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Elnagi EA, AL-Maqati TN, Alnaam Y, Adam AA, Rabaan AA, Mohamed ZS, Amer A, Almarfoi HL. The prevalence of SEN virus among blood donors in the Eastern Province of KSA. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:3922-3925. [PMID: 34220248 PMCID: PMC8241597 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elmoeiz A. Elnagi
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thekra N. AL-Maqati
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yaser Alnaam
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Adam
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopklins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeinab S. Mohamed
- Faculty of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Anisah Amer
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussa L. Almarfoi
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Mrzljak A, Tabain I, Premac H, Bogdanic M, Barbic L, Savic V, Stevanovic V, Jelic A, Mikulic D, Vilibic-Cavlek T. The Role of Emerging and Neglected Viruses in the Etiology of Hepatitis. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2019; 21:51. [PMID: 31754812 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-019-0709-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we present the overview of emerging and neglected viruses associated with liver involvement. RECENT FINDINGS Hepatitis E virus (HEV) emerged in the last two decades, causing hepatitis in many parts of the world. Moreover, liver involvement was also described in some emerging arboviral infections. Many reports showed dengue-associated liver injury; however, chikungunya, West Nile, tick-borne encephalitis, and Zika virus are rarely associated with clinically manifest liver disease. In addition, some neglected highly prevalent viruses such as adenoviruses and parvovirus B19 are capable of causing hepatitis in specific population groups. Anelloviruses (torque teno virus/torque teno mini virus/torque teno midi virus, SEN virus), human bocavirus, pegiviruses, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus have shown a little potential for causing hepatitis, but their role in the etiology of liver disease remains to be determined. In addition to the well-known hepatotropic viruses, many emerging and neglected viruses have been associated with liver diseases. The number of emerging zoonotic viruses has been increasingly recognized. While zoonotic potential of HEV is well documented, the recent identification of new hepatitis-related animal viruses such as HEV strains from rabbits and camels, non-primate hepaciviruses in domestic dogs and horses, as well as equine and porcine pegivirus highlights the possible zoonotic transmission in the context of "One Health." However, zoonotic potential and hepatotropism of animal hepatitis viruses remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mrzljak
- Department of Medicine, Merkur University Hospital, Salata 3b, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Irena Tabain
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Premac
- Department of Medicine, Varazdin General Hospital, Varazdin, Croatia
| | - Maja Bogdanic
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljubo Barbic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Savic
- Poultry Center, Laboratory for Virology and Serology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Stevanovic
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Jelic
- Department of Medicine, Merkur University Hospital, Salata 3b, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Danko Mikulic
- Department of Surgery, Merkur University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Vilibic-Cavlek
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Virology, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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Bédarida S, Dussol B, Signoli M, Biagini P. Analysis of Anelloviridae sequences characterized from serial human and animal biological samples. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 53:89-93. [PMID: 28536071 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rolling-circle amplification-sequence-independent single primer amplifications (RCA-SISPA) and/or RCA-PCR-based approaches were applied to serial human plasma and animal (domestic cat) saliva samples. Complete SENV-H-related and PRA4 Anelloviridae genomes were characterized and analysed over time (~16 and 6.5years for human and animal samples, respectively). Genomic sequences and deduced putative coding regions were compared. Comparable values, i.e. ~2×10-4subs/site/year, were obtained for estimated rates of non-synonymous substitutions. A "hot-spot" of mutations located on the SENV-H-related ORF1 was identified. These results are first data concerning Anelloviridae evolution in a human and an animal host based on the analysis of complete sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Bédarida
- EFS Alpes-Méditerranée, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Bertrand Dussol
- Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Centre, CHU Conception, Marseille, France
| | | | - Philippe Biagini
- EFS Alpes-Méditerranée, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France.
