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Yang J, Zhang X, Dong J, Zhang Q, Sun E, Chen C, Miao Z, Zheng Y, Zhang N, Tao P. De novo identification of bacterial antigens of a clinical isolate by combining use of proteosurfaceomics, secretomics, and BacScan technologies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1274027. [PMID: 38098490 PMCID: PMC10720918 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1274027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging infectious diseases pose a significant threat to both human and animal populations. Rapid de novo identification of protective antigens from a clinical isolate and development of an antigen-matched vaccine is a golden strategy to prevent the spread of emerging novel pathogens. Methods Here, we focused on Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, which poses a serious threat to the pig industry, and developed a general workflow by integrating proteosurfaceomics, secretomics, and BacScan technologies for the rapid de novo identification of bacterial protective proteins from a clinical isolate. Results As a proof of concept, we identified 3 novel protective proteins of A. pleuropneumoniae. Using the protective protein HBS1_14 and toxin proteins, we have developed a promising multivalent subunit vaccine against A. pleuropneumoniae. Discussion We believe that our strategy can be applied to any bacterial pathogen and has the potential to significantly accelerate the development of antigen-matched vaccines to prevent the spread of an emerging novel bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xueting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Junhua Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Erchao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Cen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhuangxia Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yifei Zheng
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Neixiang Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Neixiang Animal Health Supervision, Neixiang Animal Husbandry Bureau, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - Pan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Lab, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Soto Perezchica MM, Guerrero Barrera AL, Avelar Gonzalez FJ, Quezada Tristan T, Macias Marin O. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, surface proteins and virulence: a review. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1276712. [PMID: 38098987 PMCID: PMC10720984 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1276712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) is a globally distributed Gram-negative bacterium that produces porcine pleuropneumonia. This highly contagious disease produces high morbidity and mortality in the swine industry. However, no effective vaccine exists to prevent it. The infection caused by App provokes characteristic lesions, such as edema, inflammation, hemorrhage, and necrosis, that involve different virulence factors. The colonization and invasion of host surfaces involved structures and proteins such as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), pili, flagella, adhesins, outer membrane proteins (OMPs), also participates proteases, autotransporters, and lipoproteins. The recent findings on surface structures and proteins described in this review highlight them as potential immunogens for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M. Soto Perezchica
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Alma L. Guerrero Barrera
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Francisco J. Avelar Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Estudios Ambientales, Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Teodulo Quezada Tristan
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinaria, Centro de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Osvaldo Macias Marin
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
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Kleinmans M, Fiebig K, Tabeling R, Swam H, Duivelshof-Crienen A, Ritzmann M, Eddicks M. Explorative Field Study on the Use of Oral Fluids for the Surveillance of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Infections in Fattening Farms by an Apx-Real-Time PCR. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100552. [PMID: 36288165 PMCID: PMC9607612 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oral fluid sampling (OFS) is an animal friendly and easy way for surveillance purposes in domestic swine populations, especially concerning respiratory diseases. In case of Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae surveillance, measures are usually combined with burdensome sampling for animals and humans. In the present study, we evaluated the suitability of oral fluids (OFs) for surveillance purposes of A. pleuropneumoniae infections in fattening pigs using an Apx-toxin real-time PCR. We were able to demonstrate that the examination of OFs by an Apx-toxin real-time PCR is suitable for A. pleuropneumoniae surveillance in the field in an animal friendly and easy way. These results might contribute to an increased compliance of laboratory diagnostic measures on pig farms and thereby to increased animal welfare due to less burdensome sampling and improved animal health. Abstract Oral fluids (OFs) represent a cost effective and reliable tool for surveillance purposes, mostly regarding viruses. In the present study, we evaluated the suitability of OFs for surveillance purposes concerning Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae infections in fattening pigs under field conditions. OFs were examined with an Apx-toxin real-time PCR that detects the genes encoding for Apx I-, Apx III-, and Apx IV-toxin. For this purpose, we conducted a pen-wise collection of OFs over one fattening period from fattening pigs of two farms (farm A and B) with a known history of A. pleuropneumoniae infection. Lung lesions were determined at slaughter to estimate the extend of pulmonary lesions and pleural affection. Apx III- and Apx IV-toxin DNA were present in the OFs of both farms whereas Apx I-toxin DNA was present on farm A only. We were able to detect Apx I-, Apx III-, and Apx IV-toxin DNA in different patterns directly after introduction of the new pigs in the farms and over the entire study period. In summary, or results indicate the suitability of OFS for the early detection and surveillance of A. pleuropneumoniae in fattening farms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kerstin Fiebig
- Intervet Deutschland GmbH, MSD Animal Health, 85716 Unterschleissheim, Germany
| | - Robert Tabeling
- Intervet Deutschland GmbH, MSD Animal Health, 85716 Unterschleissheim, Germany
| | - Hanny Swam
- Intervet International B.V., 5831 AK Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Eddicks
