Peru
| | | | - Richard G. Jarman
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (A.A.); (Y.Y.); (R.A.K.); (N.K.); (L.N.B.); (S.D.W.); (R.G.J.); (J.H.)
| | - Jun Hang
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute for Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (A.A.); (Y.Y.); (R.A.K.); (N.K.); (L.N.B.); (S.D.W.); (R.G.J.); (J.H.)
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Identification of a novel B-cell epitope specific for avian leukosis virus subgroup J gp85 protein. Arch Virol 2015; 160:995-1004. [PMID: 25655260 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) is an avian oncogenic retrovirus that has caused severe economic losses in China. Gp85 protein is the main envelope protein and the most variable structural protein of ALV-J. It is also involved in virus neutralization. In this study, a specific monoclonal antibody, 4A3, was produced against the ALV-J gp85 protein. Immunofluorescence assays showed that 4A3 could react with different strains of ALV-J, including the British prototype isolate HPRS103, the American strains, an early Chinese broiler isolate, and layer isolates. A linear epitope on the gp85 protein was identified using a series of partially overlapping fragments spanning the gp85-encoding gene and subjecting them to western blot analysis. The results indicated that (134)AEAELRDFI(142) was the minimal linear epitope that could be recognized by mAb 4A3. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed that chicken anti-ALV-J sera and mouse anti-ALV-J gp85 sera could also recognize the minimal linear epitope. Alignment analysis of amino acid sequences indicated that the epitope was highly conserved among 34 ALV-J strains. Furthermore, the epitope was not conserved among subgroup A and B of avian leukosis virus (ALV). Taken together, the mAb and the identified epitope may provide valuable tools for the development of new diagnostic methods for ALV-J.
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Yin CH, Qin LT, Sun MY, Gao YL, Qi XL, Gao HL, Wang YQ, Wang XM. Antigenic analysis of monoclonal antibodies against different epitopes of σB protein of avian reovirus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81533. [PMID: 24312314 PMCID: PMC3842295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian reovirus (ARV) causes arthritis, tenosynovitis, runting-stunting syndrome (RSS), malabsorption syndrome (MAS) and immunosuppression in chickens. σB is one of the major structural proteins of ARV, which is able to induce group-specific antibodies against the virus. METHODS AND RESULTS The present study described the identification of two linear B-cell epitopes in ARV σB through expressing a set of partially overlapping and consecutive truncated peptides spanning σB screened with two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 1F4 and 1H3-1.The data indicated that (21)KTPACW(26) (epitope A) and (32)WDTVTFH(38) (epitope B) were minimal determinants of the linear B cell epitopes. Antibodies present in the serum of ARV-positive chickens recognized the minimal linear epitopes in Western blot analyses. By sequence alignment analysis, we determined that the epitopes A and B were not conserved among ARV, duck reovirus (DRV) and turkey reovirus (TRV) strains. Western blot assays, confirmed that epitopes A and B were ARV-specific epitopes, and they could not react with the corresponding peptides of DRV and TRV. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE We identified (21)KTPACW(26) and (32)WDTVTFH(38) as σB -specific epitopes recognized by mAbs 1F4 and 1H3-1, respectively. The results in this study may have potential applications in development of diagnostic techniques and epitope-based marker vaccines against ARV groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-hong Yin
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Li-ting Qin
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Mei-yu Sun
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Yu-long Gao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-le Qi
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Hong-lei Gao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Yong-qiang Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-mei Wang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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History of the restoration of adenovirus type 4 and type 7 vaccine, live oral (Adenovirus Vaccine) in the context of the Department of Defense acquisition system. Vaccine 2013; 31:1623-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gurwith M, Lock M, Taylor EM, Ishioka G, Alexander J, Mayall T, Ervin JE, Greenberg RN, Strout C, Treanor JJ, Webby R, Wright PF. Safety and immunogenicity of an oral, replicating adenovirus serotype 4 vector vaccine for H5N1 influenza: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2013; 13:238-50. [PMID: 23369412 PMCID: PMC3576519 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(12)70345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Replication-competent virus vector vaccines might have advantages compared with non-replicating vector vaccines. We tested the safety and immunogenicity of an oral adenovirus serotype 4 vector vaccine candidate (Ad4-H5-Vtn) expressing the haemagglutinin from an avian influenza A H5N1 virus. Methods We did this phase 1 study at four sites in the USA. We used a computer-generated randomisation list (block size eight, stratified by site) to assign healthy volunteers aged 18–40 years to receive one of five doses of Ad4-H5-Vtn (107 viral particles [VP], 108 VP, 109 VP, 1010 VP, 1011 VP) or placebo (3:1). Vaccine or placebo was given on three occasions, about 56 days apart. Participants, investigators, and study-site personnel were masked to assignment throughout the study. Subsequently, volunteers received a boost dose with 90 μg of an inactivated parenteral H5N1 vaccine. Primary immunogenicity endpoints were seroconversion by haemagglutination-inhibition (HAI), defined as a four-times rise compared with baseline titre, and HAI geometric mean titre (GMT). We solicited symptoms of reactogenicity daily for 7 days after each vaccination and recorded symptoms that persisted beyond 7 days as adverse events. Primary analysis was per protocol. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01006798. Findings We enrolled 166 participants (125 vaccine; 41 placebo) between Oct 19, 2009, and Sept 9, 2010. HAI responses were low: 13 of 123 vaccinees (11%, 95% CI 6–17) and three of 41 placebo recipients (7%, 2–20) seroconverted. HAI GMT was 6 (95% CI 5–7) for vaccinees, and 5 (5–6) for placebo recipients. However, when inactivated H5N1 vaccine became available, one H5N1 boost was offered to all participants. In this substudy, HAI seroconversion occurred in 19 of 19 participants in the 1011 VP cohort (100%; 95% CI 82–100) and eight of 22 placebo recipients (36%; 17–59); 17 of 19 participants in the 1011 VP cohort (89%; 67–99) achieved seroprotection compared with four of 22 placebo recipients (18%; 5–40); GMT was 135 (89–205) with 1011 VP, compared with 13 (7–21) with placebo. The cumulative frequency of abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and nasal congestion after all three vaccinations was significantly higher in vaccinees than placebo recipients (21 [16·8%] of 125 vs one [2·4%] of 41, p=0·017; 24 [19·2%] of 125 vs two [4·9%] of 41, p=0·027; 41 [32·8%] of 125 vs six [14·6%] of 41, p=0·028; respectively). No serious treatment-related adverse events occurred. Interpretation Oral Ad4 vector priming might enhance the efficacy of poorly immunogenic vaccines such as H5N1. Funding Wellcome Trust Foundation, PaxVax.
