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Cui L, Li X, Chen Z, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Han Z, Liu S, Li H. Integrative RNA-seq and ChIP-seq analysis unveils metabolic regulation as a conserved antiviral mechanism of chicken p53. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0030924. [PMID: 38888361 PMCID: PMC11302347 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00309-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53, primarily functioning as a transcription factor, has exhibited antiviral capabilities against various viruses in chickens, including infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J), and avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). Nevertheless, the existence of a universal antiviral mechanism employed by chicken p53 (chp53) against these viruses remains uncertain. This study conducted a comprehensive comparison of molecular networks involved in chp53's antiviral function against IBDV, ALV-J, and ILTV. This was achieved through an integrated analysis of ChIP-seq data, examining chp53's genome-wide chromatin occupancy, and RNA-seq data from chicken cells infected with these viruses. The consistent observation of chp53 target gene enrichment in metabolic pathways, confirmed via ChIP-qPCR, suggests a ubiquitous regulation of host cellular metabolism by chp53 across different viruses. Further genome binding motif conservation analysis and transcriptional co-factor prediction suggest conserved transcriptional regulation mechanism by which chp53 regulates host cellular metabolism during viral infection. These findings offer novel insights into the antiviral role of chp53 and propose that targeting the virus-host metabolic interaction through regulating p53 could serve as a universal strategy for antiviral therapies in chickens.IMPORTANCEThe current study conducted a comprehensive analysis, comparing molecular networks underlying chp53's antiviral role against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J), and avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). This was achieved through a combined assessment of ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data obtained from infected chicken cells. Notably, enrichment of chp53 target genes in metabolic pathways was consistently observed across viral infections, indicating a universal role of chp53 in regulating cellular metabolism during diverse viral infections. These findings offer novel insights into the antiviral capabilities of chicken p53, laying a foundation for the potential development of broad-spectrum antiviral therapies in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cui
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhijie Chen
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zheyi Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hai Li
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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2
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Liu J, Gao L, Zhou N, Jiang Z, Che S, Deng Y, Zang N, Ren L, Xie X, Xie J, Liu E. p53 suppresses the inflammatory response following respiratory syncytial virus infection by inhibiting TLR2. Virology 2024; 593:110018. [PMID: 38368639 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
-Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a pivotal virus leading to acute lower respiratory tract infections in children under 5 years old. This study aimed to explore the correlation between p53 and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) post RSV infection. p53 levels exhibited a substantial decrease in nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) from infants with RSV infection compared to control group. Manipulating p53 expression had no significant impact on RSV replication or interferon signaling pathway. Suppression of p53 expression led to heightened inflammation following RSV infection in A549 cells or airways of BALB/c mice. while stabilizing p53 expression using Nutlin-3a mitigated the inflammatory response in A549 cells. Additionally, Inhibiting p53 expression significantly increased Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression in RSV-infected epithelial cells and BALB/c mice. Furthermore, the TLR2 inhibitor, C29, effectively reduced inflammation mediated by p53 in A549 cells. Collectively, our results indicate that p53 modulates the inflammatory response after RSV infection through TLR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Leiqiong Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Na Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Zhenghong Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Siyi Che
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Na Zang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Luo Ren
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, China; Pediatric Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xiaohong Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, China.
| | - Enmei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, 400014, China.
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3
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Dong W, Cheng Y, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Yu X, Guan H, Du J, Zhou X, Yang Y, Fang W, Wang X, Song H. The nucleocapsid protein facilitates p53 ubiquitination-dependent proteasomal degradation via recruiting host ubiquitin ligase COP1 in PEDV infection. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107135. [PMID: 38447796 PMCID: PMC10998216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly contagious enteric pathogen of the coronavirus family and caused severe economic losses to the global swine industry. Previous studies have established that p53 is a host restriction factor for PEDV infection, and p53 degradation occurs in PEDV-infected cells. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms through which PEDV viral proteins regulate p53 degradation remain unclear. In this study, we found that PEDV infection or expression of the nucleocapsid protein downregulates p53 through a post-translational mechanism: increasing the ubiquitination of p53 and preventing its nuclear translocation. We also show that the PEDV N protein functions by recruiting the E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1 and suppressing COP1 self-ubiquitination and protein degradation, thereby augmenting COP1-mediated degradation of p53. Additionally, COP1 knockdown compromises N-mediated p53 degradation. Functional mapping using truncation analysis showed that the N-terminal domains of N protein were responsible for interacting with COP1 and critical for COP1 stability and p53 degradation. The results presented here suggest the COP1-dependent mechanism for PEDV N protein to abolish p53 activity. This study significantly increases our understanding of PEDV in antagonizing the host antiviral factor p53 and will help initiate novel antiviral strategies against PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yahao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingshan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingmiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinya Yu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haicun Guan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Du
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingdong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weihuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Houhui Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China.
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4
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Liyanage TD, Nikapitiya C, De Zoysa M. Chitosan nanoparticles-based in vivo delivery of miR-155 modulates the Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus-induced antiviral immune responses in zebrafish (Danio rerio). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 144:109234. [PMID: 37984615 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) is one of the highly pathogenic virus, which causes viral haemorrhagic septicaemia disease in both marine and freshwater fish. Micro RNA-155 (miRNA-155) is a multifunctional small non-coding RNA and it involves regulation of immune responses during viral infection. In this study, dre-miR-155 mimics were encapsulated into chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs). Resulted encapsulated product (miR-155-CNPs) was investigated for its immunomodulation role in zebrafish during experimentally challenged VHSV infection. Successful encapsulation of dre-miR-155 mimics into CNPs was confirmed through average nanoparticle (NPs) size (341.45 ± 10.00 nm), increased encapsulation efficiency percentage (98.80%), bound dre-miR-155 with chitosan, sustained release in vitro (up to 40%), and the integrity of RNA. Overexpressed miR-155 was observed in gills, muscle, and kidney tissues (5.42, 19.62, and 140.72-folds, respectively) after intraperitoneal delivery of miR-155-CNPs into zebrafish upon VHSV infection (miR-155-CNPs + VHSV). The miR-155-CNPs + VHSV infected fish had the highest cumulative survival (85%), which was associated with low viral copy numbers. The miR-155-overexpressing fish showed significantly decreased expression of ifnγ, irf2bpl, irf9, socs1a, il10, and caspase3, compared to that of the miR-155 inhibitor + VHSV infected fish group. In contrast, il1β, tnfα, il6, cd8a, and p53 expressions were upregulated in miR-155-overexpressed zebrafish compared to that of the control. The overall findings indicate the successful delivery of dre-miR-155 through miR-155-CNPs that enabled restriction of VHSV infection in zebrafish presumably by modulating immune gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Liyanage
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, 9054, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Chamilani Nikapitiya
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahanama De Zoysa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Mondal S, Sarvari G, Boehr DD. Picornavirus 3C Proteins Intervene in Host Cell Processes through Proteolysis and Interactions with RNA. Viruses 2023; 15:2413. [PMID: 38140654 PMCID: PMC10747604 DOI: 10.3390/v15122413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Picornaviridae family comprises a large group of non-enveloped viruses with enormous impact on human and animal health. The picornaviral genome contains one open reading frame encoding a single polyprotein that can be processed by viral proteases. The picornaviral 3C proteases share similar three-dimensional structures and play a significant role in the viral life cycle and virus-host interactions. Picornaviral 3C proteins also have conserved RNA-binding activities that contribute to the assembly of the viral RNA replication complex. The 3C protease is important for regulating the host cell response through the cleavage of critical host cell proteins, acting to selectively 'hijack' host factors involved in gene expression, promoting picornavirus replication, and inactivating key factors in innate immunity signaling pathways. The protease and RNA-binding activities of 3C are involved in viral polyprotein processing and the initiation of viral RNA synthesis. Most importantly, 3C modifies critical molecules in host organelles and maintains virus infection by subtly subverting host cell death through the blocking of transcription, translation, and nucleocytoplasmic trafficking to modulate cell physiology for viral replication. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms through which 3C mediates physiological processes involved in promoting virus infection, replication, and release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David D. Boehr
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Yaseen MM, Abuharfeil NM, Darmani H. The Role of p53 in HIV Infection. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2023; 20:419-427. [PMID: 38010468 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-023-00684-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to elucidate the multifaceted role of the tumor suppressor protein p53 in the context of HIV infection. We explore how p53, a pivotal regulator of cellular processes, interacts with various facets of the HIV life cycle. Understanding these interactions could provide valuable insights into potential therapeutic interventions and the broader implications of p53 in viral infections. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research has unveiled a complex interplay between p53 and HIV. Several reports have highlighted the involvement of p53 in restricting the replication of HIV within both immune and nonimmune cells. Various mechanisms have been suggested to unveil how p53 enforces this restriction on HIV replication. However, HIV has developed strategies to manipulate p53, benefiting its replication and evading host defenses. In summary, p53 plays a multifaceted role in HIV infection, impacting viral replication and disease progression. Recent findings underscore the importance of understanding the intricate interactions between p53 and HIV for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches. Manipulating p53 pathways may offer potential avenues to suppress viral replication and ameliorate immune dysfunction, ultimately contributing to the management of HIV/AIDS. Further research is warranted to fully exploit the therapeutic potential of p53 in the context of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mohammad Yaseen
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Nizar Mohammad Abuharfeil
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Homa Darmani
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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7
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Gladwell W, Yost O, Li H, Bell WJ, Chen SH, Ward JM, Kleeberger SR, Resnick MA, Menendez D. APOBEC3G Is a p53-Dependent Restriction Factor in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection of Human Cells Included in the p53/Immune Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16793. [PMID: 38069117 PMCID: PMC10706465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying and understanding genetic factors that influence the propagation of the human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can lead to health benefits and possibly augment recent vaccine approaches. We previously identified a p53/immune axis in which the tumor suppressor p53 directly regulates the expression of immune system genes, including the seven members of the APOBEC3 family of DNA cytidine deaminases (A3), which are innate immune sentinels against viral infections. Here, we examined the potential p53 and A3 influence in RSV infection, as well as the overall p53-dependent cellular and p53/immune axis responses to infection. Using a paired p53 model system of p53+ and p53- human lung tumor cells, we found that RSV infection activates p53, leading to the altered p53-dependent expression of A3D, A3F, and A3G, along with p53 site-specific binding. Focusing on A3G because of its 10-fold-greater p53 responsiveness to RSV, the overexpression of A3G can reduce RSV viral replication and syncytial formation. We also observed that RSV-infected cells undergo p53-dependent apoptosis. The study was expanded to globally address at the transcriptional level the p53/immune axis response to RSV. Nearly 100 genes can be directly targeted by the p53/immune axis during RSV infection based on our p53BAER analysis (Binding And Expression Resource). Overall, we identify A3G as a potential p53-responsive restriction factor in RSV infection. These findings have significant implications for RSV clinical and therapeutic studies and other p53-influenced viral infections, including using p53 adjuvants to boost the response of A3 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Gladwell
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA; (W.G.); (O.Y.); (H.L.); (W.J.B.); (S.R.K.)