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Scherrer S, Peterhans S, Neupert C, Rademacher F, Bartolomei G, Sidler X, Stephan R. Development of a novel high resolution melting assay for identification and differentiation of all known 19 serovars of
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Microbiologyopen 2022; 11:e1272. [PMID: 35478285 PMCID: PMC8924696 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, a respiratory infectious disease responsible for global economic losses in the pig industry. From a monitoring perspective as well as due to the different courses of disease associated with the various serovars, it is essential to distinguish them in different herds or countries. In this study, we developed a novel high resolution melting (HRM) assay based on reference strains for each of the 19 known serovars and additional 15 clinical A. pleuropneumoniae isolates. The novel HRM comprises the species‐specific APP‐HRM1 and two serovar‐specific HRM assays (APP‐HRM2 and APP‐HRM3). APP‐HRM1 allowed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of apxIV resulting in an A. pleuropneumoniae specific melting curve, while nadV specific primers differentiated biovar 2 from biovar 1 isolates. Using APP‐HRM2 and APP‐HRM3, 13 A. pleuropneumoniae serovars can be determined by inspecting the assigned melting temperature. In contrast, serovar 3 and 14, serovar 9 and 11, and serovar 5 and 15 have partly overlapping melting temperatures and thus represent a challenge to accurately distinguish them. Consequently, to unambiguously ensure the correct assignment of the serovar, it is recommended to perform the serotyping HRM assay using a positive control for each serovar. This rapid and user‐friendly assay showed high sensitivity with 1.25 fg–125 pg of input DNA and a specificity of 100% to identify A. pleuropneumoniae. Characteristic melting patterns of amplicons might allow detecting new serovars. The novel HRM assay has the potential to be implemented in diagnostic laboratories for better surveillance of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Scherrer
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Sophie Peterhans
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Fenja Rademacher
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Xaver Sidler
- Department of Farm Animals, Division of Swine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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Hennig-Pauka I, Hartmann M, Merkel J, Kreienbrock L. Coinfections and Phenotypic Antimicrobial Resistance in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Strains Isolated From Diseased Swine in North Western Germany-Temporal Patterns in Samples From Routine Laboratory Practice From 2006 to 2020. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:802570. [PMID: 35155648 PMCID: PMC8831912 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.802570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is one major bacterial porcine respiratory tract pathogen causing disease outbreaks worldwide, although effective commercial vaccines are available. Due to frequent failure of this preventive measure, treatment with antimicrobials is indispensable to prevent animal losses within an outbreak situation. To preserve the effectivity of antimicrobial substances to fight APP should therefore be the primary aim of any interventions. In this study, the temporal development of antimicrobial resistance in APP was analyzed retrospectively in the time period 2006-2020 from a routine diagnostic database. In parallel, frequent coinfections were evaluated to identify most important biotic cofactors as important triggers for disease outbreaks in endemically infected herds. The proportion of APP serotype 2 decreased over time but was isolated most often from diseased swine (57% in 2020). In ~1% of the cases, APP was isolated from body sites outside the respiratory tract as brain and joints. The lowest frequencies of resistant isolates were found for cephalothin and ceftiofur (0.18%), florfenicol (0.24%), tilmicosin (2.4%), tiamulin (2.4%), enrofloxacin (2.7%), and spectinomycin (3.6%), while the highest frequencies of resistant isolates were found for gentamicin (30.9%), penicillin (51.5%), and tetracycline (78.2%). For enrofloxacin, tiamulin, tilmicosin, and tetracycline, significantly lower frequencies of resistant isolates were found in the time period 2015-2020 compared to 2006-2014, while gentamicin-resistant isolates increased. In summary, there is only a low risk of treatment failure due to resistant isolates. In maximum, up to six coinfecting pathogens were identified in pigs positive for APP. Most often pigs were coinfected with Porcine Circovirus 2 (56%), Streptococcus suis (24.8%), or the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (23.3%). Potential synergistic effects between these pathogens published from experimental findings can be hypothesized by these field data as well. To prevent APP disease outbreaks in endemically infected herds more efficiently in the future, next to environmental trigger factors, preventive measures must also address the coinfecting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bakum, Germany
| | - Maria Hartmann
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörg Merkel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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6
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Proposal of a subtype of serovar 4, K4b:O3, of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae based on serological and genotypic analysis. Vet Microbiol 2021; 263:109279. [PMID: 34798366 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate an isolate of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, named 14-760, which was serologically not classifiable among the recognised serovars of A. pleuropneumoniae. It reacted with the antisera raised against serovars 3, 6, 8, 15 and 17 in the agar gel precipitation (AGP) test, and was positive in the capsular serovar 4-specific PCR (cps4B PCR) assay. The isolate contains a type II capsule locus similar to serovar 4 but with variations in the length of four intergeneric regions (modF-cpxA, cpxD-cpsA, cpsC-a 114 bp orf, and lysA-ydeN), and three gene sequences (modF, cpsC and ydeN). The main difference found between the K4 and K4b cps genes is the additional 35 AAs found in type 4b due to a 4 bp insert in cps4bC. The LPS O-Ag locus is highly similar to that of reference strains of serovars 3, 6, 8, 15, 17 and 19. Isolate 14-760 is biovar 1 and contains solely the structural genes required for toxin ApxII production (apxIICA), and the type I secretion system (apxIBD) for the export of ApxII. Antiserum against isolate 14-760 adsorbed with antigen prepared from serovars 8, 15 or 17 reference strains remained reactive with isolate 14-760, but not with antigens prepared from serovars 1-18. Taken together, our results indicate the existence of a subtype of A. pleuropneumoniae, serovar 4, that we called "K4b:O3″, and we propose isolate 14-760 as the reference strain.