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Abbasi S, Makvandi M, Karimi G, Neisi N. The Prevalence of SEN Virus and Occult Hepatitis B (OBI) Virus Infection Among Blood Donors in Ahvaz City. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016; 9:e37329. [PMID: 27679708 PMCID: PMC5035438 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.37329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SEN virus (SENV) is a prevalent blood borne pathogen that has a worldwide incidence. SENV is comprised of eight genotypes; genotypes H and D are frequently associated with the pathogenesis of non-A - E hepatitis and post-transfusion hepatitis in blood donors and hepatitis patients. So far, no SENV pathogenesis has been reported in the liver biopsies of SENV carriers, but the frequency of SENV and its related genotypes requires further molecular epidemiology studies in different regions of the world. Occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) is another global public health problem that is primarily transmitted via blood transfusions. Therefore, the identification of OBI among blood donors is key to preventing the spread of this disease. The relationship between SENV and OBI requires further evaluation. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of SENV-D and SENV-H in blood donors in Ahvaz city with a particular focus on co-infection with OBI. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study had a cross-sectional design and included 184 healthy consecutive blood donors who visited a blood transfusion center in Ahvaz city from October-November 2013. The sera of all blood donors negative for HBsAg, anti-HCV antibody, and anti-HIV antibody were tested for SENV-D and SENV-H using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition, tests for HBV DNA (PCR), HBcIgG (ELISA), liver function (aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase), and alkaline phosphatase were carried out. RESULTS Liver function tests in the healthy blood donors were within the normal range. The incidence rates of SENV-D and SENV-H in the 184 total blood donors were 10 (5.4%) (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.1% - 9.0%) and 32 (17.4%) cases (95% CI: 12.0% - 23.0%), respectively. SENV-H/D co-infection occurred in 2 (1.1%) patients. The sera of 8/184 (4.3%) were positive for anti-HBc antibody but negative for HBV DNA. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of the presence of nonpathogenic SENV, 44/184 (24%) blood donors tested positive for both SENV-D and SENV-H. Although 4.3% of blood donors were positive for HBcIgG but negative for HBV DNA, the presence of OBI cannot be ruled out unless their liver biopsies show negative for HBV DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Abbasi
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
- Department of Virology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Manoochehr Makvandi
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
- Department of Virology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Manoochehr Makvandi, Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-6133354389, Fax: +98-6133361544, E-mail:
| | - Gharib Karimi
- Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization (IBTO), Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Niloofar Neisi
- Department of Virology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
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Hosseini SA, Bouzari M. Detection of SENV Virus in Healthy, Hepatitis B- and Hepatitis C-Infected Individuals in Yazd Province, Iran. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2016; 20:168-74. [PMID: 26948255 PMCID: PMC4949981 DOI: 10.7508/ibj.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background: SEN virus (SENV) is the latest virus proposed as a cause of unknown hepatitis cases. Among nine detected genotypes of the virus, genotypes D and H are more frequent in hepatitis cases of unknown origin. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of SENV-D and SENV-H genotypes in the sera of healthy individuals and hepatitis B and C patients. Methods: Totally, 200 serum samples from healthy individuals as well as 50 hepatitis B and 50 hepatitis C patients were collected. Anti-HCV (hepatitis C virus), anti-human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B surface antigen and anti-HBV (hepatitis B virus) core antigen were detected, and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured. Viral DNA was subjected to nested PCR. Fisher's exact and unpaired ANOVA tests were used for statistical analyses. Results: SENV was detected in 90%, 66%, and 46% of the healthy individuals HBV and HCV-positive individuals, respectively. The frequency of SENV and its two genotypes were significantly lower in hepatitis B and hepatitis C patients (P<0.01). Also, the frequency of SENV-H was higher than SENV-D in all studied groups. In SENV-positive HBV patients, the level of ALT and AST enzymes were significantly less than SENV-negative patients (P<0.05). It was the same for SENV-H-negative and -positive cases. Conclusions: The levels of liver enzymes were significantly lower in HBV patients co-infected with SENV compared to HBV patients (P<0.05), indicating a positive impact of the virus in liver pathology by decreasing liver damage and thus decreasing the liver enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Majid