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Increasing incidence of group B streptococcus neonatal infections in the Netherlands is associated with clonal expansion of CC17 and CC23. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9539. [PMID: 32533007 PMCID: PMC7293262 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Group B streptococcus (GBS) is the leading cause of neonatal invasive disease worldwide. In the Netherlands incidence of the disease increased despite implementation of preventive guidelines. We describe a genomic analysis of 1345 GBS isolates from neonatal (age 0–89 days) invasive infections in the Netherlands reported between 1987 and 2016. Most isolates clustered into one of five major lineages: CC17 (39%), CC19 (25%), CC23 (18%), CC10 (9%) and CC1 (7%). There was a significant rise in the number of infections due to isolates from CC17 and CC23. Phylogenetic clustering analysis revealed that this was caused by expansion of specific sub-lineages, designated CC17-A1, CC17-A2 and CC23-A1. Dating of phylogenetic trees estimated that these clones diverged in the 1960s/1970s, representing historical rather than recently emerged clones. For CC17-A1 the expansion correlated with acquisition of a new phage, carrying gene encoding a putative cell-surface protein. Representatives of CC17-A1, CC17-A2 and CC23-A1 clones were identified in datasets from other countries demonstrating their global distribution.
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Novosak M, Bobadilla F, Delgado O, Vergara M, Laczeski M. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Resistance to Macrolides and Lincosamides in Streptococcus agalactiae Isolated from Pregnant Women in Misiones, Argentina. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 26:1472-1481. [PMID: 32315569 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to determine the susceptibility, molecular profile, and clonal relationship in Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus [GBS]) isolated from vaginal-rectal swab samples. We worked with 200 isolates collected from pregnant women between 35 and 37 weeks of gestation. The macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) resistance phenotypes were determined using the double-disc assay. Susceptibility to erythromycin (ERI) and clindamycin (CLI) was performed with the E-test. Resistance genes ermB and ermTR were detected by polymerase chain reaction. Clonal studies were performed using the random amplification of polymorphic DNA. Twelve (6%) of the isolates were resistant to ERI and 10 (5%) of them to CLI. Fifty percent of the resistant strains corresponded to serotype III, 25% to serotype V, and the remaining 25% to serotype Ia, II, and nontypeable strains. The cMLSB phenotype was detected in eight strains (66.67%) and the iMLSB phenotype in four (33.33%). The minimum inhibitory concentration values were between 1.5 and 16 μg/mL for ERI, and between 1 and 32 μg/mL for CLI. Out of the 25 strains susceptible to ERI and CLI, the presence of the ermB gene was detected in eight of them and the ermTR gene in one strain. The ermB gene was detected in the 12 strains that initially had some macrolide resistance phenotype. The ermTR gene was detected in three out of the four strains with the iMLSB phenotype. The resistance to macrolides in the province of Misiones is due to multiclonal spread. The phenotypic and genotypic characterization of macrolide resistance in GBS strains are crucial to contribute to the correct intrapartum prophylactic antibiotic therapy of allergic pregnant women and the epidemiological surveillance of these strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Novosak
- Cátedra de Bacteriología, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales (FCEQyN), Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM), Misiones, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Bobadilla
- Cátedra de Bacteriología, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales (FCEQyN), Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM), Misiones, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Delgado
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI-CONICET), Tucumán, Argentina.,Centro de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología (CEBIOTEC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FACEN), Universidad Nacional de Catamarca (UNCa), Catamarca, Argentina
| | - Marta Vergara
- Cátedra de Bacteriología, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales (FCEQyN), Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM), Misiones, Argentina
| | - Margarita Laczeski
- Cátedra de Bacteriología, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales (FCEQyN), Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM), Misiones, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Misiones "Dra. María Ebe Reca" (InBioMis), FCEQyN, UNaM, Misiones, Argentina
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Zhou K, Zhu D, Tao Y, Xie L, Han L, Zhang Y, Sun J. New genetic context of lnu(B) composed of two multi-resistance gene clusters in clinical Streptococcus agalactiae ST-19 strains. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2019; 8:117. [PMID: 31346458 PMCID: PMC6632187 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-019-0563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic used to treat staphylococcal and streptococcal infections. Reports of clinical Streptococcus agalactiae isolates with the rare lincosamide resistance/macrolide susceptibility (LR/MS) phenotype are increasing worldwide. In this study, we characterised three clinical S. agalactiae strains with the unusual L phenotype from China. Methods Three clinical S. agalactiae strains, Sag3, Sag27 and Sag4104, with the L phenotype were identified from 186 isolates collected from 2016 to 2018 in Shanghai, China. The MICs of clindamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, levofloxacin, and penicillin were determined using Etest. PCR for the lnu(B) gene was conducted. Whole genome sequencing and sequence analysis were carried out to investigate the genetic context of lnu(B). Efforts to transfer lincomycin resistance by conjugation and to identify the circular form by inverse PCR were made. Results Sag3, Sag27, and Sag4104 were susceptible to erythromycin (MIC ≤0.25 mg/L) but resistant to clindamycin (MIC ≥1 mg/L). lnu(B) was found to be responsible for the L phenotype. lnu(B) in Sag3 and Sag27 were chromosomally located in an aadE-spw-lsa(E)-lnu(B) resistance gene cluster adjacent to an upstream 7-kb tet(L)-cat resistance gene cluster. Two resistance gene clusters were flanked by the IS6-like element, IS1216. Sag4104 only contained partial genes of aadE-spw-lsa(E)-lnu(B) resistance gene cluster and was also flanked by IS1216. Conclusion These results established the presence of the L phenotype associated with lnu(B) in clinical S. agalactiae isolates in China. The lnu(B)-containing multi-resistance gene cluster possibly acts as a composite transposon flanked by IS1216 and as a vehicle for the dissemination of multidrug resistance among S. agalactiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin Zhou
- 1Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Dongan Zhu
- 2Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Huinan Town, Pudong, Shanghai, 201399 China
| | - Ying Tao
- 1Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Lianyan Xie
- 1Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Lizhong Han
- 1Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Yibo Zhang
- 3Department of Hospital infection control, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Jingyong Sun
- 1Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
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Zhang H, Shao L, Wang X, Zhang Y, Guo Z, Gao J. One-Pot Synthesis of the Repeating Unit of Type VII Group B Streptococcus Polysaccharide and the Dimer. Org Lett 2019; 21:2374-2377. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Liming Shao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Yanxin Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, 214 Leigh Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Jian Gao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
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Edwards MS, Rench MA, Rinaudo CD, Fabbrini M, Tuscano G, Buffi G, Bartolini E, Bonacci S, Baker CJ, Margarit I. Immune Responses to Invasive Group B Streptococcal Disease in Adults. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:1877-1883. [PMID: 27767008 PMCID: PMC5088039 DOI: 10.3201/eid2211.160914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies to capsular polysaccharides and pilus proteins develop in recovering adults. Immunization of nonpregnant adults could help prevent invasive group B Streptococcus (GBS) infections, but adult immune responses have not been investigated. We defined capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and pilus island (PI) surface antigen distribution and expression and immune responses to GBS infection in nonpregnant adults. Prospective surveillance from 7 hospitals in Houston, Texas, USA, identified 102 adults with GBS bacteremia; 43% had skin/soft tissue infection, 16% bacteremia without focus, and 12% osteomyelitis. CPS-specific IgG was determined by ELISA and pilus-specific IgG by multiplex immunoassay. CPS types were Ia (24.5%), Ib (12.7%), II (9.8%), III (16.7%), IV (13.7%), and V (12.7%); 9.8% were nontypeable by serologic methods. Pili, expressed by 89%, were most often PI-2a. CPS and pilus-specific IgG increased during convalescence among patients with strains expressing CPS or PI. All GBS expressed CPS or PI; 79% expressed both. Increased antibodies to CPS and PI during recovery suggests that GBS bacteremia in adults is potentially vaccine preventable.