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Serotype-specific neutralizing antibody epitopes of human adenovirus type 3 (HAdV-3) and HAdV-7 reside in multiple hexon hypervariable regions. J Virol 2012; 86:7964-75. [PMID: 22623776 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.07076-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus types 3 and 7 (HAdV-3 and HAdV-7) occur epidemically and contribute greatly to respiratory diseases, but there is no currently available licensed recombinant HAdV-3/HAdV-7 bivalent vaccine. Identification of serotype-specific neutralizing antibody (NAb) epitopes for HAdV-3 and HAdV-7 will be beneficial for development of recombinant HAdV-3/HAdV-7 bivalent vaccines. In this study, four NAb epitopes within hexon hypervariable regions (HVRs) were predicted for HAdV-3 and HAdV-7, respectively, by using bioinformatics. Eight hexon chimeric adenovirus vectors with the alternation of only one predicted neutralizing epitope were constructed. Further in vitro and in vivo neutralization assays indicated that E2 (residing in HVR2) and E3 (residing in HVR5) are NAb epitopes for HAdV-7, and E3 plays a more important role in generating NAb responses. Cross-neutralization assays indicated that all four predicted epitopes, R1 to R4, are NAb epitopes for HAdV-3, and R1 (residing in HVR1) plays the most important role in generating NAb responses. Humoral immune responses elicited by the recombinant rAdH7R1 (containing the R1 epitope) were significantly and durably suppressed by HAdV-3-specific NAbs. Surprisingly, the rAdΔE3GFP-specific neutralizing epitope responses induced by rAdMHE3 (R3 replaced by E3) and rAdMHE4 (R4 replaced by E4) were weaker than those of rAdMHE1 (R1 replaced by E1) or rAdMHE2 (R2 relaced by E2) in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, rAdMHE4 replicated more slowly in HEp-2 cells, and the final yield was about 10-fold lower than that of rAdΔE3GFP. The current findings contribute not only to the development of new adenovirus vaccine candidates, but also to the construction of new gene delivery vectors.
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Liu EB, Wadford DA, Seto J, Vu M, Hudson NR, Thrasher L, Torres S, Dyer DW, Chodosh J, Seto D, Jones MS. Computational and serologic analysis of novel and known viruses in species human adenovirus D in which serology and genomics do not correlate. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33212. [PMID: 22427992 PMCID: PMC3302849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In November of 2007 a human adenovirus (HAdV) was isolated from a bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) sample recovered from a biopsy of an AIDS patient who presented with fever, cough, tachycardia, and expiratory wheezes. To better understand the isolated virus, the genome was sequenced and analyzed using bioinformatic and phylogenomic analysis. The results suggest that this novel virus, which is provisionally named HAdV-D59, may have been created from multiple recombination events. Specifically, the penton, hexon, and fiber genes have high nucleotide identity to HAdV-D19C, HAdV-D25, and HAdV-D56, respectively. Serological results demonstrated that HAdV-D59 has a neutralization profile that is similar yet not identical to that of HAdV-D25. Furthermore, we observed a two-fold difference between the ability of HAdV-D15 and HAdV-D25 to be neutralized by reciprocal antiserum indicating that the two hexon proteins may be more similar in epitopic conformation than previously assumed. In contrast, hexon loops 1 and 2 of HAdV-D15 and HAdV-D25 share 79.13 and 92.56 percent nucleotide identity, respectively. These data suggest that serology and genomics do not always correlate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B. Liu
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Debra A. Wadford
- Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Jason Seto
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Maria Vu
- Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Nolan Ryan Hudson
- Clinical Investigation Facility, David Grant USAF Medical Center, Travis AFB, Fairfield, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa Thrasher
- Clinical Investigation Facility, David Grant USAF Medical Center, Travis AFB, Fairfield, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah Torres
- Clinical Investigation Facility, David Grant USAF Medical Center, Travis AFB, Fairfield, California, United States of America
| | - David W. Dyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - James Chodosh
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Donald Seto
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Morris S. Jones
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cao Y, Kong F, Zhou F, Xiao M, Wang Q, Duan Y, Kesson AM, McPhie K, Gilbert GL, Dwyer DE. Genotyping of human adenoviruses using a PCR-based reverse line blot hybridisation assay. Pathology 2011; 43:488-94. [PMID: 21670723 DOI: 10.1097/pat.0b013e328348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human adenoviruses are common pathogens associated with a broad spectrum of disease. There is a growing clinical interest in typing clinical isolates since it is becoming increasingly clear that individual serotypes are associated with different disease spectra, virulence, severity of consequences, and outbreaks. Current methods cannot detect all known adenoviruses simultaneously and rapidly. We designed a practical adenovirus typing method with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based reverse line blot hybridisation assay (RLB) using hypervariable region-7 (HVR-7) in the hexon gene. METHODS A PCR-RLB assay was developed based on HVR-7 in the hexon region for potentially genotyping 51 adenovirus serotypes by hybridisation of 62 genotype-specific probes using amplicons generated from one genus-specific primer pair. Single PCR and sequencing were performed for confirmation of RLB results. Eighty-seven previously serotyped clinical isolates (representing 28 serotypes) were studied. RESULTS Thirty-two different genotypes were detected by RLB from 87 adenovirus isolates, of which 82 isolates showed consistent results with sequencing. Another five isolates revealed evidence by RLB of co-infection, and were confirmed with a combination of genotype-specific single PCR and sequencing. CONCLUSIONS In comparison to sequencing and serological methods, the advantages of the RLB assay include: (1) rapid genotyping of multiple samples in a single run; (2) successful detection of co-infection; (3) detection of subgenotype variants. This will allow rapid and inexpensive characterisation of adenovirus infections and outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyan Cao
