1
|
Kelly JB, Nolan AC, Zeden MS. How can we escape the ESKAPEs: Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and what lies ahead? PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012270. [PMID: 38870133 PMCID: PMC11175505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B. Kelly
- Microbiology, Infectious Disease Section, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aaron C. Nolan
- Microbiology, Infectious Disease Section, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Merve S. Zeden
- Microbiology, Infectious Disease Section, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yahya NAA, Samir OM, Al-Ariki S, Ahmed AAM, Swillam MA. Synthesis of novel antibacterial nanocomposite CuO/Ag-modified zeolite for removal of MB dye. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14948. [PMID: 37696834 PMCID: PMC10495417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40790-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel CuO/Ag nanocomposites added zeolite (CAZ) were successfully fabricated, and their effectiveness as an antibacterial on S. aureus and MB removal was evaluated. EDX, XRD, and FTIR confirm the presence of the elemental compositions of CAZ. Friable CuO nanorods (10-70 nm in diameter) existed on the surface of the zeolite. Pure zeolite had a higher band gap (5.433 eV) and lower MB removal efficiency than CAZ. The adsorption method by CAZ was more effective at removing MB than photodegradation. 0.10 CAZ had the highest removal effectiveness (~ 99%) and adsorption capacity (~ 70.4 mg g-1) of MB. The inhibitory zone diameter for 0.005 CAZ against S. aureus was 20 mm, while 0.01 CAZ had a diameter of 17 mm. Azithromycin, ceftriaxone, and erythromycin antibiotics demonstrated lower or no efficacy against S. aureus than CAZ. Significant antibacterial activities and wastewater treatment were achieved by CAZ. The combination of photodegradation and adsorption enhanced pollutant removal. It will be interesting to study further the optimal molar ratio for MB removal (0.10 CAZ) in future investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A A Yahya
- Department of Physics, School of Sciences and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Cairo, Egypt
- Physics Department, Thamar University, 87246, Thamar, Yemen
| | - O M Samir
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
- Aljanad University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - S Al-Ariki
- Physics Department, Thamar University, 87246, Thamar, Yemen
| | - Amira A M Ahmed
- Department of Physics, School of Sciences and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Swillam
- Department of Physics, School of Sciences and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Cairo, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Young CCW, Karmacharya D, Bista M, Sharma AN, Goldstein T, Mazet JAK, Johnson CK. Antibiotic resistance genes of public health importance in livestock and humans in an informal urban community in Nepal. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13808. [PMID: 35970981 PMCID: PMC9378709 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to mitigate the increasing emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) will benefit from a One Health perspective, as over half of animal antimicrobials are also considered medically important in humans, and AMR can be maintained in the environment. This is especially pertinent to low- and middle-income countries and in community settings, where an estimated 80% of all antibiotics are used. This study features AMR genes found among humans, animals, and water at an urban informal settlement in Nepal with intensifying livestock production. We sampled humans, chickens, ducks, swine, and water clustered by household, as well as rodents and shrews near dwellings, concurrently in time in July 2017 in southeastern Kathmandu along the Manohara river. Real-time qualitative PCR was performed to screen for 88 genes. Our results characterize the animal-human-environmental interfaces related to the occurrence of specific resistance genes (blaSHV-1 (SHV(238G240E) strain), QnrS, ermC, tetA, tetB, aacC2, aadA1) associated with antibiotics of global health importance that comprise several drug classes, including aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, tetracyclines, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones. By characterizing risk factors across AMR genes of public health importance, this research highlights potential transmission pathways for further investigation and provides prioritization of community-based prevention and intervention efforts for disrupting AMR transmission of critically important antibiotics used in both humans and animals in Nepal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristin C W Young
- EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Dibesh Karmacharya
- Center for Molecular Dynamics, Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali Road 11, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal.
