1
|
O'Leary JK, Sleator RD, Lucey B. Cryptosporidium spp. diagnosis and research in the 21 st century. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2021; 24:e00131. [PMID: 34471706 PMCID: PMC8390533 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2021.e00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium has emerged as a leading cause of diarrhoeal illness worldwide, posing a significant threat to young children and immunocompromised patients. While endemic in the vast majority of developing countries, Cryptosporidium also has the potential to cause waterborne epidemics and large scale outbreaks in both developing and developed nations. Anthroponontic and zoonotic transmission routes are well defined, with the ingestion of faecally contaminated food and water supplies a common source of infection. Microscopy, the current diagnostic mainstay, is considered by many to be suboptimal. This has prompted a shift towards alternative diagnostic techniques in the advent of the molecular era. Molecular methods, particularly PCR, are gaining traction in a diagnostic capacity over microscopy in the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis, given the laborious and often tedious nature of the latter. Until now, developments in the field of Cryptosporidium detection and research have been somewhat hampered by the intractable nature of this parasite. However, recent advances in the field have taken the tentative first steps towards bringing Cryptosporidium research into the 21st century. Herein, we provide a review of these advances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K. O'Leary
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Bishopstown Campus, Cork, Ireland
| | - Roy D. Sleator
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Bishopstown Campus, Cork, Ireland
| | - Brigid Lucey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Bishopstown Campus, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Y, Zhang B, Li J, Yu S, Zhang N, Liu S, Zhang Y, Li J, Ma N, Cai Y, Zhao Q. Development of a Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. Infection and Threatening Caused by Cryptosporidium parvum Subtype IIdA19G1 in Diarrhea Calves from Northeastern China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 21:179-190. [PMID: 33259769 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diarrheal disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. Calves are highly susceptible to Cryptosporidium spp. infection that resulted in diarrhea, growth retardation, and weight loss, and was one of the most common enteropathogens. It is especially difficult for molecular detection of calves with inapparent or subclinical infections of cryptosporidiosis. In view of this, this study established a real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) detection method to clarify its epidemic characteristics, based on Cryptosporidium 18S rRNA gene with the 150 bp product length to investigate the infection of Cryptosporidium spp. in northeastern China The standard curve equation is Ct = -2.91 × lg (Cryptosporidium spp. copies) +10.18, with better sensitivity, stability, and reproducibility. A total of 148 out of 425 fecal samples (34.82%) were detected Cryptosporidium positive with RT-qPCR, including (36.11%) in Heilongjiang province (29.60%), (29.6%) in Jilin province, and (37.50%) in Liaoning province. The infection prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium ryanae, Cryptosporidium andersoni, and Cryptosporidium bovis from calves in order from high to low was 14.35% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.2-18.1), 6.12 (95% CI, 4.0-8.8), 2.35 (95% CI, 1.1-4.3), and 0.47 (95% CI, 0.1-1.7), respectively, suggesting C. parvum was the predominant species in calves in northeastern China. Using 60-kDa glycoprotein gp60 gene, all of the 61 C. parvum-positive specimens were further precisely confirmed to IIdA19G1 subtype. This suggested that IIdA19G1 subtype of C. parvum could threaten to cause diarrhea calves from notheastern China (p < 0.01). The prevalence of 34.82% (148/425) using RT-qPCR had a significant difference compared with the prevalence of nested-PCR (23.29%) and microscopic examination (3.76%). The findings improved the epidemiological knowledge of calves infected with cryptosporidiosis in China, highlighting the importance of ongoing Cryptosporidium surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Baihui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingping Li
- College of Animal Medicine, Shangdong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary University, Weifang, China
| | - Songling Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuting Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ning Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanan Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Symeonidou I, Gelasakis AΙ, Miliotou AN, Angelou A, Arsenopoulos KV, Loukeri S, Papadopoulos E. Rapid on-site diagnosis of canine giardiosis: time versus performance. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:544. [PMID: 33138850 PMCID: PMC7607699 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections by protozoans of the genus Giardia are a common cause of diarrhea in dogs. Canine giardiosis constitutes a disease with a zoonotic potential; however, it is often underestimated due to its challenging diagnosis. The objective of the study was to assess the diagnostic performance of an immunochromatographic strip test (SpeedTM Giardia, Virbac, France) comparing it with microscopy (zinc sulfate flotation) by utilizing the combination of an enzyme immunoassay (ProSpecTTM Giardia EZ Microplate Assay, Oxoid Ltd., UK) and the PCR as the gold standard. A positive result in both ELISA and PCR was set as the gold standard. METHODS Initially, fecal samples from dogs with clinical signs compatible with giardiosis were tested with the SpeedTM Giardia test and separated into two groups of 50 samples each: group A (positive) and group B (negative). Thereafter, all samples were examined by zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation technique and assayed by the ProSpecTTM Giardia Microplate Assay and PCR. The performance of the SpeedTM Giardia and zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation tests were calculated estimating sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratio; the chi-square and McNemar tests were used for the comparison of the two methods. RESULTS Giardia cysts were not detected by microscopy in 16 out of the 50 samples (32%) of group A and in none of group B samples. Eight out of 50 samples in group B (16%) were tested positive both with the ProSpecTTM Giardia Microplate Assay and PCR. Fecal examination with the SpeedTM Giardia test was more sensitive (86.2%) than the parasitological method (58.6%, P < 0.001) while the specificity of both methods was 100%. CONCLUSIONS The SpeedTM Giardia test is an easy-to-perform diagnostic method for the detection of Giardia spp., which can increase laboratory efficiency by reducing time and cost and decrease underdiagnosis of Giardia spp. infections. This immunochromatographic strip test may be routinely exploited when a rapid and reliable diagnosis is required, other diagnostic techniques are unavailable and microscopy expertise is inefficient. In negative dogs with compatible clinical signs of giardiosis, it is recommended either to repeat the exam or proceed with further ELISA and PCR testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaia Symeonidou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
| | - Athanasios Ι. Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Iera Odos str. 75, 11855 Athens, GR Greece
| | - Androulla N. Miliotou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
| | - Athanasios Angelou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
| | - Konstantinos V. Arsenopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
| | - Sofia Loukeri
- Medical Department Virbac, 13ème Rue, 06511 Carros, France
| | - Elias Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GR Greece
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hajipour N, Moosavy MH, Rostamzadeh B, Hajibemani A. Contamination of coins and banknotes as sources of transmission of parasitic pathogens: a pilot study from Iran. Public Health 2020; 186:116-118. [PMID: 32805663 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to determine the presence, type, and rate of parasitic contamination in Iranian currencies. STUDY DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study. METHODS Coins and banknotes of different denominations were randomly collected from sellers and markets in Tabriz, Northwest of Iran, for examining parasitic contamination. RESULTS Entamoeba coli and Giardia intestinalis were the most identified species of parasites in this study. Other parasites detected were Cryptosporidium parvum, Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoeba histolytica, Fasciola hepatica, and Toxocara cati. A high rate of parasitic contamination was found in banknotes compared with coins, and a statistically significant association was found between parasitic contamination and the apparent condition of the currencies. The notes of lower denominations showed the highest contamination rates. The highest parasitic contamination was found in coins and banknotes obtained from public toilet services, butchers, and beggars. CONCLUSIONS The findings emphasize the role of circulating coins and banknotes in the risk of pathogenic parasite transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Hajipour
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - M H Moosavy
- Department of Food Hygiene and Aquatic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - B Rostamzadeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Aquatic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - A Hajibemani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sonzogni-Desautels K, Di Lenardo TZ, Renteria AE, Gascon MA, Geary TG, Ndao M. A protocol to count Cryptosporidium oocysts by flow cytometry without antibody staining. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007259. [PMID: 30893302 PMCID: PMC6443187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis caused by the protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium hominis and C. parvum, threatens the lives of young children in developing countries. In veterinary medicine, C. parvum causes life-threatening diarrhea and dehydration in newborn dairy calves. Protocols to detect Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts using flow cytometry have been reported; however, these protocols use antibodies against the parasite and typically focus on detection of oocysts, not quantification. These techniques are not well-suited for studies that generate large variations in oocyst burdens because the amount of antibody required is proportional to the number of oocysts expected in samples. Also, oocysts are lost in washes in the staining protocol, reducing accuracy of oocyst counts. Moreover, these protocols require costly fluorochrome-conjugated monoclonal antibodies and are not optimal for studies involving large numbers of samples. Here we present an optimized protocol for purifying oocysts from mouse stool and intestine samples combined with a reliable method to quantify oocysts in a relatively pure population without the need for antibody staining. We used morphology (SSC-A vs FSC-A) and the innate characteristics of C. parvum oocysts compared to fecal and intestinal contaminants to develop a two-step gating strategy that can differentiate oocysts from debris. This method is a fast, reliable, and high-throughput technique to promote research projects on C. parvum infections in mice and potentially other animal hosts. Diarrheal diseases are the second leading cause of death in children < 5 years old. Cryptosporidiosis caused by the unicellular parasite Cryptosporidium spp. is one of these diarrheal diseases. C. hominis and C. parvum cause moderate-to-severe diarrhea and dehydration that threaten the lives of young children in developing countries. Flow cytometry is a state-of-the-art technique to detect Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, the infectious form of the parasite. Reported protocols typically focus on detection of oocysts using antibody staining. However, these techniques present several complications: oocysts are lost in washes used in the staining protocol and the amount of antibody required is proportional to the number of oocysts expected in samples; thus, parasite burden needs first to be estimated by optical microscopy. In addition, these protocols require costly antibodies. We developed a reliable method to quantify Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in a relatively pure population without the need for antibody staining. We used known characteristics of the structure of oocysts to develop a strategy that can differentiate oocysts from debris. This method is fast, affordable and reliable and will facilitate pre-clinical projects on interventions to treat or prevent Cryptosporidium spp. infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karine Sonzogni-Desautels