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Zhou K, Xie L, Han L, Guo X, Wang Y, Sun J. ICE Sag37, a Novel Integrative and Conjugative Element Carrying Antimicrobial Resistance Genes and Potential Virulence Factors in Streptococcus agalactiae. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1921. [PMID: 29051752 PMCID: PMC5633684 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ICESag37, a novel integrative and conjugative element carrying multidrug resistance and potential virulence factors, was characterized in a clinical isolate of Streptococcus agalactiae. Two clinical strains of S. agalactiae, Sag37 and Sag158, were isolated from blood samples of new-borns with bacteremia. Sag37 was highly resistant to erythromycin and tetracycline, and susceptible to levofloxacin and penicillin, while Sag158 was resistant to tetracycline and levofloxacin, and susceptible to erythromycin. Transfer experiments were performed and selection was carried out with suitable antibiotic concentrations. Through mating experiments, the erythromycin resistance gene was found to be transferable from Sag37 to Sag158. SmaI-PFGE revealed a new SmaI fragment, confirming the transfer of the fragment containing the erythromycin resistance gene. Whole genome sequencing and sequence analysis revealed a mobile element, ICESag37, which was characterized using several molecular methods and in silico analyses. ICESag37 was excised to generate a covalent circular intermediate, which was transferable to S. agalactiae. Inverse PCR was performed to detect the circular form. A serine family integrase mediated its chromosomal integration into rumA, which is a known hotspot for the integration of streptococcal ICEs. The integration site was confirmed using PCR. ICESag37 carried genes for resistance to multiple antibiotics, including erythromycin [erm(B)], tetracycline [tet(O)], and aminoglycosides [aadE, aphA, and ant(6)]. Potential virulence factors, including a two-component signal transduction system (nisK/nisR), were also observed in ICESag37. S1-PFGE analysis ruled out the existence of plasmids. ICESag37 is the first ICESa2603 family-like element identified in S. agalactiae carrying both resistance and potential virulence determinants. It might act as a vehicle for the dissemination of multidrug resistance and pathogenicity among S. agalactiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin Zhou
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianyan Xie
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lizhong Han
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaokui Guo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingyong Sun
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Diawara I, Barguigua A, Katfy K, Nayme K, Belabbes H, Timinouni M, Zerouali K, Elmdaghri N. Molecular characterization of penicillin non-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated before and after pneumococcal conjugate vaccine implementation in Casablanca, Morocco. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2017; 16:23. [PMID: 28376809 PMCID: PMC5381081 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-017-0200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially among children and the elderly. The ability to effectively treat pneumococcal infection has been compromised due to the acquisition of antibiotic resistance, particularly to β-lactam drugs. This study aimed to describe the prevalence and molecular evolution of penicillin non-susceptible S. pneumoniae (PNSP) isolated from invasive diseases before and after pneumococcal conjugate vaccine implementation in Casablanca, Morocco. Methods Isolates were obtained from the Microbiology Laboratory of Ibn Rochd University Hospital Centre of Casablanca. Serogrouping was done by Pneumotest Kit and serotyping by the Quellung capsular swelling. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern was determined by disk diffusion and E-test methods. The PNSP were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and by genotyping of pbp1a, pbp2b, and pbp2x genes. Results A total of 361 S. pneumoniae isolates were collected from 2007 to 2014. Of these isolates, 58.7% were obtained before vaccination (2007–2010) and 41.3% after vaccination (2011–2014). Of the 361 isolates, 80 were PNSP (22.2%). Generally, the proportion of PNSP between pre- and post-vaccination periods were 31 and 13% (p = 0.009), respectively. The proportion of PNSP isolated from pediatric and adult (age > 14 years) patients decreased from 34.5 to 22.9% (p = 0.1) and from 17.7 to 10.2% (p = 0.1) before and after vaccine implementation, respectively. The leading serotypes of PNSP were 14 (33 vs. 57%) and 19A (18 vs. 14%) before and after vaccination among children. For adults, serotypes 19A (53%) and 23F (24%) were the dominant serotypes in the pre-vaccination period, while serotype 14 (22%) was the most prevalent after vaccination. There were 21 pbp genotypes in the pre-vaccination period vs. 12 for post-vaccination period. PFGE clustering showed six clusters of PNSP grouped into three clusters specific to pre-vaccination period (clusters I, II and III), two clusters specific to post-period (clusters V and VI) and a cluster (IV) that contained clones belonging to the two periods of vaccination. Conclusion Our observations demonstrate a high degree of genetic diversity among PNSP. Genetic clustering among PNSP strains showed that they spread mainly by a restricted number of PNSP clones with vaccine serotypes. PFGE clustering combined with pbp genotyping revealed that vaccination can change the population structure of PNSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idrissa Diawara
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B.P 5696, Casablanca, Morocco. .,Service de Microbiologie, CHU Ibn Rochd, B.P 2698, Casablanca, Morocco.
| | - Abouddihaj Barguigua
- Laboratoire Polyvalent en Recherche et Développement, département de Biologie-Géologie, Faculté polydisciplinaire, Université Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Khalid Katfy
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B.P 5696, Casablanca, Morocco.,Service de Microbiologie, CHU Ibn Rochd, B.P 2698, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Kaotar Nayme
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B.P 5696, Casablanca, Morocco.,Molecular Bacteriology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Houria Belabbes
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B.P 5696, Casablanca, Morocco.,Service de Microbiologie, CHU Ibn Rochd, B.P 2698, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Timinouni
- Molecular Bacteriology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Khalid Zerouali
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B.P 5696, Casablanca, Morocco.,Service de Microbiologie, CHU Ibn Rochd, B.P 2698, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Naima Elmdaghri
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B.P 5696, Casablanca, Morocco.,Service de Microbiologie, CHU Ibn Rochd, B.P 2698, Casablanca, Morocco
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8
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Sequence type 1 group B Streptococcus, an emerging cause of invasive disease in adults, evolves by small genetic changes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:6431-6. [PMID: 25941374 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1504725112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying pathogen emergence in humans is a critical but poorly understood area of microbiologic investigation. Serotype V group B Streptococcus (GBS) was first isolated from humans in 1975, and rates of invasive serotype V GBS disease significantly increased starting in the early 1990s. We found that 210 of 229 serotype V GBS strains (92%) isolated from the bloodstream of nonpregnant adults in the United States and Canada between 1992 and 2013 were multilocus sequence type (ST) 1. Elucidation of the complete genome of a 1992 ST-1 strain revealed that this strain had the highest homology with a GBS strain causing cow mastitis and that the 1992 ST-1 strain differed from serotype V strains isolated in the late 1970s by acquisition of cell surface proteins and antimicrobial resistance determinants. Whole-genome comparison of 202 invasive ST-1 strains detected significant recombination in only eight strains. The remaining 194 strains differed by an average of 97 SNPs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a temporally dependent mode of genetic diversification consistent with the emergence in the 1990s of ST-1 GBS as major agents of human disease. Thirty-one loci were identified as being under positive selective pressure, and mutations at loci encoding polysaccharide capsule production proteins, regulators of pilus expression, and two-component gene regulatory systems were shown to affect the bacterial phenotype. These data reveal that phenotypic diversity among ST-1 GBS is mainly driven by small genetic changes rather than extensive recombination, thereby extending knowledge into how pathogens adapt to humans.
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Florindo C, Damião V, Silvestre I, Farinha C, Rodrigues F, Nogueira F, Martins-Pereira F, Castro R, Borrego MJ, Santos-Sanches I, The Group for the Prevention of Neonatal GBS Infection C. Epidemiological surveillance of colonising group B Streptococcus epidemiology in the Lisbon and Tagus Valley regions, Portugal (2005 to 2012): emergence of a new epidemic type IV/clonal complex 17 clone. Euro Surveill 2014; 19. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.23.20825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
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Affiliation(s)
- C Florindo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - V Damião
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
- CREM, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Caparica, Portugal
| | - I Silvestre
- CREM, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Caparica, Portugal
- Medical Microbiology Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C Farinha
- Medical Microbiology Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- CREM, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Caparica, Portugal
| | - F Rodrigues
- CREM, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Caparica, Portugal
- Medical Microbiology Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - F Nogueira
- Medical Microbiology Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- CREM, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Caparica, Portugal
| | - F Martins-Pereira
- CREM, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Caparica, Portugal
- Medical Microbiology Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - R Castro
- Medical Microbiology Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- CREM, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Caparica, Portugal
| | - M J Borrego
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - I Santos-Sanches
- CREM, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Caparica, Portugal
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Pelkonen S, Lindahl SB, Suomala P, Karhukorpi J, Vuorinen S, Koivula I, Väisänen T, Pentikäinen J, Autio T, Tuuminen T. Transmission of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus infection from horses to humans. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 19:1041-8. [PMID: 23777752 PMCID: PMC3713971 DOI: 10.3201/eid1907.121365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) is a zoonotic pathogen for persons in contact with horses. In horses, S. zooepidemicus is an opportunistic pathogen, but human infections associated with S. zooepidemicus are often severe. Within 6 months in 2011, 3 unrelated cases of severe, disseminated S. zooepidemicus infection occurred in men working with horses in eastern Finland. To clarify the pathogen’s epidemiology, we describe the clinical features of the infection in 3 patients and compare the S. zooepidemicus isolates from the human cases with S. zooepidemicus isolates from horses. The isolates were analyzed by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, and sequencing of the szP gene. Molecular typing methods showed that human and equine isolates were identical or closely related. These results emphasize that S. zooepidemicus transmitted from horses can lead to severe infections in humans. As leisure and professional equine sports continue to grow, this infection should be recognized as an emerging zoonosis.