| | - Oriana Yost
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA; (W.G.); (O.Y.); (H.L.); (W.J.B.); (S.R.K.)
| | - Heather Li
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA; (W.G.); (O.Y.); (H.L.); (W.J.B.); (S.R.K.)
| | - Whitney J. Bell
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA; (W.G.); (O.Y.); (H.L.); (W.J.B.); (S.R.K.)
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Shih-Heng Chen
- Viral Vector Core Facility, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA;
| | - James M. Ward
- Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Steven R. Kleeberger
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA; (W.G.); (O.Y.); (H.L.); (W.J.B.); (S.R.K.)
| | - Michael A. Resnick
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Daniel Menendez
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA; (W.G.); (O.Y.); (H.L.); (W.J.B.); (S.R.K.)
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
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8
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Pal A, Tripathi SK, Rani P, Rastogi M, Das S. p53 and RNA viruses: The tug of war. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2023:e1826. [PMID: 37985142 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Host factors play essential roles in viral infection, and their interactions with viral proteins are necessary for establishing effective pathogenesis. p53 is a host factor that maintains genomic integrity by controlling cell-cycle progression and cell survival. It is a well-known tumor suppressor protein that gets activated by various stress signals, thereby regulating cellular pathways. The cellular outcomes from different stresses are tightly related to p53 dynamics, including its alterations at gene, mRNA, or protein levels. p53 also contributes to immune responses leading to the abolition of viral pathogens. In turn, the viruses have evolved strategies to subvert p53-mediated host responses to improve their life cycle and pathogenesis. Some viruses attenuate wild-type p53 (WT-p53) function for successful pathogenesis, including degradation and sequestration of p53. In contrast, some others exploit the WT-p53 function through regulation at the transcriptional/translational level to spread infection. One area in which the importance of such host factors is increasingly emerging is the positive-strand RNA viruses that cause fatal viral infections. In this review, we provide insight into all the possible mechanisms of p53 modulation exploited by the positive-strand RNA viruses to establish infection. This article is categorized under: RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications Translation > Regulation RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apala Pal
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Priya Rani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Meghana Rastogi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Saumitra Das
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, West Bengal, India, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
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9
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Karandikar PV, Suh L, Gerstl JVE, Blitz SE, Qu QR, Won SY, Gessler FA, Arnaout O, Smith TR, Peruzzi PP, Yang W, Friedman GK, Bernstock JD. Positioning SUMO as an immunological facilitator of oncolytic viruses for high-grade glioma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1271575. [PMID: 37860820 PMCID: PMC10582965 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1271575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viral (OV) therapies are promising novel treatment modalities for cancers refractory to conventional treatment, such as glioblastoma, within the central nervous system (CNS). Although OVs have received regulatory approval for use in the CNS, efficacy is hampered by obstacles related to delivery, under-/over-active immune responses, and the "immune-cold" nature of most CNS malignancies. SUMO, the Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier, is a family of proteins that serve as a high-level regulator of a large variety of key physiologic processes including the host immune response. The SUMO pathway has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of both wild-type viruses and CNS malignancies. As such, the intersection of OV biology with the SUMO pathway makes SUMOtherapeutics particularly interesting as adjuvant therapies for the enhancement of OV efficacy alone and in concert with other immunotherapeutic agents. Accordingly, the authors herein provide: 1) an overview of the SUMO pathway and its role in CNS malignancies; 2) describe the current state of CNS-targeted OVs; and 3) describe the interplay between the SUMO pathway and the viral lifecycle and host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramesh V. Karandikar
- T. H. Chan School of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lyle Suh
- T. H. Chan School of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Jakob V. E. Gerstl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sarah E. Blitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Qing Rui Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sae-Yeon Won
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Omar Arnaout
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Timothy R. Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Pier Paolo Peruzzi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Multidisciplinary Brain Protection Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Gregory K. Friedman
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Joshua D. Bernstock
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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10
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Boccaccio GL, Thomas MG, García CC. Membraneless Organelles and Condensates Orchestrate Innate Immunity Against Viruses. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167976. [PMID: 36702393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.167976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The cellular defense against viruses involves the assembly of oligomers, granules and membraneless organelles (MLOs) that govern the activation of several arms of the innate immune response. Upon interaction with specific pathogen-derived ligands, a number of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) undergo phase-separation thus triggering downstream signaling pathways. Among other relevant condensates, inflammasomes, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain (ASC) specks, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) foci, protein kinase R (PKR) clusters, ribonuclease L-induced bodies (RLBs), stress granules (SGs), processing bodies (PBs) and promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear bodies (PML NBs) play different roles in the immune response. In turn, viruses have evolved diverse strategies to evade the host defense. Viral DNA or RNA, as well as viral proteases or proteins carrying intrinsically disordered regions may interfere with condensate formation and function in multiple ways. In this review we discuss current and hypothetical mechanisms of viral escape that involve the disassembly, repurposing, or inactivation of membraneless condensates that govern innate immunity. We summarize emerging interconnections between these diverse condensates that ultimately determine the cellular outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Lidia Boccaccio
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del ARN, Instituto Leloir (FIL) and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular (FBMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María Gabriela Thomas
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del ARN, Instituto Leloir (FIL) and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina. https://www.twitter.com/_gabithomas
| | - Cybele Carina García
- Departamento de Química Biológica (QB), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN), and IQUIBICEN, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET) and Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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11
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Liu Z, Cui L, Li X, Xu L, Zhang Y, Han Z, Liu S, Li H. Characterization of the Effects of Host p53 and Fos on Gallid Alpha Herpesvirus 1 Replication. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1615. [PMID: 37628666 PMCID: PMC10454551 DOI: 10.3390/genes14081615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment options for herpesvirus infections that target the interactions between the virus and the host have been identified as promising. Our previous studies have shown that transcription factors p53 and Fos are essential host determinants of gallid alpha herpesvirus 1 (ILTV) infection. The impact of p53 and Fos on ILTV replication has 'not been fully understood yet. Using the sole ILTV-permissive chicken cell line LMH as a model, we examined the effects of hosts p53 and Fos on all phases of ILTV replication, including viral gene transcription, viral genome replication, and infectious virion generation. We achieved this by manipulating the expression of p53 and Fos in LMH cells. Our results demonstrate that the overexpression of either p53 or Fos can promote viral gene transcription at all stages of the temporal cascade of ILTV gene expression, viral genome replication, and infectious virion production, as assessed through absolute quantitative real-time PCR, ILTV-specific RT-qPCR assays, and TCID50 assays. These findings are consistent with our previous analyses of the effects of Fos and p53 knockdowns on virus production and also suggest that both p53 and Fos may be dispensable for ILTV replication. Based on the synergistic effect of regulating ILTV, we further found that there is an interaction between p53 and Fos. Interestingly, we found that p53 also has targeted sites upstream of ICP4, and these sites are very close to the Fos sites. In conclusion, our research offers an in-depth understanding of how hosts p53 and Fos affect ILTV replication. Understanding the processes by which p53 and Fos regulate ILTV infection will be improved by this knowledge, potentially paving the way for the development of novel therapeutics targeting virus-host interactions as a means of treating herpesvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyi Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Lu Cui
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Li Xu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Hai Li
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
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12
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Dong H, Wu W, Li J, Ma Y, Deng X, Guo D, Xu P. PML Body Component Sp100A Is a Cytosolic Responder to IFN and Activator of Antiviral ISGs. mBio 2022; 13:e0204422. [PMID: 36383022 PMCID: PMC9765618 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02044-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) bodies are implicated in one of the key pathways in the establishment of antiviral status in response to interferon (IFN), yet the molecular mechanisms bridging the cross talk remain elusive. Herein, we report that a major constitutive component of the PML body, Sp100A, is ubiquitously located in the cytosol of various cell types and is an immediate responder to multiple extracellular stimuli, including virus infection, IFN, epidermal growth factor (EGF), glial cell-derived nerve factor (GDNF), etc., signaling through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. IFN-β induces phosphorylation of Sp100A on Ser188, which fortifies the binding of Sp100A to pyruvate kinase 2 (PKM2) and facilitates its nuclear importation through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2)-PKM2-PIN1-importin axes. Blocking PI3K pathway signaling or interference with the ERK1/2-PKM2-PIN1-importin axes independently hampers nuclear translocation of Sp100A in response to IFN, reflecting a dual-regulation mechanism governing this event. In the nucleus, Sp100A is enriched in the promoter regions of essential antiviral interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), such as those coding for IFI16, OAS2, and RIG-I, and activates their transcription. Importantly, nuclear importation of Sp100A, but not accumulation of a mutant Sp100A that failed to respond to IFN, during infection potently enhanced transcription of these antiviral ISGs and restricted virus propagation. These findings depict a novel IFN response mechanism by PML bodies in the cytosol and shed light on the complex sensing-regulatory network of PML bodies. IMPORTANCE PML bodies sit at the center stage of various important biological processes; however, the signal transduction networks of these macromolecular protein complexes remain enigmatic. The present study illustrates, in detail and for the first time, the course of signal receiving, processing, and implementation by PML bodies in response to IFN and virus infection. It shows that PML body constitutive component Sp100A was phosphorylated on Ser188 by IFN signaling through the PI3K pathway in the cytosol, cotranslocated into the nucleus with PKM2, enriched on the promoter regions of essential antiviral ISGs such as those coding for IFI16, RIG-I, OAS2, etc., and mediating their transcriptional activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchang Dong
- The Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wencheng Wu
- The Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Li
- The Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yilei Ma
- The Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Deng
- The Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Deyin Guo
- The Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pei Xu
- The Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Chen Z, Cui L, Xu L, Liu Z, Liang Y, Li X, Zhang Y, Li Y, Liu S, Li H. Characterization of chicken p53 transcriptional function via parallel genome-wide chromatin occupancy and gene expression analysis. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102164. [PMID: 36167023 PMCID: PMC9513273 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53, which acts primarily as a transcription factor, can regulate infections from various viruses in chickens. However, the underlying mechanisms of the antiviral functions of chicken p53 (chp53) remain unclear due to the lack of detailed information on its transcriptional regulation. Here, to gain comprehensive insights into chp53 transcriptional regulatory function in a global and unbiased manner, we determined the genome-wide chromatin occupancy of chp53 by chromatin immunoprecipitation, which was followed by sequencing and chp53-mediated gene expression profile by RNA sequencing using chemically immortalized leghorn male hepatoma (LMH) cells with ectopic expression of chp53 as the model. The integrated parallel genome-wide chromatin occupancy and gene expression analysis characterized chp53 chromatin occupancy and identified 754 direct target genes of chp53. Furthermore, functional annotation and cross-species comparative biological analyses revealed the conserved key biological functions and DNA binding motifs of p53 between chickens and humans, which may be due to the consensus amino acid sequence and structure of p53 DNA-binding domains. The present study, to our knowledge, provides the first comprehensive characterization of the chp53 transcriptional regulatory network, and can possibly help to improve our understanding of p53 transcriptional regulatory mechanisms and their antiviral functions in chickens.