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas Z. Di Lenardo
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Axel E. Renteria
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marc-André Gascon
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Timothy G. Geary
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Momar Ndao
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Garcia LS, Arrowood M, Kokoskin E, Paltridge GP, Pillai DR, Procop GW, Ryan N, Shimizu RY, Visvesvara G. Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasites from the Gastrointestinal Tract. Clin Microbiol Rev 2018; 31:e00025-17. [PMID: 29142079 PMCID: PMC5740970 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00025-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology document on the laboratory diagnosis of parasites from the gastrointestinal tract provides practical information for the recovery and identification of relevant human parasites. The document is based on a comprehensive literature review and expert consensus on relevant diagnostic methods. However, it does not include didactic information on human parasite life cycles, organism morphology, clinical disease, pathogenesis, treatment, or epidemiology and prevention. As greater emphasis is placed on neglected tropical diseases, it becomes highly probable that patients with gastrointestinal parasitic infections will become more widely recognized in areas where parasites are endemic and not endemic. Generally, these methods are nonautomated and require extensive bench experience for accurate performance and interpretation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Arrowood
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Evelyne Kokoskin
- Public Health Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Public Health Laboratories-Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Dylan R Pillai
- Calgary Laboratory Services, Diagnostic and Scientific Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gary W Procop
- Enterprise Test Utilization and Pathology Consultative Services, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Molecular Microbiology, Parasitology, and Mycology Laboratories, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Norbert Ryan
- Bacteriology and Parasitology, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Govinda Visvesvara
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Roellig DM, Yoder JS, Madison-Antenucci S, Robinson TJ, Van TT, Collier SA, Boxrud D, Monson T, Bates LA, Blackstock AJ, Shea S, Larson K, Xiao L, Beach M. Community Laboratory Testing for Cryptosporidium: Multicenter Study Retesting Public Health Surveillance Stool Samples Positive for Cryptosporidium by Rapid Cartridge Assay with Direct Fluorescent Antibody Testing. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169915. [PMID: 28085927 PMCID: PMC5234809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a common cause of sporadic diarrheal disease and outbreaks in the United States. Increasingly, immunochromatography-based rapid cartridge assays (RCAs) are providing community laboratories with a quick cryptosporidiosis diagnostic method. In the current study, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL), and four state health departments evaluated RCA-positive samples obtained during routine Cryptosporidium testing. All samples underwent “head to head” re-testing using both RCA and direct fluorescence assay (DFA). Community level results from three sites indicated that 54.4% (166/305) of Meridian ImmunoCard STAT! positives and 87.0% (67/77) of Remel Xpect positives were confirmed by DFA. When samples were retested by RCA at state laboratories and compared with DFA, 83.3% (155/186) of Meridian ImmunoCard STAT! positives and 95.2% (60/63) of Remel Xpect positives were confirmed. The percentage of confirmed community results varied by site: Minnesota, 39.0%; New York, 63.9%; and Wisconsin, 72.1%. The percentage of confirmed community results decreased with patient age; 12.5% of community positive tests could be confirmed by DFA for patients 60 years of age or older. The percentage of confirmed results did not differ significantly by sex, storage temperature, time between sample collection and testing, or season. Findings from this study demonstrate a lower confirmation rate of community RCA positives when compared to RCA positives identified at state laboratories. Elucidating the causes of decreased test performance in order to improve overall community laboratory performance of these tests is critical for understanding the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in the United States (US).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M. Roellig
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jonathan S. Yoder
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Susan Madison-Antenucci
- Parasitology Laboratory, Division of Infectious Disease, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Trisha J. Robinson
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Tam T. Van
- Communicable Disease Division, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sarah A. Collier
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dave Boxrud
- Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Timothy Monson
- Communicable Disease Division, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Leigh Ann Bates
- Kentucky Division of Laboratory Services, Frankfort, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Anna J. Blackstock
- Biostatistics and Information Management Office, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shari Shea
- Association of Public Health Laboratories, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kirsten Larson
- Association of Public Health Laboratories, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael Beach
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Intra J, Sala MR, Falbo R, Cappellini F, Brambilla P. Improvement in the detection of enteric protozoa from clinical stool samples using the automated urine sediment analyzer sediMAX ® 2 compared to sediMAX ® 1. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 36:147-151. [PMID: 27646557 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2788-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Detection of intestinal parasites from fecal samples is routinely performed by direct wet mount examination. This method requires skilled personnel, and it is time consuming. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the usefulness of the newer automated urinary sediment analyser sediMAX 2 for a fast detection of intestinal protozoa in stool samples. A total of 700 consecutively preserved samples consisting of 70 positives and 630 negatives were analyzed. SediMAX 2 takes digital images of each sediment sample, and analysis was conducted using a dilution of stool specimens, allowing determination of typical morphology. Compared to manual microscopy, sediMAX 2 showed sensitivity and specificity of 100 % in the detection of intestinal parasites, as also recently demonstrated for sediMAX 1. However, all clinically important human protozoa were detected using only 15 images for each specimen, compared to 30 images required in sediMAX 1 analysis. Moreover, changing manually the focus, it is possible to carry out a discrimination between morphologically identical Entamoeba complex members, including the pathogenic E. histolytica and the non-pathogenic E. dispar, E. moshkovskii and E. Bangladeshi, from the non-pathogenic Entamoeba coli based on the number of nuclei present in the cells. This study presents sediMAX 2 as an automatic aid to traditional microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Intra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Milano Bicocca, Desio Hospital, via Mazzini 1, 20833, Desio, MB, Italy.
| | - M R Sala
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Milano Bicocca, Desio Hospital, via Mazzini 1, 20833, Desio, MB, Italy
| | - R Falbo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Milano Bicocca, Desio Hospital, via Mazzini 1, 20833, Desio, MB, Italy
| | - F Cappellini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Milano Bicocca, Desio Hospital, via Mazzini 1, 20833, Desio, MB, Italy
| | - P Brambilla
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Milano Bicocca, Desio Hospital, via Mazzini 1, 20833, Desio, MB, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Highly specific detection of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in human stool samples by undemanding and inexpensive phase contrast microscopy. Parasitol Res 2015; 115:1229-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4859-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
10
|
Latif B, Rossle NF. Cryptosporidiosis among children with diarrhoea in three Asian countries: A review. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
11
|
Evaluation of ImmunoCard STAT test and ELISA versus light microscopy in diagnosis of giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2853-63. [PMID: 25924795 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4486-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate ImmunoCard STAT Cryptosporidium/Giardia rapid assay and ELISA copro-antigen assays in detecting Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium species in fecal samples in comparison to microscopy. Both ImmunoCard STAT and ELISA assays were evaluated with 90 stool specimens that were tested by the standard ova and parasite examination including staining with both iron hematoxylin stain and modified Ziehl Neelson stains. Counting the number of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidia oocysts in the positive stool samples was done in order to quantify the lower limit of parasite number that was able to be detected by all included assays. Both ImmunoCard STAT and ELISA assays were compared on the basis of the attributes which are number of detected cases, sensitivity, specificity, time required for the procedure and screening, ease of performance and interpretation, and cost. Microscopic examination revealed that 13.3% of the samples were positive for Giardia and 2.2% for Cryptosporidium. By ELISA, 16.7% of the samples were infected with Giardia and 3.3% with Cryptosporidium, while by ImmunoCard STAT, 17.8 and 4.45% of the samples were positive for Giardia and Cryptosporidium, respectively. There is no statistically significant difference between the results of ELISA and ImmunoCard STAT assays. The lowest concentration detected in the stool samples was 10.50 ± 1.05 Giardia cysts and 2.83 ± 1.72 Cryptosporidium oocysts. The ImmunoCard STAT was extremely easy to read, thus requiring much less time, but its cost was much higher than ELISA. We concluded that although the overall ranking of both assays was high, the ImmunoCard STAT rapid assay was a more desirable test despite its higher cost.