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Ferrieri P, Lynfield R, Creti R, Flores AE. Serotype IV and invasive group B Streptococcus disease in neonates, Minnesota, USA, 2000-2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:551-8. [PMID: 23628320 PMCID: PMC3647718 DOI: 10.3201/eid1904.121572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotype predominance has shifted, and drug resistance is emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ferrieri
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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12
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Oliveira ICM, De Mattos MC, Areal MFT, Ferreira-Carvalho BT, Figuiredo AMS, Benchetrit LC. Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis of Human Group B Streptococci Isolated in Brazil. J Chemother 2013; 17:258-63. [PMID: 16038518 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2005.17.3.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study addresses epidemiological aspects of Brazilian human group B streptococci (GBS). GBS (103 isolates) were serotyped with specific rabbit anticapsular antibodies by double diffusion in agarose gels. They represented 3 serotypes: 26 II, 41 III, and 36 V. Thereafter, the strains were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of DNA treated with SmaI. DNA restriction band sizes were compared and displayed 54 PFGE profiles that were arranged into 18 patterns. Of the predominant patterns detected for the 41 type III isolates 4 were observed in 15 strains from individuals with infections whereas only 3 were identified in 22 streptococci from healthy carriers. Such differences did not separate types II and V streptococci from carriers and patients. The PFGE method is a sensitive, precise, and powerful tool for discriminating streptococcal strains for epidemiological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C M Oliveira
- Institute of Microbiology Prof. Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Yang Y, Liu Y, Ding Y, Yi L, Ma Z, Fan H, Lu C. Molecular characterization of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from bovine mastitis in Eastern China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67755. [PMID: 23874442 PMCID: PMC3707890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
One hundred and two Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus [GBS]) isolates were collected from dairy cattle with subclinical mastitis in Eastern China during 2011. Clonal groups were established by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), respectively. Capsular polysaccharides (CPS), pilus and alpha-like-protein (Alp) family genes were also characterized by molecular techniques. MLST analysis revealed that these isolates were limited to three clonal groups and were clustered in six different lineages, i.e. ST (sequence type) 103, ST568, ST67, ST301, ST313 and ST570, of which ST568 and ST570 were new genotypes. PFGE analysis revealed this isolates were clustered in 27 PFGE types, of which, types 7, 8, 14, 15, 16, 18, 23 and 25 were the eight major types, comprising close to 70% (71/102) of all the isolates. The most prevalent sequence types were ST103 (58% isolates) and ST568 (31% isolates), comprising capsular genotype Ia isolates without any of the detected Alp genes, suggesting the appearance of novel genomic backgrounds of prevalent strains of bovine S. agalactiae. All the strains possessed the pilus island 2b (PI-2b) gene and the prevalent capsular genotypes were types Ia (89% isolates) and II (11% isolates), the conserved pilus type providing suitable data for the development of vaccines against mastitis caused by S. agalactiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yinglong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunlei Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhe Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongjie Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Chengping Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as group B streptococcus (GBS), is the most common cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis. To improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of neonatal GBS sepsis, better knowledge of clonal relatedness and diversity among invasive and noninvasive GBS isolates is critical. METHODS In a Germany-based study, invasive neonatal GBS isolates were compared with noninvasive isolates from neonates in whom sepsis was suspected, but whose blood cultures were sterile. The comparison was conducted by means of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and surface protein gene profiling. In addition, multilocus sequence typing was performed on invasive and noninvasive isolates of the most frequent invasive serotype III. RESULTS Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of noninvasive GBS showed a remarkably more diverse fingerprinting pattern than that of invasive isolates. In contrast to invasive strains, noninvasive isolates did not show any clustering. Surface protein gene profiling also showed significantly different distribution patterns between the 2 panels of isolates. Multilocus sequence typing of invasive and noninvasive serotype III isolates revealed the same clonal complexes, but displayed different sequence types (ST); ST-17 was most common (68.6%) among invasive strains, whereas ST-389 (clonal complex-19) was predominant among noninvasive strains (47.8%). CONCLUSIONS Our results illustrate a large molecular diversity among neonatal noninvasive GBS strains. Invasive strains, however, represent only a small proportion of the noninvasive GBS population. These findings suggest a selection process that prefers more virulent strains during invasion.
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Barbadoro P, Marigliano A, Savini S, D'Errico MM, Prospero E. Group B Streptococcal sepsis: an old or ongoing threat? Am J Infect Control 2011; 39:e45-e48. [PMID: 21704424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a major cause of severe infections in newborns. Early-onset disease (EOD) occurs within the first week of life, and it is usually vertically transmitted. In late-onset disease (LOD), pathogens may also come from nosocomial sources. We report 3 cases of GBS infection in very low birth weight infants hospitalized by a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in Italy. METHODS The cluster was identified thanks to an active surveillance program; an epidemiologic investigation took place. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to assess the clonal relatedness of strains. An audit to stress the adherence to isolation precautions and hand hygiene was organized. RESULTS During a 16-day period, 2 preterm newborns developed GBS LOD; an earlier case of GBS EOD occurred in a baby hospitalized by the same ward. The 3 GBS strains had the same antibiotic susceptibility pattern. The PFGE profiles of the 2 cases of LOD are indistinguishable from each other and closely related with the case of EOD. Strict infection control measures were adopted. CONCLUSION The implementation of additional infection control measures was able to stop the diffusion of infection; however, clusters like this should remind us the ongoing threat of GBS for the small NICU patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Age of Onset
- Bacteremia
- Cross Infection/diagnosis
- Cross Infection/epidemiology
- Cross Infection/microbiology
- Cross Infection/transmission
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field
- Female
- Humans
- Incidence
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/diagnosis
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/epidemiology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/microbiology
- Infant, Very Low Birth Weight
- Infection Control
- Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
- Intensive Care Units, Neonatal
- Italy
- Sepsis/diagnosis
- Sepsis/epidemiology
- Sepsis/microbiology
- Sepsis/transmission
- Streptococcal Infections/diagnosis
- Streptococcal Infections/epidemiology
- Streptococcal Infections/microbiology
- Streptococcal Infections/transmission
- Streptococcus agalactiae/classification
- Streptococcus agalactiae/genetics
- Streptococcus agalactiae/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Barbadoro
- Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Hygiene, Polytechnic University of the Marches, Ancona, Italy; Hospital Hygiene Service, AOU Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Anna Marigliano
- Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Hygiene, Polytechnic University of the Marches, Ancona, Italy
| | - Sandra Savini
- Hospital Hygiene Service, AOU Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marcello Mario D'Errico
- Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Hygiene, Polytechnic University of the Marches, Ancona, Italy; Hospital Hygiene Service, AOU Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Emilia Prospero
- Department of Biomedical Science, Section of Hygiene, Polytechnic University of the Marches, Ancona, Italy; Hospital Hygiene Service, AOU Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Ancona, Italy
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Aktaş E, Pazarli O, Külah C, Cömert F, Külah E, Sümbüloğlu V. Determination of Staphylococcus aureus carriage in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients and evaluation of the clonal relationship between carriage and clinical isolates. Am J Infect Control 2011; 39:421-425. [PMID: 21145623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2010.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to investigate Staphylococcus aureus carriage in patients undergoing hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis and to evaluate the clonal relationship between carriage and clinical isolates. METHODS Surveillance for S aureus carriage was performed in 30 hemodialysis patients, 40 peritoneal dialysis patients, 13 workers in the unit, and 40 controls. The clonal relatedness of isolates was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. RESULTS Screening cultures yielded 8 (26.6%) isolates from the hemodialysis patients, 9 (22.5%) from the peritoneal dialysis patients, 4 (30.7%) from the staff, and 8 (20%) from the controls. All of the isolates were methicillin-susceptible except one from a hemodialysis patient. There was no significant difference in carriage rate among the study groups. A history of hospital admission in the previous 6 months and a history of infection was associated with an increased carriage rate. A total of 23 genotypes were established for the 28 isolates, demonstrating high clonal heterogenecity. Six clinical isolates from 4 hemodialysis patients and 4 clinical isolates from two peritoneal dialysis patients were molecularly evaluated to compare isolates obtained from infection with carriage isolates of the same patients. All but one of these clinical isolates were "indistinguishable/closely related" to the isolates obtained from the same patients as carriage isolates. CONCLUSION Opur data show a clear association between S aureus carriage and S aureus infection. Determining the S aureus carriage state of patients undergoing dialysis can help guide infection prevention measures and treatment strategies.