| | | | - Ajay N Sharma
- Center for Molecular Dynamics, Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali Road 11, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jonna A K Mazet
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christine K Johnson
- EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
An assessment of some poultry management practices and disease recognition by poultry farmers in Maiduguri arid zone, Nigeria. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933910000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
5
|
Achek R, Hotzel H, Cantekin Z, Nabi I, Hamdi TM, Neubauer H, El-Adawy H. Emerging of antimicrobial resistance in staphylococci isolated from clinical and food samples in Algeria. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:663. [PMID: 30208952 PMCID: PMC6134775 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci rose worldwide. In total, 96 Staphylococcus isolates from food and clinical samples were collected from two provinces in Algeria. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed and resistance-associated genes were detected. Results Fifty-one strains were isolated from food samples and differentiated into 33 Staphylococcus aureus and 18 coagulase-negative staphylococci. Forty-five staphylococci were collected from hospital and community-acquired infection cases. All S. aureus isolated from food were resistant to penicillin and 45.5% were resistant to tetracycline. The resistance rates of 45 clinical Staphylococcus isolates were 86.7%, 48.9%, 37.8% and 20.0% to penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin and kanamycin, respectively. Nine isolates were confirmed as MRSA from food and clinical isolates. One S. aureus originated from food was confirmed as vancomycin-resistant. Multidrug-resistance was observed among 25.5% and 53.3% of food and clinical staphylococci, respectively. The tetM/K, blaZ, aacA-aphD, ermC and mecA genes were detected in food and clinical isolates. ermA gene was not found. This study provided insight into the status of antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci isolated from food and clinical samples in Algeria. Further investigations and surveillance programmes are mandatory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Achek
- Faculty of Sciences, Yahia Farès University, Urban Pole, Médéa, Algeria. .,High National Veterinary School, Issad Abbes Avenue, Oued Smar, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Helmut Hotzel
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Zafer Cantekin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Tayfur Sokmen Campus, 31000, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Nabi
- Faculty of Sciences, Yahia Farès University, Urban Pole, Médéa, Algeria
| | - Taha Mossadak Hamdi
- High National Veterinary School, Issad Abbes Avenue, Oued Smar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743, Jena, Germany. .,Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 35516, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dittmann KK, Chaul LT, Lee SHI, Corassin CH, Fernandes de Oliveira CA, Pereira De Martinis EC, Alves VF, Gram L, Oxaran V. Staphylococcus aureus in Some Brazilian Dairy Industries: Changes of Contamination and Diversity. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2049. [PMID: 29123505 PMCID: PMC5662873 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a major food-poisoning pathogen, is a common contaminant in dairy industries worldwide, including in Brazil. We determined the occurrence of S. aureus in five dairies in Brazil over 8 months. Of 421 samples, 31 (7.4%) were positive for S. aureus and prevalence varied from 0 to 63.3% between dairies. Sixty-six isolates from the 31 samples were typed by Multi-Locus Sequence Typing to determine if these isolates were persistent or continuously reintroduced. Seven known sequence types (STs), ST1, ST5, ST30, ST97, ST126, ST188 and ST398, and four new ST were identified, ST3531, ST3540, ST3562 and ST3534. Clonal complex (CC) 1 (including the four new ST), known as an epidemic clone, was the dominant CC. However, there were no indications of persistence of particular ST. The resistance toward 11 antibiotic compounds was assessed. Twelve profiles were generated with 75.8% of strains being sensitive to all antibiotic classes and no Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains were found. The enterotoxin-encoding genes involved in food-poisoning, e.g., sea, sed, see, and seg were targeted by PCR. The two toxin-encoding genes, sed and see, were not detected. Only three strains (4.5%) harbored seg and two of these also harbored sea. Despite the isolates being Methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA), the presence of CC1 clones in the processing environment, including some harboring enterotoxin encoding genes, is of concern and hygiene must have high priority to reduce contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen K. Dittmann