Collapse
|
12
|
Comparison of Kinyoun's acid-fast and immunofluorescent methods detected an unprecedented occurrence of Cryptosporidium in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
13
|
Mittal S, Sharma M, Chaudhary U, Yadav A. Comparison of ELISA and Microscopy for detection of Cryptosporidium in stool. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8:DC07-8. [PMID: 25584216 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/9713.5088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidiosis, a diarrheal disease caused by the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium spp. has become recognized as one of the most common causes of water borne diseases in humans. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To compare the sensitivity of ELISA and Microscopy for detection of Cryptosporidium in stool samples Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology of PT. B.D. Sharma PGIMS Rohtak, between January 2011 to june 2011 on 50 stool samples, which were processed for detection of cryptosporidial antigen by ELISA and detection of cysts by microscopy (Modified Ziehl and Nelsen staining). STUDY AND DESIGN This was a prospective study conducted in the Department of Microbiology in PT. BD Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak, India. RESULT Out of total, 50 stool samples eighteen (36%) samples were found positive for Cryptosporidium cysts by microscopy in comparison to 3(6%) stool samples which were found positive for cryptosporidial antigen by ELISA. Samples found positive with ELISA were also positive with microscopy. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for ELISA was 16.7%, 100%, 100% and 68% respectively. CONCLUSION The study concludes that stool microscopic Modified acid fast staining is more sensitive method than ELISA for detection of Cryptosporidium in stool samples but the specificity of ELISA was more than microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seema Mittal
- Senior Resident, Department of Microbiology, Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS , Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Madhu Sharma
- Professor, Department of Microbiology, Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS , Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Uma Chaudhary
- Senior Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS , Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Aparna Yadav
- Professor, Department of Microbiology, Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS , Rohtak, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Laboratory utility of coproscopy, copro immunoassays and copro nPCR assay targeting Hsp90 gene for detection of Cryptosporidium in children, Cairo, Egypt. J Parasit Dis 2014; 40:901-5. [PMID: 27605806 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0601-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a significant cause of diarrhea worldwide especially in children. Infection may end fatally in immunocompromised patients. Multi-attribute analysis was used to determine the lab utility of 4 diagnostics; coproscopy of AF stained fecal smear, fecal immunoassays by ICT and ELISA and copro-nPCR assay targeting Hsp90 gene, for detection of Cryptosporidium in stool of 250 Egyptian children (150 diarrheic and 100 non-diarrhaeic children). Also, to determine Cryptosporidium molecular prevalence. Cryptosporidium was an important enteric pathogen among both diarrheic and non-diarrheic study children with a clearly high prevalence of 16.4 % (n = 41). Conventional methods had perfect specificity (100 %) but couldn`t be used as a consistent single detection method due to their lowered sensitivities. Multi-attribute analysis ranked nPCR the highest test for lab use. Being the test with the best diagnostic yield, nPCR is a reliable diagnostic test and is going to replace conventional methods for reliable detection of Cryptosporidium.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ali MA, Arnold CA, Singhi AD, Voltaggio L. Clues to uncommon and easily overlooked infectious diagnoses affecting the GI tract and distinction from their clinicopathologic mimics. Gastrointest Endosc 2014; 80:689-706. [PMID: 25070906 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2014.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Aamir Ali
- Department of Gastroenterology, George Washington University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | - Aatur D Singhi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lysandra Voltaggio
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Evaluation of an immunoassay-based algorithm for screening and identification of giardia and cryptosporidium antigens in human faecal specimens from saudi arabia. J Parasitol Res 2014; 2014:213745. [PMID: 24616804 PMCID: PMC3927860 DOI: 10.1155/2014/213745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An immunoassay-based algorithm, involving three commercial kits, was introduced and evaluated for screening and identification of Giardia/Cryptosporidium antigens in human stool specimens. Initially, Giardia/Cryptosporidium Chek kit (TechLab), an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), was adopted for screening. The ELISA-positive reactions were subsequently characterised by RIDA Quick Giardia and RIDA Quick Cryptosporidium immunochromatographic kits (R-Biopharm). A gold standard test comprising PCR and microscopy was used for preparing control samples. Performance of individual kits was tested against these samples which included 50 Giardia-positive, 40 Cryptosporidium-positive, and 70 Cryptosporidium/Giardia-negative. For Cryptosporidium, specificities of the ELISA and RIDA Quick Cryptosporidium kits were 95.71% and 100%, respectively. Both kits demonstrated sensitivity of 95%. For Giardia, the ELISA and RIDA Quick Giardia kits showed sensitivities of 100% and 97.5%, respectively. Specificities obtained by the ELISA and RIDA Quick Giardia were 95.7% and 100%, respectively. Based on the results of two reference PCRs, on 250 random samples, the algorithm exhibited sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 97.06%, 100.00%, 100.00%, and 98.91%, respectively. In conclusion, this immunoassay-based algorithm can be used as routine test in diagnostic laboratories for screening and identification of a large number of samples.
Collapse
|
17
|
Hilles AH, Al Hindi AI, Abu Safieh YA. Assessment of parasitic pollution in the coastal seawater of Gaza city. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2014; 12:26. [PMID: 24410999 PMCID: PMC3924707 DOI: 10.1186/2052-336x-12-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main objective of the study was the assessment of the prevalence and the identification of species of human gastrointestinal parasites as an indicator of the pollution of the seashore of Gaza City. METHODS The investigation was conducted by analysis of the parasitic contamination of seawater along the study area. A total of 52 samples of seawater were analyzed during the summer period; from June to October 2011. The study area was divided into six zones (A, B, C, D, E and F) according to specific criteria such as the presence of the wastewater discharge points and other geographical characteristics. RESULTS The results show that about 48% of the seawater samples from the shoreline region of Gaza City were contaminated with parasites. Zones A, B and D (mouth of Wadi Gaza, Al Sheikh Ejleen discharge and Al Shalehat discharge points respectively) have the highest level of parasitic contamination, while, zones C and E (From Al-Baydar restaurant to Khalel Alwazer Mosque and the basin of the Gaza marina respectively) had a lower level of contamination and zone F (From the northern part of the Gaza marina to the Intelligence Building) was uncontaminated. The parasitic species found were: Ascaris lumbricoides, Giardia lamblia, Strongyloides stercoralis, Hymenolepis nana, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar and Cryptosporidium parvum. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed a high level of contamination with parasites at most of the points which were investigated along the Gaza City coast line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adnan Ibrahim Al Hindi
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Islamic University of Gaza, P.O. Box 108, Gaza, Palestine
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Manser M, Granlund M, Edwards H, Saez A, Petersen E, Evengard B, Chiodini P. Detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in clinical laboratories in Europe--a comparative study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 20:O65-71. [PMID: 24033667 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To determine the routine diagnostic methods used and compare the performance in detection of oocysts of Cryptosporidium species and cysts of Giardia intestinalis in faecal samples by European specialist parasitology laboratories and European clinical laboratories. Two sets of seven formalin-preserved faecal samples, one containing cysts of Giardia intestinalis and the other, containing oocysts of Cryptosporidium, were sent to 18 laboratories. Participants were asked to examine the specimens using their routine protocol for detecting these parasites and state the method(s) used. Eighteen laboratories answered the questionnaire. For detection of Giardia, 16 of them used sedimentation/concentration followed by light microscopy. Using this technique the lower limit of detection of Giardia was 17.2 cysts/mL of faeces in the best performing laboratories. Only three of 16 laboratories used fluorescent-conjugated antibody-based microscopy. For detection of Cryptosporidium acid-fast staining was used by 14 of the 17 laboratories that examined the samples. With this technique the lower limit of detection was 976 oocysts/mL of faeces. Fluorescent-conjugated antibody-based microscopy was used by only five of the 17 laboratories. There was variation in the lower limit of detection of cysts of Giardia and oocysts of Cryptosporidium between laboratories using the same basic microscopic methods. Fluorescent-conjugated antibody-based microscopy was not superior to light microscopy under the conditions of this study. There is a need for a larger-scale multi-site comparison of the methods used for the diagnosis of these parasites and the development of a Europe-wide laboratory protocol based upon its findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Manser