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Aktaş E, Pazarlı O, Rençber E, Bağcıoğlu E, Keser S, Külah C, Cömert F. High clonal diversity of Staphylococcus aureus isolates in nasal swab samples of medical students in Turkey. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011; 31:1202-4. [PMID: 20929304 DOI: 10.1086/657072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Clonal analysis of colonizing group B Streptococcus, serotype IV, an emerging pathogen in the United States. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:3100-4. [PMID: 20610684 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00277-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonizing group B Streptococcus (GBS) capsular polysaccharide (CPS) type IV isolates were recovered from vaginal and rectal samples obtained from 97 (8.4%) nonpregnant women of 1,160 women enrolled in a U.S. multicenter GBS vaccine study from 2004 to 2008. Since this rate was much higher than the rate of prevalence of 0.4 to 0.6% that we found in previous studies, the isolates were analyzed by using surface protein profile identification, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to characterize them and identify trends in DNA clonality and divergence. Of the 101 type IV isolates studied, 53 expressed alpha and group B protective surface (BPS) proteins, 27 expressed BPS only, 20 expressed alpha only, and 1 had no detectable surface proteins. The isolates spanned three PFGE macrorestriction profile groups, groups 37, 38, and 39, of which group 37 was predominant. The isolates in group 37 expressed the alpha and BPS proteins, while those in groups 38 and 39 expressed the alpha protein only, with two exceptions. MLST studies of selective isolates from the four protein profile groups showed that isolates expressing alpha,BPS or BPS only were of a new sequence type, sequence type 452, while those expressing alpha only or no proteins were mainly of a new sequence type, sequence type 459. Overall, our study revealed a limited diversity in surface proteins, MLST types, and DNA macrorestriction profiles for type IV GBS. There appeared to be an association between the MLST types and protein expression profiles. The increased prevalence of type IV GBS colonization suggested the possibility that this serotype may emerge as a GBS pathogen.
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van der Mee-Marquet N, Domelier AS, Salloum M, Violette J, Arnault L, Gaillard N, Bind JL, Lartigue MF, Quentin R. Molecular Characterization of Temporally and Geographically MatchedStreptococcus agalactiaeStrains Isolated from Food Products and Bloodstream Infections. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6:1177-83. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie van der Mee-Marquet
- UFR de Médecine, “Bactéries et Risque Materno-Fœtal,” Institut Fédératif de Recherche 136 “Agents Transmissibles et Infectiologie,” Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours Cedex, France
- Service de Bactériologie et Hygiène, Hôpital Trousseau, CHU de Tours, Tours Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Domelier
- UFR de Médecine, “Bactéries et Risque Materno-Fœtal,” Institut Fédératif de Recherche 136 “Agents Transmissibles et Infectiologie,” Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours Cedex, France
- Service de Bactériologie et Hygiène, Hôpital Trousseau, CHU de Tours, Tours Cedex, France
| | - Mazen Salloum
- UFR de Médecine, “Bactéries et Risque Materno-Fœtal,” Institut Fédératif de Recherche 136 “Agents Transmissibles et Infectiologie,” Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours Cedex, France
| | - Jérémie Violette
- Service de Bactériologie et Hygiène, Hôpital Trousseau, CHU de Tours, Tours Cedex, France
| | - Laurence Arnault
- Service de Bactériologie et Hygiène, Hôpital Trousseau, CHU de Tours, Tours Cedex, France
| | | | - Jean-Louis Bind
- Laboratoire de Touraine, Le Bas Champeigné, Tours Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Frédérique Lartigue
- UFR de Médecine, “Bactéries et Risque Materno-Fœtal,” Institut Fédératif de Recherche 136 “Agents Transmissibles et Infectiologie,” Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours Cedex, France
- Service de Bactériologie et Hygiène, Hôpital Trousseau, CHU de Tours, Tours Cedex, France
| | - Roland Quentin
- UFR de Médecine, “Bactéries et Risque Materno-Fœtal,” Institut Fédératif de Recherche 136 “Agents Transmissibles et Infectiologie,” Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Tours Cedex, France
- Service de Bactériologie et Hygiène, Hôpital Trousseau, CHU de Tours, Tours Cedex, France
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Bergseng H, Afset JE, Radtke A, Loeseth K, Lyng RV, Rygg M, Bergh K. Molecular and phenotypic characterization of invasive group B streptococcus strains from infants in Norway 2006-2007. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15:1182-5. [PMID: 19456824 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Multilocus sequence typing of an almost complete collection of invasive group B streptococcus (GBS) strains from infants in Norway, conducted in 2006-2007, revealed 27 sequence types (ST), of which 23 clustered into five clonal complexes. The case fatality rate of invasive GBS disease in infants was 16/98 (16.3%). Type V strains were predominant among strains resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin (11/18; 61.1%). All type V strains from fatal cases (5/16) were ST1, resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin, and belonged to three pulsed-field gel electrophoresis-clusters. Further analysis of virulence characteristics of these apparently highly virulent subtypes of type V, ST1 GBS strains is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bergseng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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Streptococcus agalactiae pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns cross capsular types. Epidemiol Infect 2009; 137:1420-5. [PMID: 19257912 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268809002167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is a genetically diverse organism; when typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multiple types appear within a single serotype. We tested whether S. agalactiae PFGE types correspond to a specific serotype within individuals, and different individuals from the same geographic area. A total of 872 S. agalactiae isolates from 152 healthy individuals were classified by PFGE and capsular serotype. Serotype V was the most homogeneous (Simpson's diversity index 0.54); and types III, II and Ib were mostly heterogeneous (Simpson's diversity index 0.90). Within an individual, isolates with the same PFGE patterns had identical capsular types, but across individuals the same PFGE types sometimes occurred in different serotypes. Capsular type alone is insufficient to define epidemiological relatedness. Although PFGE types appear to be a valid surrogate for capsular typing of isolates from the same individual, it is not a valid surrogate for serotype in isolates from different individuals.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus agalactiae [group B streptococcus (GBS)] is a well-known cause of invasive infections leading to sepsis and meningitis in neonates. A comprehensive nationwide active surveillance study over 2 years was performed in Germany to describe the molecular epidemiology among 296 invasive neonatal GBS isolates. METHODS Isolates were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Typing results were compared with serotypes as well as to clinical data on disease onset, meningitic involvement, and outcome. RESULTS A remarkable clustering was found with about 60% of all typeable invasive isolates being annotated to one of 7 major PFGE groups, and clusters being nationally widely spread over the whole time period. Despite heterogenic elements, certain PFGE groups were closely related to singular serotypes, especially serotypes V (82%), Ia (84%), and Ib (77%). PFGE groups and serotypes were also partly related to clinical presentation as either early onset disease or late onset disease, and either meningitis or nonmeningitic GBS disease, but not to outcome. CONCLUSIONS There is a remarkable clonality among invasive GBS isolates that are widely spread geographically and in time; however, no specific clonal lines could be correlated to disease severity and outcome.