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Schuwerk L, Hoeltig D, Waldmann KH, Valentin-Weigand P, Rohde J. Sero- and apx-typing of German Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae field isolates from 2010 to 2019 reveals a predominance of serovar 2 with regular apx-profile. Vet Res 2021; 52:10. [PMID: 33472678 PMCID: PMC7818768 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00890-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotyping is the most common method to characterize field isolates of Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae, the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. Based on serology, many farms seem to be infected and antibodies against a wide variety of serovars are detectable, but, so far it is unknown to what degree respective serovars contribute to outbreaks of clinical manifest disease. In this study, 213 German A. pleuropneumoniae field isolates retrieved for diagnostic purposes from outbreaks of porcine pleuropneumonia between 2010 and 2019 were genetically serotyped and analyzed regarding their apx-toxin gene profile using molecular methods. Serotyping revealed a prominent role of serovar 2 in clinical cases (64% of all isolates) and an increase in the detection of this serovar since 2010 in German isolates. Serovar 9/11 followed as the second most frequent serovar with about 15% of the isolates. Furthermore, very recently described serovars 16 (n = 2) and 18 (n = 8) were detected. Most isolates (93.4%) showed apx-profiles typical for the respective serovar. However, this does not hold true for isolates of serovar 18, as 75% (n = 6) of all isolates of this serovar deviated uniformly from the “typical” apx-gene profile of the reference strain 7311555. Notably, isolates from systemic lesions such as joints or meninges did not harbor the complete apxICABD operon which is considered typical for highly virulent strains. Furthermore, the extremely low occurrence (n = 1) of NAD independent (biovar II) isolates in German A. pleuropneumoniae was evident in our collection of clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schuwerk
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany. .,Institute for Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Doris Hoeltig
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Waldmann
- Clinic for Swine and Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Judith Rohde
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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8
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Immunological and molecular techniques used for determination of serotypes in Pasteurellaceae. J Microbiol Methods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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dos Santos LF, Costa Polveiro R, Scatamburlo Moreira T, Pereira Vidigal PM, Chang YF, Scatamburlo Moreira MA. Polymorphism analysis of the apxIA gene of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 5 isolated in swine herds from Brazil. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208789. [PMID: 30562362 PMCID: PMC6298653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the etiological agent of Contagious Porcine Pleuropneumonia, a disease responsible for economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. A. pleuropneumoniae is capable of producing proteinaceous exotoxins responsible for inducing hemorrhagic lesions, one of which is ApxI. Few studies have conducted an in-depth evaluation of polymorphisms of the nucleotides that make up the ApxI toxin gene. Here we analyze the polymorphisms of the apxIA gene region of A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 5 isolated from swine in different regions in Brazil and report the results of molecular sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Analysis of the apxIA gene in 60 isolates revealed the presence of genetic diversity and variability. The polymorphisms in the nucleotide sequences determined the grouping of the Brazilian sequences and five more sequences from the GenBank database into 14 different haplotypes, which formed three main groups and revealed the presence of mutations in the nucleotide sequences. The estimation of selection pressures suggests the occurrence of genetic variations by positive selective pressure on A. pleuropneumoniae in large groups of animals in relatively small spaces. These conditions presumably favor the horizontal dissemination of apxIA gene mutations within bacterial populations with host reservoirs. As a result, the same serovar can demonstrate different antigenic capacities due to mutations in the apxIA gene. These alterations in sequences of the apxIA gene could occur in other areas of countries with intense swine production, which could lead to differences in the pathogenicity and immunogenicity of each serovar and have implications for the clinical status or diagnosis of A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Fernando dos Santos
- Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases, Sector of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Veterinary Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Microbiologia Veterinária Especial LTDA (Microvet), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Richard Costa Polveiro
- Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases, Sector of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Veterinary Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thalita Scatamburlo Moreira
- Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases, Sector of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Veterinary Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro Marcus Pereira Vidigal
- Núcleo de Análise de Biomoléculas (NuBioMol), Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria Aparecida Scatamburlo Moreira
- Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases, Sector of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Veterinary Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Bossé JT, Li Y, Fernandez Crespo R, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M, Sárközi R, Fodor L, Casas Amoribieta M, Angen Ø, Nedbalcova K, Holden MTG, Maskell DJ, Tucker AW, Wren BW, Rycroft AN, Langford PR. Comparative sequence analysis of the capsular polysaccharide loci of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars 1-18, and development of two multiplex PCRs for comprehensive capsule typing. Vet Microbiol 2018; 220:83-89. [PMID: 29885806 PMCID: PMC6008488 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Problems with serological cross-reactivity have led to development of a number of PCRs (individual and multiplex) for molecular typing of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. Most of these assays were developed for detection of specific amplicons within capsule biosynthetic genes before the availability of complete sequences for the different serovars. Here we describe comparative analysis of the complete capsular loci for all 18 serovars of A. pleuropneumoniae, and development of two multiplex PCRs for comprehensive capsule typing of this important pig pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine T Bossé
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, UK.
| | - Yanwen Li
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, UK
| | - Roberto Fernandez Crespo
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, UK
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rita Sárközi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Fodor
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Øystein Angen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Duncan J Maskell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander W Tucker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brendan W Wren
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Andrew N Rycroft
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Campus, UK
| | - Paul R Langford
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, UK
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Bossé JT, Li Y, Sárközi R, Fodor L, Lacouture S, Gottschalk M, Casas Amoribieta M, Angen Ø, Nedbalcova K, Holden MTG, Maskell DJ, Tucker AW, Wren BW, Rycroft AN, Langford PR. Proposal of serovars 17 and 18 of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae based on serological and genotypic analysis. Vet Microbiol 2018; 217:1-6. [PMID: 29615241 PMCID: PMC5901230 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Identification of two new serovars of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Serological confirmation of specific reactivity with homologous antisera. Characterization of the capsule loci of serovars 17 and 18. Development of PCRs for molecular diagnostics.
The aim of this study was to investigate isolates of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae previously designated serologically either as non-typable (NT) or as ‘K2:07’, which did not produce serovar-specific amplicons in PCR assays. We used whole genome sequencing to identify the capsule (CPS) loci of six previously designated biovar 1 NT and two biovar 1 ‘K2:O7’ isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae from Denmark, as well as a recent biovar 2 NT isolate from Canada. All of the NT isolates have the same six-gene type I CPS locus, sharing common cpsABC genes with serovars 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11 and 13. The two ‘K2:O7’ isolates contain a unique three-gene type II CPS locus, having a cpsA gene similar to that of serovars 1, 4, 12, 14 and 15. The previously NT isolates share the same O-antigen genes, found between erpA and rpsU, as serovars 3, 6, 8, and 15. Whereas the ‘K2:O7’ isolates, have the same O-antigen genes as serovar 7, which likely contributed to their previous mis-identification. All of the NT and ‘K2:O7’ isolates have only the genes required for production of ApxII (apxIICA structural genes, and apxIBD export genes). Rabbit polyclonal antisera raised against representative isolates with these new CPS loci demonstrated distinct reactivity compared to the 16 known serovars. The serological and genomic results indicate that the isolates constitute new serovars 17 (previously NT) and 18 (previously ‘K2:O7’). Primers designed for amplification of specific serovar 17 and 18 sequences for molecular diagnostics will facilitate epidemiological tracking of these two new serovars of A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine T Bossé
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, UK.