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Luíza T. Chaul
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Sarah H. I. Lee
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Carlos H. Corassin
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Lone Gram
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Virginie Oxaran
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
MALDI-TOF-MS based identification and molecular characterization of food associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11414. [PMID: 28900246 PMCID: PMC5595867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11597-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Food-borne methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is involved in two-fold higher mortality rate compared to methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). Eventhough Mysuru recognized as cleanest city in the world, prevalence of food contamination is not detailed. The aim is to screen food samples from Mysuru area and to characterize MRSA strain, employing MALDI-Biotyper, multiplex PCR to distinguish between MRSA and MSSA by PCR-coupled single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). Of all the food-borne pathogens, S. aureus contamination accounts for 94.37 ± 0.02% (P < 0.01), strains characterized by means of nuc genes, followed by species specific identification by Coa, Eap and SpA genes and multiplex PCR to confirm the presence of three methicillin resistant staphylococcal species simultaneously using nuc and phoP genes. Amplification of mecA gene in 159 isolates confirmed that all strains are methicillin resistant, except UOM160 (MSSA) and multi-drug resistant (MDR) in 159 isolates confirmed by 22 sets of β-lactam antibiotics. MSSA and MDR-MRSA were discriminated by PCR-SSCP using nuc gene for the first time. From the present studies, compared to conventional methods MALDI-Biotyper emerged as an effective, sensitive (>99%), robust (<2 min), and alternative tool for pathogen identification, and we developed a PCR-SSCP technique for rapid detection of MSSA and MRSA strains.
Collapse
|
8
|
Bitrus AA, Zunita Z, Bejo SK, Othman S, Nadzir NAA. In vitro transfer of methicillin resistance determinants mecA from methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:83. [PMID: 28376716 PMCID: PMC5381085 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0994-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus more than any other human pathogen is a better model for the study of the adaptive evolution of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, as it has demonstrated a remarkable ability in its response to new antibiotics. This study was designed to investigate the in vitro transfer of mecA gene from methicillin resistant S. aureus to methicillin susceptible S. aureus. Result The recipient transconjugants were resistant to erythromycin, cefpodoxime and were mecA positive. PCR amplification of mecA after mix culture plating on Luria Bertani agar containing 100 μg/mL showed that 75% of the donor and 58.3% of the recipient transconjugants were mecA positive. Additionally, 61.5% of both the donor cells and recipient transconjugants were mecA positive, while 46.2% and 41.75% of both donor and recipient transconjugants were mecA positive on LB agar containing 50 μg/mL and 30 μg/mL respectively. Conclusion In this study, the direction of transfer of phenotypic resistance as well as mecA was observed to have occurred from the donor to the recipient strains. This study affirmed the importance of horizontal transfer events in the dissemination of antibiotics resistance among different strains of MRSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zakaria Zunita
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Siti Khairani Bejo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Sarah Othman