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Dmitriev AV, McDowell EJ, Chaussee MS. Inter- and intraserotypic variation in the Streptococcus pyogenes Rgg regulon. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 284:43-51. [PMID: 18479433 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes, a Gram-positive bacterium, are characterized by significant genetic and phenotypic variation. The rgg locus, also known as ropB, is a global transcriptional regulator of genes associated with metabolism, stress responses, and virulence in S. pyogenes strain NZ131 (serotype M49). To assess the breadth of the Rgg regulon, the rgg gene was inactivated in three additional strains representing serotypes M1 (strains SF370 and MGAS5005) and M49 (strain CS101). Changes in gene expression were identified in the postexponential phase of growth using Affymetrix NimbleExpress Arrays. The results identified an Rgg core-regulon consisting of speB and adjacent hypothetical protein gene, spy2040, and a variable and strain-specific subregulon, ranging in size from a single gene (spy1793) in strain MGAS5005 to 43 genes in strain SF370. Thus, both interserotypic and intraserotypic variation is characteristic of the Rgg regulon in S. pyogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Dmitriev
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069-2390, USA
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Manning SD, Lewis MA, Springman AC, Lehotzky E, Whittam TS, Davies HD. Genotypic diversity and serotype distribution of group B streptococcus isolated from women before and after delivery. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46:1829-37. [PMID: 18462173 DOI: 10.1086/588296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most studies of the dynamics of maternal group B Streptococcus (GBS) colonization have relied on capsular serotyping to define GBS acquisition or loss. Newer molecular methods that distinguish GBS clones may expand our knowledge and influence vaccination strategies. We used multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and GBS capsular gene cluster (cps) genotyping to investigate the dynamics of perinatal GBS colonization. METHODS A total of 338 GBS isolates obtained from 212 colonized women who were enrolled in a prior prospective cohort study were serotyped and genotyped by MLST and cps typing before (visit 1) and 6 weeks after (visit 2) delivery. RESULTS Of the 212 women, 126 were colonized at both visits, whereas 66 lost and 20 acquired GBS by visit 2. MLST of the 338 strains identified 29 sequence types marking distinct bacterial clones. A change in sequence type or cps and serotype occurred in 23 (18.3%) of the 126 women who were colonized at both visits. Specific sequence types were associated with GBS loss and persistence. Older maternal age and exclusive intrapartum antibiotic use were associated with persistent colonization. CONCLUSIONS Although most GBS-positive pregnant women were stably colonized during the peripartum period, we detected changes in capsule expression and recolonization with antigenically distinct GBS clones over time by applying MLST. Combining the epidemiologic and molecular typing data revealed host factors and clones associated with persistent colonization, as well as a clone that was more readily lost. This knowledge is useful for the development of prevention and intervention strategies to reduce the likelihood of maternal GBS colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon D Manning
- Microbial Evolution Laboratory, National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Savoia D, Gottimer C, Crocilla' C, Zucca M. Streptococcus agalactiae in pregnant women: Phenotypic and genotypic characters. J Infect 2008; 56:120-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2007.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Revised: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gherardi G, Imperi M, Baldassarri L, Pataracchia M, Alfarone G, Recchia S, Orefici G, Dicuonzo G, Creti R. Molecular epidemiology and distribution of serotypes, surface proteins, and antibiotic resistance among group B streptococci in Italy. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:2909-16. [PMID: 17634303 PMCID: PMC2045288 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00999-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Group B streptococci (GBS) comprising three different sets of isolates (31 invasive, 36 noninvasive, and 24 colonizing isolates) were collected in Italy during the years 2002 to 2005. Clonal groups were established by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and selected isolates were studied by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). GBS isolates were also characterized by classical and molecular techniques for serotyping and protein gene and antibiotic resistance profiling. Some serotypes were significantly associated with a particular isolate population: serotype Ia more frequently corresponded to invasive strains than other strains, serotype V was more frequently encountered among noninvasive strains, and nontypeable strains were more common among isolates from carriers. Four major clonal groups accounted for 52.7% of all isolates: PFGE type 1/clonal complex 1 (CC1) comprised mainly serotype V isolates carrying the alp3 gene, PFGE type 2/CC23 encompassed serotype Ia isolates with the alp1 or alpha gene, PFGE type 3/CC17 comprised serotype III isolates carrying the rib gene, and PFGE type 4/CC19 consisted mainly of serotype II isolates possessing the rib gene. The same serotypes were shared by isolates of different clonal groups, and conversely, isolates belonging to the same clonal groups were found to be of different serotypes, presumably due to capsular switching by the horizontal transfer of capsular genes. Erythromycin resistance (prevalence, 16.5%; 15 resistant isolates of 91) was restricted to strains isolated from patients with noninvasive infections and carriers, while tetracycline resistance was evenly distributed (prevalence, 68.1%; 62 resistant isolates of 91). Most erythromycin-resistant GBS strains were of serotype V, were erm(B) positive, and belonged to the PFGE type 1/CC1 group, suggesting that macrolide resistance may have arisen both by clonal dissemination and by the horizontal transfer of resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Gherardi
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Laboratorio e Microbiologia, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
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BISHOP E, SHILTON C, BENEDICT S, KONG F, GILBERT G, GAL D, GODOY D, SPRATT B, CURRIE B. Necrotizing fasciitis in captive juvenile Crocodylus porosus caused by Streptococcus agalactiae: an outbreak and review of the animal and human literature. Epidemiol Infect 2007; 135:1248-55. [PMID: 17445318 PMCID: PMC2870709 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268807008515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We observed an outbreak of necrotizing fasciitis associated with Streptococcus agalactiae infection in a group of juvenile saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus). We undertook screening of crocodiles and the environment to clarify the source of the outbreak and evaluated the isolates cultured from post-mortem specimens with molecular methods to assess clonality and the presence of known group B streptococcal virulence determinants. The isolates were indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. They were a typical serotype Ia strain with the Calpha-like protein gene, epsilon (or alp1), the mobile genetic elements IS381 ISSag1 and ISSag2, and belonged to multi-locus sequence type (ST) 23. All of these characteristics suggest they were probably of human origin. We review the medical and veterinary literature relating to S. agalactiae necrotizing fasciitis, epidemiology and virulence determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. J. BISHOP
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - C. SHILTON
- Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries and Mines, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - S. BENEDICT
- Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries and Mines, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - F. KONG
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology (CIDM), Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - G. L. GILBERT
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology (CIDM), Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - D. GAL
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - D. GODOY
- Imperial College London, St Mary's Medical School, London, UK
| | - B. G. SPRATT
- Imperial College London, St Mary's Medical School, London, UK
| | - B. J. CURRIE
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Author for correspondence: Professor B. Currie, Menzies School of Health Research, PO Box 41096, Casuarina, NT 0811, Australia. ()
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Comert FB, Kulah C, Aktas E, Ozlu N, Celebi G. First isolation of vancomycin-resistant enteroccoci and spread of a single clone in a university hospital in northwestern Turkey. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 26:57-61. [PMID: 17200842 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-006-0232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Reported here is the first isolation of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) at a hospital in northwestern Turkey and a description of the ensuing outbreak investigation. The first isolate was obtained from a wound culture of a patient in an intensive care unit. Thereafter, a total of 205 rectal swabs, 67 skin swabs and 123 environmental samples were screened, revealing five more VRE isolates. All isolates showed similar antibiotic resistance patterns, except for two that differed regarding gentamicin resistance. The vanA gene was present in all isolates. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis demonstrated that all isolates belonged to a single clone, with the gentamicin-resistant isolates demonstrating two-band differences. This is the first outbreak to be caused by spread of a single VRE clone in Turkey; it was successfully controlled by strict adherence to appropriate infection control practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- F B Comert
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Zonguldak, Turkey.
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Oliveira ICM, de Mattos MC, Pinto TA, Ferreira-Carvalho BT, Benchetrit LC, Whiting AA, Bohnsack JF, Figueiredo AMS. Genetic relatedness between group B streptococci originating from bovine mastitis and a human group B streptococcus type V cluster displaying an identical pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006; 12:887-93. [PMID: 16882294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Twenty isolates of group B streptococcus (GBS) were recovered from the milk of cows with bovine mastitis on three farms located in the south and south-east of Brazil between 1987 and 1988. These isolates were characterised by molecular methods and compared with a collection of 103 human GBS isolates from colonised and infected patients in the same region between 1980 and 2003. Some of the bovine isolates shared identical or similar pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns with a PFGE clone of human GBS type V. In addition, these bovine and human isolates also possessed the same ribotype. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of representative isolates confirmed the genetic relationship between the human and bovine GBS isolates with identical PFGE patterns, which clustered in the same ST-26 clonal complex. These data support the hypothesis that some bovine GBS strains are related closely to human isolates and may infect humans, or vice versa. Further comparative genomic analyses of GBS isolates from bovine and human origins are required to investigate this hypothesis further.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C M Oliveira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Causey RC, Weber JA, Emmans EE, Stephenson LA, Homola AD, Knapp KR, Crowley IF, Pelletier DC, Wooley NA. The equine immune response to Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus during uterine infection. Vet J 2006; 172:248-57. [PMID: 15950504 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to describe strain-specific immune responses to Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) during uterine infection in horses. Five isolates of S. zooepidemicus were differentiated into four strains antigenically by bactericidal testing in blood of 12 horses, and genetically by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Eight healthy mares were then divided into two groups, each inoculated with one strain intrauterinely on three successive oestrous cycles followed by a second strain for three successive cycles, first and second strains being reversed for each group. Immune responses to both strains were assessed by bactericidal testing and immunoblotting over eight cycles. Both techniques indicated that immune responses to each strain arose at different times. Immunoblots showed greater binding to the first inoculated strain than to the second (P < 0.05). These data confirm that immune responses to S. zooepidemicus during uterine infection are partly strain-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Causey
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences and the Maine Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5735, USA.