Bouzari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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Fatholahi M, Bouzari M. Torque Teno Midi Virus/Small Anellovirus in Sera of Healthy, HIV/HCV and HIV Infected Individuals in Lorestan Province, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e25368. [PMID: 26862377 PMCID: PMC4740761 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.25368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Torque Teno Midi Virus/Small Anellovirus (TTMDV/SAV) is a member of the Gammatorquevirus genus within the family Anelloviridae. It is detected in healthy, Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatitis C Virus and HIV infected individuals and also patients with acute respiratory disease in different countries, but its role in clinical diseases and its full geographical distribution is still unclear. Objectives: The current study aimed to detect the frequency of infection with TTMDV/SAV in the sera of healthy blood donors, hepatitis C infected and HIV positive individuals in Lorestan province, Iran; and also investigate the possible role of TTMDV/SAV virus in liver diseases. Materials and Methods: Fifty two, 36, 4, and 110 serum samples from HIV positive, patients with HIV/HCV and HIV/HCV/HBV co-infections, and healthy individuals were collected in Khorramabad city, respectively. Nested-polymerase chain reaction was performed using SMAs/SMAr primers to detect TTMDV/SAV DNA. Serum aminotransferases were measured. Results: In the HIV/HCV, HIV/HCV/HBV, HIV, and control cases, 29 (80.5%), 3 (75%), 43 (82.7%), and 16 (14.5%) were positive for DNA of TTMDV/SAV, respectively. In the HIV/HCV infected cases and HIV positive cases the level of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were not significantly different in TTMDV/SAV infected and non-infected individuals (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Although significant differences (P < 0.01) were observed in the frequency of TTMDV/SAV between healthy controls and each of the HIV positive and HIV/HCV co-infected individuals, no significant difference was observed between HIV positive and HIV/HCV co-infected cases, which may be due to HIV associated immunodeficiency. This is the first time that TTMDV/SAV is reported in HIV infected individuals worldwide. Interpretation of the high frequency of the virus (82.7%) in HIV cases needs more detailed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Fatholahi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IR Iran
| | - Majid Bouzari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Majid Bouzari, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, P. O. Box: 8174673441, Isfahan, IR Iran. Tel: +98-3117932459, Fax: +98-3117932456, E-mail:
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Kew MC. Hepatitis viruses (other than hepatitis B and C viruses) as causes of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. J Viral Hepat 2013; 20:149-57. [PMID: 23383653 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B and C virus infections are universally accepted as causes of hepatocellular carcinoma in humans. Hepatitis A and E viruses cause only acute self-limiting infections of the liver. Of the remaining hepatitis viruses - Delta hepatitis, hepatitis G (GB-C), TT and SEN - all have at some time been incriminated as causes of hepatocellular carcinoma. Delta hepatitis virus requires helper functions from hepatitis B virus to become invasive. Chronic Delta/hepatitis B viral co-infection runs a more severe course than that resulting from chronic hepatitis B virus infection alone, with progression to cirrhosis being more likely and more rapid. A substantial majority of the early studies did not find an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in co-infected individuals. But more recently, an increased incidence of the tumour has been recorded more often than no increase. Further studies are needed to draw a firm conclusion with regard to the hepatocarcinogenic effect of dual Delta/hepatitis B virus co-infection. With one exception, no published study (of 13) has incriminated chronic infection with hepatitis G virus as a cause of hepatocellular carcinoma. The dissenting study, published in 1999, was the only one performed in the United States. Fewer studies of the hepatocarcinogenic effect of TT virus have been performed. Apart from one study, published in 1999, no convincing evidence is available that supports a causal role for TT virus in hepatocarcinogenesis. The exception was in Japanese patients with high hepatitis C viral loads but independent of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. No evidence has been produced to indicate that SEN virus causes hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Kew
- Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Karimi-Rastehkenari A, Bouzari M. High frequency of SEN virus infection in thalassemic patients and healthy blood donors in Iran. Virol J 2010; 7:1. [PMID: 20044930 PMCID: PMC2819036 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background SEN virus is a blood-borne, circular ssDNA virus and possessing nine genotypes (A to I). Among nine genotypes, SENV-D and SENV-H genotypes have the strong link with patients with unknown (none-A to E) hepatitis infections. Infection with blood-borne viruses is the second important cause of death in thalassemic patients. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of SENV-D and SENV-H genotypes viremia by performing nested-PCR in 120 and 100 sera from healthy blood donors and thalassemic patients in Guilan Province, North of Iran respectively. Also, to explicate a possible role of SEN virus in liver disease and established changes in blood factors, the serum aminotransferases (ALT and AST) and some of the blood factors were measured. Results Frequency of SENV-D, SENV (SENV-H or SENV-D) and co-infection (both SENV-D and SENV-H) viremia was significantly higher among thalassemic patients than healthy individuals. Frequency of SENV-H viremia was significantly higher than SENV-D among healthy individuals. In comparison to SENV-D negative patients, the mean of mean corpuscular hemoglobin was significantly higher in SENV-D positive and co-infection cases (P < 0.05). The means of AST and ALT were significantly higher in thalassemic patients than healthy blood donors, but there were not any significant differences in the means of the liver levels between SENV-positive and -negative individuals in healthy blood donors and thalassemic patients. High nucleotide homology observed among PCR amplicon's sequences in healthy blood donors and thalassemic patients. Conclusions The high rate of co-infection shows that different genotypes of SENV have no negative effects on each other. The high frequency of SENV infection among thalassemic patients suggests blood transfusion as main route of transmission. High frequency of SENV infection in healthy individuals indicates that other routes rather than blood transfusion also are important. Frequency of 90.8% of SENV infection among healthy blood donors as well as high nucleotide homology of sequenced amplicons between two groups can probably suggest that healthy blood donors infected by SENV act partly as a source of SENV transmission to the thalassemic patients. In conclusion, SENV-D isolate in Guilan Province may be having a pathogenic agent for thalassemic patients.
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Omar M, El-Din SS, Fam N, Diab M, Shemis M, Raafat M, Seyam M, Hssan M, Badawy A, Akl M, Saber M. SEN virus infection in Egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis C and patients undergoing hemodialysis. MEDSCAPE JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2008; 10:290. [PMID: 19242596 PMCID: PMC2644007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The SEN virus has been tentatively linked to transfusion-associated non-A to E hepatitis. The aim of the present study was to 1) determine the prevalence of SEN virus among Egyptian patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related chronic liver disease and patients undergoing hemodialysis and 2) demonstrate the clinical effect of SEN virus infection on coexistent hepatitis C in terms of severity and probability of developing hepatocellular carcinoma. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect SEN virus-D and SEN virus-H DNA in serum samples of 74 patients with HCV-related chronic liver disease, 45 uremic patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis, and 28 healthy controls. SEN virus-D/H DNA was detected in 13.5% of patients with chronic liver disease, 11.1% of patients undergoing hemodialysis, and 7.1% of healthy controls, with no significant differences between patients and the control group. Clinical and biochemical measures did not significantly differ between SEN virus-infected and noninfected patients in the chronic liver disease group or the hemodialysis group. The rate of SEN virus infection was significantly higher in patients with chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (33.3%) than in those with chronic liver disease only (8.5%) (P < .05). In conclusion, SEN virus does not seem to be a common infection in Egyptian patients. It has no apparent influence on the severity of coexistent HCV-related chronic liver disease but could be a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in such patients. Further studies are needed to define the etiopathogenic role of SEN virus infection in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa Omar
- Microbiology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Samah Saad El-Din
- Microbiology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nevine Fam
- Microbiology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Manal Diab
- Microbiology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt Author's
| | - Mohamed Shemis
- Biochemistry Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Manar Raafat
- Nephrology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Al-Azhar University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Moataz Seyam
- Tropical Medicine Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Moataz Hssan
- Tropical Medicine Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Afkar Badawy
- Pathology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha Akl
- Pathology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Saber
- Biochemistry Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Ain Shams University, Giza, Egypt