- Research Laboratory for Infectious Skin Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, PR China
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He Y, Xu H, Yang Q, Xu D, Lu L. The use of an in vitro microneutralization assay to evaluate the potential of recombinant VP5 protein as an antigen for vaccinating against Grass carp reovirus. Virol J 2011; 8:132. [PMID: 21418655 PMCID: PMC3070673 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Grass carp reovirus (GCRV) is the causative pathogen of grass carp hemorrhagic disease, one of the major diseases damaging grass carp Ctenopharyngon idellus breeding industry in China. Prevention and control of the disease is impeded largely due to the lack of research in economic subunit vaccine development. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of viral outer shell protein VP5 as subunit vaccine. Methods The vp5 gene was isolated from the viral genome through RT-PCR and genetically engineered to express the recombinant VP5 protein in E coli. The viral origin of the recombinant protein was confirmed by Western blot analysis with a monoclonal antibody against viral VP5 protein. Polyclonal antibody against the recombinant VP5 protein was prepared from mice. A microneutralization assay was developed to test its neutralizing ability against GCRV infection in cell culture. Results The GST-VP5 fusion protein (rVP5) was produced from E. Coli with expected molecular weight of 90 kDa. The protein was purified and employed to prepare anti-VP5 polyclonal antibody from mice. The anti-VP5 antibody was found to neutralize GCRV through in vitro microneutralization assay and viral progeny quantification analysis. Conclusions The present study showed that the viral VP5 protein was involved in viral infection and bacterially-expressed VP5 could be suitable for developing subunit vaccine for the control of GCRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing He
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources and Utilization/Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306 Shanghai, China
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Kayali G, Ortiz EJ, Chorazy ML, Gray GC. Lack of evidence of avian adenovirus infection among turkey workers. J Agromedicine 2010; 14:299-305. [PMID: 19657879 DOI: 10.1080/10599240903041737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic infections constitute a major public health concern. Outbreaks of the SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) and avian influenza viruses are but recent examples. Although there are many animal-specific adenoviruses and occasionally they have been noted to infect man, rarely have they been studied as potential zoonotic pathogens. In this study, the authors hypothesized that the hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV), an avian adenovirus that causes illness among turkeys, might infect humans. Using an enzyme immunosorbent assay, the authors compared sera from 95 turkey-exposed individuals with sera from 82 nonexposed controls for serologic evidence of infection with HEV. Multivariate modeling revealed no statistical difference in elevated antibody titers against HEV between the two groups. These data do not support the hypothesis that avian adenoviruses cross the species barrier to infect humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazi Kayali
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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Taketa-Graham M, Powell Pereira JL, Baylis E, Cossen C, Oceguera L, Patiris P, Chiles R, Hanson CV, Forghani B, Forghani B. High throughput quantitative colorimetric microneutralization assay for the confirmation and differentiation of West Nile Virus and St. Louis encephalitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 82:501-4. [PMID: 20207881 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
An automated colorimetric micro-neutralization assay (CmNt) was developed for confirmation and differentiation of West Nile Virus (WNV)-positive human sera as a higher throughput alternative to the standard six-well plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT). CmNt was performed in high-capacity 96-well micro-titer plates and required 4-6 days to complete. Inhibition of infection was determined by reduced neutral red-dye retention and conveniently recorded by a colorimetric plate reader. Human sera previously confirmed by PRNT as either negative (N = 52), WNV positive (N = 81), or St. Louis encephalitis virus positive (N = 12) were tested by CmNt; interpreted results were virtually identical to PRNT with a reduced turnaround time and higher throughput. Additionally, a handful of dengue virus positive and negative specimens (four each) were tested by CmNt; interpreted results were identical to PRNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Taketa-Graham
- California Department of Public Health, Center for Infectious Disease, Richmond, CA, USA.
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14
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Outbreak of acute respiratory infection among infants in Lisbon, Portugal, caused by human adenovirus serotype 3 and a new 7/3 recombinant strain. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:1391-6. [PMID: 20147640 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02019-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (AdVs) typically cause mild illnesses in otherwise healthy hosts. We investigated a pediatric outbreak of acute respiratory infection with fatal outcomes that occurred in Lisbon, Portugal, in 2004. Biological specimens were collected from 83 children attending two nurseries, a kinesiotherapy clinic, and the household of a nanny. Adenovirus infection was confirmed in 48 children by PCR and virus isolation. Most (96%) isolates were classified as being of subspecies B1. Phylogenetic analysis of fiber and hexon gene sequences revealed that most infants were infected with AdV serotype 3 (AdV3) strains. Infants attending one nursery harbored a new recombinant strain containing an AdV serotype 7 hexon and serotype 3 fiber (AdV7/3). Both the AdV3 and the AdV7/3 strains caused fatal infections. Two different serotype 3 strains were circulating in Lisbon in 2004, and the new AdV7/3 recombinant type originated from only one of those strains. These results demonstrate that recombination leads to the emergence of new adenovirus strains with epidemic and lethal potential.