- Department of Clinical Parasitology, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pacheco FTF, Silva RKNR, Martins AS, Oliveira RR, Alcântara-Neves NM, Silva MP, Soares NM, Teixeira MCA. Differences in the detection of Cryptosporidium and Isospora (Cystoisospora) oocysts according to the fecal concentration or staining method used in a clinical laboratory. J Parasitol 2013; 99:1002-8. [PMID: 23829170 DOI: 10.1645/12-33.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of many parasitological methods for detection of Cryptosporidium and Isospora (Cystoisospora) belli in fecal samples, there are uncertainties about the accuracy of these techniques in laboratory practice. In this study, 27 formalin-fixed positive stool samples for Cryptosporidium and 15 for I. belli were analyzed by 2 concentration methods, sedimentation by centrifugation (SC) and formalin-ethyl acetate (FE), and by 3 tintorial techniques, modified Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN), safranin (SF), and auramine (AR). No significant differences were observed on Cryptosporidium identification between concentration methods, while a significantly higher number of I. belli oocysts (P < 0.0001) was detected in fecal smears concentrated by the SC than by the FE method. Fecal samples processed by FE produced a median oocyst loss to the fatty ring of 34.8% for Cryptosporidium and 45.4% for I. belli. However, FE concentration provided 63% of Cryptosporidium and 100% of I. belli slides classified as superior for microscopic examination. Regarding the efficiency of staining methods, a more significant detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts was observed in fecal smears stained by ZN (P < 0.01) or AR (P < 0.05) than by the SF method. Regular to high-quality slides for microscopic examination were mostly observed in fecal smears stained with AR or ZN for Cryptosporidium and with SF or ZN for I. belli. This study suggests a great variability in oocyst power detection by routine parasitological methods, and that the most frequent intestinal coccidians in humans have specific requirements for concentration and staining.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flávia T F Pacheco
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 40170-115
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
K.S. R, Kumar K.L. R. Intestinal Cryptosporidiosis and the Profile of the CD4 Counts in a Cohort of HIV Infected Patients. J Clin Diagn Res 2013; 7:1016-20. [PMID: 23905093 PMCID: PMC3708188 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2013/5339.3062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium is an infectious enteric pathogen which is capable of causing life-threatening illnesses in immunocompromised patients. AIMS This prospective study was planned to know the frequency of intestinal cryptosporidiosis in HIV infected patients and its correlation with their immune status. Also, the conventional diagnostic methods were compared with the copro-antigen detection test by using Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA). SETTINGS AND DESIGN This was a prospective cohort study. METHODS AND MATERIAL Three consecutive stool samples which were collected from 90 HIV seropositive patients and 50 seronegative controls were screened for cryptosporidiosis by wet mount, direct modified ZN (Ziehl Neelsen) staining, modified ZN staining with formol ether concentration and copro-antigen detection by ELISA. Their immune statuses were measured by CD4 + cell counting. Statistical Analytical Tests which were Used: Odds ratio, Chi square test, Fisher extract test. RESULTS Cryptosporidiosis was detected in 15 HIV seropositive cases. 13 cases had CD4 cell counts of < 100 cells/ μL. The formol ether concentration technique resulted in an increased number of oocysts/oil immersion field in 8 cases. ELISA was positive in 2 cases which were shown to be negative by modified ZN staining. All the controls were negative for cryptosporidium. CONCLUSIONS Cryptosporidiosis is an opportunistic infection in HIV infected people who present with diarrhoea. The wet mount technique, though it is simple and inexpensive, is insensitive for the detection of cryptosporidium. The conventional modified ZN staining and the modified ZN staining with concentration have a sensitivity and a specificity of 85.71% and 98.84% respectively. The copro antigen detection by ELISA which has a greater sensitivity and specificity, is a useful tool in epidemiological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi K.S.
- Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, KIMSH & RC, Bangalore, India
| | - Ravi Kumar K.L.
- Professor & HOD, Department of Microbiology, KIMSH & RC, Bangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cheun HI, Chung BS, Ma DW, Goo BL, Cho SH, Ji MJ, Lee WJ. Development of a Diagnostic Kit to Detect Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2013; 4:146-51. [PMID: 24159546 PMCID: PMC3787530 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to develop a high-sensitivity antibody diagnostic kit that will enable a rapid and accurate detection of Cryptospofidium parvum and Giardia lamblia in patients with diarrhea. Methods The cultivated C. parvum oocysts and G. lamblia cysts in each calf and dog were injected to mice to obtain antibodies, which were titrated. Spleen cells of the immunized mouse were separated and blended with myelomas to produce hybrid cell lines that form monoclonal antibodies. Using ELISA method, antibodies that specifically respond to C. parvum and G.lamblia were then selected. The cells were injected into the abdominal cavity of a BALB/c mouse to isolate hydrops abdominis containing high level of antibodies. The IgG antibody was purified using protein G gel. Results The detection limit of monoclonal antibodies for Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia was 125 oocysts/mL and 1250 cysts/mL, respectively. In addition, during testing they did not show cross-reactivity to viruses (n = 15), bacteria (n =17), and parasites (n = 9). Conclusion The rapid diagnostic antibody kit developed in this study, which specifically responds to C. parvum and G. lamblia, will be useful in detecting and monitoring diarrheal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeng-Il Cheun
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Korea ; Division of Epidemic Intelligence Service, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Khurana S, Sharma P, Sharma A, Malla N. Evaluation of Ziehl-Neelsen staining, auramine phenol staining, antigen detection enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction, for the diagnosis of intestinal cryptosporidiosis. Trop Parasitol 2013; 2:20-3. [PMID: 23508690 PMCID: PMC3593504 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5070.97234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Cryptosporidiosis is a very important opportunistic infection and is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in HIV/AIDS patients. The objective of this study is to evaluate Ziehl-Neelsen staining, auramine phenol staining, antigen detection enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction, for the diagnosis of intestinal cryptosporidiosis. Materials and Methods: The study was designed to determine the efficacy of modified Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN), Auramine-Phenol (AP) staining, antigen detection enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of cryptosporidia in 671 HIV-seropositive patients, 353 HIV-seronegative patients including 198 children with diarrhea and 50 apparently healthy adults. Results: Cryptosporidium was detected in 26 (3.9%), 37 (5.5%), 32 (4.8%) and 40 (6%) HIV-seropositive and 8 (2.3%), 10 (2.9%), 9 (2.6%) and 9 (2.6%) HIV-seronegative patients by ZN staining, AP staining, antigen detection ELISA and PCR, respectively. None of the healthy controls were infected with Cryptosporidium. Based on criteria of ‘true positive’ samples, i.e. positive by any two of the four techniques out of ZN, AP, antigen detection ELISA and PCR, sensitivity of ZN and ELISA was 79.06% and 95.35% respectively. AP and PCR were found to be 100% sensitive. Specificity of ZN and ELISA was 100% while specificity of AP and PCR was 99.59% and 99.39% respectively. Conclusions: Auramine phenol staining is a rapid, sensitive and specific technique for diagnosis of intestinal cryptosporidiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumeeta Khurana
- Department of Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang X, Teng D, Tian F, Guan Q, Wang J. Comparison of three DNA extraction methods for feed products and four amplification methods for the 5'-junction fragment of Roundup Ready soybean. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:4586-95. [PMID: 22515503 DOI: 10.1021/jf300827q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Three methods of DNA extraction from feed products and four detection methods for the 5'-junction fragment of genetically modified (GM) Roundup Ready soybean (RRS) were compared and evaluated. The DNA extraction methods, including cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and guanidine hydrochloride (Kit), were assessed for their yields and purity of DNA, extraction time, and reagent cost. The DNA yields of CTAB, SDS, and Kit were 52-694, 164-1750 and 23-105 ng/mg sample, and their extraction time was 2.5-3, 2-2.5, and 1.5-2 h with reagent cost about US dollar 0.24, 0.13, and 1.9 per extraction, respectively. The SDS method was generally well suited to all kinds of feed matrices tested. The limits of detection for the four amplification protocols, including loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), hyperbranched rolling circle amplification (HRCA), conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and real-time PCR, were 48.5, 4.85, 485, and 9 copies of the pTLH10 plasmid, respectively. The ranked results of the four detection methods were based on multiattribute utility theory as follows (from best to worse): HRCA, LAMP, PCR, and real-time PCR. This comparative evaluation was specifically useful for selection of a highly efficient DNA extraction or amplification method for detecting different GM ingredients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