| | - Yanwen Li
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, UK
| | - Rita Sárközi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Fodor
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Øystein Angen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Duncan J Maskell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander W Tucker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brendan W Wren
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Andrew N Rycroft
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Campus, UK
| | - Paul R Langford
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, UK
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12
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Etiology of acute respiratory disease in fattening pigs in Finland. Porcine Health Manag 2017; 3:19. [PMID: 28852568 PMCID: PMC5568250 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-017-0065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of our study was to clinically and etiologically investigate acute outbreaks of respiratory disease in Finland. Our study also aimed to evaluate the clinical use of various methods in diagnosing respiratory infections under field conditions and to describe the antimicrobial resistance profile of the main bacterial pathogen(s) found during the study. Methods A total of 20 case herds having finishing pigs showing acute respiratory symptoms and eight control herds showing no clinical signs suggesting of respiratory problems were enrolled in the study. Researchers visited each herd twice, examining and bleeding 20 pigs per herd. In addition, nasal swab samples were taken from 20 pigs and three pigs per case herd were necropsied during the first visit. Serology was used to detect Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP), swine influenza virus (SIV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae antibodies. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to investigate the presence of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in serum and SIV in the nasal and lung samples. Pathology and bacteriology, including antimicrobial resistance determination, were performed on lung samples obtained from the field necropsies. Results According to the pathology and bacteriology of the lung samples, APP and Ascaris suum were the main causes of respiratory outbreaks in 14 and three herds respectively, while the clinical signs in three other herds had a miscellaneous etiology. SIV, APP and PCV2 caused concurrent infections in certain herds but they were detected serologically or with PCR also in control herds, suggesting possible subclinical infections. APP was isolated from 16 (80%) case herds. Marked resistance was observed against tetracycline for APP, some resistance was detected against trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin and penicillin, and no resistance against florfenicol, enrofloxacin, tulathromycin or tiamulin was found. Serology, even from paired serum samples, gave inconclusive results for acute APP infection diagnosis. Conclusions APP was the most common cause for acute respiratory outbreaks in our study. SIV, A. suum, PCV2 and certain opportunistic bacteria were also detected during the outbreaks; however, viral pathogens appeared less important than bacteria. Necropsies supplemented with microbiology were the most efficient diagnostic methods in characterizing the studied outbreaks.
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13
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Dors A, Kowalczyk A, Pomorska-Mól M. Real-time quantitative PCR for detection and identification of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 2. J Vet Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2016-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Porcine pleuropneumonia inflicts important economic losses on most commercial herds. Detection of subclinical or chronic infection in animals still remains a challenge, as isolation and identification of A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes is difficult and quantification of the bacteria on agar plates is often almost impossible. The aim of the study was to develop and evaluate a serotype-specific quantitative TaqMan probe-based PCR for detection of serotype 2 in pig lungs, tonsils, and nasal swabs.
Material and Methods: The primers were designed from the capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis genes of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 2. PCR specificity and sensitivity were evaluated using reference strains and several other bacterial species commonly isolated from pigs.
Results: The real-time qPCR for detection of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 was highly specific and gave no false positives with other serotypes or different bacterial species of pig origin. The detection limit for pure culture was 1.2 × 104 CFU/mL, for lung tissue and nasal swabs it was 1.2 × 105 CFU/mL, and for tonsils - 1.2 × 105 CFU/mL.
Conclusion: The method can be used to serotype A. pleuropneumoniae isolates obtained during cultivation and to detect and identify A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 directly in nasal swabs and tonsil scrapings obtained from live pigs or lung tissue and tonsils collected post-mortem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Dors
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kowalczyk
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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14
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Abstract
The introduction into a naïve herd of animals sub-clinically infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) is frequently the cause of clinical pleuropneumonia and the identification of such infected herds is a priority in the control of disease. Different serological tests for App have been developed and a number of these are routinely used. Some are species-specific whereas others identify more specifically the serotype/serogroup involved which requires updated information about important serotypes recovered from diseased pigs in a given area/country. Serotyping methods based on molecular techniques have been developed lately and are ready to be used by most diagnostic laboratories. When non-conclusive serological results are obtained, direct detection of App from tonsils is sometimes attempted. This review addresses different techniques and approaches used to monitor herds sub-clinically infected by this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Gottschalk
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Swine and Poultry Infectious Disease Center (CRIPA), Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2.
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15
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Ito H. The genetic organization of the capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis region of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 14. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:583-6. [PMID: 25648373 PMCID: PMC4478738 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic organization of the gene involved in the capsular polysaccharide
(CPS) biosynthesis of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 14 has
been determined. The DNA region for the CPS biosynthesis of serotype 14
(cps14) comprised 9 open reading frames, designated as
cps14AB1B2B3CDEFG genes, encoding
Cps14A to Cps14G protein, respectively. Cps14A was similar to CpsA of A.
pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1, 4 and 12; the Cps14B1 and
Cps14B2 were similar to CpsB of A. pleuropneumoniae
serotypes 1, 4 and 12, suggesting that CPS structure of A.
pleuropneumoniae serotype 14 would belong to Group I including A.
pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1, 4, 12 and 15. Surprisingly, the overall
nucleotide sequence, deduced amino acid sequence, and the genetic organization of the
cps14 were nearly identical to those of Actinobacillus
suis. This study will provide the molecular basic knowledge for development of
diagnostics and vaccine of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Ito
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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16
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Lee KE, Choi HW, Kim HH, Song JY, Yang DK. Prevalence and Characterization ofActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeIsolated from Korean Pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4167/jbv.2015.45.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Eun Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, MAFRA, Anyang, Korea
| | | | - Ha-Hyun Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, MAFRA, Anyang, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Song
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, MAFRA, Anyang, Korea
| | - Dong-Kun Yang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, MAFRA, Anyang, Korea
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17
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Ito H, Sueyoshi M. The genetic organization of the capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis region of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 15. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 77:483-6. [PMID: 25502540 PMCID: PMC4427752 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide sequence determination and analysis of the cps gene involved
in the capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis of Actinobacillus
pleuropneumoniae serotype 15 revealed the presence of three open reading
frames, designated as cps15ABC genes. At the protein level, Cps15A and
Cps15B showed considerably high homology to CpsA (67.0 to 68.7%) and CpsB (31.7 to 36.8%),
respectively, of A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1, 4 and 12, revealing the
common genetic organization of the cps among serotypes 1, 4, 12 and 15.