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15
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A novel, colorimetric neutralization assay for measuring antibodies to influenza viruses. J Virol Methods 2009; 159:271-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Walsh MP, Chintakuntlawar A, Robinson CM, Madisch I, Harrach B, Hudson NR, Schnurr D, Heim A, Chodosh J, Seto D, Jones MS. Evidence of molecular evolution driven by recombination events influencing tropism in a novel human adenovirus that causes epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5635. [PMID: 19492050 PMCID: PMC2685984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2005, a human adenovirus strain (formerly known as HAdV-D22/H8 but renamed here HAdV-D53) was isolated from an outbreak of epidemic keratoconjunctititis (EKC), a disease that is usually caused by HAdV-D8, -D19, or -D37, not HAdV-D22. To date, a complete change of tropism compared to the prototype has never been observed, although apparent recombinant strains of other viruses from species Human adenovirus D (HAdV-D) have been described. The complete genome of HAdV-D53 was sequenced to elucidate recombination events that lead to the emergence of a viable and highly virulent virus with a modified tropism. Bioinformatic and phylogenetic analyses of this genome demonstrate that this adenovirus is a recombinant of HAdV-D8 (including the fiber gene encoding the primary cellular receptor binding site), HAdV-D22, (the epsilon determinant of the hexon gene), HAdV-D37 (including the penton base gene encoding the secondary cellular receptor binding site), and at least one unknown or unsequenced HAdV-D strain. Bootscanning analysis of the complete genomic sequence of this novel adenovirus, which we have re-named HAdV-D53, indicated at least five recombination events between the aforementioned adenoviruses. Intrahexon recombination sites perfectly framed the epsilon neutralization determinant that was almost identical to the HAdV-D22 prototype. Additional bootscan analysis of all HAdV-D hexon genes revealed recombinations in identical locations in several other adenoviruses. In addition, HAdV-D53 but not HAdV-D22 induced corneal inflammation in a mouse model. Serological analysis confirmed previous results and demonstrated that HAdV-D53 has a neutralization profile representative of the epsilon determinant of its hexon (HAdV-D22) and the fiber (HAdV-D8) proteins. Our recombinant hexon sequence is almost identical to the hexon sequences of the HAdV-D strain causing EKC outbreaks in Japan, suggesting that HAdV-D53 is pandemic as an emerging EKC agent. This documents the first genomic, bioinformatic, and biological descriptions of the molecular evolution events engendering an emerging pathogenic adenovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Walsh
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ashish Chintakuntlawar
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Robinson
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ijad Madisch
- Insitut für Virologie, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover, Germany
| | - Balázs Harrach
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nolan R. Hudson
- Clinical Investigation Facility, David Grant USAF Medical Center, Travis AFB, California, United States of America
| | - David Schnurr
- Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Albert Heim
- Insitut für Virologie, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover, Germany
| | - James Chodosh
- Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Donald Seto
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Morris S. Jones
- Clinical Investigation Facility, David Grant USAF Medical Center, Travis AFB, California, United States of America
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17
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Effect of neutralizing sera on factor x-mediated adenovirus serotype 5 gene transfer. J Virol 2008; 83:479-83. [PMID: 18945780 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01878-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The deployment of adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5)-based vectors is hampered by preexisting immunity. When such vectors are delivered intravenously, hepatocyte transduction is mediated by the hexon-coagulation factor X (FX) interaction. Here, we demonstrate that human sera efficiently block FX-mediated cellular binding and transduction of Ad5-based vectors in vitro. Neutralizing activity correlated well with the ability to inhibit Ad5-mediated liver transduction, suggesting that prescreening patient sera in this manner accurately predicts the efficacy of Ad5-based gene therapies. Neutralization in vitro can be partially bypassed by pseudotyping with Ad45 fiber protein, indicating that a proportion of neutralizing antibodies are directed against the Ad5 fiber.
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18
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Lyons A, Longfield J, Kuschner R, Straight T, Binn L, Seriwatana J, Reitstetter R, Froh IB, Craft D, McNabb K, Russell K, Metzgar D, Liss A, Sun X, Towle A, Sun W. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the safety and immunogenicity of live, oral type 4 and type 7 adenovirus vaccines in adults. Vaccine 2008; 26:2890-8. [PMID: 18448211 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus serotypes 4 (ADV-4) and 7 (ADV-7) are important causes of febrile acute respiratory disease (ARD) in US military recruits. Previously licensed vaccines, which effectively controlled adenovirus-associated ARD, are no longer available. In the Fall of 2004 we conducted this Phase 1 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the live, oral ADV-4 and ADV-7 vaccines made by a new manufacturer to assess their safety and immunogenicity. The adenovirus vaccines were administered orally together in a single dose to thirty subjects. Twenty eight additional subjects received placebo. Subjects were then observed for 8 weeks. The most commonly reported adverse events were nasal congestion (33%), cough (33%), sore throat (27%), headache (20%), abdominal pain (17%), arthralgia (13%), nausea (13%) and diarrhea (13%). None of these rates differed significantly from placebo. The duration of vaccine virus fecal shedding was 7-21 days. Seventy three percent of vaccine recipients seroconverted to ADV-4 (GMT 23.3) while 63% seroconverted to ADV-7 (GMT 51.1) by Day 28. The new ADV-4 and ADV-7 vaccines were safe and induced a good immune response in the study population. Expanded trials for safety and efficacy are in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Lyons
- Department of Virus Diseases, Division of Communicable Diseases and Immunology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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19
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Jones MS, Harrach B, Ganac RD, Gozum MMA, Dela Cruz WP, Riedel B, Pan C, Delwart EL, Schnurr DP. New adenovirus species found in a patient presenting with gastroenteritis. J Virol 2007; 81:5978-84. [PMID: 17360747 PMCID: PMC1900323 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02650-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An unidentified agent was cultured in primary monkey cells at the Los Angeles County Public Health Department from each of five stool specimens submitted from an outbreak of gastroenteritis. Electron microscopy and an adenovirus-specific monoclonal antibody confirmed this agent to be an adenovirus. Since viral titers were too low, complete serotyping was not possible. Using the DNase-sequence-independent viral nucleic acid amplification method, we identified several nucleotide sequences with a high homology to human adenovirus 41 (HAdV-41) and simian adenovirus 1 (SAdV-1). However, using anti-SAdV-1 sera, it was determined that this virus was serologically different than SAdV-1. Genomic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis confirmed that this new adenovirus was so divergent from the known human adenoviruses that it was not only a new type but also represented a new species (human adenovirus G). In a retrospective clinical study, this new virus was detected by PCR in one additional patient from a separate gastroenteritis outbreak. This study suggests that HAdV-52 may be one of many agents causing gastroenteritis of unknown etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Saffold Jones
- Clinical Investigation Facility, David Grant USAF Medical Center, 101 Bodin Circle, Travis AFB, CA 94535, USA.