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Osman KM, Amer AM, Badr JM, Helmy NM, Elhelw RA, Orabi A, Bakry M, Saad ASA. Antimicrobial Resistance, Biofilm Formation and mecA Characterization of Methicillin-Susceptible S. aureus and Non-S. aureus of Beef Meat Origin in Egypt. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:222. [PMID: 26973606 PMCID: PMC4770614 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have been found in various farm animal species throughout the world. Yet, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), methicillin-susceptible non-S. aureus (MS-NSA), and methicillin-resistant non-S. aureus (MR-NSA) were not investigated. Therefore, we persued to determine the diversity in their phenotypic virulence assay, phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profile and molecular characterization in one of the food chains in Egypt. Samples were collected during 2013 from beef meat at retail. Twenty seven isolates comprising five species (S. hyicus, S. aureus, S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans, S. intermedius, and S. lentus) were characterized for their antibiotic resistance phenotypic profile and antibiotic resistance genes (mecA, cfr, gyrA, gyrB, and grlA). Out of the 27 Staphylococcus isolates only one isolate was resistant to the 12 antibiotics representing nine classes. Raw beef meat sold across the Great Cairo zone, contains 66.7% of MRS, with highest prevalence was reported in S. aureus (66.7%), while the MRS non-S. aureus strains constituted 66.7% from which S. hyicus (60%), S. intermedius (33.3%), S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans (100%), and S. lentus (100%) were MRS. Seven S. aureus, six S. hyicus, four S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans, three S. intermedius, and one S. lentus isolates although being resistant to oxacillin yet, 11/27 (40.7%) carried the mecA gene. At the same time, the cfr gene was present in 2 of the nine S. aureus isolates, and totally undetectable in S. hyicus, S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans, S. intermedius, and S. lentus. Although, global researches largely focused into MRSA and MR-NSA in animals on pigs, the analysis of our results stipulates, that buffaloes and cattle could be MRSA dispersers and that this theme is not specific to pigs. Detection of MSSA virulence determinants is a must, as although oxacillin resistance may be absent yet, the MSSA may carry the virulence determinants which could be a source of perilous S. aureus for the human community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamelia M Osman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University Giza, Egypt
| | - Aziza M Amer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University Giza, Egypt
| | - Jihan M Badr
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Animal Health Research Institute Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nashwa M Helmy
- Departments of Biotechnology, Animal Health Research Institute Giza, Egypt
| | - Rehab A Elhelw
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Orabi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University Giza, Egypt
| | - Magdy Bakry
- Department of Microbiology, National Research Center Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aalaa S A Saad
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Animal Health Research Institute Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
de Vries LE, Christensen H, Agersø Y. The diversity of inducible and constitutively expressed erm(C) genes and association to different replicon types in staphylococci plasmids. Mob Genet Elements 2014; 2:72-80. [PMID: 22934240 PMCID: PMC3429524 DOI: 10.4161/mge.20109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the diversity of the macrolide resistance gene, erm(C) in relation to structural alterations affecting the gene expression. In addition, the association of erm(C) to mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in staphylococci mainly from Danish pigs was investigated. In total, 78 erythromycin-resistant isolates were screened for erm(C) by PCR. The erm(C) genes incl. the upstream regulatory region were sequenced and the expression types were characterized phenotypically (agar diffusion test) and genotypically (sequence analysis). Phylogenetic analysis of erm(C) was compared with structural alterations affecting the gene expression. Plasmids carrying erm(C) from seven selected isolates were fully or partially sequenced. Thirty-seven isolates were shown to be erm(C) positive and erm(C) from pigs were all constitutively expressed, mainly caused by different sized deletions (118, 111, 107, 70, 66, 16 and 3 bp) in the regulatory region. Duplication (63 bp) and substitutions were also found to cause a constitutive phenotype. Only one horse isolate had an inducible expression type. Phylogenetic analysis showed that structural alterations have happened in different erm(C) allele groups and not only in one group. Furthermore erm(C) was found mainly on plasmids (~2.4–8 kb) and gene sequence types correlated with plasmid replication (rep) gene types. One erm(C) type was linked to an IS257 element able to circularize. In conclusion, structural alterations giving rise to constitutive expression of erm(C) have happened several times in the evolution of erm(C). Interestingly, the diversity of erm(C) appears to be linked to the plasmid type or MGE carrying the gene.