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Moriondo M, Resti M, Betti L, Indolfi G, Poggi GM, de Martino M, Vierucci A, Azzari C. SEN virus co-infection among HCV-RNA-positive mothers, risk of transmission to the offspring and outcome of child infection during a 1-year follow-up. J Viral Hepat 2007; 14:355-9. [PMID: 17439525 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2006.00805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
SEN is a newly discovered blood-transmissible virus. Among its variants, SENV-D and -H are most often associated with non-A, -E hepatitis. Very little is known about the risk of vertical transmission of the virus. By using polymerase chain reaction with specific primers for SENV-D and -H, we investigated the prevalence of SENV-H and -D infection, the transmission rate of SENV infection and clinical features of SENV-infected children in 89 hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive human immunodeficiency virus type 1-negative mothers. SENV infection was found in 36 (40%) mothers, and SENV-D was more frequent than SENV-H infection (34/36, 94%vs 5/36, 14%, P < 0.01). No difference in SENV infection rates was found between injection drug user (IDU) mothers (17/51, 33%) and mothers with no risk for bloodborne infection (19/38, 50%, P = ns). SENV-H infection was found only in IDU mothers and mothers with HCV genotype1b. Both SENV-D and -H can be transmitted to the offspring with an overall rate of 47%. Vertical transmission of HCV does not facilitate SENV infection of the offspring. Among 17 SENV-infected children, none was co-infected with HCV. Maternal HCV genotype or viral load does not interfere with mother-to-infant transmission of SENV. Persistence of SENV infection was demonstrated in 100% of infected children after 1-year follow-up, but none had clinical evidence of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moriondo
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Florence, Italy and Paediatric Hospital Anna Meyer, Florence, Italy
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Schréter I, Kristian P, Jarcuska P, Porubcin S, Siegfried L, Birosová E, Rajnic A, Gocalová A. Detection of SEN virus in the general population and different risk groups in Slovakia. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2006; 51:223-8. [PMID: 17004654 DOI: 10.1007/bf02932126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Sera of 426 adult persons were examined to assess the prevalence of SEN virus (SENV) infection in Slovakia and to determine the importance of different risk factors for parenteral transmission. SENV prevalence was determined by the PCR method using primers of SENV-D and SENV-H strains. Positive results were found in 10 of 37 patients with acute hepatitis of unknown etiology, 7 of 38 with acute hepatitis B, 17 of 44 with chronic hepatitis B, 29 of 102 with chronic hepatitis C, 36 of 72 hemodialysis patients, 2 of 33 health care workers and 24 of 100 persons from the control group. The highest prevalence of SENV was among hemodialysis patients, significantly higher than in the groups of health care workers, acute hepatitis B and controls. The lowest prevalence was in health care workers group, significantly lower also in comparison with groups of chronic hepatitis B and C. Among the possible risk factors of virus transmission the average duration of hemodialysis (1.15 vs. 0.50 years), number of surgeries (1.60 vs. 1.10) and transfusions (1.34 vs. 0.94) showed notable differences in terms of SENV infection. Bilirubin and aminotransferase levels did not differ between SENV-positive and -negative groups. No pathogenetic role of SEN virus in liver injury was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Schréter
- Department of lnfectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Safárik University, 041 90 Kosice, Slovakia.
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Pujol FH, Devesa M. Genotypic variability of hepatitis viruses associated with chronic infection and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 39:611-8. [PMID: 16000930 DOI: 10.1097/01.mcg.0000170770.49394.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
At least five hepatitis viruses are known to date. Infection by enterically transmitted viruses (HAV and HEV) is generally benign compared with the disease caused by parenterally transmitted viruses (HBV, HCV, and HDV). Chronic infection by HBV is common and may evolve to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Eight HBV genotypes (A-H) have been described, with the South American genotype F being the most divergent. Seven clades of HDV have been described; among them, the South American genotype III is associated to a high frequency of fulminant hepatitis. HCV infection leads to a high rate of chronicity and HCC. From the six HCV genotypes, infection with genotype 1 might have the worst prognostic. Chronic infection by HCV and HBV is the major risk factor for HCC, which occurs, in the majority of the cases, as a consequence of cirrhosis. However, there is growing evidence that some HBV and HCV proteins might contribute to the generation of HCC. Some HBV and HCV variants and specific mutations within the viral genomes might be more frequently associated with the evolution to HCC. Although more studies are needed, emerging evidence indicates that it might be important to address the genetic variability of these viruses and their contribution to the development of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flor H Pujol
- Laboratoria de Virología Molecular, Caracas, Venezuela.