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20
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Kang X, Yang BA, Hu Y, Zhao H, Xiong W, Yang Y, Si B, Zhu Q. Human neutralizing Fab molecules against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus generated by phage display. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2006; 13:953-7. [PMID: 16893997 PMCID: PMC1539127 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00037-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human recombinant Fab fragments specific for the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) were screened from a human Fab library, which was generated from RNAs from peripheral lymphocytes of convalescent SARS patients. Among 50 randomly picked clones, 12 Fabs specially reacted with S protein by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The microneutralizing test showed that one clone, designated M1A, had neutralizing activity on Vero E6 cells against SARS-CoV. DNA sequence analysis indicated that the light- and heavy-chain genes of M1A Fab belong to the kappa2a and 4f families, respectively. A neutralizing test on purified M1A demonstrated that 0.5 mg/ml of M1A completely inhibited SARS-CoV activity, with an absence of cytopathic effect for 7 days. Real-time fluorescence reverse transcription-PCR also proved the neutralizing capacity of M1A. These data showed that the number of virus copies was significantly reduced in the M1A-treated group, suggesting an important role for M1A in passive immunoprophylaxis against the SARS virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
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21
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Ebner K, Rauch M, Preuner S, Lion T. Typing of human adenoviruses in specimens from immunosuppressed patients by PCR-fragment length analysis and real-time quantitative PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:2808-15. [PMID: 16891496 PMCID: PMC1594637 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00048-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, 51 human adenovirus (AdV) serotypes, which are divided into six species (A to F), are known. AdV infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed individuals, particularly in allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT) recipients. Any AdV species may cause life-threatening disease, but little information is available on the clinical relevance of individual serotypes. The use of serological testing for serotype identification is limited due to the impaired immune response during the posttransplant period. A new molecular approach to serotype identification is presented here that exploits variable regions within the hexon gene. All serotypes belonging to the species A, B, C, E, and F can be determined by fragment length analysis of a single PCR product. For species C, which is the most prevalent in many geographic regions, an alternative technique based on serotype-specific real-time quantitative PCR was established. Of 135 consecutive pediatric patients screened for AdV infections after allogeneic SCT, 40 tested positive. Detailed analysis revealed the presence of 10 different serotypes; serotypes 1 and 2 from species C (C01 and C02) showed the highest prevalence, accounting for 77% of the AdV-positive cases. Representatives of other species were observed less commonly: serotype A12 in 6.5%; serotype A31 in 4.5%; and B03, B16, C05, C06, D19, and F41 in 2%. The approach to rapid molecular serotype analysis presented here provides a basis for detailed studies on adenovirus epidemiology and on the transmission of nosocomial infections. Moreover, in view of the increasing importance of tailored therapy approaches, serotype identification may in the future have implications for the selection of the most appropriate antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Ebner
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Development of Genetic Diagnostics, Children's Cancer Research Institute, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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22
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Russell KL, Broderick MP, Franklin SE, Blyn LB, Freed NE, Moradi E, Ecker DJ, Kammerer PE, Osuna MA, Kajon AE, Morn CB, Ryan MAK. Transmission dynamics and prospective environmental sampling of adenovirus in a military recruit setting. J Infect Dis 2006; 194:877-85. [PMID: 16960774 PMCID: PMC7109706 DOI: 10.1086/507426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundHigh levels of morbidity caused by adenovirus among US military recruits have returned since the loss of adenovirus vaccines in 1999. The transmission dynamics of adenovirus have never been well understood, which complicates prevention efforts MethodsEnrollment and end-of-study samples were obtained and active surveillance for febrile respiratory illnesses (FRIs) was performed for 341 recruits and support personnel. Environmental samples were collected simultaneously. Classic and advanced diagnostic techniques were used ResultsSeventy-nine percent (213/271) of new recruits were seronegative for either adenovirus serotype 4 (Ad-4) or adenovirus serotype 7 (Ad-7). FRI caused by Ad-4 was observed in 25% (67/271) of enrolled recruits, with 100% of them occurring in individuals with enrollment titers <1:4. The percentage of recruits seropositive for Ad-4 increased from 34% at enrollment to 97% by the end of the study. Adenovirus was most commonly detected in the environment on pillows, lockers, and rifles ConclusionsPotential sources of adenovirus transmission among US military recruits included the presence of adenovirus on surfaces in living quarters and extended pharyngeal viral shedding over the course of several days. The introduction of new recruits, who were still shedding adenovirus, into new training groups was documented. Serological screening could identify susceptible recruits for the optimal use of available vaccines. New high-throughput technologies show promise in providing valuable data for clinical and research applications
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Russell
- Department of Defense, Center for Deployment Health Research, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, 92186-5122, USA.