Collapse
|
11
|
Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W, Zadernowska A, Nalepa B, Sierpińska M, Łaniewska-Trokenheim Ł. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from ready-to-eat food of animal origin--phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance. Food Microbiol 2014; 46:222-226. [PMID: 25475289 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the pheno- and genotypical antimicrobial resistance profile of coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from 146 ready-to-eat food of animal origin (cheeses, cured meats, sausages, smoked fishes). 58 strains were isolated, they were classified as Staphylococcus xylosus (n = 29), Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 16); Staphylococcus lentus (n = 7); Staphylococcus saprophyticus (n = 4); Staphylococcus hyicus (n = 1) and Staphylococcus simulans (n = 1) by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Isolates were tested for resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, gentamicin, cefoxitin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, tigecycline, rifampicin, nitrofurantoin, linezolid, trimetoprim, sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, quinupristin/dalfopristin by the disk diffusion method. PCR was used for the detection of antibiotic resistance genes encoding: methicillin resistance--mecA; macrolide resistance--erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), mrs(A/B); efflux proteins tet(K) and tet(L) and ribosomal protection proteins tet(M). For all the tet(M)-positive isolates the presence of conjugative transposons of the Tn916-Tn1545 family was determined. Most of the isolates were resistant to cefoxitin (41.3%) followed by clindamycin (36.2%), tigecycline (24.1%), rifampicin (17.2%) and erythromycin (13.8%). 32.2% staphylococcal isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR). All methicillin resistant staphylococci harboured mecA gene. Isolates, phenotypic resistant to tetracycline, harboured at least one tetracycline resistance determinant on which tet(M) was most frequent. All of the isolates positive for tet(M) genes were positive for the Tn916-Tn1545 -like integrase family gene. In the erythromycin-resistant isolates, the macrolide resistance genes erm(C) or msr(A/B) were present. Although coagulase-negative staphylococci are not classical food poisoning bacteria, its presence in food could be of public health significance due to the possible spread of antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Chajęcka-Wierzchowska
- Chair of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Department of Food and Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Anna Zadernowska
- Chair of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Department of Food and Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Beata Nalepa
- Chair of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Department of Food and Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Magda Sierpińska
- Chair of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Department of Food and Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Łucja Łaniewska-Trokenheim
- Chair of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Department of Food and Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Plasmid profile analysis and evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from table chicken eggs. Pol J Vet Sci 2013; 16:307-12. [DOI: 10.2478/pjvs-2013-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this study was to isolate and characterize Staphylococcus aureus bacteria present on the shell surfaces and in the contents of chicken eggs, taking into account their phenotypic properties, antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and the presence of plasmid DNA. The study included 90 table chicken eggs from laying farms situated in the vicinity of Lublin. A total of 105 bacterial strains identified as Staphylococcus were isolated from the material, of which 18 (17.14%) were of the species Staphylococcus aureus. All 18 S. aureus strains were found to be resistant to at least one of the antibiotics tested, while some (55.55%) showed resistance to five or more of the 17 therapeutic agents. The greatest number of strains showed resistance to erythromycin (66.66%), tetracycline (66.66%), oxytetracycline (61.11%), penicillin G (50%), and amoxicillin (44.44%). The plasmid profile analysis of the S. aureus strains made it possible to evaluate the dependence between antibiotic susceptibility and the presence of plasmids in particular isolates. The results showed that plasmids in various quantities and of varying molecular weights were isolated from 17 of the strains. Most often isolated were small plasmids, of 5.6 kb - from 11 of the S. aureus strains (61.11%), 2.5 kb - from 9 strains (50%), 4.1 kb - from 8 (44.44%), and 4.6 kb - from 7 (38.88%) of the strains.
Collapse
|
13
|
Characterization of bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus isolated from the eggs of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Pol J Vet Sci 2012; 15:767-72. [DOI: 10.2478/v10181-012-0116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe study attempted to analyse and characterize bacteria of the genusStaphylococcusisolated from the surface and contents of quail eggs, taking into account their phenotypic properties, biochemical reactions, antibiotic sensitivity patterns, and PCR to test for the presence of themecA gene, which is responsible for resistance to methicillin. The study included 45 strains of the genusStaphylococcusisolated from the whites, yolks and shells of table quail eggs. The results obtained indicate that a fairly high percentage of the retail quail eggs tested were contaminated withStaphylococcusbacteria. Among the species isolated (11 in total), the most frequently occurring strains were ofStaphylococcus hominis(26.7%), followed byStaphylococcus aureus(15.6%),S.xylosusandS. lentus(13.3% each), while percentages of the otherStaphylococcusspecies were under 10%. TheStaphylococcusstrains tested had highly differentiated biochemical and enzymatic properties. As many as 7 biotypes were distinguished among the 7S. aureusisolates, 6 biotypes within the speciesS. xylosus(6 strains tested), 5 biotypes among the 6 strains ofS. lentus, but only 4 biotypes among the 12S. hominisstrains. The antibiotic sensitivity testing showed 15.5% of the strains to be resistant to one or more of the therapeutic agents tested. Moreover, some isolates exhibited intermediate sensitivity to the drugs, particularly to gentamicin (24.4%), neomycin (31.1%), streptomycin (46.7%) and Linco-Spectin (48.9%).