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Akiba J, Umemura T, Alter HJ, Kojiro M, Tabor E. SEN virus: epidemiology and characteristics of a transfusion-transmitted virus. Transfusion 2005; 45:1084-8. [PMID: 15987351 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2004.00209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
SEN virus (SEN-V) is a blood-borne, single-stranded, nonenveloped DNA virus. Although its prevalence varies by geographic region, it has been detected in as many as 30 percent of postoperative transfusion recipients, compared to 3 percent of postoperative patients who did not receive transfusions. A significant association has been observed between transfusion volume and the occurrence of SEN-V infection. Transmission by transfusion also has been confirmed by the detection of greater than 99 percent homology between SEN-V in donor and recipient sera. Concurrent infections with SEN-V and hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, or human immunodeficiency virus type 1 have been documented, and these observations probably reflect the blood-borne transmission of these viruses as well as SEN-V. Although SEN-V was discovered as part of a search for causes of posttransfusion hepatitis, there is no firm evidence so far that SEN-V infection either causes hepatitis or worsens the course of coexistent liver disease. Nevertheless, SEN-V appears to be transmitted by transfusion, and further studies may reveal more about its role in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Akiba
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Huang LR, Wang HH, Lin WS, Lin CL. The prevalence of SEN virus infection in blood donors in Taiwan. J Infect 2005; 51:30-4. [PMID: 15979487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2005.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2004] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of SENV infections among blood donors in central Taiwan and to clarify the relationship between these infections and elevated alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) values. METHODS DNA was extracted from plasma of 200 blood donors and amplified by seminested PCR. RESULTS For all donors, the prevalence of SENV-D was 32%, and of SENV-H was 30.5%. Prevalence of mixed SENV-D/H infection was 11.5% and of SENV-D and/or SENV-H (SENV-D/H) was 51%. Infections were not associated with age, gender, or raised ALT values. CONCLUSIONS SENV-D and SENV-H infections are common among blood donors in central Taiwan but are unlikely to contribute to abnormal ALT values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Ru Huang
- Department of Medical Technology, Chungtai Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
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Quiros-Roldan E, Moretti F, Torti C, Tirelli V, Stellini R, Pirovano S, Carosi G, Imberti L. Potential role of SEN virus on liver enzyme abnormalities in patients positive for hepatitis C virus with or without HIV infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 24:436-7. [PMID: 15926060 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-005-1337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Quiros-Roldan
- Institute for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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Moriyama M, Mikuni M, Matsumura H, Nakamura H, Oshiro S, Aoki H, Shimizu T, Yamagami H, Shioda A, Kaneko M, Tanaka N, Arakawa Y. SEN virus infection influences the pathological findings in liver but does not affect the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis C and liver cirrhosis. Liver Int 2005; 25:226-35. [PMID: 15780043 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2005.01076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS This investigation compared the histological findings in the livers of chronic hepatitis C patients who were or were not co-infected with SEN virus (SEN-V) to determine the histological and clinical characteristics of SEN-V infection in Japan. METHODS Three hundred and ninety-two patients with hepatitis C virus-associated chronic hepatitis (CH) or liver cirrhosis (LC) were included in the study. Serum samples were tested for the presence of SEN-V DNA by nested polymerase chain reaction. The liver biopsy specimen of each patient was examined and scores were assigned to indicate the severity of each of the following features: inflammatory cell infiltration in the periportal, parenchymal, and portal areas; F stage; portal sclerotic change; perivenular fibrosis; pericellular fibrosis; damage to the bile ducts; steatosis and irregular regeneration of hepatocytes (IR). RESULTS Of the 473 patients, 194 (41.0%) were positive for SEN-V DNA. The rate of progression of F stage correlated with SEN-V DNA positivity. The blood biochemical parameters did not differ significantly between the SEN-V DNA-positive and -negative patients. The histological features of the livers of SEN-V DNA-positive patients included more severe parenchymal inflammatory cell infiltration and more IR. In particular, among those at the F2, F3 and F4 stages, the degree of IR of the SEN-V DNA-positive patients was significantly greater than that of the SEN-V DNA-negative patients. The cumulative probability of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence and survival rate did not differ between the SEN-V DNA-positive and-negative patients. CONCLUSIONS SEN-V co-infection may influence the histopathological features of the livers of patients with type C CH and LC but does not affect the outcome of patients with type C chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiko Moriyama
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi kamimachi, Itabashiku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