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14
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Giovannoni F, Vazquez CA, Thomas P, Gómez RM, García CC. Promyelocytic leukemia protein is a restriction factor for Junín virus independently of Z matrix protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 606:168-173. [PMID: 35364325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The New World (NW) mammarenavirus Junín (JUNV) is the etiological agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever, a human endemic disease of Argentina. Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) has been reported as a restriction factor for several viruses although the mechanism/s behind PML-mediated antiviral effect may be diverse and are a matter of debate. Previous studies have reported a nuclear to cytoplasm translocation of PML during the murine Old World mammarenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. This translocation was found to be mediated by the viral Z protein. Here, we show that PML restricts JUNV infection in human A549 cells. However, in contrast to LCVM, JUNV infection enhances PML expression and PML is not translocated to the cytoplasm neither it colocalizes with JUNV Z protein. Our study demonstrates that a NW mammarenavirus as JUNV interacts differently with the antiviral protein PML than LCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Giovannoni
- Laboratorio de Estrategias Antivirales, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, IQUIBICEN, UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia A Vazquez
- Laboratorio de Estrategias Antivirales, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, IQUIBICEN, UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Thomas
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ricardo M Gómez
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Cybele C García
- Laboratorio de Estrategias Antivirales, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, IQUIBICEN, UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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15
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Mandarin Fish (Siniperca chuatsi) p53 Regulates Glutaminolysis Induced by Virus via the p53/miR145-5p/c-Myc Pathway in Chinese Perch Brain Cells. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0272721. [PMID: 35286150 PMCID: PMC9045281 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02727-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
p53, as an important tumor suppressor protein, has recently been implicated in host antiviral defense. The present study found that the expression of mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) p53 (Sc-p53) was negatively associated with infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) and Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV) proliferation as well as the expression of glutaminase 1 (GLS1) and glutaminolysis pathway-related enzymes glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2). This indicated that Sc-p53 inhibited the replication and proliferation of ISKNV and SCRV by negatively regulating the glutaminolysis pathway. Moreover, it was confirmed that miR145-5p could inhibit c-Myc expression by targeting the 3′ untranslated region (UTR). Sc-p53 could bind to the miR145-5p promoter region to promote its expression and to further inhibit the expression of c-Myc. The expression of c-Myc was proved to be positively correlated with the expression of GLS1 as well. All these suggested a negative relationship between the Sc-p53/miR145-5p/c-Myc pathway and GLS1 expression and glutaminolysis. However, it was found that after ISKNV and SCRV infection, the expressions of Sc-p53, miR145-5p, c-Myc, and GLS1 were all significantly upregulated, which did not match the pattern in normal cells. Based on the results, it was suggested that ISKNV and SCRV infection altered the Sc-p53/miR145-5p/c-Myc pathway. All of above results will provide potential targets for the development of new therapeutic strategies against ISKNV and SCRV. IMPORTANCE Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) and Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV) as major causative agents have caused a serious threat to the mandarin fish farming industry (J.-J. Tao, J.-F. Gui, and Q.-Y. Zhang, Aquaculture 262:1–9, 2007, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.09.030). Viruses have evolved the strategy to shape host-cell metabolism for their replication (S. K. Thaker, J. Ch’ng, and H. R. Christofk, BMC Biol 17:59, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-019-0678-9). Our previous studies showed that ISKNV replication induced glutamine metabolism reprogramming and that glutaminolysis was required for efficient replication of ISKNV and SCRV. In the present study, the mechanistic link between the p53/miR145-5p/c-Myc pathway and glutaminolysis in the Chinese perch brain (CPB) cells was provided, which will provide novel insights into ISKNV and SCRV pathogenesis and antiviral treatment strategies.
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16
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Li Z, Wu Y, Li H, Li W, Tan J, Qiao W. 3C protease of enterovirus 71 cleaves promyelocytic leukemia protein and impairs PML-NBs production. Virol J 2021; 18:255. [PMID: 34930370 PMCID: PMC8686290 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01725-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus 71 (EV71) usually infects infants causing hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD), even fatal neurological disease like aseptic meningitis. Effective drug for preventing and treating EV71 infection is unavailable currently. EV71 3C mediated the cleavage of many proteins and played an important role in viral inhibiting host innate immunity. Promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein, the primary organizer of PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), can be induced by interferon and is involved in antiviral activity. PML inhibits EV71 replication, and EV71 infection reduces PML expression, but the molecular mechanism is unclear. METHODS The cleavage of PMLIII and IV was confirmed by co-transfection of EV71 3C protease and PML. The detailed cleavage sites were evaluated further by constructing the Q to A mutant of PML. PML knockout cells were infected with EV71 to identify the effect of cleavage on EV71 replication. Immunofluorescence analysis to examine the interference of EV71 3C on the formation of PML-NBs. RESULTS EV71 3C directly cleaved PMLIII and IV. Furthermore, 3C cleaved PMLIV at the sites of Q430-A431 and Q444-S445 through its protease activity. Overexpression of PMLIV Q430A/Q444A variant exhibited stronger antiviral potential than the wild type. PMLIV Q430A/Q444A formed normal nuclear bodies that were not affected by 3C, suggesting that 3C may impair PML-NBs production via PMLIV cleavage and counter its antiviral activities. PML, especially PMLIV, which sequesters viral proteins in PML-NBs and inhibits viral production, is a novel target of EV71 3C cleavage. CONCLUSIONS EV71 3C cleaves PMLIV at Q430-A431 and Q444-S445. Cleavage reduces the antiviral function of PML and decomposes the formation of PML-NBs, which is conducive to virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ya'ni Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wenqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Juan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Wentao Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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17
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Mehta S, Campbell H, Drummond CJ, Li K, Murray K, Slatter T, Bourdon JC, Braithwaite AW. Adaptive homeostasis and the p53 isoform network. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e53085. [PMID: 34779563 PMCID: PMC8647153 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
All living organisms have developed processes to sense and address environmental changes to maintain a stable internal state (homeostasis). When activated, the p53 tumour suppressor maintains cell and organ integrity and functions in response to homeostasis disruptors (stresses) such as infection, metabolic alterations and cellular damage. Thus, p53 plays a fundamental physiological role in maintaining organismal homeostasis. The TP53 gene encodes a network of proteins (p53 isoforms) with similar and distinct biochemical functions. The p53 network carries out multiple biological activities enabling cooperation between individual cells required for long‐term survival of multicellular organisms (animals) in response to an ever‐changing environment caused by mutation, infection, metabolic alteration or damage. In this review, we suggest that the p53 network has evolved as an adaptive response to pathogen infections and other environmental selection pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunali Mehta
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Hamish Campbell
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Catherine J Drummond
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kunyu Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kaisha Murray
- Dundee Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Tania Slatter
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jean-Christophe Bourdon
- Dundee Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Antony W Braithwaite
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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18
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Patra U, Müller S. A Tale of Usurpation and Subversion: SUMO-Dependent Integrity of Promyelocytic Leukemia Nuclear Bodies at the Crossroad of Infection and Immunity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:696234. [PMID: 34513832 PMCID: PMC8430037 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.696234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs) are multi-protein assemblies representing distinct sub-nuclear structures. As phase-separated molecular condensates, PML NBs exhibit liquid droplet-like consistency. A key organizer of the assembly and dynamics of PML NBs is the ubiquitin-like SUMO modification system. SUMO is covalently attached to PML and other core components of PML NBs thereby exhibiting a glue-like function by providing multivalent interactions with proteins containing SUMO interacting motifs (SIMs). PML NBs serve as the catalytic center for nuclear SUMOylation and SUMO-SIM interactions are essential for protein assembly within these structures. Importantly, however, formation of SUMO chains on PML and other PML NB-associated proteins triggers ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation which coincide with disruption of these nuclear condensates. To date, a plethora of nuclear activities such as transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, apoptosis, senescence, cell cycle control, DNA damage response, and DNA replication have been associated with PML NBs. Not surprisingly, therefore, SUMO-dependent PML NB integrity has been implicated in regulating many physiological processes including tumor suppression, metabolism, drug-resistance, development, cellular stemness, and anti-pathogen immune response. The interplay between PML NBs and viral infection is multifaceted. As a part of the cellular antiviral defense strategy, PML NB components are crucial restriction factors for many viruses and a mutual positive correlation has been found to exist between PML NBs and the interferon response. Viruses, in turn, have developed counterstrategies for disarming PML NB associated immune defense measures. On the other end of the spectrum, certain viruses are known to usurp specific PML NB components for successful replication and disruption of these sub-nuclear foci has recently been linked to the stimulation rather than curtailment of antiviral gene repertoire. Importantly, the ability of invading virions to manipulate the host SUMO modification machinery is essential for this interplay between PML NB integrity and viruses. Moreover, compelling evidence is emerging in favor of bacterial pathogens to negotiate with the SUMO system thereby modulating PML NB-directed intrinsic and innate immunity. In the current context, we will present an updated account of the dynamic intricacies between cellular PML NBs as the nuclear SUMO modification hotspots and immune regulatory mechanisms in response to viral and bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upayan Patra