Collapse
|
14
|
Baker SA, Van-Balen J, Lu B, Hillier A, Hoet AE. Antimicrobial drug use in dogs prior to admission to a veterinary teaching hospital. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 241:210-7. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.241.2.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
15
|
Hennekinne JA, De Buyser ML, Dragacci S. Staphylococcus aureus and its food poisoning toxins: characterization and outbreak investigation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2011; 36:815-36. [PMID: 22091892 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is one of the most common food-borne diseases and results from the ingestion of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) preformed in food by enterotoxigenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus. To date, more than 20 SEs have been described: SEA to SElV. All of them have superantigenic activity whereas half of them have been proved to be emetic, representing a potential hazard for consumers. This review, divided into four parts, will focus on the following: (1) the worldwide story of SFP outbreaks, (2) the characteristics and behaviour of S. aureus in food environment, (3) the toxinogenic conditions and characteristics of SEs, and (4) SFP outbreaks including symptomatology, occurrence in the European Union and currently available methods used to characterize staphylococcal outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques-Antoine Hennekinne
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Food Safety Laboratory of Maisons-Alfort, European Union Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Multiple roles of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins: pathogenicity, superantigenic activity, and correlation to antibiotic resistance. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:2117-31. [PMID: 22069676 PMCID: PMC3153285 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2082117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-stable enterotoxins are the most notable virulence factors associated with Staphylococcus aureus, a common pathogen associated with serious community and hospital acquired diseases. Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) cause toxic shock-like syndromes and have been implicated in food poisoning. But SEs also act as superantigens that stimulate T-cell proliferation, and a high correlation between these activities has been detected. Most of the nosocomial S. aureus infections are caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, and those resistant to quinolones or multiresistant to other antibiotics are emerging, leaving a limited choice for their control. This review focuses on these diverse roles of SE, their possible correlations and the influence in disease progression and therapy.
Collapse
|
17
|
Graham JP, Evans SL, Price LB, Silbergeld EK. Fate of antimicrobial-resistant enterococci and staphylococci and resistance determinants in stored poultry litter. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2009; 109:682-689. [PMID: 19541298 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2008] [Revised: 04/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of antimicrobials in commercial broiler poultry production results in the presence of drug-resistant bacteria shed in the excreta of these birds. Because these wastes are largely land-disposed these pathogens can affect the surrounding environment and population. In this analysis, we characterized the survival of antimicrobial-resistant enterococci and staphylococci and resistance genes in poultry litter. Temperature, moisture, and pH were measured in the litter over a 120-day period from storage sheds at three conventional US broiler chicken farms, as well as colony-forming units of Enterococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. Selected isolates from each sampling event were tested for resistance to eight antimicrobials used in poultry feeds as well as the presence of resistance genes and mobile genetic elements. Temperatures greater than 60 degrees C were only intermittently observed in the core of the litter piles. Both antimicrobial-resistant enterococci and staphylococci, as well as resistance genes persisted throughout the 120-day study period. Resistance genes identified in the study include: erm(A), erm(B), erm (C), msr(A/B), msr(C), and vat(E). This study indicates that typical storage practices of poultry litter are insufficient for eliminating drug-resistant enterococci and staphylococci, which may then be released into the environment through land disposal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay P Graham
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pereira V, Lopes C, Castro A, Silva J, Gibbs P, Teixeira P. Characterization for enterotoxin production, virulence factors, and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from various foods in Portugal. Food Microbiol 2009; 26:278-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
19
|