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Raghavan M, Marik PE. Anemia, allogenic blood transfusion, and immunomodulation in the critically ill. Chest 2005; 127:295-307. [PMID: 15653997 DOI: 10.1378/chest.127.1.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia and allogenic RBC transfusions are exceedingly common among critically ill patients. Multiple pathologic mechanisms contribute to the genesis of anemia in these patients. Emerging risks associated with allogenic RBC transfusions including the transmission of newer infectious agents and immune modulation predisposing the patient to infections requires reevaluation of current transfusion strategies. Recent data have suggested that a restrictive transfusion practice is associated with reduced morbidity and mortality during critical illness, with the possible exception of acute coronary syndromes. In this article, we review the immune-modulatory role of allogenic RBC transfusions in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Raghavan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Schuetz A, Roback JD. Towards the prevention of transfusion-transmitted infectious diseases. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2004; 1:267-74. [PMID: 15482122 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.1.2.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Transfusion-transmission of viral infections, such as HIV and hepatitis C virus, were once the scourge of blood transfusion. However, due to remarkable progress over the last 30 years, tests for viral proteins, antibody responses and more recently, viral nucleic acids, have virtually eliminated these risks. This review summarizes these advances in an historical context, describes new methodologies on the horizon, and discusses residual infectious risks associated with blood transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Schuetz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Diniz-Mendes L, Devalle S, Niel C. Genomic characterization of a Brazilian TT virus isolate closely related to SEN virus-F. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2004; 99:301-6. [PMID: 15273804 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762004000300011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SEN virus (SENV) is a circular, single stranded DNA virus that has been first characterized in the serum of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patient. Eight genotypes of SENV (A-H) have been identified and further recognized as variants of TT virus (TTV) in the family Circoviridae. Here we describe the first genomic characterization of a SENV isolate (5-A) from South America. Using 'universal' primers, able to amplify most, if not all, TTV/SENV genotypes, a segment of > 3 kb was amplified by polymerase chain reaction from the serum of an HIV-1 infected patient. The amplicon was cloned and a 3087-nucleotide sequence was determined, that showed a high (85%) homology with the sequence of the Italian isolate SENV-F. Proteins encoded by open reading frames (ORFs) 1 to 4 consisted of 758, 129, 276, and 267 amino acids, respectively. By phylogenetic analysis, isolate 5-A was classified into TTV genotype 19 (phylogenetic group 3), together with SENV-F and TTV isolate SAa-38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Diniz-Mendes
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Sugiura T, Goto K, Imamine H, Ando T, Ban K, Sugiyama K, Togari H. Prevalence of SEN virus among children in Japan. Virus Res 2004; 100:223-8. [PMID: 15019240 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2003.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2003] [Revised: 12/15/2003] [Accepted: 12/15/2003] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a novel deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus, designated SEN virus (SENV), was discovered and strong associations between the two SENV variants (SENV-D and SENV-H) and non-A to E hepatitis were reported. To clarify the character of SENV infection in children, we investigated the detection rates of serum SENV DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) among children with non-A to C hepatitis, with histories of transfusions, with neither histories of transfusions nor liver diseases (control), and among pregnant women. SENV-D was detected in 60% of fulminant hepatitis, 5% of acute hepatitis, 11% of chronic hepatitis, 13% of controls, and 15% of pregnant women. SENV-H was detected in none of fulminant hepatitis, 5% of acute hepatitis, none of chronic hepatitis, 2% of controls, and 12% of pregnant women. No significant difference was found for SENV-D between acute or chronic hepatitis and controls, however SENV-D detection rate in fulminant hepatitis was significantly higher than that in controls (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found for SENV-H between any hepatitis and controls, however SENV-H detection rate in pregnant women was significantly higher than that in controls (P < 0.05). Neither SENV-D nor SENV-H was associated with acute or chronic hepatitis; however, SENV-D might be a risk factor of fulminant hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokio Sugiura
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology and Congenital Disorders, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan.
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Xu D, Tian DY, Zhang ZG, Chen HY, Song PH. Effect of SEN virus coinfection on outcome of lamivudine therapy in patients with hepatitis B. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:968-71. [PMID: 15052676 PMCID: PMC4717114 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i7.968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: Interactions between hepatitis B virus (HBV) and other viral hepatitis infections are well known, whether the newly discovered SEN virus (SENV) has any effect on lamivudine antiHBV activity is unclear. Our aim was to clarify the effect on treatment outcome of coinfection with SEN virus in patients with hepatitis B during lamivudine therapy.