However, Cps15C showed no homology to any proteins of A. pleuropneumoniae
serotypes, indicating that cps15C may be specific to serotype 15. This
study will provide the basic molecular knowledge necessary for the development of
diagnostics and a vaccine for A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Ito
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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18
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Turni C, Singh R, Schembri MA, Blackall PJ. Evaluation of a multiplex PCR to identify and serotype Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars 1, 5, 7, 12 and 15. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 59:362-9. [PMID: 24863421 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to validate a multiplex PCR for the species identification and serotyping of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars 1, 5, 7, 12 and 15. All 15 reference strains and 411 field isolates (394 from Australia, 11 from Indonesia, five from Mexico and one from New Zealand) of A. pleuropneumoniae were tested with the multiplex PCR. The specificity of this multiplex PCR was validated on 26 non-A. pleuropneumoniae species. The multiplex PCR gave the expected results with all 15 serovar reference strains and agreed with conventional serotyping for all field isolates from serovars 1 (n = 46), 5 (n = 81), 7 (n = 80), 12 (n = 16) and serovar 15 (n = 117). In addition, a species-specific product was amplified in the multiplex PCR with all 411 A. pleuropneumoniae field isolates. Of 25 nontypeable field isolates only two did not yield a serovar-specific band in the multiplex PCR. This multiplex PCR for serovars 1, 5, 7, 12 and 15 is species specific and capable of serotyping isolates from diverse locations. Significance and impact of the study: A multiplex PCR that can recognize serovars 1, 5, 7, 12 and 15 of A. pleuropneumoniae was developed and validated. This novel diagnostic tool will enable frontline laboratories to provide key information (the serovar) to guide targeted prevention and control programmes for porcine pleuropneumonia, a serious economic disease of pigs. The previous technology, traditional serotyping, is typically provided by specialized reference laboratories, limiting the capacity to respond to this key disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Turni
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Dutton Park, Qld, Australia
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19
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Multiplex PCR assay for unequivocal differentiation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars 1 to 3, 5 to 8, 10, and 12. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:2380-5. [PMID: 24759717 PMCID: PMC4097740 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00685-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An improved multiplex PCR, using redesigned primers targeting the serovar 3 capsule locus, which differentiates serovars 3, 6, and 8 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates, is described. The new primers eliminate an aberrant serovar 3-indicative amplicon found in some serovar 6 clinical isolates. Furthermore, we have developed a new multiplex PCR for the detection of serovars 1 to 3, 5 to 8, 10, and 12 along with apxIV, thus extending the utility of this diagnostic PCR to cover a broader range of isolates.
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20
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Marois-Créhan C, Lacouture S, Jacques M, Fittipaldi N, Kobisch M, Gottschalk M. Development of two real-time polymerase chain reaction assays to detect Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars 1-9-11 and serovar 2. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:146-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638713519090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two real-time, or quantitative, polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays were developed to detect Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars 1-9-11 (highly related serovars with similar virulence potential) and serovar 2, respectively. The specificity of these assays was verified on a collection of 294 strains, which included all 16 reference A. pleuropneumoniae strains (including serovars 5a and 5b), 263 A. pleuropneumoniae field strains isolated between 1992 and 2009 in different countries, and 15 bacterial strains other than A. pleuropneumoniae. The detection levels of both qPCR tests were evaluated using 10-fold dilutions of chromosomal DNA from reference strains of A. pleuropneumoniae serovars 1 and 2, and the detection limit for both assays was 50 fg per assay. The analytical sensitivities of the qPCR tests were also estimated by using pure cultures and tonsils experimentally spiked with A. pleuropneumoniae. The detection threshold was 2.5 × 104 colony forming units (CFU)/ml and 2.9 × 105 CFU/0.1 g of tonsil, respectively, for both assays. These specific and sensitive tests can be used for the serotyping of A. pleuropneumoniae in diagnostic laboratories to control porcine pleuropneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Marois-Créhan
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES)
- Ploufragan—Plouzané Laboratory, European University of Brittany, Mycoplasmology—Bacteriology unit Ploufragan, France (Marois-Créhan, Kobisch)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada (Lacouture, Jacques, Gottschalk)
- Public Health Ontario, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Fittipaldi)
| | - Sonia Lacouture
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES)
- Ploufragan—Plouzané Laboratory, European University of Brittany, Mycoplasmology—Bacteriology unit Ploufragan, France (Marois-Créhan, Kobisch)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada (Lacouture, Jacques, Gottschalk)
- Public Health Ontario, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Fittipaldi)
| | - Mario Jacques
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES)
- Ploufragan—Plouzané Laboratory, European University of Brittany, Mycoplasmology—Bacteriology unit Ploufragan, France (Marois-Créhan, Kobisch)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada (Lacouture, Jacques, Gottschalk)
- Public Health Ontario, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Fittipaldi)
| | - Nahuel Fittipaldi
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES)
- Ploufragan—Plouzané Laboratory, European University of Brittany, Mycoplasmology—Bacteriology unit Ploufragan, France (Marois-Créhan, Kobisch)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada (Lacouture, Jacques, Gottschalk)
- Public Health Ontario, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Fittipaldi)
| | - Marylène Kobisch
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES)
- Ploufragan—Plouzané Laboratory, European University of Brittany, Mycoplasmology—Bacteriology unit Ploufragan, France (Marois-Créhan, Kobisch)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada (Lacouture, Jacques, Gottschalk)
- Public Health Ontario, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Fittipaldi)
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES)
- Ploufragan—Plouzané Laboratory, European University of Brittany, Mycoplasmology—Bacteriology unit Ploufragan, France (Marois-Créhan, Kobisch)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada (Lacouture, Jacques, Gottschalk)
- Public Health Ontario, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Fittipaldi)
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21
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Ito H, Katsuragi K, Akama S, Yuzawa H. Isolation of atypical genotype Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 6 in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 76:601-4. [PMID: 24369182 PMCID: PMC4064151 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe here isolation of genetically atypical serotype 6
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in Japan indistinguishable by the
multiplex PCR that can discriminate between immunologically cross-reactive serotypes 3, 6
and 8. Nucleotide sequence analysis of capsular export and biosynthesis genes revealed
that the atypical isolates have capsular polysaccharide export and synthesis gene
sequences that are distinct from those of the serotype 6 reference strain. The atypical
strains contain a sequence that is identical with both serotype 3- and 6-specific primers,
which causes cross-reactions in multiplex PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Ito
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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22