de Oliveira Lemos F, Almosny NP, Soares AMB, Alencar NX. Cryptosporidium species screening using Kinyoun technique in domestic cats with diarrhea. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:113-7. [PMID: 22314086 PMCID: PMC10822487 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x11429221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a coccidian that can lead to diarrhea, especially in immunosuppressed individuals. Retroviruses are considered a primary cause of immunosuppression in cats. Fecal specimens and blood collected from the 60 cats were evaluated for the presence of acid-fast cryptosporidia in three consecutive stool samples and for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) antigen and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) antibody by ELISA testing. Five animals (8.33%) shedding oocysts were found, one was both FIV- and FeLV-negative and four were FeLV-positive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca de Oliveira Lemos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Pathology, Veterinary College, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kuhnert-Paul Y, Bangoura B, Dittmar K, Daugschies A, Schmäschke R. Cryptosporidiosis: comparison of three diagnostic methods and effects of storage temperature on detectability of cryptosporidia in cattle faeces. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:165-71. [PMID: 22246371 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2813-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Three diagnostic methods (a modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique (MZN), a negative staining with carbol fuchsine (CF) and a commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit, ProSpecT® Cryptosporidium Microplate Assay (Remel, Lenexa, KS, USA)) for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in cattle faeces were compared regarding sensitivity and suitability under routine laboratory conditions, with particular emphasis on sample storage. In the 103 faecal samples examined, cryptosporidia infections were detected significantly more often by EIA (p<0.05; n=76) than by MZN (n=65) if ten random fields were evaluated microscopically, but not if the whole coverslip was scanned. In contrast, sensitivities of EIA and CF (n=69) did not differ significantly. Results were obtained very rapidly by CF. However, the hands-on time of CF is comparable to EIA, while MZN is more time consuming. EIA is more expensive than CF and MZN but easy to perform and to evaluate and does not need considerably experienced staff in contrast to CF and MZN. Moreover, 45 faecal samples stored for up to 27 days at different temperatures (+6°C, +16°C, +30°C, +40°C) were examined. The sensitivity of microscopic detection of oocysts in stained smears (CF, MZN) decreased in a temperature and time-dependent manner, while EIA results were not influenced by sample storage at any temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Kuhnert-Paul
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Angus SV, Kwon HJ, Yoon JY. Field-deployable and near-real-time optical microfluidic biosensors for single-oocyst-level detection of Cryptosporidium parvum from field water samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:3295-304. [DOI: 10.1039/c2em30700f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
27
|
Bairami Kuzehkanan A, Rezaeian M, Zeraati H, Mohebali M, Meamar AR, Babaei Z, Kashi L, Heydarnezhadi M, Rezaie S. A Sensitive and Specific PCR Based Method for Identification of Cryptosporidium Sp. Using New Primers from 18S Ribosomal RNA. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2011; 6:1-7. [PMID: 22347307 PMCID: PMC3279906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main goal of the present study was to develop a new sensitive and specific PCR based method for Identification of Cryptosporidium sp. using novel primers from 18S ribosomal RNA. Cryptosporidiosis in high-risk host groups particularly in neonates and immuno-compromised individuals may result in death. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study regarding develop a new PCR based method to diagnose the cryptosporidiosis in Iran. METHODS A total of 850 human fecal samples from patients clinically suspected to cryptosporidiosis and 100 healthy and diarrheic cattle stool specimens were collected. The simplified formol-ether concentration method was carried out for all samples. They were then examined microscopically by modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method. Total DNA was extracted by QIA amp DNA stool mini kit. PCR and nested-PCR was carried out by using designed primers. RESULTS Twenty nine cases of cryptosporidiosis infection in human and 30 samples from cattle microscopically were positive. The described primary and nested PCR method could detect all Cryptosporidium positive samples from human and cattle. Regards to suspected negative samples in primary PCR examination, the Nested PCR could approve two more positive results. Furthermore, Nested PCR analysis was able to detect one more case which was negative in both microscopically examination and primary PCR. Specificity of the test was 100%. Sensitivity of Nested PCR in comparison to our gold standard; microscopy after Ridley concentration modified ziehl-Neelsen, was 100%. CONCLUSION Our developed PCR based method by using new primers devised from 18S ribosomal RNA revealed the ability for identification of the Cryptosporidium species such as C. parvum and C. huminis with high specificity and sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Bairami Kuzehkanan
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Dept. of Public Health, School of Public Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Alborz, Iran
| | - M Rezaeian
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Zeraati
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Mohebali
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - AR Meamar
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Z Babaei
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - L Kashi
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Heydarnezhadi
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Rezaie
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Dept. of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Tel: +98 912 1218439, Fax: +98 21 88951392, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gupta AK. Intestinal coccidian parasitic infections in rural community in and around Loni, Maharashtra. J Parasit Dis 2011; 35:54-6. [PMID: 22654315 PMCID: PMC3114982 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-011-0030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fecal samples examination of 310 individuals with variable gastro-intestinal (GI) disturbances but negative for intestinal parasites or bacterial pathogens, revealed 97 persons positive for infection with coccidian parasites employing modified Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining and Sheather's sucrose floatation technique. Cryptosporidium oocysts alone were detected in 64 (64/97; 66%) cases whereas Cyclospora oocysts along with Cryptosporidium were present in other 30 cases (31%); remaining three cases yielded only Cyclospora oocysts (3%) in their feces. None of the 97 cases positive for the two coccidian parasites was reactive for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in their blood nor did any individual have history of taking immuno-suppressive drugs or antibiotics in the recent past. A breakdown of these 97 cases according to age and sex revealed not much difference in infection with two coccidian parasites. Further, comparison between two techniques revealed modified ZN staining was far superior to Sheather's floatation. As the coccidian parasites, particularly Cryptosporidium is gaining much importance; therefore modified ZN staining should be included preferably along with other techniques in routine fecal examination which may lead to an overall improvement in the health-care facilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. K. Gupta
- Rural Medical College, PIMS, Loni, Maharashtra 413736 India
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Genotyping of Cryptosporidium parvum isolates in bovine population in Kolkata and characterization of new bovine genotypes. Res Vet Sci 2011; 91:246-50. [PMID: 21316723 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium infection may have adverse effect in health and production potential of cattle herd. The exact profile of Cryptosporidium infection in bovine population of India in general, particularly from Kolkata is scarce. We here report systematic investigation of clinical and genetic profiling of promiscuous Cryptosporidium infection in selected representative cattle farms from Kolkata as well as some surrounding local areas. The current study was conducted in the period of October to September, 2000-2001 with 149 diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic cattle of different age groups from two Government cattle farms, Harringhata Cattle Unit and Kalyani State Livestock Farm and animals raised by local farmers. Among these 149 samples, diarrhoea was recorded in 79 cases (53%) and non-diarrhoeic in 70 (46.9%). Out of 149 faecal samples screened microscopically, 32.9% from diarrhoeic faecal samples and 7.1% from healthy faecal samples revealed the presence of oocysts. Cryptosporidium genus was confirmed by DNA typing with nested PCR. The PCR-RFLP analysis was carried out for genotype identification. In course of PCR-RFLP, unique band patterns were obtained in two of our samples. The unusual RFLP products were characterized by DNA sequencing and homology analysis with other reported variants. This is the first report of identification and characterization of such a variant from the area of present investigation. Further study will be required to understand the phylogenetic origin and functional significance in virulence and morbidity of this genotype.
Collapse
|
30
|
Environmental and physiological factors contributing to outbreaks of cryptosporidium in Coquerel's sifaka (Propithecus coquereli) at the Duke Lemur Center: 1999-2007. J Zoo Wildl Med 2010; 41:438-44. [PMID: 20945641 DOI: 10.1638/2009-0160.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This population-based, retrospective study examined the susceptibility of a prosimian primate, Coquerel's sifaka (Propithecus coquereli), to Cryptosporidium spp. over a 9-yr period from 1999 to 2007 at the Duke Lemur Center (DLC) located in Durham, North Carolina. The investigation examined potential epidemiologic risk factors that could be correlated to infectious outbreaks at the center, such as prevalence, signalment (species, age, and sex), seasonality of occurrence, recurrence rate, family lineage, parturition, clinical signs, and concurrent diseases or health conditions. Findings included Propithecus spp. being the only lemur species at the DLC showing clinical signs of infection, with age being an important factor in susceptibility, and showing a strong correlation between temperature and seasonality with shedding of Cryptosporidium oocysts. These findings present new information regarding cryptosporidiosis in captive prosimians.