METHODS: Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was used to detect SENV-D and SENV-H strains in serum from 45 patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with lamivudine 100 mg daily for 12 mo. HBV DNA load was detected with fluorescence quantitative PCR (FQ-PCR) and YMDD (tyrosine, methionine, aspartate, aspartate) motif mutation of HBV DNA was investigated with cDNA microarray.
RESULTS: SENV DNA was detected in 5 of 45(11.1%) cases after 12 mo they received lamivudine treatment. SENV-D and SENV-H were 4.4% and 6.7% respectively. HBV DNA failed to respond to lamivudine therapy in 4 of 5 SENV coinfected patients while only 10 of 40 patients became SENV positive and the difference was statistically significant. Response of ALT and HBeAg to lamivudine had no significant difference between coinfection patients and single HBV infection ones.
CONCLUSION: Coinfection with SEN virus in chronic hepatitis B patients may adversely affect the outcome of lamivudine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Street 1095, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China.
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Kurokawa Y, Matoba R, Takemasa I, Nakamori S, Tsujie M, Nagano H, Dono K, Umeshita K, Sakon M, Ueno N, Kita H, Oba S, Ishii S, Kato K, Monden M. Molecular features of non-B, non-C hepatocellular carcinoma: a PCR-array gene expression profiling study. J Hepatol 2003; 39:1004-12. [PMID: 14642619 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(03)00473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) usually develops following chronic liver inflammation caused by hepatitis C or B virus. Through expression profiling in a rare type of HCC, for which the causes are unknown, we sought to find key genes responsible for each step of hepatocarcinogenesis in the absence of viral influence. METHODS We used 68 non-B, non-C liver tissues (20 HCC, 17 non-tumor, 31 normal liver) for expression profiling with PCR-array carrying 3072 genes known to be expressed in liver tissues. To select the differentially expressed genes, we performed random permutation testing. A weighted voting classification algorithm was used to confirm the reliability of gene selection. We then compared these genes with the results of previous expression profiling studies. RESULTS A total of 220 differentially expressed genes were selected by random permutation tests. The classification accuracies using these genes were 91.8, 92.0 and 100.0% by a leave-one-out cross-validation, an additional PCR-array dataset and a Stanford DNA microarray dataset, respectively. By comparing our results with previous reports on virus-infected HCC, four genes (ALB, A2M, ECHS1 and IGFBP3) were commonly selected in some studies. CONCLUSIONS The 220 differentially expressed genes selected by PCR-array are potentially responsible for hepatocarcinogenesis in the absence of viral influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinori Kurokawa
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita city, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Tangkijvanich P, Theamboonlers A, Sriponthong M, Kullavanijaya P, Poovorawan Y. SEN virus infection and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98:2500-4. [PMID: 14638355 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are major risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The role of a novel DNA virus, designated SEN virus (SENV), in the etiology of liver cancer remains to be established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between SENV infection and the risk of HCC by conducting a hospital-based, case-control study among Thai patients. METHODS Eighty-six patients with HCC were enrolled and matched individually to a control according to sex, age (+/- 5 yr), and geographic background. The presences of HBV DNA, HCV RNA, and SENV DNA in stored serum samples were detected with the use of semi-nested polymerase chain reaction amplification. RESULTS Individuals who were infected with SENV did not have increased risk of developing HCC (OR=1.49, 95% CI=0.50-4.42). In contrast, those who were positive for HBV markers (hepatitis B surface antigen and/or HBV DNA) or HCV markers (anti-HCV and/or HCV RNA) had significant risk for HCC (OR=19.91, 95% CI=8.26-47.98 and OR=7.97, 95% CI=2.15-29.54, respectively). Moreover, coinfection with SENV did not further increase the risk of HCC among patients infected with HBV and/or HCV. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that, unlike chronic HBV or HCV infection, SENV infection is not a risk factor for developing HCC in Thai populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pisit Tangkijvanich
- Department of Biochemistry, Viral Hepatitis Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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