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Rossi CC, de Araújo EF, de Queiroz MV, Bazzolli DMS. Characterization of the omlA gene from different serotypes of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae: A new insight into an old approach. Genet Mol Biol 2013; 36:243-51. [PMID: 23885207 PMCID: PMC3715291 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572013005000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The OmlA protein is a virulence factor of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, an important pathogen in pigs. The polymorphisms present in the omlA gene sequence of 15 reference serotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae and non-serotypable isolates were assessed to determine the possible evolutionary relationship among them and to validate the importance of this gene as a molecular marker for the characterization of this bacterium. Divergence among the 15 serotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae probably resulted initially from two major evolutionary events that led to subsequent differentiation into nine groups. This differentiation makes it possible to characterize most of the serotypes by using bionformatics, thereby avoiding problems with immunological cross-reactivity. A conserved α-helix common to all the serotypes was most likely involved in connecting the protein to the outer membrane and acting as a signal peptide. A previously unknown gene duplication was also identified and could contribute to the genetic variability that makes it difficult to serotype some isolates. Our data support the importance of the omlA gene in the biology of A. pleuropneumoniae and provide a new area of research into the OmlA protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro César Rossi
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Micro-organismos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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23
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Detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in pigs by real-time quantitative PCR for the apxIVA gene. Vet J 2012; 193:557-60. [PMID: 22445313 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) for detection of the apxIVA gene of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was validated using pure cultures of A. pleuropneumoniae and tonsillar and nasal swabs from experimentally inoculated Caesarean-derived/colostrum-deprived piglets and naturally infected conventional pigs. The analytical sensitivity was 5colony forming units/reaction. In comparison with selective bacterial examination using tonsillar samples from inoculated animals, the diagnostic sensitivity of the qPCR was 0.98 and the diagnostic specificity was 1.0. The qPCR showed consistent results in repeatedly sampled conventional pigs. Tonsillar brush samples and apxIVA qPCR analysis may be useful for further epidemiological studies and monitoring for A. pleuropneumoniae.
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24
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Kuhnert P, Rohde J, Korczak BM. A new variant of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 3 lacking the entire apxII operon. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 23:556-9. [PMID: 21908290 DOI: 10.1177/1040638711404148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is an important respiratory pathogen causing pleuropneumonia in pig. The species is genetically characterized by the presence of 4 RTX (Repeats in the Structural ToXin) toxin genes: apxI, apxII, and apxIII genes are differentially present in various combinations among the different serotypes, thereby defining pathogenicity; the apxIV gene is present in all serotypes. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based apx gene typing is done in many veterinary diagnostic laboratories, especially reference laboratories. The present report describes the isolation of atypical A. pleuropneumoniae from 4 independent cases from 2 countries. All isolates were beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NAD) dependent and nonhemolytic but showed strong co-hemolysis with the sphingomyelinase of Staphylococcus aureus on sheep blood agar. Classical biochemical tests as well as Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and sequence-based analysis (16S ribosomal RNA [rRNA] and rpoB genes) identified them as A. pleuropneumoniae. Apx-toxin gene typing using 2 different PCR systems showed the presence of apxIV and only the apxIII operon (apxIIICABD). None of the apxI or apxII genes were present as confirmed by Southern blot analysis. The 16S rRNA and rpoB gene analyses as well as serotype-specific PCR indicate that the isolates are variants of serotype 3. Strains harboring only apxIV and the apxIII operon are possibly emerging types of A. pleuropneumoniae and should therefore be carefully monitored for epidemiological reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kuhnert
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Laenggassstr. 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
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25
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O'Neill C, Jones SCP, Bossé JT, Watson CM, Williamson SM, Rycroft AN, Kroll JS, Hartley HM, Langford PR. Prevalence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars in England and Wales. Vet Rec 2010; 167:661-2. [PMID: 21257468 PMCID: PMC4851232 DOI: 10.1136/vr.c5106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C O'Neill
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London
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26
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Wang YC, Chan JPW, Yeh KS, Chang CC, Hsuan SL, Hsieh YM, Chang YC, Lai TC, Lin WH, Chen TH. Molecular characterization of enrofloxacin resistant Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates. Vet Microbiol 2010; 142:309-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Xie F, Lei L, Du C, Li S, Han W, Ren Z. Genomic differences between Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1 and 3 and the diversity distribution among 15 serotypes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009; 303:147-55. [PMID: 20030726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01870.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited information on the genetic differences among the 15 currently known serotypes of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae has significantly hampered the development of typing-based diagnostic methods and multivalent vaccines. In this study, we compared the genomic differences between A. pleuropneumoniae strains CVCC259 (serotype 1) and CVCC261 (serotype 3) by representational difference analysis. Of the eight differential DNA sequences in the CVCC259 strain and 11 differential DNA sequences in the CVCC261 strain that we identified, seven represent known virulent genes, 10 encode putative proteins, and two encode hypothetical proteins. We also investigated the distribution of these 19 sequences among the 15 serotypes, and each serotype showed a different distribution pattern. The autotransporter adhesin occurred as a novel putative virulence factor in serotypes 1, 5, 7, 8, 9, and 11. Notably, the presence of wzm and wzt in serotypes 1, 9, and 11 and the diverse distribution of wzz and wzy in the other serotypes suggest the presence of different O-antigen biosynthesis pathways among serotypes. The information on the differential distribution of these DNA sequences in the 15 serotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae may contribute to future research on the pathogenic mechanisms of different serotypes, typing-based diagnosis methods, and multivalent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xie
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jinlin University, Changchun, China
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28
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Xiao G, Cao S, Huang X, Wen X. DNA microarray-based identification and typing of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2009; 73:190-199. [PMID: 19794891 PMCID: PMC2705073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A DNA microarray system was prepared and shown to facilitate identification and typing of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. The DNA microarray, composed of 18 DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons printed on glass slides and arranged in 3 subarrays, was developed. These target DNA included 1 or multiple fragments of the outer membrane lipoprotein, apx toxin, capsular polysaccharide, and disulfide bound formation protein E (dsbE)-like genes of A. pleuropneumoniae. These arrayed target DNA retained their expected hybridization properties. The hybridization signal intensities ranged from the least-intense to the most-intense, 4626 to 9789 arbitrary fluorescence units, respectively. Cy3-probes of A. pleuropneumoniae strains labeled with multiplex PCR were hybridized to the DNA microarray. A total of 51 different A. pleuropneumoniae strains representing serotype 1 to 12 reference strains and clinical isolates were detected and typed by the DNA microarray. Twelve reference serotypes produced 11 distinct target DNA hybridization patterns, and hybridization patterns of serotypes 1 (n = 7), 3 (n = 5), and 7 (n = 6) field isolates were identical to hybridization patterns of reference serotypes 1, 3, and 7, respectively. Non-serotyped isolates 4, 6, and 11 (out of 21) from diseased pigs had identical hybridization patterns to reference serotypes 3, 7, and 1, respectively. The results show that the DNA microarray system described in the present study is a valuable tool for identifying and typing reference strains and isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae, and enables relatively rapid identification of non-serotyped isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- GuoSheng Xiao
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray/Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China.