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Ramaswamy SV, Ferrieri P, Madoff LC, Flores AE, Kumar N, Tettelin H, Paoletti LC. Identification of novel cps locus polymorphisms in nontypable group B Streptococcus. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:775-783. [PMID: 16687599 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46253-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is an important pathogen responsible for a variety of diseases in newborns and the elderly. A clinical GBS isolate is considered nontypable (NT) when serological methods fail to identify it as one of nine known GBS serotypes. Eight clinical isolates (designated A1-A4, B1-B4) showed PFGE profiles similar to that of a GBS serotype V strain expressing R1, R4 surface proteins. These unique isolates were further characterized by immunologic and genetic methods. Rabbit sera to isolates A1 and A2 reacted weakly with concentrated HCl extracts of A1-A4 isolates, but not with those of B1-B4 isolates. In addition, a type V capsular polysaccharide (CPS) inhibition ELISA revealed that cell wall extracts from isolates A1-A4, but not from B1-B4, expressed low but measurable amounts of type V CPS. Molecular serotyping with PCR analysis showed that all eight isolates contained a type V-specific CPS gene (cpsO) and harboured the gene encoding the surface protein Alp3. Multilocus sequence typing identified isolate A1 as belonging to a new sequence type (ST) designated ST-173, whereas the other seven isolates keyed to ST-1. Sequencing of the 18 genes (17 736 bp) in the cps locus showed that each NT isolate harboured one to three unique polymorphisms, and also identified an IS1381 element in cpsE of the B4 isolate. Collectively, genetic and immunologic analyses revealed that these NT isolates expressing R1, R4 proteins have a genetic profile consistent with that of type V, an emergent, antigenically diverse and increasingly prevalent GBS serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas V Ramaswamy
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patricia Ferrieri
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lawrence C Madoff
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aurea E Flores
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Nikhil Kumar
- The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Hervé Tettelin
- The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Lawrence C Paoletti
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Ramaswamy SV, Ferrieri P, Flores AE, Paoletti LC. Molecular characterization of nontypeable group B streptococcus. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:2398-403. [PMID: 16825355 PMCID: PMC1489475 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02236-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Revised: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) antigen has been used to distinguish between the nine known serotypes of group B streptococcus (GBS) by classical antibody-antigen reactions. In this study, we used PCR for all CPSs and selected protein antigens, multilocus sequencing typing (MLST), and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to molecularly characterize 92 clinical isolates identified as nontypeable (NT) by CPS-specific antibody-antigen reactivity. The PCR and MLST were performed on blinded, randomly numbered isolates. All isolates contained the cfb gene coding for CAMP factor. While most (56.5%) contained a single CPS-specific gene, 40 isolates contained either two or three CPS-specific genes. Type V CPS-specific gene was present in 66% of the isolates, and all serotypes except types IV, VII, and VIII were represented. Most (44.5%) of the isolates contained a single protein antigen gene (bca, bac, rib, alp1, or alp3), and the remaining isolates had multiple protein antigen genes. Of the 61 isolates that had the V CPS-specific gene, 48 (78.6%) had the alp3 gene. PFGE analysis classified the isolates into 21 profile groups, while MLST analysis divided the isolates into 16 sequence types. Forty-two (69%) of 61 isolates with the V CPS-specific gene were in PFGE profile group 4; 41 of these 42 were sequence type 1 by MLST. These data shed new light on the antigenic complexity of NT GBS isolates, information that can be valuable in the formulation of an effective GBS vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas V Ramaswamy
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Rantala M, Haanperä-Heikkinen M, Lindgren M, Seppälä H, Huovinen P, Jalava J. Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates resistant to telithromycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:1855-8. [PMID: 16641460 PMCID: PMC1472201 DOI: 10.1128/aac.50.5.1855-1858.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The telithromycin susceptibility of 210 erythromycin-resistant pneumococci was tested with the agar diffusion method. Twenty-six erm(B)-positive isolates showed heterogeneous resistance to telithromycin, which was manifested by the presence of colonies inside the inhibition zone. When these cells were cultured and tested, they showed stable, homogeneous, and high-level resistance to telithromycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rantala
- Laboratory of Human Microbial Ecology, National Public Health Institute, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
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Kuusi M, Lahti E, Virolainen A, Hatakka M, Vuento R, Rantala L, Vuopio-Varkila J, Seuna E, Karppelin M, Hakkinen M, Takkinen J, Gindonis V, Siponen K, Huotari K. An outbreak of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus associated with consumption of fresh goat cheese. BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6:36. [PMID: 16504158 PMCID: PMC1413536 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-6-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus is a rare infection in humans associated with contact with horses or consumption of unpasteurized milk products. On October 23, 2003, the National Public Health Institute was alerted that within one week three persons had been admitted to Tampere University Central Hospital (TaYS) because of S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus septicaemia. All had consumed fresh goat cheese produced in a small-scale dairy located on a farm. We conducted an investigation to determine the source and the extent of the outbreak. Methods Cases were identified from the National Infectious Disease Register. Cases were persons with S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus isolated from a normally sterile site who had illness onset 15.9-31.10.2003. All cases were telephone interviewed by using a standard questionnaire and clinical information was extracted from patient charts. Environmental and food specimens included throat swabs from two persons working in the dairy, milk from goats and raw milk tank, cheeses made of unpasteurized milk, vaginal samples of goats, and borehole well water. The isolates were characterized by ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results Seven persons met the case definition; six had septicaemia and one had purulent arthritis. Five were women; the median age was 70 years (range 54–93). None of the cases were immunocompromized and none died. Six cases were identified in TaYS, and one in another university hospital in southern Finland. All had eaten goat cheese produced on the implicated farm. S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus was isolated from throat swabs, fresh goat cheese, milk tank, and vaginal samples of one goat. All human and environmental strains were indistinguishable by ribotyping and PFGE. Conclusion The outbreak was caused by goat cheese produced from unpasteurized milk. Outbreaks caused by S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus may not be detected if streptococcal strains are only typed to the group level. S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus may be a re-emerging disease if unpasteurized milk is increasingly used for food production. Facilities using unpasteurized milk should be carefully monitored to prevent this type of outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markku Kuusi
- National Public Health Institute (KTL), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Lahti
- National Veterinary and Food Research Institute (EELA), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anni Virolainen
- National Public Health Institute (KTL), Department of Microbiology, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Risto Vuento
- Tampere University Central Hospital, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Leila Rantala
- National Veterinary and Food Research Institute (EELA), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Vuopio-Varkila
- National Public Health Institute (KTL), Department of Microbiology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Seuna
- National Veterinary and Food Research Institute (EELA), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Karppelin
- Tampere University Central Hospital, Department of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Marjaana Hakkinen
- National Veterinary and Food Research Institute (EELA), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Takkinen
- National Public Health Institute (KTL), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veera Gindonis
- National Veterinary and Food Research Institute (EELA), Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Kaisa Huotari
- National Public Health Institute (KTL), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Helsinki, Finland
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Dzierzanowska-Fangrat K, Semczuk K, Górska P, Giedrys-Kalemba S, Kochman M, Samet A, Tyski S, Dzierzanowska D, Trzciński K. Evidence for tetracycline resistance determinant tet(M) allele replacement in a Streptococcus pneumoniae population of limited geographical origin. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006; 27:159-64. [PMID: 16423511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A collection of 185 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates was tested for their susceptibility to antipneumococcal drugs, with a focus on the distribution of tetracycline resistance determinants tet(M) and tet(O). Resistance patterns were compared with established correlates of multidrug resistance, and tetracycline-resistant isolates were tested for clonality and allelic variation within tet(M). Resistance to tetracyclines, penicillins and macrolides were all strongly related to multidrug resistance. Over one-quarter of the strains were tetracycline resistant, all via the tet(M)-mediated mechanism. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis revealed a high degree of allelic variation within tet(M) and gave evidence of a clonal and horizontal spread of selected alleles. A tet(M) variant that emerged with the onset of epidemic multidrug-resistant strains was replacing old alleles in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Dzierzanowska-Fangrat
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-736 Warszawa, Poland
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Fry AM, Udeagu CCN, Soriano-Gabarro M, Fridkin S, Musinski D, LaClaire L, Elliott J, Cook DJP, Kornblum J, Layton M, Whitney CG. Persistence of fluoroquinolone-resistant, multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in a long-term-care facility: efforts to reduce intrafacility transmission. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005; 26:239-47. [PMID: 15796274 DOI: 10.1086/502533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We describe an effort to reduce transmission of a multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (MDRSP) in a long-term-care facility (LTCF). DESIGN Longitudinal cross-sectional study. SETTING An LTCF in New York City with ongoing disease due to an MDRSP strain among residents with AIDS since a 1995 outbreak. The MDRSP outbreak strain was susceptible to vancomycin but not to other antimicrobials tested, including fluoroquinolones. PARTICIPANTS Residents and staff members of the LTCF during 1999 through 2001. INTERVENTION Implementing standard infection control measures, and developing and implementing "enhanced standard" infection control measures, modified respiratory droplet prevention measures to reduce inter-resident transmission. RESULTS Before the intervention, nasopharyngeal carriage of the MDRSP outbreak strain was detected in residents with AIDS and residents with tracheostomies who were not dependent on mechanical ventilation. The prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of the MDRSP outbreak strain was 7.8% among residents who had AIDS and 14.6% among residents with tracheostomies. After training sessions on standard and enhanced standard infection control measures, the staff appeared to have good knowledge and practice of the infection control measures. After the intervention, new transmission among residents with tracheostomies was prevented; however, these residents were prone to persistent tracheal carriage and needed ongoing enhanced standard infection control measures. Ongoing transmission among residents with AIDS, a socially active group, was documented, although fewer cases of disease due to the outbreak strain occurred. CONCLUSIONS Infection control contributed to less transmission of MDRSP in the LTCE Additional strategies are needed to reduce transmission and carriage among certain resident populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Fry
- espiratory Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
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Abstract
Despite the necessity for studies of group B streptococci (GBS), due to the increase in serious adult infections, the emergence of new serotypes, and the increased resistance to macrolide antibiotics, such studies have been limited in Korea. The primary purpose of the present study was to determine the frequency trends of GBS serotypes, including serotypes VI, VII, and VIII. The final objective was to elucidate the relationship between the genotypes and serotypes of macrolide-resistant GBS isolates from a Korean population. Among 446 isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae, isolated between January 1990 and December 2002 in Korea, the frequency of serotypes were III (36.5%), Ib (22.0%), V (21.1%), Ia (9.6%), VI (4.3%), II (1.8%), VIII (1.3%), IV (1.1%), and VII (0.9%). The resistance rates to erythromycin, by serotype, were 85% (V), 23% (III), 21% (VI), 3% (Ib), and 2% (Ia). Of 135 erythromycin- resistant S. agalactiae, ermB was detected in 105 isolates, mefA in 20 isolates, and ermTR in seven isolates; most type V isolates harbored the ermB gene, Ib type isolates had an equal distribution of resistance genes, type III isolates accounted for 70% of all isolates carrying mefA genes, and one fourth of type VI isolates had mefA genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Uh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 162 Ilsan-dong, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Korea.