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23
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Shike H, Shimizu C, Kanegaye JT, Foley JL, Schnurr DP, Wold LJ, Burns JC. Adenovirus, adeno-associated virus and Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005; 24:1011-4. [PMID: 16282942 DOI: 10.1097/01.inf.0000183769.31951.1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Clinical similarities and shared seasonality suggested a relationship between adenovirus infection and Kawasaki disease. We performed adenovirus serology and quantitative polymerase chain reaction for both adenovirus and adeno-associated virus in patients with acute Kawasaki disease. No evidence was found to suggest a link between either virus and Kawasaki disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Shike
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
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24
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Blasiole DA, Metzgar D, Daum LT, Ryan MAK, Wu J, Wills C, Le CT, Freed NE, Hansen CJ, Gray GC, Russell KL. Molecular analysis of adenovirus isolates from vaccinated and unvaccinated young adults. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:1686-93. [PMID: 15071026 PMCID: PMC387592 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.4.1686-1693.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections of adenovirus type 4 (Ad4) and Ad7 were discovered among previously vaccinated individuals through febrile respiratory illness surveillance at military recruit camps. Genetic analysis was performed on these isolates and a sample of adenovirus isolates from unvaccinated patients. Antigenic regions of the adenovirus hexon gene from 21 vaccinated and 31 unvaccinated patients were sequenced and compared to homologous regions of Ad4 and Ad7 vaccine strains and of other representative hexon sequences archived in GenBank. The phylogenetic distribution of sequences from vaccinated individuals closely resembled those from unvaccinated individuals. The most common Ad7 strain was the Ad7d2 hexon genotype, and the most common Ad4 strain was a genotype nearly identical to the recently discovered Z-G 95-873 Ad4 variant. Near exclusive isolation of Ad4 since 1999 indicates that the Ad4 variant is currently responsible for the vast majority of adenovirus morbidity in military recruit camps. Different ratios of nonsynonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitution rates in known antigenic regions compared to nonantigenic regions indicated positive selection for diversity in the antigenic regions and purifying selection in the nonantigenic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Blasiole
- Department of Defense Center for Deployment Health Research, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California 92186-5122, USA
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25
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Sprangers MC, Lakhai W, Koudstaal W, Verhoeven M, Koel BF, Vogels R, Goudsmit J, Havenga MJE, Kostense S. Quantifying adenovirus-neutralizing antibodies by luciferase transgene detection: addressing preexisting immunity to vaccine and gene therapy vectors. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 41:5046-52. [PMID: 14605137 PMCID: PMC262545 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.11.5046-5052.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of various levels of anti-adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5)-neutralizing antibodies in humans is thought to contribute to the inconsistent clinical results obtained so far in diverse gene transfer and vaccination studies and might preclude universal dosing with recombinant Ad5. Prescreening of individuals eligible for Ad5 or alternative serotype treatment and subsequently tailoring the vector dose might aid in ensuring the consistency of clinical parameters. For this purpose, a qualified Ad neutralization assay is required. Here we have tested the different protocols used to date to determine anti-Ad neutralizing activity. Based on simplicity, speed, high throughput, sensitivity, and robustness, we propose a qualified assay in which Ad neutralization is monitored by luciferase reporter gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke C Sprangers
- Vaccine R&D Division, Crucell Holland BV, 2301 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
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26
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Kolavic-Gray SA, Binn LN, Sanchez JL, Cersovsky SB, Polyak CS, Mitchell-Raymundo F, Asher LV, Vaughn DW, Feighner BH, Innis BL. Large epidemic of adenovirus type 4 infection among military trainees: epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory studies. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35:808-18. [PMID: 12228817 DOI: 10.1086/342573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2002] [Revised: 05/07/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of adenovirus type 4 (Ad4) acute respiratory disease (ARD) have reemerged among US military personnel during the past decade. A prospective epidemiological investigation of 678 military recruits was conducted at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, in the fall of 1998; 115 (17%) of the recruits were hospitalized for febrile ARD. Adenovirus types 4, 3, and 21 were recovered from the cultures of 70 (72%), 7 (7%), and 2 (2%) of 97 recruits, respectively. In addition, 69 (83%) of the 83 hospitalized and 82 (49%) of the 166 nonhospitalized unit contacts had seroconversion to Ad4, which indicates the very high susceptibility and communicability of Ad4 among military recruits. Young age (<20 years) and male sex increased the risk for anti-Ad4 seroconversion. Recruits from tropical areas had higher preexisting immunity than did recruits from temperate regions. Military recruits are highly susceptible to Ad4 infections. Prompt reinstitution of an adenovirus vaccination program in this high-risk population is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shellie A Kolavic-Gray
- Epidemiology Services Program, US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
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27
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Ryan MAK, Gray GC, Smith B, McKeehan JA, Hawksworth AW, Malasig MD. Large epidemic of respiratory illness due to adenovirus types 7 and 3 in healthy young adults. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34:577-82. [PMID: 11803503 DOI: 10.1086/338471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2001] [Revised: 09/10/2001] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
After 25 years of successful control through immunization, respiratory infections due to adenoviruses have reemerged to threaten the health of young adults in the military. Shortly after the loss of adenovirus vaccine supplies, a large outbreak of respiratory illness was observed at the United States Navy's sole basic training center. Laboratory testing confirmed 541 cases of adenovirus infection, including 378 cases due to serotype 7 and 132 cases due to serotype 3. This outbreak was remarkable because of its unique serotype distribution and the large amount of data available to describe demographic factors associated with infection. This was the largest outbreak of respiratory illness due to adenovirus types 7 and 3 documented in recent history, and it portends even greater challenges for young adults in the military in the postvaccine era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A K Ryan
- Naval Health Research Center, Department of Defense Center for Deployment Health Research, San Diego, CA, 92186, USA.