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29
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Angen Ø, Andreasen M, Nielsen EO, Stockmarr A, Baekbo P. Effect of tulathromycin on the carrier status of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 in the tonsils of pigs. Vet Rec 2008; 163:445-7. [PMID: 18849576 DOI: 10.1136/vr.163.15.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a single or double dose of tulathromycin was evaluated in pigs carrying Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 in their tonsils. Twenty-nine pigs from a reinfected specific pathogen-free-herd were selected from animals testing positive in an A pleuropneumoniae serotype 2-specific pcr test on tonsil scrapings and they were divided into three groups. The pigs in group 1 were treated subcutaneously with 2.5 mg/kg tulathromycin on day 0, the pigs in group 2 were treated with 2.5 mg/kg tulathromycin on days 0 and 4, and the pigs in group 3 were left untreated as controls. The pigs were tested by pcr on tonsil scrapings on days 0, 4, 11 and 33, and on day 33 all the animals were euthanased. There were no significant differences between the numbers of PCR-positive animals in the three groups on any of the sampling dates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ø Angen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, dk-1790 Copenhagen, Denmark
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30
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Zhou L, Jones SCP, Angen Ø, Bossé JT, Nash JHE, Frey J, Zhou R, Chen HC, Kroll JS, Rycroft AN, Langford PR. PCR specific for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 3. Vet Rec 2008; 162:648-52. [PMID: 18487584 DOI: 10.1136/vr.162.20.648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Serotypes 3 and 8 of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, the aetiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, have been reported to predominate in the UK. Direct serotyping of isolates of the organism is typically determined by the immunological reactivity of rabbit serum to its surface polysaccharides, but the method has limitations, for example, cross-reactions between serotypes 3, 6 and 8. This study describes the development of a serotype 3-specific pcr, based on the capsule locus, which can be used in a multiplex format with the organism's specific gene apxIV. The pcr test was evaluated on 266 strains of A pleuropneumoniae and 121 strains of other organisms, including all the major respiratory bacterial pathogens of pigs. The test was highly specific and sensitive and should be useful for differentiating strains of serotypes 3, 6 and 8, and in seroprevalence and epidemiological surveys in regions where serotype 3 is prevalent, such as the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhou
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London w2 1pg
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31
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Serrano-Rubio LE, Tenorio-Gutiérrez V, Suárez-Güemes F, Reyes-Cortés R, Rodríguez-Mendiola M, Arias-Castro C, Godínez-Vargas D, de la Garza M. Identification of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae biovars 1 and 2 in pigs using a PCR assay. Mol Cell Probes 2008; 22:305-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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Angen O, Ahrens P, Jessing SG. Development of a multiplex PCR test for identification of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars 1, 7, and 12. Vet Microbiol 2008; 132:312-8. [PMID: 18572332 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A PCR assay for simultaneous species identification and separation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars 1, 7 and 12 was developed. Primers specific for genes involved in biosynthesis of the capsular polysaccharides (cps genes) of serovars 1, 7, and 12 were combined with a species-specific PCR test based on the omlA gene. The PCR test was evaluated with the serovar reference strains of A. pleuropneumoniae as well as 183 Danish field isolates. For all typable strains, a complete correspondence was found between results obtained with the multiplex PCR test and results from the traditional serotyping methods. Among eight serologically cross-reacting strains designated K1:O7, seven isolates produced amplicons of similar sizes as serovar 1 and one isolate produced amplicons of similar sizes as serovar 7. The species specificity of the assay was evaluated using a collection of 126 strains representing 25 different species within the family Pasteurellaceae including 45 field strains of the phylogenetically affiliated species Actinobacillus lignieresii. All these isolates tested negative for the cps genes by the multiplex PCR test except for 6 isolates of A. lignieresii. Five of these isolates produced an amplicon identical to the cps gene of serovar 7, whereas one isolate produced an amplicon identical to the cps gene of serovar 1. In addition, four isolates of Actinobacillus genomospecies 1 tested positive for the omlA gene but negative for the cps genes. The test represents a convenient and specific method for serotyping A. pleuropneumoniae in diagnostic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oystein Angen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1790 Copenhagen V, Denmark.