Collapse
|
31
|
Age-stratified Bayesian analysis to estimate sensitivity and specificity of four diagnostic tests for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in neonatal calves. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 49:76-84. [PMID: 21048012 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01424-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no gold standard diagnostic test for the detection of bovine cryptosporidiosis. Infection is usually highest in 2-week-old calves, and these calves also excrete high numbers of oocysts. These factors may give rise to variations in the sensitivity and specificity of the various diagnostic tests used to detect infection in calves of various ages. An age-stratified Bayesian analysis was carried out to determine the optimum diagnostic test to identify asymptomatic and clinical Cryptosporidium sp. infection in neonatal calves. Fecal samples collected from 82 calves at 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks of age were subjected to the following tests: microscopic examination of smears stained with either phenol-auramine O or fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated anti-Cryptosporidium monoclonal antibody, nested-PCR, and quantitative real-time PCR. The results confirmed a high prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. infection, as well as a high level of oocyst excretion, in 2-week-old calves. The sensitivities of all the tests varied with the age of the calves. Quantitative real-time PCR proved to be the most sensitive and specific test for detecting infection irrespective of the age of the calf. The microscopic techniques were the least sensitive and exhibited only moderate efficiency with 2-week-old calves excreting large numbers of oocysts, the majority of which were diarrheic. It was concluded that, when interpreting the results of routine tests for bovine cryptosporidiosis, cognizance should be taken of the sensitivity of the tests in relation to the age of the calves and stage of infection.
Collapse
|
32
|
Tuli L, Singh DK, Gulati AK, Sundar S, Mohapatra TM. A multiattribute utility evaluation of different methods for the detection of enteric protozoa causing diarrhea in AIDS patients. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:11. [PMID: 20078872 PMCID: PMC2820438 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enteric protozoa and sporozoa have emerged as important opportunistic parasites and can cause fatal infections in AIDS patients. The line of treatment being different for them necessitates an accurate and prompt identification of these to avoid empirical treatment. In this study which is the first of its kind from India we did a comprehensive evaluation of different techniques, comparing them on the basis of the attributes like yield, cost, time taken, expertise and infrastructure. For the first time combination of Calcoflour White and DAPI, a nuclear stain, were used to identify Microsporidia spp. Thus, a diagnostic protocol was devised for rapid, sensitive and cost effective identification of the opportunistic enteric protozoa. Results The organisms isolated from the stool samples of the cases (450 HIV patients) were predominantly Cryptosporidium spp., Microsporidia spp. and Cyclospora spp. Interestingly, the control group (200 relatives of the patients who were HIV negative) showed a high incidence (21%) of Cryptosporidium spp. We found a significant increase in the sensitivity of microscopy in detecting Cryptosporidium spp. and Cyclospora spp. after formol ether concentration. Kinyoun's staining was better compared to Modified safranin staining for Cryptosporidium spp. identification. Although ELISA had a sensitivity of 93.25% and specificity of 97% for Cryptosporidium spp. detection, we ranked Kinyoun's staining better than ELISA because it is not affordable to most of our patients. For detecting Cyclospora cayetanensis, autoflourescence was the easiest and most cost effective method followed by Safranin technique. Combination of Calcoflour White stain and DAPI gave good results for the identification of Microsporidia spp. We assessed the above techniques and graded the attributes in the following descending order: cost effectiveness, sensitivity, ease of use and interpretation, time taken for the procedure and batch testing. Conclusion Thus, we conclude that a combination of minimum three procedures should be carried out for the screening of stool specimens of HIV positive patients. Kinyoun's staining should be made mandatory for every diarrheal stool sample from HIV patients. Also every laboratory should assign its own value to the attributes and apply Multiattribute utility theory or the Analytical hierarchy process to decide the most appropriate methodology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lekha Tuli
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Paul S, Chandra D, Tewari A, Banerjee P, Ray D, Boral R, Rao J. Comparative evaluation and economic assessment of coprological diagnostic methods and PCR for detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in bovines. Vet Parasitol 2009; 164:291-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2009] [Revised: 05/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
34
|
Occurrence and molecular characterization ofCryptosporidiumspp. genotypes in European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeusL.) in Germany. Parasitology 2009; 137:205-16. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182009991089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYJuvenile hedgehogs having insufficient body weight are often brought for overwintering to hedgehog rehabilitation centres. Faecal samples of juvenile hedgehogs and overwintering hedgehogs (n=188) collected prior to releasing them back into the wilderness were examined for the presence ofCryptosporidiumcoproantigen and oocysts. Altogether 56 (29·8%) submitted samples were positive for coproantigen. Forty-five (39·5%,n=114) of the positive samples originated from newly rescued hedgehogs, while 11 (14·8%,n=74) positive samples were from animals that spent several months at the station. Fifteen samples subjected to PCR-RFLP analysis on the partial 18S rRNA locus suggested the presence ofC. parvum. Multilocus sequence typing on partial 60 kDa glycoprotein gene, 18S rRNA, actin gene, 70 kDa heat shock protein gene sequences revealed 3 different subtype families: IIa, IIc and a new, proposed as VIIa subtype family.Cryptosporidiumsp. genotype belonging to VIIa subtype family is closely related toC. parvumbut is genetically distinct being probably a hedgehog-specificCryptosporidiumsp. genotype with unknown zoonotical potential. Hedgehogs excretingCryptosporidiumoocysts represent a potential source for human infections, but also an anthroponotic nature of the IIc subtype family should be reviewed.
Collapse
|
35
|
Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism for identification of Cryptosporidium species in human feces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 75:108-12. [PMID: 18978074 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01341-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective management of human cryptosporidiosis requires efficient methods for detection and identification of the species of Cryptosporidium isolates. Identification of isolates to the species level is not routine for diagnostic assessment of cryptosporidiosis, which leads to uncertainty about the epidemiology of the Cryptosporidium species that cause human disease. We developed a rapid and reliable method for species identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts from human fecal samples using terminal restriction fragment polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of the 18S rRNA gene. This method generated diagnostic fragments unique to the species of interest. A panel of previously identified isolates of species was blind tested to validate the method, which determined the correct species identity in every case. The T-RFLP profiles obtained for samples spiked with known amounts of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts generated the two expected diagnostic peaks. The detection limit for an individual species was 1% of the total DNA. This is the first application of T-RFLP to protozoa, and the method which we developed is a rapid, repeatable, and cost-effective method for species identification.
Collapse
|
36
|
Nair P, Mohamed JA, DuPont HL, Figueroa JF, Carlin LG, Jiang ZD, Belkind-Gerson J, Martinez-Sandoval FG, Okhuysen PC. Epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in North American travelers to Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008; 79:210-214. [PMID: 18689626 PMCID: PMC2560987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied 1,179 North American travelers who visited Mexico from 2005 to 2007. Travelers' diarrhea (TD) was reported by 521 (44%) participants. Among subjects with TD, 218 cases were examined for cryptosporidiosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISA). There were 14 (6%) cases of cryptosporidiosis and 141 cases (64%) of bacterial diarrhea. Compared with bacterial diarrhea, a longer stay in Mexico was a risk factor for cryptosporidiosis. Additionally, Cryptosporidium cases passed greater number of watery stools (P < 0.05), suffered more episodes of diarrhea (P < or = 0.05), and were more likely to experience tenesmus (P < or = 0.05) compared with bacterial causes of TD. ELISA detected seven (3%) cases of Cryptosporidium, whereas PCR identified an additional seven cases (6%). Speciation by 18SrRNA sequencing showed that 13 cases were caused by C. parvum and only 1 case was caused by C. hominis. ELISA showed a sensitivity of 50% and specificity of 100% compared with PCR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pablo C. Okhuysen
- Address correspondence to Pablo C. Okhuysen, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 2.112, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kaushik K, Khurana S, Wanchu A, Malla N. Evaluation of staining techniques, antigen detection and nested PCR for the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis in HIV seropositive and seronegative patients. Acta Trop 2008; 107:1-7. [PMID: 18479668 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The study was designed to determine the efficacy of modified Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN), safranine methylene blue (SM) staining, antigen detection ELISA and a nested PCR assay (specific for Cryptosporidium parvum) for detection of Cryptosporidium in HIV seropositive and seronegative patients with diarrhoea. Cryptosporidium was detected in 10 (4.9%), 9 (4.4%), 39 (18.9%) and 27 (13.1%) of 206 HIV seropositive and 7 (4.6%), 6 (3.9%), 21 (13.7%) and 17 (11.1%) of 153 HIV seronegative patients by ZN staining, SM staining, antigen detection ELISA and PCR, respectively. None of the 50 apparently healthy control subjects was found to be infected with Cryptosporidium by any of the techniques. Based on the criteria of 'true positive' samples positive by at least any two techniques out of ZN staining, antigen detection and PCR, sensitivity of ZN and SM staining techniques was 37% and 33.3% in HIV seropositive and 41.2% and 35.3% in seronegative patients, respectively. Sensitivity of antigen detection ELISA was 92.6% and 94.1% in HIV seropositive and seronegative patients, respectively, while sensitivity of PCR was 100% each in HIV seropositive and seronegative patients. Specificity of all three techniques, i.e. ZN, SM staining and PCR was 100% in both HIV seropositive and seronegative patients while specificity of antigen detection was 92.2% and 96.3% in HIV seropositive and seronegative patients, respectively. The staining techniques were found less sensitive as compared to antigen detection and PCR for detection of Cryptosporidium in HIV seropositive patients with CD4 count >200cells/microl.