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28
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LaBarre DD, Lowy RJ. Improvements in methods for calculating virus titer estimates from TCID50 and plaque assays. J Virol Methods 2001; 96:107-26. [PMID: 11445142 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(01)00316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Calculation of titer estimates and use of titer reduction assays are fundamental approaches used by virologists. Titer assays being biological assays and based on limiting dilution methods require good error control, both methodologically and analytically. The need for good statistical analysis is likely to become even greater as in clinical, manufacturing, as well as the research settings, improved analytical criteria, quality control, and assurance standards are adopted. Furthermore, increasingly, virus titer assays are based on high throughput methods, which generate continuous rather than traditional quantal data. Described here are two different weighted linear regression methods to determine TCID50 and PFU titers from CPE assays. The TCID50 analysis makes use of a generalized least squares approach using continuous colorimetric data. The plaque analysis makes use of weighted least squares forced through the origin using quantal plaque data generated by serial dilutions. Both methods are improvements in titer and error estimation compared to simpler calculation methods. These methods may have greatest value when lack of experimental material or costs of analysis precludes extensive replicate titer determinations but good estimates of titers and/or treatment differences are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D LaBarre
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 8901 Wisconsin Ave, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603, USA
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29
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Malasig MD, Goswami PR, Crawford-Miksza LK, Schnurr DP, Gray GC. Simplified microneutralization test for serotyping adenovirus isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:2984-6. [PMID: 11474029 PMCID: PMC88276 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.8.2984-2986.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A simplified microneutralization procedure is described that uses an empirically determined virus challenge dose, a single dilution of antiserum, and observation of cytopathic effect to determine the adenovirus serotype. The simplified test has faster turnaround time and was 96% concordant with a confirmatory test using serial dilutions of type-specific sera. This method will find utility in high-volume serotyping work.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Malasig
- Department of Defense Center for Deployment Health Research, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California 92186, USA.
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30
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Gray GC, Goswami PR, Malasig MD, Hawksworth AW, Trump DH, Ryan MA, Schnurr DP. Adult adenovirus infections: loss of orphaned vaccines precipitates military respiratory disease epidemics. For the Adenovirus Surveillance Group. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31:663-70. [PMID: 11017812 DOI: 10.1086/313999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus vaccines have greatly reduced military respiratory disease morbidity since the 1970s. However, in 1995, for economic reasons, the sole manufacturer of these vaccines ceased production. A population-based adenovirus surveillance was established among trainees with acute respiratory illness at 4 US military training centers as the last stores of vaccines were depleted. From October 1996 to June 1998, 1814 (53.1%) of 3413 throat cultures for symptomatic trainees (78% men) yielded adenovirus. Adenovirus types 4, 7, 3, and 21 accounted for 57%, 25%, 9%, and 7% of the isolates, respectively. Unvaccinated trainees were much more likely than vaccinated trainees to be positive for types 4 or 7 (odds ratio [OR] = 28.1; 95% CI, 20.2-39.2). Two training centers experienced epidemics of respiratory disease affecting thousands of trainees when vaccines were not available. Until a new manufacturer is identified, the loss of orphaned adenovirus vaccines will result in thousands of additional preventable adenovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Gray
- Department of Defense Center for Deployment Health Research, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA 92186-5122, USA. Gray@nhrc. navy.mil
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31
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Takeuchi S, Itoh N, Uchio E, Aoki K, Ohno S. Serotyping of adenoviruses on conjunctival scrapings by PCR and sequence analysis. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:1839-45. [PMID: 10325334 PMCID: PMC84965 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.6.1839-1845.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To detect and identify adenovirus (Ad), we investigated hypervariable regions (HVRs) of Ad by using a combination of PCR and direct sequencing (PCR-sequence) method. Primers for nested PCR to amplify the conserved region in the hexon protein containing HVRs were designed based on hexon gene sequences derived from GenBank. These two primer sets amplified a DNA fragment of 7 HVRs from 16 prototypes of Ad, which were divided into five subgenera, including seven serotypes that are the predominant causative agents of acute conjunctivitis in Japan, and from 31 recent conjunctival scraping specimens from patients with adenoviral conjunctivitis. HVR DNA sequences were determined by means of universal sequence primers. Analysis of the predicted amino acid homology of HVRs among Ad prototypes suggested three regions, HVR4, -5, and -7, to be candidates for the neutralization epitopes. The clinical serotype of specimens was determined by the PCR-sequence method with reference to these three HVRs. The serotype determined according to this method was identical to that obtained by culture isolation and the neutralization test (NT) in all scraping samples, whereas the results of this method did not match PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis in five samples. It took only three days to detect Ad and to identify the serotype, in contrast to culture isolation-NT, which took at least 2 weeks. These findings indicate that our newly developed PCR-sequence method is applicable for the detection and serotyping of human Ads.