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33
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Zhou L, Jones SCP, Angen Ø, Bossé JT, Nash JHE, Frey J, Zhou R, Chen HC, Kroll JS, Rycroft AN, Langford PR. Multiplex PCR that can distinguish between immunologically cross- reactive serovar 3, 6, and 8 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:800-3. [PMID: 18094137 PMCID: PMC2238117 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01787-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a highly sensitive and specific multiplex PCR, based on capsular loci and the species specific apxIV gene, that unequivocally differentiates serovar 3, 6, and 8 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains that are cross-reactive in conventional immunological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhou
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
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Hu D, Han H, Zhou R, Dong F, Bei W, Jia F, Chen H. Gold(iii) enhanced chemiluminescence immunoassay for detection of antibody against ApxIV of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Analyst 2008; 133:768-73. [DOI: 10.1039/b715476c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Genetic diversity of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae assessed by amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:3921-9. [PMID: 17959758 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00906-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was evaluated as a method for genotypic characterization and subtyping within the bacterial species Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. A total of 155 isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae, representing the serotypic variation described to occur within this species, were analyzed. In order to elucidate the species boundaries, six strains of the phylogenetically closely related species Actinobacillus lignieresii were also included. Furthermore, the ability of AFLP to subtype was studied using 42 isolates of serovar 2 and the performance compared to that obtained by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). AFLP analysis provided a clear separation of A. lignieresii and A. pleuropneumoniae and divided the isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae into 20 clusters. Most of the serovars of A. pleuropneumoniae were represented by single and quite homogeneous clusters. The exceptions were serovars 10, K2:O7, and K1:O7, which were represented by two clusters each. In the cases where the serovars were represented by more than one cluster, the existence of these clusters was supported by additional phenotypic or genotypic properties. Furthermore, AFLP typing was able to allocate serologically nontypeable isolates to appropriate genetic groups within the species. Further investigations are needed to determine whether some of the clusters revealed through AFLP analysis represent additional serovars. When evaluated as a method for subtyping within serovar 2 of A. pleuropneumoniae, AFLP was found to achieve a degree of separation among isolates superior to that obtained by PFGE. However, a higher degree of separation between serovar 2 isolates was obtained by a combination of the two methods.
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36
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Rayamajhi N, Shin SJ, Kang SG, Lee DY, Ahn JM, Yoo HS. Development and use of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay based on Apx toxin genes for genotyping of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates. J Vet Diagn Invest 2006; 17:359-62. [PMID: 16130995 DOI: 10.1177/104063870501700410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A. pleuropneumoniae) is the etiological agent of a porcine pleuropneumonia that threatens the global swine industry. The major pathogenic toxins of A. pleuropneumoniae include ApxI, ApxII, ApxIII, and ApxIV, which are serotype or serovar specific. Several techniques have been developed for the identification and typing of A. pleuropneumoniae. Serological assays are used to identify and serotype A. pleuropneumoniae, but factors such as cross-reactivity limit their specificity. Labor, time, and the requirement for specific antibodies are also drawbacks of these assays. Multistep polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques based on apx genes have been reported for the identification and typing of A. pleuropneumoniae. This study developed multiplex PCR for the identification and genotyping of A. pleuropneumoniae based on apx genes. This multiplex PCR technique was successful in differentiating 11 of 15 reference serotypes. Five different primer sets were used to amplify the 4 apx genes from each serotype in a single-step reaction. The multiplex PCR reported in this study was further used in genotyping 51 field isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae from different regions of Korea. The concomitant amplification of all 4 apx genes makes multiplex PCR more specific and convenient for the diagnosis and genotyping of A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabin Rayamajhi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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37
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Alhassan A, Pumidonming W, Okamura M, Hirata H, Battsetseg B, Fujisaki K, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I. Development of a single-round and multiplex PCR method for the simultaneous detection of Babesia caballi and Babesia equi in horse blood. Vet Parasitol 2005; 129:43-9. [PMID: 15817201 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of developing more simple diagnostic alternatives, a differential single-round and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was designed for the simultaneous detection of Babesia caballi and Babesia equi, by targeting 18S ribosomal RNA genes. The multiplex PCR amplified DNA fragments of 540 and 392 bp from B. caballi and B. equi, respectively, in one reaction. The PCR method evaluated on 39 blood samples collected from domestic horses in Mongolia yielded similar results to those obtained from confirmative PCR methods that had been established earlier. Thus, the single-round and multiplex PCR method offers a simple tool for the differential diagnosis of B. caballi and B. equi infections in routine diagnostic laboratory settings as well as in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Alhassan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Molecular Center for ProtoZoan, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Schuchert JA, Inzana TJ, Angen Ø, Jessing S. Detection and identification of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1, 2, and 8 by multiplex PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:4344-8. [PMID: 15365041 PMCID: PMC516343 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.9.4344-4348.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiplex PCR assays were developed to identify Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1, 2, and 8. Primers designed for the conserved capsular polysaccharide (CP) export region amplified a 489-bp DNA fragment from all serotypes. Primers specific to the CP biosynthesis regions of serotypes 1, 2, and 8 amplified fragments of 1.6 kb, 1.7 kb, and 970 bp from only their respective serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Schuchert
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, 1410 Prices Fork Rd., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0342, USA
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Hüssy D, Schlatter Y, Miserez R, Inzana T, Frey J. PCR-based identification of serotype 2 isolates of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae biovars I and II. Vet Microbiol 2004; 99:307-10. [PMID: 15066734 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2003.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2003] [Revised: 12/12/2003] [Accepted: 12/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A genetic typing method utilizing PCR for the identification of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 isolates has been developed based on the in vitro amplification of a 1.4 kb DNA segment of the serotype 2 capsular polysaccharide genes cps2AB. The assay was tested with all serotype reference strains and a collection of 92 different A. pleuropneumoniae strains of all 15 serotypes of both biovars I and II, originating from 18 different countries worldwide. The cps2 based PCR identified the serotype 2 reference strain and all 12 serotype 2 collection strains contained in this set. DNA was not amplified from the remaining A. pleuropneumoniae reference and collection strains, indicating the PCR assay was highly specific. Furthermore, the PCR method detected all 31 A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 field isolates from diseased pigs that were identified in parallel as serotype 2 by agar gel diffusion. The serotype 2 PCR assay proved to be highly specific and reliable for the identification of serotype 2 isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Hüssy
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Berne, Laenggass-Strasse 122, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
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