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Müller
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Chelbi-Alix MK, Thibault P. Crosstalk Between SUMO and Ubiquitin-Like Proteins: Implication for Antiviral Defense. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671067. [PMID: 33968942 PMCID: PMC8097047 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) is a crucial first line of defense against viral infection. This cytokine induces the expression of several IFN-Stimulated Genes (ISGs), some of which act as restriction factors. Upon IFN stimulation, cells also express ISG15 and SUMO, two key ubiquitin-like (Ubl) modifiers that play important roles in the antiviral response. IFN itself increases the global cellular SUMOylation in a PML-dependent manner. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics enables the large-scale identification of Ubl protein conjugates to determine the sites of modification and the quantitative changes in protein abundance. Importantly, a key difference amongst SUMO paralogs is the ability of SUMO2/3 to form poly-SUMO chains that recruit SUMO ubiquitin ligases such RING finger protein RNF4 and RNF111, thus resulting in the proteasomal degradation of conjugated substrates. Crosstalk between poly-SUMOylation and ISG15 has been reported recently, where increased poly-SUMOylation in response to IFN enhances IFN-induced ISGylation, stabilizes several ISG products in a TRIM25-dependent fashion, and results in enhanced IFN-induced antiviral activities. This contribution will highlight the relevance of the global SUMO proteome and the crosstalk between SUMO, ubiquitin and ISG15 in controlling both the stability and function of specific restriction factors that mediate IFN antiviral defense.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Thibault
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Neerukonda SN. Interplay between RNA Viruses and Promyelocytic Leukemia Nuclear Bodies. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8040057. [PMID: 33807177 PMCID: PMC8065607 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs) are nuclear membrane-less sub structures that play a critical role in diverse cellular pathways including cell proliferation, DNA damage, apoptosis, transcriptional regulation, stem cell renewal, alternative lengthening of telomeres, chromatin organization, epigenetic regulation, protein turnover, autophagy, intrinsic and innate antiviral immunity. While intrinsic and innate immune functions of PML NBs or PML NB core proteins are well defined in the context of nuclear replicating DNA viruses, several studies also confirm their substantial roles in the context of RNA viruses. In the present review, antiviral activities of PML NBs or its core proteins on diverse RNA viruses that replicate in cytoplasm or the nucleus were discussed. In addition, viral counter mechanisms that reorganize PML NBs, and specifically how viruses usurp PML NB functions in order to create a cellular environment favorable for replication and pathogenesis, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabari Nath Neerukonda
- Department of Animal and Food and Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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21
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Abstract
Lymphopenia is commonly observed in SARS and COVID-19 patients although the lymphocyte count is not always below 0.8 × 109 /L in all the patients. It is suggested that lymphopenia serves as a useful predictor for prognosis in the patients. It is also hypothesized that lymphopenia is related to glucocorticoids and apoptosis. However, the ordering between lymphopenia and apoptosis appears different between SARS and COVID-19 patients, ie, lymphopenia is prior to apoptosis in SARS patients whereas apoptosis is prior to lymphopenia in COVID-19 patients. This paper attempts to figure out this contradiction through three players, lymphopenia, glucocorticoids, and apoptosis. Although the literature does not provide a solid explanation, the level of glucocorticoids could determine the ordering between lymphopenia and apoptosis because the administration of high doses of glucocorticoids could lead to lymphopenia whereas low doses of glucocorticoids could benefit patients. In the meantime, this paper raises several questions, which need to be answered in order to better understand the whole course of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Yan
- National Engineering Research Center for Non‐Food BiorefineryState Key Laboratory of Non‐Food Biomass and Enzyme TechnologyGuangxi Biomass Engineering Technology Research CenterGuangxi Key Laboratory of BiorefineryGuangxi Academy of SciencesNanningGuangxiChina
| | - Guang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Non‐Food BiorefineryState Key Laboratory of Non‐Food Biomass and Enzyme TechnologyGuangxi Biomass Engineering Technology Research CenterGuangxi Key Laboratory of BiorefineryGuangxi Academy of SciencesNanningGuangxiChina
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El-Asmi F, McManus FP, Thibault P, Chelbi-Alix MK. Interferon, restriction factors and SUMO pathways. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 55:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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23
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Lu LF, Zhou XY, Zhang C, Li ZC, Chen DD, Zhang YA, Li S. Ca 2+ plays an antiviral role by increasing p53 expression to achieve protection against spring viraemia of carp virus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:449-459. [PMID: 32408017 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca) is a messenger that regulates a multitude of physiological processes, but its functions in antiviral progress remain undefined. In this study, we found that Ca2+ enhances fish survival to defend against spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) infection by reversing the instability of p53 mediated by the viral protein. First, Ca2+ significantly protected cells and fish against SVCV infection by inducing early apoptosis. Additionally, p53 expression, which was inhibited by SVCV N protein, was upregulated by Ca2+ treatment. Then, the mechanism underlying the reduction of K63-linked p53 ubiquitination by SVCV N protein via the K358 site was completely prevented by Ca2+. These findings reveal the role of Ca2+ in lower vertebrates in the antiviral response, which is connected to and corresponds with viral immune evasion, providing a solution to fish diseases caused by pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Feng Lu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo-Cong Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| | - Shun Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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Yan MH, Wang LL, Hao JH, Zhang XG, Shen CC, Zhang DJ, Zheng HX, Liu XT, Zhang KS. Orf Virus VIR Antagonizes p53-Mediated Antiviral Effects to Facilitate Viral Replication. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:468-476. [PMID: 32315577 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a zoonotic disease, ovine contagious pustular dermatitis (Orf) is a serious threat to sheep as well as humans. Orf virus (ORFV) interferon resistance protein (VIR) is the principal virulence protein that encodes a dsRNA-binding protein to inhibit host antiviral response. p53 is one of the key proteins of the host antiviral innate immunity. It not only enhances type I interferon secretion but also induces apoptosis in infected cells, and plays a crucial role in the immune response against various viral infections. However, it remains to be elucidated what role p53 plays in ORFV replication and whether ORFV's own protein VIR regulates p53 expression to promote self-replication. In this study, we showed that p53 has an antiviral effect on ORFV and can inhibit ORFV replication. In addition, ORFV nonstructural protein VIR interacts with p53 and degrades p53, which inhibits p53-mediated positive regulation of downstream antiviral genes. This study provides new insight into the immune evasion mediated by ORFV and identifies VIR as an antagonistic factor for ORFV to evade the antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ling-Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun-Hong Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xue-Gang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chao-Chao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Da-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hai-Xue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ke-Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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25
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A MicroRNA Network Controls Legionella pneumophila Replication in Human Macrophages via LGALS8 and MX1. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.03155-19. [PMID: 32209695 PMCID: PMC7157531 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03155-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cases of Legionella pneumophila pneumonia occur worldwide, with potentially fatal outcome. When causing human disease, Legionella injects a plethora of virulence factors to reprogram macrophages to circumvent immune defense and create a replication niche. By analyzing Legionella-induced changes in miRNA expression and genomewide chromatin modifications in primary human macrophages, we identified a cell-autonomous immune network restricting Legionella growth. This network comprises three miRNAs governing expression of the cytosolic RNA receptor DDX58/RIG-I, the tumor suppressor TP53, the antibacterial effector LGALS8, and MX1, which has been described as an antiviral factor. Our findings for the first time link TP53, LGALS8, DDX58, and MX1 in one miRNA-regulated network and integrate them into a functional node in the defense against L. pneumophila. Legionella pneumophila is an important cause of pneumonia. It invades alveolar macrophages and manipulates the immune response by interfering with signaling pathways and gene transcription to support its own replication. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression and are involved in defense against bacterial infections. Several pathogens have been shown to exploit the host miRNA machinery to their advantage. We therefore hypothesize that macrophage miRNAs exert positive or negative control over Legionella intracellular replication. We found significant regulation of 85 miRNAs in human macrophages upon L. pneumophila infection. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing revealed concordant changes of histone acetylation at the putative promoters. Interestingly, a trio of miRNAs (miR-125b, miR-221, and miR-579) was found to significantly affect intracellular L. pneumophila replication in a cooperative manner. Using proteome-analysis, we pinpointed this effect to a concerted downregulation of galectin-8 (LGALS8), DExD/H-box helicase 58 (DDX58), tumor protein P53 (TP53), and then MX dynamin-like GTPase 1 (MX1) by the three miRNAs. In summary, our results demonstrate a new miRNA-controlled immune network restricting Legionella replication in human macrophages.