Stepán J, Pantůcek R, Doskar J. Molecular diagnostics of clinically important staphylococci. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2008; 49:353-86. [PMID: 15530002 DOI: 10.1007/bf03354664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial species of the genus Staphylococcus known as important human and animal pathogens are the cause of a number of severe infectious diseases. Apart from the major pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, other species until recently considered to be nonpathogenic may also be involved in serious infections. Rapid and accurate identification of the disease-causing agent is therefore prerequisite for disease control and epidemiological surveillance. Modern methods for identification and typing of bacterial species are based on genome analysis and have many advantages compared to phenotypic methods. The genotypic methods currently used in molecular diagnostics of staphylococcal species, particularly of S. aureus, are reviewed. Attention is also paid to new molecular methods with the highest discriminatory power. Efforts made to achieve interlaboratory reproducibility of diagnostic methods are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Stepán
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czechia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Khan SA, Sung K, Layton S, Nawaz MS. Heteroresistance to vancomycin and novel point mutations in Tn1546 of Enterococcus faecium ATCC 51559. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008; 31:27-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
21
|
Dunowska M, Morley PS, Traub-Dargatz JL, Hyatt DR, Dargatz DA. Impact of hospitalization and antimicrobial drug administration on antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of commensalEscherichia coliisolated from the feces of horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 228:1909-17. [PMID: 16784384 DOI: 10.2460/javma.228.12.1909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective-To evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility of commensal Escherichia coli strains isolated from the feces of horses and investigate relationships with hospitalization and antimicrobial drug (AMD) administration. Design-Observational study. Animals-68 hospitalized horses that had been treated with AMDs for at least 3 days (HOSP-AMD group), 63 hospitalized horses that had not received AMDs for at least 4 days (HOSP-NOAMD group), and 85 healthy horses that had not been hospitalized or treated with AMDs (community group). Procedures-Fecal samples were submitted for bacterial culture, and up to 3 E coli colonies were recovered from each sample. Antimicrobial susceptibility of 724 isolates was evaluated. Prevalence of resistance was compared among groups by use of log-linear modeling. Results-For 12 of the 15 AMDs evaluated, prevalence of antimicrobial resistance differed significantly among groups, with prevalence being highest among isolates from the HOSP-AMD group and lowest among isolates from the community group. Isolates recovered from the HOSP-AMD and HOSP-NOAMD groups were also significantly more likely to be resistant to multiple AMDs. Resistance to sulfamethoxazole and resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were most common, followed by resistance to gentamicin and resistance to tetracycline. Use of a potentiated sulfonamide, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, or metronidazole was positively associated with resistance to 1 or more AMDs, but use of penicillins was not associated with increased risk of resistance to AMDs. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance-Results suggest that both hospitalization and AMD administration were associated with prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among E coli strains isolated from the feces of horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Dunowska
- Animal Population Health Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Huys G, D'Haene K, Van Eldere J, von Holy A, Swings J. Molecular diversity and characterization of tetracycline-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from a poultry processing plant. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:574-9. [PMID: 15640240 PMCID: PMC544260 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.1.574-579.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Accepted: 08/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA fingerprinting and molecular characterization showed that the tetracycline-resistant Staphylococcus aureus population of a South African poultry processing plant comprised one or possibly several tet(K)-containing endemic clones that contaminated chicken and machinery surfaces at all sampled processing stages. The tet(K) gene was transferable by filter mating to S. aureus recipient 80CR5 and was located on a pT181-like plasmid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geert Huys