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von Both U, Buerckstuemmer A, Fluegge K, Berner R. Heterogeneity of genotype-phenotype correlation among macrolide-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:3080-2. [PMID: 15980405 PMCID: PMC1168644 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.7.3080-3082.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seventy-four erythromycin-resistant group B Streptococcus isolates were analyzed regarding their phenotype-genotype and phenotype-serotype correlation. Four different phenotypes were assessed, one of them for the first time. ermB and ermTR were the most frequent genotypes (80%). The most prevalent serotype III showed great phenotypic variability while serotype V was strongly associated only with two different phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich von Both
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital of Freiburg, Mathildenstrasse 1, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
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Facklam R, Elliott J, Shewmaker L, Reingold A. Identification and characterization of sporadic isolates of Streptococcus iniae isolated from humans. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:933-7. [PMID: 15695711 PMCID: PMC548108 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.2.933-937.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven reference strains and seven clinical isolates of Streptococcus iniae, submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Streptococcus Reference Laboratory between 2001 and 2004, were successfully identified by a conventional identification system. The seven randomly submitted clinical isolates were sensitive to beta-lactams, macrolides, quinolones, and vancomycin. Two of the seven clinical isolates were resistant to tetracycline. All seven strains grew well and multiplied in a phagocytosis assay. One of the seven randomly submitted strains was more similar to the type strain of S. iniae than to the other six strains. The latter six strains were similar if not identical to representative strains from a cluster of disease in Canada (M. R. Weinstein et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 337:589-594, 1997).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Facklam
- Streptococcus Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA.
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Kuzucu C, Cizmeci Z, Durmaz R, Durmaz B, Ozerol IH. The Prevalence of Fecal Colonization of Enterococci, the Resistance of the Isolates to Ampicillin, Vancomycin, and High-Level Aminoglycosides, and the Clonal Relationship Among Isolates. Microb Drug Resist 2005; 11:159-64. [PMID: 15910231 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2005.11.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract carriage of enterococci was searched in 150 hospitalized patients and 100 outpatients, and clonal relatedness of the isolates and their resistance to ampicillin, vancomycin, and high-level streptomycin and gentamicin were investigated. A stool sample or rectal swab collected from each patient was inoculated into appropriate media within an hour. Enterococcus species were identified by using conventional biochemical tests, API-20 Strep assay, and BBL crystal kit. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect vanA and vanB genes. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and arbitrarily primed-polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) methods were used for molecular typing of the strains. Enterococci were isolated from 90 (60%) of the specimens collected from 150 inpatients. Of these 90 isolates, 37 (41%) had high-level gentamicin resistance, 36 (40%) had high-level streptomycin resistance, and 50 (55.6%) had ampicillin resistance. Fecal colonization was found in 30% of the outpatients. Resistances to ampicillin, high-level streptomycin, and gentamicin were 13%, 10%, and 3%, in these patients' isolates, respectively. No vancomycin-resistant enterococci were detected by both agar diffusion and PCR assays in our study. Both typing procedures were applied on 78 Enterococcus strains isolated from inpatients. AP-PCR typing showed that 30 (50.8%) of the 59 E. faecium and 5 (50%) of the 10 E. faecalis strains were clonally related. These values were found to be 12 (20.3%) and two (20%) by PFGE, respectively. The typing procedures did not find any clustered strains in the six E. durans and three E. avium isolates. Neither PFGE nor AP-PCR result was significantly different among the sensitive and resistant strains. Our results indicate that the high prevalence of colonization with ampicillin and highlevel aminoglycoside-resistant enterococci is an important problem in our medical center. The high clonal diversity among the isolates indicates limited spread of antibiotic-resistant strains between patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Kuzucu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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Edwards MS, Rench MA, Palazzi DL, Baker CJ. Group B Streptococcal Colonization and Serotype-Specific Immunity in Healthy Elderly Persons. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:352-7. [PMID: 15668856 DOI: 10.1086/426820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Accepted: 09/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The burden from group B streptococcal (GBS) disease in elderly persons (age, >or=65 years) has increased. Rates of colonization and prevalence of antibodies against capsular polysaccharides (CPS) that might confer protection against invasive GBS disease in such persons are not defined. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted in an outpatient setting in Houston. GBS colonization rates in this convenience sample were assessed by self-obtained vaginal and rectal specimens (for women) and rectal and urine specimens (for men). The CPS type distribution among GBS isolates was determined, and CPS-specific antibodies against GBS types Ia, Ib, II, III, and V were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS The GBS colonization rate among 254 healthy elderly participants (mean age, 73 years) was 21.7%. CPS types Ia (22.8%), III (12.3%), and V (47.3%) predominated, and 12.3% of colonizing isolates were nontypeable. Random selection of 1 member of 33 participating married couples did not alter the overall colonization rate (21.7%) or GBS serotype distribution. The geometric mean concentrations of CPS-specific IgG in serum specimens were low and were significantly lower for GBS type V, compared with other serotypes (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS Adults >or=65 years of age are colonized with GBS at a rate similar to that of younger persons, but older adults are significantly more likely to carry type V, the leading cause of invasive disease in elderly persons, and to lack type V CPS-specific serum IgG. The CPS of type V GBS should be included in candidate GBS vaccines so that adults >or=65 years of age theoretically could be protected against invasive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morven S Edwards
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Amundson NR, Flores AE, Hillier SL, Baker CJ, Ferrieri P. DNA macrorestriction analysis of nontypeable group B streptococcal isolates: clonal evolution of nontypeable and type V isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:572-6. [PMID: 15695647 PMCID: PMC548113 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.2.572-576.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Revised: 10/04/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B streptococci (GBS) are serotyped according to capsular polysaccharide (CPS) type (Ia to VIII); an isolate is classified as nontypeable (NT) if no detectable CPS is found. Surface-localized protein antigens (alpha, beta, R1, and R4) serve as additional markers to classify GBS isolates, which is particularly useful since NT isolates often express one or more of these proteins. To compare genetic resemblance among isolates with similar protein profiles, we studied 58 NT isolates digested with the SmaI macrorestriction enzyme prior to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Of these 58, 15.5% expressed alpha only, 20.7% expressed alpha+beta, 15.5% expressed R4, and 25.8% expressed R1,R4, while 22.4% of the isolates expressed no detectable proteins. The largest PFGE profile group, with 48% of the isolates, was group 4, composed primarily of isolates that expressed R1,R4 or no proteins. The second most common profiles were 3 and 32, each with 13.8% of the isolates. Since NT isolates in profile group 4 were highly related to type V isolates, as demonstrated by PFGE profiles, we investigated 45 type V isolates. Two-thirds of the type V isolates within profile group 4 were classified into subgroup 4a, compared to 28.2% of 39 NT isolates. Only 11% of the V/R1,R4 isolates were identical to the prototype group 4 profile, in contrast to 75% of the NT/R1,R4 isolates. A shift of type V isolates into profile 4 subgroups may be indicative of a genetic change over time. PFGE is a valuable approach for comparison of GBS isolate relatedness and for monitoring of NT and typeable GBS isolates for potential clonal divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Amundson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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43
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Tkacikova E, Mikula I, Dmitriev A. Molecular epidemiology of group B streptococcal infections. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2004; 49:387-97. [PMID: 15530003 DOI: 10.1007/bf03354665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) is a causative agent of sepsis and meningitis in newborns and diseases in pregnant women and nonpregnant adults. Various approaches, including both nongenetic and genetic techniques, are currently used for the study of epidemiology of GBS infections. In the present paper the different methods of molecular epidemiology of GBS infections are reviewed, and several novel approaches are introduced. The advantages and disadvantages of molecular methods are discussed and compared with traditional serotyping technique. The possible use of the molecular approaches for identification of different genetic lineages in GBS as well as for identification and control of the epidemiologically actual clones is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tkacikova
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
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44