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26
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El-Asmi F, Chelbi-Alix MK. [PML isoforms and TGF-β response]. Med Sci (Paris) 2020; 36:50-56. [PMID: 32014098 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2019269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PML/TRIM19 is the organizer of PML nuclear bodies (NB), a multiprotein complex associated to the nuclear matrix, which recruit a large number of proteins involved in various cellular processes. Alternative splicing from a single PML gene generates 6 nuclear PML isoforms (PMLI to PMLVI) and one cytoplasmic isoform, PMLVII. Murine PML-null primary cells are resistant to TGF-β-induced apoptosis. Cytoplasmic PML is an essential activator of TGF-β signaling by increasing the phosphorylation of transcription factors SMAD2/3 while nuclear PML plays a role in TGF-β-induced caspase 8 activation and apoptosis. TGF-β targets nuclear PML by inducing its conjugation to SUMO. In the nucleus, PML is mainly expressed in the nucleoplasm with a small fraction in the nuclear matrix. In response to TGF-β, PML and caspase 8 shift to the nuclear matrix, where both PML and caspase 8 colocalise within PML NBs. Here, we review the implication of cytoplasmic and nuclear PML isoforms in TGF-β response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten El-Asmi
- Inserm UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Mounira K Chelbi-Alix
- Inserm UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
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27
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Kamagata K, Kanbayashi S, Honda M, Itoh Y, Takahashi H, Kameda T, Nagatsugi F, Takahashi S. Liquid-like droplet formation by tumor suppressor p53 induced by multivalent electrostatic interactions between two disordered domains. Sci Rep 2020; 10:580. [PMID: 31953488 PMCID: PMC6969132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57521-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Early in vivo studies demonstrated the involvement of a tumor-suppressing transcription factor, p53, into cellular droplets such as Cajal and promyelocytic leukemia protein bodies, suggesting that the liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) might be involved in the cellular functions of p53. To examine this possibility, we conducted extensive investigations on the droplet formation of p53 in vitro. First, p53 itself was found to form liquid-like droplets at neutral and slightly acidic pH and at low salt concentrations. Truncated p53 mutants modulated droplet formation, suggesting the importance of multivalent electrostatic interactions among the N-terminal and C-terminal domains. Second, FRET efficiency measurements for the dimer mutants of p53 revealed that distances between the core domains and between the C-terminal domains were modulated in an opposite manner within the droplets. Third, the molecular crowding agents were found to promote droplet formation, whereas ssDNA, dsDNA, and ATP, to suppress it. Finally, the p53 mutant mimicking posttranslational phosphorylation did not form the droplets. We conclude that p53 itself has a potential to form droplets that can be controlled by cellular molecules and by posttranslational modifications, suggesting that LLPS might be involved in p53 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoto Kamagata
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan. .,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Saori Kanbayashi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Masaya Honda
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yuji Itoh
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroto Takahashi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tomoshi Kameda
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Koto, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan
| | - Fumi Nagatsugi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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28
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Barrio R, Sutherland JD, Rodriguez MS. SUMO and Cytoplasmic RNA Viruses: From Enemies to Best Friends. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1233:263-277. [PMID: 32274761 PMCID: PMC7144409 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38266-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SUMO is a ubiquitin-like protein that covalently binds to lysine residues of target proteins and regulates many biological processes such as protein subcellular localization or stability, transcription, DNA repair, innate immunity, or antiviral defense. SUMO has a critical role in the signaling pathway governing type I interferon (IFN) production, and among the SUMOylation substrates are many IFN-induced proteins. The overall effect of IFN is increasing global SUMOylation, pointing to SUMO as part of the antiviral stress response. Viral agents have developed different mechanisms to counteract the antiviral activities exerted by SUMO, and some viruses have evolved to exploit the host SUMOylation machinery to modify their own proteins. The exploitation of SUMO has been mainly linked to nuclear replicating viruses due to the predominant nuclear localization of SUMO proteins and enzymes involved in SUMOylation. However, SUMOylation of numerous viral proteins encoded by RNA viruses replicating at the cytoplasm has been lately described. Whether nuclear localization of these viral proteins is required for their SUMOylation is unclear. Here, we summarize the studies on exploitation of SUMOylation by cytoplasmic RNA viruses and discuss about the requirement for nuclear localization of their proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Barrio
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
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29
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Tam HW, Hall JR, Messenger ZJ, Jima DD, House JS, Linder K, Smart RC. C/EBPβ suppresses keratinocyte autonomous type 1 IFN response and p53 to increase cell survival and susceptibility to UVB-induced skin cancer. Carcinogenesis 2019; 40:1099-1109. [PMID: 30698678 PMCID: PMC10893916 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is activated by DNA damage and oncogenic stimuli to regulate senescence, apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest, which are essential to prevent cancer. Here, we utilized UVB radiation, a potent inducer of DNA damage, p53, apoptosis and skin cancer to investigate the mechanism of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-β (C/EBPβ) in regulating p53-mediated apoptosis in keratinocytes and to test whether the deletion of C/EBPβ in epidermis can protect mice from UVB-induced skin cancer. UVB-treatment of C/EBPβ skin conditional knockout (CKOβ) mice increased p53 protein levels in epidermis and enhanced p53-dependent apoptotic activity 3-fold compared with UVB-treated control mice. UVB increased C/EBPβ levels through a p53-dependent pathway and stimulated the formation of a C/EBPβ-p53 protein complex; knockdown of C/EBPβ increased p53 protein stability in keratinocytes. These results suggest a p53-C/EBPβ feedback loop, whereby C/EBPβ, a transcriptional target of a p53 pathway, functions as a survival factor by negatively regulating p53 apoptotic activity in response to DNA damage. RNAseq analysis of UVB-treated CKOβ epidermis unexpectedly revealed that type 1 interferon (IFN) pathway was the most highly enriched pathway. Numerous pro-apoptotic interferon stimulated genes were upregulated including some known to enhance p53 apoptosis. Our results indicate that p53 and IFN pathways function together in response to DNA damage to result in the activation of extrinsic apoptosis pathways and caspase 8 cleavage. Last, we observed CKOβ mice were resistant to UVB-induced skin cancer. Our results suggest that C/EBPβ represses apoptosis through keratinocyte autonomous suppression of the type 1 IFN response and p53 to increase cell survival and susceptibility to UVB-induced skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hann W Tam
- Toxicology Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan R Hall
- Toxicology Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Dereje D Jima
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - John S House
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Keith Linder
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Robert C Smart
- Toxicology Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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30
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SUMOylation Evoked by Oxidative Stress Reduced Lens Epithelial Cell Antioxidant Functions by Increasing the Stability and Transcription of TP53INP1 in Age-Related Cataracts. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7898069. [PMID: 31281592 PMCID: PMC6590620 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7898069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cataracts. Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins have great effects on cell stress response. Previous studies have shown that TP53INP1 can arrest cell growth and induce apoptosis by modulating p53 transcriptional activity and that both TP53INP1 and p53 are substrates of SUMOylation. However, no previous research has studied the effect of SUMOylation on the oxidative stress response in cataracts. This is the first study to investigate the effect of SUMOylation of TP53INP1 in oxidative stress-induced lens epithelial cell injury and age-related cataract formation. We found that the oxidative stress-induced endogenous SUMOylation of TP53INP1 promoted human lens epithelial cell (holed) apoptosis and regulated hLEC antioxidant effects by increasing the stability and transcription of TP53INP1 in age-related cataracts. SUMO-1, SUMOylation, and TP53INP1 were upregulated in lens tissues affected by age-related cataracts. A SUMO-1-specific protease, SENP1, acted as an oxidative stress-sensitive target gene in hLECs. This study identified for the first time that TP53INP1 can be SUMOylated in vivo, that the SUMOylation of TP53INP1 is induced by oxidative stress, and that SUMOylation/deSUMOylation can affect the stability and transcription of TP53INP1 in hLECs.
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31
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El-Asmi F, El-Mchichi B, Maroui MA, Dianoux L, Chelbi-Alix MK. TGF-β induces PML SUMOylation, degradation and PML nuclear body disruption. Cytokine 2019; 120:264-272. [PMID: 31153006 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ProMyelocytic Leukemia (PML) protein is essential for the formation of nuclear matrix-associated organelles named PML nuclear bodies (NBs) that act as a platform for post-translational modifications and protein degradation. PML NBs harbor transiently and permanently localized proteins and are associated with the regulation of several cellular functions including apoptosis. There are seven PML isoforms, six nuclear (PMLI-VI) and one cytoplasmic (PMLVII), which are encoded by a single gene via alternative RNA splicing. It has been reported that murine PML-null primary cells are resistant to TGF-β-induced apoptosis and that cytoplasmic PML is an essential activator of TGF-β signaling. The role and the fate of interferon (IFN)-enhanced PML NBs in response to TGF-β have not been investigated. Here we show that IFNα potentiated TGF-β-mediated apoptosis in human cells. IFNα or ectopic expression of PMLIV, but not of PMLIII, enhanced TGF-β-induced caspase 8 activation. In response to TGF-β, both PMLIII and PMLIV were conjugated to SUMO and shifted from the nucleoplasm to the nuclear matrix, however only PMLIV, via its specific C-terminal region, interacted with caspase 8 and recruited it within PML NBs. This process was followed by a caspase-dependent PML degradation and PML NB disruption. Taken together, these findings highlight the role of PML NBs in the enhancement by IFN of TGF-β-induced apoptosis and caspase 8 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten El-Asmi
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Bouchra El-Mchichi
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Ali Maroui
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Dianoux
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Mounira K Chelbi-Alix
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France.