Collapse
|
38
|
Barbosa JMM, Costa-de-Oliveira S, Rodrigues AG, Hanscheid T, Shapiro H, Pina-Vaz C. A flow cytometric protocol for detection of Cryptosporidium spp. Cytometry A 2008; 73:44-7. [PMID: 18067124 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is transmitted through water and can cause severe diarrhea. The diagnosis is usually based upon observer-dependent microscopic detection of oocysts, with rather low sensitivity and specificity. Our objective was to optimize a flow cytometric (FC) protocol for the detection of C. parvum. A specific monoclonal antibody conjugated with R-phycoerythrin was incubated with dead oocysts to determine the optimal antibody concentration. Serial concentrations of oocysts were stained with the optimized concentration and analyzed by FC. The lower detection limit was determined, and the possibility of cross-reaction was investigated using prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. A FC protocol was optimized to detect oocysts in spiked human stools. The optimal antibody concentration was found to be 3.0 mug/ml. The lowest number detectable was 2 x 10(3) oocysts/ml. Staining procedure was specific, as no cross-reactions were observed. This reliable and easy FC protocol allow the specific detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts, even at very low concentrations, which is important for public health and further studies of treatment efficacy.
Collapse
|
39
|
Barua P, Hazarika NK, Barua N, Rasul E, Laskar N. Microscopy for Cryptosporidiosis Screening in Remote Areas. Indian J Med Microbiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0255-0857(21)01952-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
40
|
Brook EJ, Christley RM, French NP, Hart CA. Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in fresh and frozen cattle faeces: comparison of three methods. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 46:26-31. [PMID: 17944836 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2007.02257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to compare the performance of three commonly used screening tests for Cryptosporidium oocysts in fresh and frozen cattle faeces. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-nine freshly voided faecal samples were collected from calves from three farms in the northwest of England. Three diagnostic tests for Cryptosporidium were carried out on each sample both before and after freezing - the modified Ziehl-Neelsen (MZN) and auramine phenol (APh) stains and a commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit, the ProSpecT Cryptosporidium Microplate assay (Remel, Lenexa, KS). Twelve samples were deemed positive by the reference standard (polymerase chain reaction, PCR). There were some discrepancies between the results of the screening tests and the levels of agreement were quantified. The sensitivity and specificity of each method was determined, with PCR as the gold standard. Sensitivity and specificity of the MZN stain was optimized when samples with fewer than two oocyst-like bodies were classified as negative. CONCLUSIONS All three screening methods used were effective in detecting Cryptosporidium infection in both fresh and frozen calf faeces. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study has highlighted the value of determining characteristics of tests used for diagnosis and epidemiological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E J Brook
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Parasitic infections are a major worldwide health problem, and they account for millions of infections and deaths each year. Most of the infections as well as the morbidity and mortality from these diseases occur in the developing world in rural regions. However, these diseases have become more common in Western countries and in big cities over the past 25 years. These changing disease patterns can be attributed to emigration from the third world to developed countries and migration of rural populations to the big cities in developing nations. These parasitic infections have protean manifestations and consequences. The medical problems range from chronic asymptomatic carrier to fulminant infections and even death. Several factors such as the host immune status, the infecting organism, and the availability of treatment all play key roles in the outcomes of parasitic colitides. The two major classes of parasites causing these infections are the helminthes (ascariasis, strongyloidiasis, enterobiasis, trichuriasis, and schistosomiasis) and the protozoa (Isospora, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Trypanosoma cruzi, Giardia lamblia, and Balantidium coli). This article summarizes the salient features of each parasite with respect to epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. The vast majority of these infections have a self-limited clinical course or are easily treated with medical management, and surgery is rarely needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel E Goldberg
- Division of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Geurden T, Berkvens D, Geldhof P, Vercruysse J, Claerebout E. A Bayesian approach for the evaluation of six diagnostic assays and the estimation ofCryptosporidiumprevalence in dairy calves. Vet Res 2006; 37:671-82. [PMID: 16777038 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2006029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Cryptosporidium in calves and the test properties of six diagnostic assays (microscopy (ME), an immunofluorescence assay (IFA), two ELISA and two PCR assays) were estimated using Bayesian analysis. In a first Bayesian approach, the test results of the four conventional techniques were used: ME, IFA and two ELISA. This four-test approach estimated that the calf prevalence was 17% (95% Probability Interval (PI): 0.1-0.28) and that the specificity estimates of the IFA and ELISA were high compared to ME. A six-test Bayesian model was developed using the test results of the 4 conventional assays and 2 PCR assays, resulting in a higher calf prevalence estimate (58% with a 95% PI: 0.5-0.66) and in a different test evaluation: the sensitivity estimates of the conventional techniques decreased in the six-test approach, due to the inclusion of two PCR assays with a higher sensitivity compared to the conventional techniques. The specificity estimates of these conventional assays were comparable in the four-test and six-test approach. These results both illustrate the potential and the pitfalls of a Bayesian analysis in estimating prevalence and test characteristics, since posterior estimates are variables depending both on the data at hand and prior information included in the analysis. The need for sensitive diagnostic assays in epidemiological studies is demonstrated, especially for the identification of subclinically infected animals since the PCR assays identify these animals with reduced oocyst excretion, which the conventional techniques fail to identify.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Geurden
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Muccio JL, Grooms DL, Mansfield LS, Wise AG, Maes RK. Evaluation of two rapid assays for detecting Cryptosporidium parvum in calf feces. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 225:1090-2. [PMID: 15515989 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2004.225.1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate 2 rapid, patient-side assays for detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in feces from neonatal calves with diarrhea. DESIGN Diagnostic test evaluation Sample Population-Fecal samples from 96 neonatal (1 to 30 days old) calves with diarrhea. PROCEDURE Results of the rapid assays were compared with results of microscopic examination of fecal smears that had been stained with diamant fuchsin stain. RESULTS One of the rapid assays correctly identified 56 of 62 (90%) fecal samples positive for C. parvum oocysts and 33 of 34 (97%) fecal samples negative for oocysts. The other assay correctly identified 53 of 62 (85%) fecal samples positive for oocysts and 33 of 34 (97%) fecal samples negative for oocysts. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that these 2 rapid assays are accurate when used to detect C. parvum in fecal samples from neonatal calves with diarrhea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janna L Muccio
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lindergard G, Nydam DV, Wade SE, Schaaf SL, Mohammed HO. The sensitivity of PCR detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in fecal samples using two DNA extraction methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 7:147-53. [PMID: 15068384 DOI: 10.1007/bf03260031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The implementation of cost-effective intervention strategies for zoonotic protozoa relies on the development of sensitive and accurate diagnostic methods. We carried out a study to evaluate the accuracy of a PCR method for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in fecal samples from cattle. METHODS Fecal samples were spiked with different numbers of oocysts and the limit of detection of the method was determined. Two methods of DNA extraction were assessed: glass beads and freeze-thawing using liquid nitrogen. A nested PCR approach was developed targeting the Cryptosporidium SSU rRNA and TRAP-C2 genes. Agreement between the diagnosis of Cryptosporidium spp. at the SSU rRNA and TRAP-C2 loci was quantified using the kappa-coefficient. RESULTS Compared with the freeze-thawing method, the glass beads method was found to be a better way of extracting DNA from Cryptosporidium oocysts (sensitivities were 83 and 100%, respectively). The limits of detection for glass beads and freeze-thaw were low, 1 and 10 oocyst/g fecal samples, respectively. Forty-six percent of the field samples previously classified as negative for Cryptosporidium parvum by the flotation-concentration and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods showed DNA with the PCR protocol. CONCLUSION Primers for SSU rRNA are more successful in producing an amplification than primers for the TRAP-C2 gene which makes the former PCR protocol the approach of choice for detecting Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in field samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Lindergard
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Silva CV, Ferreira MS, Gonçalves-Pires MDRDF, Costa-Cruz JM. Detection of Cryptosporidium--specific coproantigen in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients by using a commercially available immunoenzymatic assay. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2004; 98:1097-9. [PMID: 15049097 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762003000800022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify the occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection in 52 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients (group 1) and 38 clinically healthy individuals (group 2) by using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). All fecal samples collected were submitted to the Baermann, Lutz and Ritchie methods, the Safranin/Methylene Blue, and Weber's chromotrope modified Trichrome staining techniques, and EIA. In group 1, parasitological staining techniques and EIA were both positive for Cryptosporidium sp. infection in 3/52 (5.8%) samples and both negative in 45/52 (86.5%) samples, while 4/52 (7.7%) samples were positive in EIA and negative in parasitological staining techniques. Concerning group 2, all samples were negative by EIA and microscopy for Cryptosporidium infection. In conclusion, EIA may be an alternative method for detecting Cryptosporidium-specific coproantigen in HIV/AIDS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Vieira Silva