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Shewmaker PL, Steigerwalt AG, Morey RE, Carvalho MDGS, Elliott JA, Joyce K, Barrett TJ, Teixeira LM, Facklam RR. Vagococcus carniphilus sp. nov., isolated from ground beef. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2004; 54:1505-1510. [PMID: 15388702 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.02908-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nine enterococcus-like strains were referred to the Streptococcus Laboratory at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for further identification from the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System Laboratory at the CDC. The cultures were isolated from ground beef purchased from retail in Oregon in 2000. Conventional biochemical testing and analysis of whole-cell protein electrophoretic profiles distinguished these strains from known species of enterococci and vagococci. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies revealed that these strains were most closely related to the species Vagococcus fluvialis. DNA–DNA reassociation studies confirmed that these nine strains represented a new taxon. The relative binding ratio was 87 % or greater at the optimal temperature, and the divergence was less than 1 % for strains hybridized against the isolate designated the type strain. DNA–DNA relatedness was 25 % to V. fluvialis and 9 % or less to the other three species of Vagococcus. DNA–DNA relatedness was 33 % or less to the 25 currently described species of Enterococcus. On the basis of this evidence, it is proposed that these strains be classified as Vagococcus carniphilus sp. nov. The type strain of V. carniphilus is 1843-02T (=ATCC BAA-640T=CCUG 46823T). The clinical significance (if any) of these strains is yet to be determined.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacterial Proteins/analysis
- Bacterial Proteins/isolation & purification
- Bacterial Typing Techniques
- Cattle
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/isolation & purification
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Enterococcus/classification
- Esters
- Food Microbiology
- Genes, rRNA
- Gram-Positive Bacteria/classification
- Gram-Positive Bacteria/genetics
- Gram-Positive Bacteria/isolation & purification
- Meat/microbiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Oligopeptides
- Oregon
- Phylogeny
- Proteome/analysis
- Proteome/isolation & purification
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lynn Shewmaker
- Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Arnold G Steigerwalt
- Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Roger E Morey
- Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Maria da Glória S Carvalho
- CNPq, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - John A Elliott
- Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Kevin Joyce
- Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Timothy J Barrett
- Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Lucia M Teixeira
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Richard R Facklam
- Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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45
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Uh Y, Jang IH, Hwang GY, Lee MK, Yoon KJ, Kim HY. Serotypes and genotypes of erythromycin-resistant group B streptococci in Korea. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:3306-8. [PMID: 15243101 PMCID: PMC446232 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.7.3306-3308.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among 78 erythromycin-resistant group B streptococcus (GBS) isolates from Korea, ermB was detected in 58 (74.4%), mefA was detected in 14 (17.9%), and ermTR was detected in 6 (7.7%). The most prevalent serotypes of erythromycin-resistant GBS were V (detected in 34 isolates [43.6%]) and III (detected in 33 isolates [42.3%]). All serotype V erythromycin-resistant GBS harbored the ermB gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Uh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Ilsan-dong 162, Wonju, Kangwon-do, South Korea.
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46
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Durmaz R, Durmaz B, Bayraktar M, Ozerol IH, Kalcioglu MT, Aktas E, Cizmeci Z. Prevalence of group A streptococcal carriers in asymptomatic children and clonal relatedness among isolates in Malatya, Turkey. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 41:5285-7. [PMID: 14605185 PMCID: PMC262532 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.11.5285-5287.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In our study, the prevalence of nasopharyngeal Streptococcus pyogenes was 130 (14.3%) of 909 healthy children. Isolates were found to be susceptible to all antibiotics tested. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and arbitrarily primed PCR revealed that 34 (32.4%) of the 105 isolates and 41 (40.6%) of the 101 isolates typed, respectively, were clonally indistinguishable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riza Durmaz
- Molecular Microbiology Section, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Inonu University, 44069 Malatya, Turkey.
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47
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Hetzel U, König A, Yildirim AO, Lämmler C, Kipar A. Septicaemia in emerald monitors (Varanus prasinus Schlegel 1839) caused by Streptococcus agalactiae acquired from mice. Vet Microbiol 2003; 95:283-93. [PMID: 12935754 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(03)00184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate both the identity and the source of the bacteria responsible for a fatal septicaemia observed in a group of three subadult emerald monitors (Varanus prasinus Schlegel 1839). The emerald monitors were necropsied and examined by light microscopy, including immunohistology, and by electron microscopy. Tissue samples were additionally submitted for bacteriological, virological and parasitological examinations. The virological and parasitological results were noncontributory, whereas the bacteriological investigation resulted in the isolation of gram-positive cocci which were characterized biochemically and serologically and by molecular analysis. The death of the emerald monitors was caused by a partially leukocyte-associated septicaemic infection with streptococci of serological group B of serotype V. Phenotypically and genotypically identical group B streptococci were isolated from the intestine of subadult mice, obtained from the feed used for the monitors. The genotypical characterization included an identical DNA fingerprint of strains of both origins, indicating the epidemiological relation between the feeding mice and the infections of the monitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Hetzel
- Institut für Veterinär-Pathologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 96, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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48
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Dmitriev A, Yang M, Shakleina E, Tkáciková L, Suvorov A, Mikula I, Yang YH. The presence of insertion elements IS861 and IS1548 in group B streptococci. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2003; 48:105-10. [PMID: 12744086 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The presence of insertion elements (IS) IS861 and IS1548 in the collection of 211 Streptococcus agalactiae strains isolated from pregnant women and dairy cows was assayed. IS861 was found in 67 human strains (59%) and 36 bovine strains (37%), IS1548 in 13 human strains (12%) and 16 bovine strains (16%). Two combinations, IS861+ IS1548- and IS861- IS1548-, were widely distributed in both human and bovine strains. The copy number and the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the two IS were determined in human group B streptococcus (GBS) strains. A minimum of 8 copies of IS1548 were detected in GBS strains while the copy number of IS861 varied from 1 to 9. The number of different hybridizing patterns with IS861 and IS1548 probes was 9 and 6, respectively. These hybridization patterns were divided into several clusters. All strains with IS were also clustered according to pulsed field-gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns. A correlation was found between the results of PFGE- and IS-based clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dmitriev
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, 197 376, Russia
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49
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Diekema DJ, Andrews JI, Huynh H, Rhomberg PR, Doktor SR, Beyer J, Shortridge VD, Flamm RK, Jones RN, Pfaller MA. Molecular epidemiology of macrolide resistance in neonatal bloodstream isolates of group B streptococci. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:2659-61. [PMID: 12791897 PMCID: PMC156484 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.6.2659-2661.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed on 122 neonatal bloodstream isolates of group B streptococci (GBS) to further examine the relationship between macrolide resistance and serotype V GBS (GBS-V). Over one-third (35%) of macrolide-resistant GBS belonged to a single PFGE subtype of GBS-V, which was also the most common GBS-V subtype noted in previous Centers for Disease Control and Prevention surveillance studies. Erm methylase (ermA and ermB) was the most common resistance mechanism detected, present in 12 of 20 macrolide-resistant GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Diekema
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Colleges of Medicine and Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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50
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Kotiw M, Zhang GW, Daggard G, Reiss-Levy E, Tapsall JW, Numa A. Late-onset and recurrent neonatal Group B streptococcal disease associated with breast-milk transmission. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2003; 6:251-6. [PMID: 12687430 DOI: 10.1007/s10024-001-0276-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2001] [Accepted: 02/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine the epidemiological relationships in three unrelated cases of neonatal late-onset Group B streptococcal (GBS) disease and maternal breast-milk infection with GBS. All deliveries were by cesarean section; case 1 was at term, and cases 2 and 3 were at 32- and 33-wk gestation, respectively. Case 1 relates to a mother with clinical mastitis and recurrent GBS infection in a 20-day-old male infant. Following antibiotic therapy and cessation of breast-feeding, the infant recovered without sequelae. Case 2 refers to a mother with clinical mastitis and the occurrence of late-onset GBS disease in 5-wk-old male twins. Despite intervention, one infant died and the second became ill. Following antibiotic therapy and cessation of breast-feeding, the surviving infant recovered without sequelae. Case 3 refers to a mother with sub-clinical mastitis and late-onset GBS infection occurring in a 6-day-old female twin. Following intervention, the infant recovered but suffered a bilateral thalamic infarction resulting in developmental delay and a severe seizure disorder. Following recovery of GBS from an inapparent mastitis and cessation of breast-feeding, the second infant remained well. Blood cultures from all affected infants and maternal breast milk were positive for GBS. Epidemiological relationships between neonatal- and maternal-derived GBS isolates were confirmed by a random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction assay (RAPD-PCR). This study is significant in that it has demonstrated that maternal milk (in cases of either clinical or sub-clinical mastitis) can be a potential source of infection resulting in either late-onset or recurrent neonatal GBS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kotiw
- Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Biological and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia 4350.
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