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Sachini N, Arampatzi P, Klonizakis A, Nikolaou C, Makatounakis T, Lam EWF, Kretsovali A, Papamatheakis J. Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) controls breast cancer cell proliferation by modulating Forkhead transcription factors. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:1369-1387. [PMID: 30927552 PMCID: PMC6547613 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The multitasking promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein was originally recognized as a tumor‐suppressive factor, but more recent evidence has implicated PML in tumor cell prosurvival actions and poor patient prognosis in specific cancer settings. Here, we report that inducible PMLIV expression inhibits cell proliferation as well as self‐renewal and impairs cell cycle progression of breast cancer cell lines in a reversible manner. Transcriptomic profiling identified a large number of PML‐deregulated genes associated with various cell processes. Among them, cell cycle‐ and division‐related genes and their cognitive regulators are highly ranked. In this study, we focused on previously unknown PML targets, namely the Forkhead transcription factors. PML suppresses the Forkhead box subclass M1 (FOXM1) transcription factor at both the RNA and protein levels, along with many of its gene targets. We show that FOXM1 interacts with PMLIV primarily via its DNA‐binding domain and dynamically colocalizes in PML nuclear bodies. In parallel, PML modulates the activity of Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3), a factor opposing certain FOXM1 activities, to promote cell survival and stress resistance. Thus, PMLIV affects the balance of FOXO3 and FOXM1 transcriptional programs by acting on discrete gene subsets to favor both growth inhibition and survival. Interestingly, PMLIV‐specific knockdown mimicked ectopic expression vis‐à‐vis loss of proliferative ability and self‐renewal, but also led to loss of survival ability as shown by increased apoptosis. We propose that divergent or similar effects on cell physiology may be elicited by high or low PMLIV levels dictated by other concurrent genetic or epigenetic cancer cell states that may additionally account for its disparate effects in various cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Sachini
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Greece.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Panagiota Arampatzi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
| | | | | | - Takis Makatounakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Eric W-F Lam
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Androniki Kretsovali
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Joseph Papamatheakis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
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33
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Li S, Lu LF, Liu SB, Zhang C, Li ZC, Zhou XY, Zhang YA. Spring viraemia of carp virus modulates p53 expression using two distinct mechanisms. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007695. [PMID: 30925159 PMCID: PMC6457570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
p53, which regulates cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, is a crucial target for viruses to release cells from cell-cycle checkpoints or to protect cells from apoptosis for their own benefit. Viral evasion mechanisms of aquatic viruses remain mysterious. Here, we report the spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) degrading and stabilizing p53 in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway by the N and P proteins, respectively. Early in an SVCV infection, significant induction was observed in the S phase and p53 was decreased in the protein level. Further experiments demonstrated that p53 interacted with SVCV N protein and was degraded by suppressing the K63-linked ubiquitination. However, the increase of p53 was observed late in the infection and experiments suggested that p53 was bound to SVCV P protein and stabilized by enhancing the K63-linked ubiquitination. Finally, lysine residue 358 was the key site for p53 K63-linked ubiquitination by the N and P proteins. Thus, our findings suggest that fish p53 is modulated by SVCV N and P protein in two distinct mechanisms, which uncovers the strategy for the subversion of p53-mediated host innate immune responses by aquatic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Long-Feng Lu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu-Bo Liu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo-Cong Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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Li X, Zhang W, Liu Y, Xie J, Hu C, Wang X. Role of p53 in pseudorabies virus replication, pathogenicity, and host immune responses. Vet Res 2019; 50:9. [PMID: 30717799 PMCID: PMC6360683 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0627-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As a key cellular transcription factor that plays a central role in cellular responses to a broad range of stress factors, p53 has generally been considered as a host cell restriction factor for various viral infections. However, the defined roles of p53 in pseudorabies virus (PRV) replication, pathogenesis, and host responses remain unclear. In the present study, we initially constructed a p53 overexpressing a porcine kidney epithelial cell line (PK-15) to detect the effect of p53 on PRV replication in vitro. The results show that viral glycoprotein B (gB) gene copies and the titers of virus were significantly higher in p53 overexpressing PK-15 cells than in PK-15 and p53 inhibitor treated p53 overexpressing PK-15 cells. A similar result was also found in the p53 inhibitor PFT-α-treated PK-15 cells. We then examined the effects of p53 on PRV infection in vivo by using p53-knockout (p53−/−) mice. The results show that p53 knockout not only led to significantly reduced rates of mortality but also to reduced viral replication and development of viral encephalitis in the brains of mice following intracranial inoculation. Furthermore, we examined the effect of p53 knockout on the expression of the reported host cell regulators of PRV replication in the brains of mice by using RNA sequencing. The results show that p53 knockout downregulated the interferon (IFN) regulator genes, chemokine genes, and antiviral genes after PRV infection. This finding suggests that p53 positively regulates viral replication and pathogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. These findings offer novel targets of intrinsic host cell immunity for PRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nangjing, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunjia Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxun Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanhuo Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoye Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
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Messenger ZJ, Hall JR, Jima DD, House JS, Tam HW, Tokarz DA, Smart RC. C/EBPβ deletion in oncogenic Ras skin tumors is a synthetic lethal event. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1054. [PMID: 30323292 PMCID: PMC6189130 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic targeting of specific genetic changes in cancer has proven to be an effective therapy and the concept of synthetic lethality has emerged. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β (C/EBPβ), a basic leucine zipper transcription factor, has important roles in cellular processes including differentiation, inflammation, survival, and energy metabolism. Using a genetically engineered mouse model, we report that the deletion C/EBPβ in pre-existing oncogenic Ha-Ras mouse skin tumors in vivo resulted in rapid tumor regression. Regressing tumors exhibited elevated levels of apoptosis and p53 protein/activity, while adjacent C/EBPβ-deleted skin did not. These results indicate that the deletion of C/EBPβ de-represses p53 in oncogenic Ras tumors but not in normal wild-type Ras keratinocytes, and that C/EBPβ is essential for survival of oncogenic Ras tumors. Co-deletion of C/EBPβ and p53 in oncogenic Ras tumors showed p53 is required for tumor regression and elevated apoptosis. In tumors, loss of a pathway that confers adaptability to a stress phenotype of cancer/tumorigenesis, such as DNA damage, could result in selective tumor cell killing. Our results show that oncogenic Ras tumors display a significant DNA damage/replicative stress phenotype and these tumors have acquired a dependence on C/EBPβ for their survival. RNAseq data analysis of regressing tumors deleted of C/EBPβ indicates a novel interface between p53, type-1 interferon response, and death receptor pathways, which function in concert to produce activation of extrinsic apoptosis pathways. In summary, the deletion of C/EBPβ in oncogenic Ras skin tumors is a synthetic lethal event, making it a promising target for future potential anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan R Hall
- Toxicology Program, Raleigh, NC, USA. .,Center of Human Health and the Environment, Raleigh, NC, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Dereje D Jima
- Center of Human Health and the Environment, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Bioinformatics Research Center, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - John S House
- Center of Human Health and the Environment, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Bioinformatics Research Center, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Debra A Tokarz
- Center of Human Health and the Environment, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Robert C Smart
- Toxicology Program, Raleigh, NC, USA. .,Center of Human Health and the Environment, Raleigh, NC, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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36
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Gallid Herpesvirus 1 Initiates Apoptosis in Uninfected Cells through Paracrine Repression of p53. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00529-18. [PMID: 29950417 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00529-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a common innate defense mechanism of host cells against viral infection and is therefore suppressed by many viruses, including herpes simplex virus (HSV), via various strategies. A recent in vivo study reported the apoptosis of remote uninfected cells during Gallid herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) infection, yet little is known about this previously unknown aspect of herpesvirus-host interactions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the apoptosis of uninfected host cells during GaHV-1 infection. The present study used in vitro and in ovo models, which avoided potential interference by host antiviral immunity, and demonstrated that this GaHV-1-host interaction is independent of host immune responses and important for both the pathological effect of viral infection and early viral dissemination from the primary infection site to distant tissues. Further, we revealed that GaHV-1 infection triggers this process in a paracrine-regulated manner. Using genome-wide transcriptome analyses in combination with a set of functional studies, we found that this paracrine-regulated effect requires the repression of p53 activity in uninfected cells. In contrast, the activation of p53 not only prevented the apoptosis of remote uninfected cells and subsequent pathological damage induced by GaHV-1 infection but also delayed viral dissemination significantly. Moreover, p53 activation repressed viral replication both in vitro and in ovo, suggesting that dual cell-intrinsic mechanisms underlie the suppression of GaHV-1 infection by p53 activation. This study uncovers the mechanism underlying the herpesvirus-triggered apoptosis of remote host cells and extends our understanding of both herpesvirus-host interactions and the roles of p53 in viral infection.IMPORTANCE It is well accepted that herpesviruses suppress the apoptosis of host cells via various strategies to ensure sustained viral replication during infection. However, a recent in vivo study reported the apoptosis of remote uninfected cells during GaHV-1 infection. The mechanism and the biological meaning of this unexpected herpesvirus-host interaction are unclear. This study uncovers the mechanisms of herpesvirus-triggered apoptosis in uninfected cells and may also contribute to a mechanistic illustration of paracrine-regulated apoptosis induced by other viruses in uninfected host cells.