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MESH Headings
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/diagnosis
- Adenoviruses, Human/classification
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/isolation & purification
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Capsid/chemistry
- Capsid/genetics
- Capsid Proteins
- Conjunctiva/virology
- Conjunctivitis, Viral/diagnosis
- Conserved Sequence
- DNA Primers
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neutralization Tests
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- S Takeuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
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32
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Crawford-Miksza LK, Nang RN, Schnurr DP. Strain variation in adenovirus serotypes 4 and 7a causing acute respiratory disease. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:1107-12. [PMID: 10074533 PMCID: PMC88656 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.4.1107-1112.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/1998] [Accepted: 11/18/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to determine the suitability of vaccine strains established in the 1960s for a new vaccine, a comprehensive study of strain variation of adenovirus serotype 4 (AV 4) and AV 7 was undertaken. A 1,500-bp region of the hexon gene containing the AV neutralization epitopes from prototype, vaccine, and community-acquired strains and from wild-type strains from military personnel that cause acute respiratory disease (ARD) was sequenced and analyzed. The whole hexon gene from prototype strains, vaccine strains, and selected isolates was sequenced. AV 7 and AV 7a were found to have distinct genotypes, and all vaccine and wild-type strains recovered from 1963 to 1997 had the AV 7a genotype. There was no significant strain variation in the neutralization epitopes of the AV 7a genotype over a 42-year period. The evolution of AV 4 was more complex, with continuous genetic drift punctuated by replacement with a new strain. The current strain of AV 4, which has been in circulation since 1995, is significantly different from the AV 4 prototype and the vaccine strains. Genetic differences were confirmed to be antigenic differences by neutralization tests, which define the new strain as an AV 4 variant. A type-specific PCR for AV 4, AV 7/7a, and AV 21 was developed, and this PCR facilitated the rapid identification of isolates from outbreaks of ARD.
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MESH Headings
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/immunology
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/prevention & control
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/virology
- Adenoviruses, Human/classification
- Adenoviruses, Human/immunology
- Adenoviruses, Human/pathogenicity
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Cricetinae
- DNA Primers/genetics
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control
- Genetic Variation
- Humans
- Military Personnel
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neutralization Tests
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Respiratory Tract Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control
- Respiratory Tract Infections/virology
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Serotyping
- Species Specificity
- United States/epidemiology
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Crawford-Miksza
- Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, Division of Communicable Disease Control, California State Department of Health Services, Berkeley, California 94704, USA
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33
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Abstract
A seroprevalence survey to recently proposed adenovirus (AV) serotypes AV 48 and AV 49, isolated primarily from AIDS patients, was conducted among the San Francisco Men's Health Study cohort. This cohort of homosexual, heterosexual, or bisexual HIV-seronegative and -seropositive men from selected San Francisco census tracts has been studied since 1984. The presence or absence of type-specific antibody in 628 serum specimens from 1989 was determined by microneutralization. Thirty of these subjects (26 positive and four negative) were studied longitudinally. Serum specimens taken at 6-month intervals from 1984 to 1993 were tested to characterize antibody response and to document the advent of these new serotypes. Eight subjects were tested against five other AV serotypes for comparison. AV 48 and AV 49 seroprevalence rates were significantly higher in HIV-seropositives, but infection was not limited to the immunocompromised. Sexual preference was not a significant determinant for AV seroprevalence in HIV-seronegatives. However, the extent and duration of the neutralizing antibody response was strikingly different between homosexuals and heterosexuals: an endemic pattern of continuous reexposure over the 9-year period was seen in 90% of 19 homosexuals, while five of six heterosexuals (83%) had an episodic pattern of exposure with antibody decline to undetectable levels. These data suggest that these viruses may be endemic in some part of the homosexual population and that sexual transmission may be the primary source of continuous reexposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Crawford-Miksza
- Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Health Services, Berkeley 94704, USA
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34
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Crawford-Miksza L, Schnurr DP. Analysis of 15 adenovirus hexon proteins reveals the location and structure of seven hypervariable regions containing serotype-specific residues. J Virol 1996; 70:1836-44. [PMID: 8627708 PMCID: PMC190011 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.3.1836-1844.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The first full-length hexon protein DNA and deduced amino acid sequences of a subgenus D adenovirus (AV) were determined from candidate AV48 (85-0844). Comprehensive comparison of this sequence with hexon protein sequences from human subgenera A, B, C, D, F, bovine AV3, and mouse AV1 revealed seven discrete hypervariable regions (HVRs) among the 250 variable residues in loops 1 and 2. These regions differed in length between serotypes, from 2 to 38 residues, and contained > 00% of hexon serotype-specific residues among human serotypes. Alignment with the published crystal structure of AV2 established the location and structure of the type-specific regions. Five HVRs were shown to be part of linear loops on the exposed surfaces of the protein, analogous to the serotype-specific loops or "puffs" in picornavirus capsid proteins. The HVRs were supported by a common framework of conserved residues, of which 68 to 75% were hydrophobic. Unique sequences were limited to the seven HVRs, so that one or more of these regions contain the type-specific neutralization epitopes. A neutralizing AV48 hexon-specific antiserum recognized linear peptides that corresponded to six HVRs by enzyme immunoassay. Affinity-purification removal of all peptide-reactive antibodies did not significantly decrease the neutralization titer. Eluted peptide-reactive antibodies did not neutralize. Human antisera that neutralized AV48 did not recognize linear peptides. Purified trimeric native hexon inhibited neutralization, but monomeric heat-denatured hexon did not. We conclude that the AV48 neutralization epitope(s) is complex and conformational.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Crawford-Miksza
- Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Health Services Berkeley 94704, USA
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35
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Schnurr D, Bollen A, Crawford-Miksza L, Dondero ME, Yagi S. Adenovirus mixture isolated from the brain of an AIDS patient with encephalitis. J Med Virol 1995; 47:168-71. [PMID: 8830121 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890470210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A mixture of adenoviruses 31 and 49 was isolated from the brain of an AIDS patient with encephalitis. Adenovirus hexon protein was detected in neurons by indirect immunofluorescence. By restriction endonuclease analysis both adenovirus 31 and 49 were shown to be new genotypes. This is the first report of the isolation of a mixture of adenoviruses from adenovirus encephalitis and the first association of adenovirus 49, a new candidate serotype, with encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schnurr
- Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California State Department of Health Services, Berkeley 94704, USA
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