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará 1720, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Johnston SP, Ballard MM, Beach MJ, Causer L, Wilkins PP. Evaluation of three commercial assays for detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium organisms in fecal specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:623-6. [PMID: 12574257 PMCID: PMC149727 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.2.623-626.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2002] [Revised: 10/18/2002] [Accepted: 11/03/2002] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for diagnostic testing for Giardia intestinalis (G. lamblia) and Cryptosporidium parvum, with a priority being placed on obtaining diagnostic results in an efficient and timely manner. Several commercial companies have developed rapid diagnostic tests that are simple to perform and can be completed in less time than traditional methods for detecting Giardia and Cryptosporidium: We compared one of these rapid tests, the ImmunoCard STAT! (Meridian Bioscience, Inc.) lateral-flow immunoassay, with the MERIFLUOR direct fluorescent-antibody (DFA) test, the ProSpecT EZ microplate assay for Giardia and the ProSpecT microplate assay for Cryptosporidium, and modified Kinyoun's acid-fast stained smears for the detection of Cryptosporidium using 246 specimens. The MERIFLUOR DFA (Meridian Bioscience, Inc.) test detected the largest number of cases (32 Giardia and 37 Cryptosporidium) infections and was used to calculate the sensitivity and specificity of the other tests. For Giardia, the sensitivities of the ImmunoCard STAT! and the ProSpecT Giardia EZ microplate assay (Alexon-Trend, Inc.) were 81 and 91%, respectively. For detection of Cryptosporidium, the sensitivities of the ImmunoCard STAT!, the ProSpecT Cryptosporidium microplate assay (Alexon-Trend, Inc.), and modified Kinyoun's acid-fast stained smears were 68, 70, and 78%, respectively. Test specificities were equal to or greater than 99%. Specimens with very small numbers of organisms were not detected by the ImmunoCard STAT!, the ProSpecT microplate assay or modified Kinyoun's acid-fast stained smears.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie P Johnston
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia 30341-3724, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Garcia LS, Shimizu RY, Novak S, Carroll M, Chan F. Commercial assay for detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum antigens in human fecal specimens by rapid solid-phase qualitative immunochromatography. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:209-12. [PMID: 12517850 PMCID: PMC149610 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.1.209-212.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ImmunoCard STAT! Cryptosporidium/Giardia rapid assay (Meridian Bioscience, Inc.) is a solid-phase qualitative immunochromatographic assay that detects and distinguishes between Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum in aqueous extracts of human fecal specimens (fresh, frozen, unfixed, or fixed in 5 or 10% formalin or sodium acetate-acetic acid-formalin). By using specific antibodies, antigens specific for these organisms are isolated and immobilized on a substrate. After the addition of appropriate reagents, a positive test is detected visually by the presence of a gray-black color bar (regardless of the intensity) next to the organism name printed on the test device. A control is included in the device. Steps include tube preparation (buffer, patient specimen, conjugates A and B), testing (addition of sample onto the test device), and visual reading (total time, 12 min). Test performance was evaluated with known positive and negative stool specimens (170 specimens positive for Giardia and 231 specimens negative for Giardia) (85 specimens positive for Cryptosporidium and 316 specimens negative for Cryptosporidium); they were tested with trichrome, iron-hematoxylin, or modified acid-fast stains or the Meridian Bioscience, Inc., Giardia/Cryptosporidium Merifluor combination reagent; specimens with discrepant results were retested by using the Merifluor combination reagent. On the basis of the results of the reference methods, the sensitivities, specificities, and positive and negative predictive values were as follows: for G. lamblia, 93.5, 100, 100, and 95.5%, respectively; for C. parvum, 98.8, 100, 100, and 99.7%, respectively. False-negative results for G. lamblia were obtained with specimens with low parasite numbers (n = 7) or specimens containing trophozoites only (n = 3); one specimen with a false-negative result contained numerous cysts. The one specimen false negative for C. parvum was confirmed to be positive by immunofluorescence. No cross-reactivity was seen with 10 different protozoa (152 challenges), nine different helminths (35 challenges), or human cells (4 challenges) found in fecal specimens. This rapid test system may be very beneficial in the absence of trained microscopists; however, for patients who remain symptomatic after a negative result, the ova and parasite examination and special stains for other coccidia and the microsporidia should always remain options.
Collapse
|
48
|
Katanik MT, Schneider SK, Rosenblatt JE, Hall GS, Procop GW. Evaluation of ColorPAC Giardia/Cryptosporidium rapid assay and ProSpecT Giardia/Cryptosporidium microplate assay for detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in fecal specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:4523-5. [PMID: 11724874 PMCID: PMC88578 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.12.4523-4525.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2001] [Accepted: 09/17/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in clinical stool specimens using the ColorPAC and ProSpecT enzyme immunoassays revealed 98.7% agreement for Giardia detection and 98.1% agreement for Cryptosporidium detection. Sensitivities were uniformly 100%. The specificities of the ColorPAC immunoassay for Giardia and Cryptosporidium detection were 100 and 99.5%, respectively, and those for the ProSpecT assay were 98.4 and 98.6%, respectively. The false-positive reactions with the ProSpecT assay occurred with specimens that were grossly bloody.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T Katanik
- Section of Clinical Microbiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Rulofson FC, Atwill ER, Holmberg CA. Fecal shedding of Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Salmonella organisms, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 from llamas in California. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62:637-42. [PMID: 11327478 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate fecal shedding of Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Salmonella organisms, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 from llamas in California with respect to host factors and management practices. ANIMALS 354 llamas from 33 facilities. PROCEDURE Fecal specimens were collected and examined for G. duodenalis and C. parvum by means of immunofluorescent microscopy. Salmonella organisms were cultured by placing feces into selenite enrichment broth followed by selective media. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was cultured by use of modified tryptocase soy broth followed by sorbitol MacConkey agar, with suspect colonies confirmed by means of immunofluorescent microscopy. RESULTS 12 of 354 fecal specimens (3.4%) had G. duodenalis cysts. Younger llamas (crias) were more likely to be shedding cysts, compared with older llamas. Farm-level factors that increased the risk of shedding were large numbers of yearlings on the property (> 10), smaller pen sizes, large numbers of crias born during the previous year (> 10), and large pen or pasture populations (> 20). None of the 354 fecal specimens had C. parvum oocysts. Seventy-six (from 7 facilities) and 192 (from 22 facilities) llamas were tested for Salmonella organisms and E. coli O157:H7, respectively. All fecal specimens had negative results for these bacteria. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Shedding of G. duodenalis was primarily limited to crias 1 to 4 months old. Llamas from properties with large numbers of crias born in the previous year, resulting in large numbers of yearlings in the current year, were at greater risk of infection. In addition, housing llamas in smaller pens or pastures and managing llamas and crias in large groups also increased the risk of G. duodenalis shedding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F C Rulofson
- University of California Cooperative Extension, Sonora 95370, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Fayer R, Morgan U, Upton SJ. Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium: transmission, detection and identification. Int J Parasitol 2000; 30:1305-22. [PMID: 11113257 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(00)00135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There are 10 valid species of Cryptosporidium and perhaps other cryptic species hidden under the umbrella of Cryptosporidium parvum. The oocyst stage is of primary importance for the dispersal, survival, and infectivity of the parasite and is of major importance for detection and identification. Because most oocysts measure 4-6 microm, appear nearly spherical, and have obscure internal structures, there are few or no morphometric features to differentiate species and in vitro cultivation does not provide differential data as for bacteria. Consequently, we rely on a combination of data from three tools: morphometrics, molecular techniques, and host specificity. Of 152 species of mammals reported to be infected with C. parvum or an indistinguishable organism, very few oocysts have ever been examined using more than one of these tools. This paper reviews the valid species of Cryptosporidium, their hosts and morphometrics; the reported hosts for the human pathogen, C. parvum; the mechanisms of transmission; the drinking water, recreational water, and food-borne outbreaks resulting from infection with C. parvum; and the microscopic, immunological, and molecular methods used to detect and identify species and genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Fayer
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Institute, LPSI, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|