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37
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Chen D, Feng C, Tian X, Zheng N, Wu Z. Promyelocytic Leukemia Restricts Enterovirus 71 Replication by Inhibiting Autophagy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1268. [PMID: 29922292 PMCID: PMC5996053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein, also known as TRIM19, functions as a major organizer of PML nuclear bodies (NBs) in most mammalian cells and plays important roles in antiviral activities against both DNA and RNA viruses. In this study, we found that the downregulation of PML rendered HeLa cells more susceptible to infection by enterovirus 71 (EV71), and the overexpression of the PMLIII or PMLIV isoforms inhibited viral protein expression and resulted in viral titers that were 2–3 log units lower than those in the control. Using short interfering RNAs, the downregulation of either the PMLIII or PMLIV isoform increased both viral protein VP1 expression and viral production. The PML repression of EV71 replication was partially mediated by the inhibition of autophagy, and PML deficiency triggered autophagy. Furthermore, the EV71 infection resulted in a reduction in PML independent of the proteasome pathway. Instead, PML degradation was mediated by virus protease 3Cpro. In conclusion, PML contributes to a cellular antiviral effect by inhibiting autophagy, which is countered by a disruption of promyelocytic leukemia protein-nuclear bodies mediated by viral protease 3Cpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyan Chen
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunhong Feng
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tian
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Medical School, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Medical School, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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38
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Functions and dys-functions of promyelocytic leukemia protein PML. RENDICONTI LINCEI-SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-018-0714-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Gene Knockout Shows That PML (TRIM19) Does Not Restrict the Early Stages of HIV-1 Infection in Human Cell Lines. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00233-17. [PMID: 28656178 PMCID: PMC5480037 DOI: 10.1128/mspheredirect.00233-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PML is involved in innate immune mechanisms against both DNA and RNA viruses. Although the mechanism by which PML inhibits highly divergent viruses is unclear, it was recently found that it can increase the transcription of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). However, whether human PML inhibits HIV-1 has been debated. Here we provide unambiguous, knockout-based evidence that PML does not restrict the early postentry stages of HIV-1 infection in a variety of human cell types and does not participate in the inhibition of HIV-1 by IFN-I. Although this study does not exclude the possibility of other mechanisms by which PML may interfere with HIV-1, we nonetheless demonstrate that PML does not generally act as an HIV-1 restriction factor in human cells and that its presence is not required for IFN-I to stimulate the expression of anti-HIV-1 genes. These results contribute to uncovering the landscape of HIV-1 inhibition by ISGs in human cells. The PML (promyelocytic leukemia) protein is a member of the TRIM family, a large group of proteins that show high diversity in functions but possess a common tripartite motif giving the family its name. We and others recently reported that both murine PML (mPML) and human PML (hPML) strongly restrict the early stages of infection by HIV-1 and other lentiviruses when expressed in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). This restriction activity was found to contribute to the type I interferon (IFN-I)-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 in MEFs. Additionally, PML caused transcriptional repression of the HIV-1 promoter in MEFs. In contrast, the modulation of the early stages of HIV-1 infection of human cells by PML has been investigated by RNA interference, with unclear results. In order to conclusively determine whether PML restricts HIV-1 or not in human cells, we used the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat with Cas9 (CRISPR-Cas9) system to knock out its gene in epithelial, lymphoid, and monocytic human cell lines. Infection challenges showed that PML knockout had no effect on the permissiveness of these cells to HIV-1 infection. IFN-I treatments inhibited HIV-1 equally whether PML was expressed or not. Overexpression of individual hPML isoforms, or of mPML, in a human T cell line did not restrict HIV-1. The presence of PML was not required for the restriction of nonhuman retroviruses by TRIM5α (another human TRIM protein), and TRIM5α was inhibited by arsenic trioxide through a PML-independent mechanism. We conclude that PML is not a restriction factor for HIV-1 in human cell lines representing diverse lineages. IMPORTANCE PML is involved in innate immune mechanisms against both DNA and RNA viruses. Although the mechanism by which PML inhibits highly divergent viruses is unclear, it was recently found that it can increase the transcription of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). However, whether human PML inhibits HIV-1 has been debated. Here we provide unambiguous, knockout-based evidence that PML does not restrict the early postentry stages of HIV-1 infection in a variety of human cell types and does not participate in the inhibition of HIV-1 by IFN-I. Although this study does not exclude the possibility of other mechanisms by which PML may interfere with HIV-1, we nonetheless demonstrate that PML does not generally act as an HIV-1 restriction factor in human cells and that its presence is not required for IFN-I to stimulate the expression of anti-HIV-1 genes. These results contribute to uncovering the landscape of HIV-1 inhibition by ISGs in human cells.
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Chang HR, Munkhjargal A, Kim MJ, Park SY, Jung E, Ryu JH, Yang Y, Lim JS, Kim Y. The functional roles of PML nuclear bodies in genome maintenance. Mutat Res 2017; 809:99-107. [PMID: 28521962 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the nucleus, there are several membraneless structures called nuclear bodies. Among them, promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) are involved in multiple genome maintenance pathways including the DNA damage response, DNA repair, telomere homeostasis, and p53-associated apoptosis. In response to DNA damage, PML-NBs are coalesced and divided by a fission mechanism, thus increasing their number. PML-NBs also play a role in repairing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by homologous recombination (HR). Clinically, the dominant negative PML-RARα fusion protein expressed in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) inhibits the transactivation of downstream factors and disrupts PML function, revealing the tumor suppressor role of PML-NBs. All-trans retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide treatment has been implemented for promyelocytic leukemia to target the PML-RARα fusion protein. PML-NBs are associated with various factors implicated in genome maintenance, and are found at the sites of DNA damage. Their interaction with proteins such as p53 indicates that PML-NBs may play a significant role in apoptosis and cancer. Decades of research have revealed the importance of PML-NBs in diverse cellular pathways, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms and exact functions of PML-NBs remain elusive. In this review, PML protein modifications and the functional relevance of PML-NB and its associated factors in genome maintenance will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Ryung Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Anudari Munkhjargal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Young Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ha Ryu
- Research Center for Cell Fate Control, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Seok Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghwan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea.
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41
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Identification of two p53 isoforms from Litopenaeus vannamei and their interaction with NF-κB to induce distinct immune response. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45821. [PMID: 28361937 PMCID: PMC5374463 DOI: 10.1038/srep45821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is a transcription factor with capability of regulating diverse NF-κB dependent biological progresses such as inflammation and host defense, but the actual mechanism remains unrevealed. Herein, we firstly identified two novel alternatively spliced isoforms of p53 from Litopenaeus vannamei (LvΔNp53 and the full-length of p53, LvFLp53). We then established that the two p53 isoforms exerted opposite effects on regulating NF-κB induced antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) immediate-early (IE) genes expression, suggesting there could be a crosstalk between p53 and NF-κB pathways. Of note, both of the two p53 isoforms could interact directly with LvDorsal, a shrimp homolog of NF-κB. In addition, the activation of NF-κB mediated by LvDorsal was provoked by LvΔNp53 but suppressed by LvFLp53, and the increased NF-κB activity conferred by LvΔNp53 can be attenuated by LvFLp53. Furthermore, silencing of LvFLp53 in shrimp caused higher mortalities and virus loads under WSSV infection, whereas LvΔNp53-knockdown shrimps exhibited an opposed RNAi phenotype. Taken together, these findings present here provided some novel insight into different roles of shrimp p53 isoforms in immune response, and some information for us to understand the regulatory crosstalk between p53 pathway and NF-κB pathway in invertebrates.
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Hornig J, Choi KY, McGregor A. The essential role of guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) IE1 and IE2 homologs in viral replication and IE1-mediated ND10 targeting. Virology 2017; 504:122-140. [PMID: 28189970 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) immediate early proteins, IE1 and IE2, demonstrated structural and functional homologies with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). GPCMV IE1 and IE2 co-localized in the nucleus with each other, the viral polymerase and guinea pig ND10 components (gpPML, gpDaxx, gpSp100, gpATRX). IE1 showed direct interaction with ND10 components by immunoprecipitation unlike IE2. Additionally, IE1 protein disrupted ND10 bodies. IE1 mutagenesis mapped the nuclear localization signal to the C-terminus and identified the core domain for gpPML interaction. Individual knockout of GPCMV GP122 or GP123 (IE2 and IE1 unique exons respectively) was lethal to the virus. However, an IE1 mutant (codons 234-474 deleted), was viable with attenuated viral growth kinetics and increased susceptibility to type I interferon (IFN-I). In HCMV, the IE proteins are important T cell target antigens. Consequently, characterization of the homologs in GPCMV provides a basis for their evaluation in candidate vaccines against congenital infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hornig
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis & Immunology, Texas A&M University, Health Science Center, College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States
| | - K Yeon Choi
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis & Immunology, Texas A&M University, Health Science Center, College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Alistair McGregor
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis & Immunology, Texas A&M University, Health Science Center, College of Medicine, College Station, TX, United States.