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstr. 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hong H, Chun J, Lee Y. Detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing, multidrug-resistant environmental isolates of Escherichia coli that bind to human bladder cells. Microb Drug Resist 2004; 10:184-9. [PMID: 15256035 DOI: 10.1089/1076629041310145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to the number of studies examining extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing clinical isolates, environmental ESBL-producers have not been studied extensively. To investigate environmental ESBL-producing Escherichia coli, 22 cephalothin-resistant E. coli were isolated from Han River in Seoul, Korea. These isolates were resistant to ampicillin, cephalothin, and gentamicin, and 14 isolates among these were resistant to norfloxacin. All of these isolates produce AmpC and CMY, OXA, or TEM as determined by isoelectric point focusing (IEF) gel electrophoresis and PCR. One isolate (57-214) producing AmpC and OXA was resistant to all antibiotics (ampicillin, cephalothin, norfloxacin, gentamicin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime) tested in this study. Six isolates, including isolate 57-214, could adhere to T24 human bladder cells, and these isolates were not related to each other as shown with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Results showed that environmental ESBL-producing E. coli is able to colonize in bladder cells and directly cause antibiotic-resistant urinary tract infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyungin Hong
- Department of Biology and Culture Collection of Antimicrobial Resistant Microbes, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 139-774, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mann PA, Xiong L, Mankin AS, Chau AS, Mendrick CA, Najarian DJ, Cramer CA, Loebenberg D, Coates E, Murgolo NJ, Aarestrup FM, Goering RV, Black TA, Hare RS, McNicholas PM. EmtA, a rRNA methyltransferase conferring high-level evernimicin resistance. Mol Microbiol 2001; 41:1349-56. [PMID: 11580839 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium strain 9631355 was isolated from animal sources on the basis of its resistance to the growth promotant avilamycin. The strain also exhibited high-level resistance to evernimicin, a drug undergoing evaluation as a therapeutic agent in humans. Ribosomes from strain 9631355 exhibited a dramatic reduction in evernimicin binding, shown by both cell-free translation assays and direct-binding assays. The resistance determinant was cloned from strain 9631355; sequence alignments suggested it was a methyltransferase and therefore it was designated emtA for evernimicin methyltransferase. Evernimicin resistance was transmissible and emtA was localized to a plasmid-borne insertion element. Purified EmtA methylated 50S subunits from an evernimicin-sensitive strain 30-fold more efficiently than those from a resistant strain. Reverse transcription identified a pause site that was unique to the 23S rRNA extracted from resistant ribosomes. The pause corresponded to methylation of residue G2470 (Escherichia coli numbering). RNA footprinting revealed that G2470 is located within the evernimicin-binding site on the ribosome, thus providing an explanation for the reduced binding of the drug to methylated ribosomes.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Aminoglycosides
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/metabolism
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA Transposable Elements/genetics
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Bacterial/physiology
- Enterococcus faecium/drug effects
- Enterococcus faecium/enzymology
- Enterococcus faecium/genetics
- Genes, Bacterial
- Humans
- Methyltransferases/genetics
- Methyltransferases/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Plasmids/genetics
- RNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal/metabolism
- Ribosomes/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Mann
- Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Widespread resistance problems exist today in a global sense because of the incorporation of antibiotics with a high resistance potential into animal feeds and because of the uncontrolled use of antibiotics with a high resistance potential in the clinical setting. The only proven method of controlling nonoutbreak resistance problems in hospitals is to limit the hospital formulary to antibiotics with little or no resistance potential. The control of multiresistant organisms in outbreaks occurring in hospitals is best contained using appropriate infection control containment measures. Physicians treating infections in the community, with all other factors being equal, should preferentially select antibiotics with a low resistance potential. The titles and headings of much of the resistance literature are misleading. Articles should not contain fluoroquinolone resistant in the title when ciprofloxacin-resistant organisms are described. Many articles concerning penicillin-resistant pneumococci are entitled fluoroquinolone-resistant S. pneumoniae. These articles describe ciprofloxacin-resistant S. pneumoniae and not resistance to other fluoroquinolones. The same error is perpetuated in describing third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems. Virtually all of the resistance problems associated with third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems are due to ceftazidime or imipenem. More precise titling in the literature would remind physicians that antibiotic resistance is related to a specific agent and not class phenomena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B A Cunha
- Infectious Disease Division, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|