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Muñoz-Fontela C, Mandinova A, Aaronson SA, Lee SW. Emerging roles of p53 and other tumour-suppressor genes in immune regulation. Nat Rev Immunol 2016; 16:741-750. [PMID: 27667712 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2016.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-suppressor genes are indispensable for the maintenance of genomic integrity. Recently, several of these genes, including those encoding p53, PTEN, RB1 and ARF, have been implicated in immune responses and inflammatory diseases. In particular, the p53 tumour- suppressor pathway is involved in crucial aspects of tumour immunology and in homeostatic regulation of immune responses. Other studies have identified roles for p53 in various cellular processes, including metabolism and stem cell maintenance. Here, we discuss the emerging roles of p53 and other tumour-suppressor genes in tumour immunology, as well as in additional immunological settings, such as virus infection. This relatively unexplored area could yield important insights into the homeostatic control of immune cells in health and disease and facilitate the development of more effective immunotherapies. Consequently, tumour-suppressor genes are emerging as potential guardians of immune integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Muñoz-Fontela
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Mandinova
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Stuart A Aaronson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Sam W Lee
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Building 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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Blewett MM, Xie J, Zaro BW, Backus KM, Altman A, Teijaro JR, Cravatt BF. Chemical proteomic map of dimethyl fumarate-sensitive cysteines in primary human T cells. Sci Signal 2016; 9:rs10. [PMID: 27625306 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf7694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an electrophilic drug that is used to treat autoimmune conditions, including multiple sclerosis and psoriasis. The mechanism of action of DMF is unclear but may involve the covalent modification of proteins or DMF serving as a prodrug that is converted to monomethyl fumarate (MMF). We found that DMF, but not MMF, blocked the activation of primary human and mouse T cells. Using a quantitative, site-specific chemical proteomic platform, we determined the DMF sensitivity of >2400 cysteine residues in human T cells. Cysteines sensitive to DMF, but not MMF, were identified in several proteins with established biochemical or genetic links to T cell function, including protein kinase Cθ (PKCθ). DMF blocked the association of PKCθ with the costimulatory receptor CD28 by perturbing a CXXC motif in the C2 domain of this kinase. Mutation of these DMF-sensitive cysteines also impaired PKCθ-CD28 interactions and T cell activation, designating the C2 domain of PKCθ as a key functional, electrophile-sensing module important for T cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Blewett
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jiji Xie
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Balyn W Zaro
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Keriann M Backus
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amnon Altman
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John R Teijaro
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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p53 down-regulates SARS coronavirus replication and is targeted by the SARS-unique domain and PLpro via E3 ubiquitin ligase RCHY1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E5192-201. [PMID: 27519799 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1603435113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) has developed strategies to inhibit host immune recognition. We identify cellular E3 ubiquitin ligase ring-finger and CHY zinc-finger domain-containing 1 (RCHY1) as an interacting partner of the viral SARS-unique domain (SUD) and papain-like protease (PL(pro)), and, as a consequence, the involvement of cellular p53 as antagonist of coronaviral replication. Residues 95-144 of RCHY1 and 389-652 of SUD (SUD-NM) subdomains are crucial for interaction. Association with SUD increases the stability of RCHY1 and augments RCHY1-mediated ubiquitination as well as degradation of p53. The calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II delta (CAMK2D), which normally influences RCHY1 stability by phosphorylation, also binds to SUD. In vivo phosphorylation shows that SUD does not regulate phosphorylation of RCHY1 via CAMK2D. Similarly to SUD, the PL(pro)s from SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and HCoV-NL63 physically interact with and stabilize RCHY1, and thus trigger degradation of endogenous p53. The SARS-CoV papain-like protease is encoded next to SUD within nonstructural protein 3. A SUD-PL(pro) fusion interacts with RCHY1 more intensively and causes stronger p53 degradation than SARS-CoV PL(pro) alone. We show that p53 inhibits replication of infectious SARS-CoV as well as of replicons and human coronavirus NL63. Hence, human coronaviruses antagonize the viral inhibitor p53 via stabilizing RCHY1 and promoting RCHY1-mediated p53 degradation. SUD functions as an enhancer to strengthen interaction between RCHY1 and nonstructural protein 3, leading to a further increase in in p53 degradation. The significance of these findings is that down-regulation of p53 as a major player in antiviral innate immunity provides a long-sought explanation for delayed activities of respective genes.
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p53 Is a Host Cell Regulator during Herpes Simplex Encephalitis. J Virol 2016; 90:6738-6745. [PMID: 27170756 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00846-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED p53 is a critical host cell factor in the cellular response to a broad range of stress factors. We recently reported that p53 is required for efficient herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) replication in cell culture. However, a defined role for p53 in HSV-1 replication and pathogenesis in vivo remains elusive. In this study, we examined the effects of p53 on HSV-1 infection in vivo using p53-deficient mice. Following intracranial inoculation, p53 knockout reduced viral replication in the brains of mice and led to significantly reduced rates of mortality due to herpes simplex encephalitis. These results suggest that p53 is an important host cell regulator of HSV-1 replication and pathogenesis in the central nervous system (CNS). IMPORTANCE HSV-1 causes sporadic cases of encephalitis, which, even with antiviral therapy, can result in severe neurological defects and even death. Many host cell factors involved in the regulation of CNS HSV-1 infection have been investigated using genetically modified mice. However, most of these factors are immunological regulators and act via immunological pathways in order to restrict CNS HSV-1 infection. They therefore provide limited information on intrinsic host cell regulators that may be involved in the facilitation of CNS HSV-1 infection. Here we demonstrate that a host cell protein, p53, which has generally been considered a host cell restriction factor for various viral infections, is required for efficient HSV-1 replication and pathogenesis in the CNS of mice. This is the first report showing that p53 positively regulates viral replication and pathogenesis in vivo and provides insights into its molecular mechanism, which may suggest novel clinical treatment options for herpes simplex encephalitis.
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MxA Mediates SUMO-Induced Resistance to Vesicular Stomatitis Virus. J Virol 2016; 90:6598-6610. [PMID: 27170750 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00722-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Multiple cellular pathways are regulated by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) modification, including ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, signal transduction, innate immunity, and antiviral defense. In the study described in this report, we investigated the effects of SUMO on the replication of two members of the Rhabdoviridae family, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and rabies virus (RABV). We show that stable expression of SUMO in human cells confers resistance to VSV infection in an interferon-independent manner. We demonstrate that SUMO expression did not alter VSV entry but blocked primary mRNA synthesis, leading to a reduction of viral protein synthesis and viral production, thus protecting cells from VSV-induced cell lysis. MxA is known to inhibit VSV primary transcription. Interestingly, we found that the MxA protein was highly stabilized in SUMO-expressing cells. Furthermore, extracts from cells stably expressing SUMO exhibited an increase in MxA oligomers, suggesting that SUMO plays a role in protecting MxA from degradation, thus providing a stable intracellular pool of MxA available to combat invading viruses. Importantly, MxA depletion in SUMO-expressing cells abrogated the anti-VSV effect of SUMO. Furthermore, SUMO expression resulted in interferon-regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) SUMOylation, subsequently decreasing RABV-induced IRF3 phosphorylation and interferon synthesis. As expected, this rendered SUMO-expressing cells more sensitive to RABV infection, even though MxA was stabilized in SUMO-expressing cells, since its expression did not confer resistance to RABV. Our findings demonstrate opposing effects of SUMO expression on two viruses of the same family, intrinsically inhibiting VSV infection through MxA stabilization while enhancing RABV infection by decreasing IFN induction. IMPORTANCE We report that SUMO expression reduces interferon synthesis upon RABV or VSV infection. Therefore, SUMO renders cells more sensitive to RABV but unexpectedly renders cells resistant to VSV by blocking primary mRNA synthesis. Unlike the interferon-mediated innate immune response, intrinsic antiviral resistance is mediated by constitutively expressed restriction factors. Among the various anti-VSV restriction factors, only MxA is known to inhibit VSV primary transcription, and we show here that its expression does not alter RABV infection. Interestingly, MxA depletion abolished the inhibition of VSV by SUMO, demonstrating that MxA mediates SUMO-induced intrinsic VSV resistance. Furthermore, MxA oligomerization is known to be critical for its protein stability, and we show that higher levels of oligomers were formed in cells expressing SUMO than in wild-type cells, suggesting that SUMO may play a role in protecting MxA from degradation, providing a stable intracellular pool of MxA able to protect cells from viral infection.
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Hannoun Z, Maarifi G, Chelbi-Alix MK. The implication of SUMO in intrinsic and innate immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 29:3-16. [PMID: 27157810 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery, SUMOylation has emerged as a key post-translational modification involved in the regulation of host-virus interactions. SUMOylation has been associated with the replication of a large number of viruses, either through the direct modification of viral proteins or through the modulation of cellular proteins implicated in antiviral defense. SUMO can affect protein function via covalent or non-covalent binding. There is growing evidence that SUMO regulates several host proteins involved in intrinsic and innate immunity, thereby contributing to the process governing interferon production during viral infection; as well as the interferon-activated Jak/STAT pathway. Unlike the interferon-mediated innate immune response, intrinsic antiviral resistance is mediated by constitutively expressed antiviral proteins (defined as restriction factors), which confer direct viral resistance through a variety of mechanisms. The aim of this review is to evaluate the role of SUMO in intrinsic and innate immunity; highlighting the involvement of the TRIM family proteins, with a specific focus on the mechanism through which SUMO affects i- interferon production upon viral infection, ii-interferon Jak/STAT signaling and biological responses, iii-the relationship between restriction factors and RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara Hannoun
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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Guo H, Fu X, Li N, Lin Q, Liu L, Wu S. Molecular characterization and expression pattern of tumor suppressor protein p53 in mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi following virus challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 51:392-400. [PMID: 26980610 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the tumor suppressor protein p53, which is crucial for cellular defense against tumor development, has also been implicated in host antiviral defense. In the present study, a 1555 bp full-length cDNA of p53 from mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) (Sc-p53) was cloned and characterized. Quantitative real-time PCR assays revealed that Sc-p53 was expressed in all tissues examined, and it was most abundant in the gill and kidney. Recombinant Sc-p53 fused with a His·Tag was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells and a rabbit polyclonal antibody was raised against recombinant Sc-p53. In addition, the regulation of Sc-p53 gene expression after experimental viral infection was determined and characterized. The mRNA and protein expression of Sc-p53 were significantly up-regulated in the Chinese perch brain (CPB) cell line and mandarin fish after infection with infectious kidney and spleen necrosis virus (ISKNV). The results showed a biphasic expression pattern of Sc-p53 protein in CPB. However, a different expression pattern of Sc-p53 in response to S. chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV) infection was found. The mRNA expression of Sc-p53 was significantly up-regulated in CPB at 6 h and spleen of mandarin fish at 24 h post-infection. The protein expression of Sc-p53 was significantly up-regulated in CPB at 1 h, remained elevated at 4 h, and then decreased to control level at 8 h post-infection by SCRV. All of these data suggested that Sc-p53 plays a critical role in immune defense and antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhi Guo
- Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangdong Provinces, Guangzhou 510380, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaozhe Fu
- Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangdong Provinces, Guangzhou 510380, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ningqiu Li
- Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangdong Provinces, Guangzhou 510380, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qiang Lin
- Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangdong Provinces, Guangzhou 510380, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lihui Liu
- Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangdong Provinces, Guangzhou 510380, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shuqin Wu
- Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangdong Provinces, Guangzhou 510380, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
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PML/TRIM19-Dependent Inhibition of Retroviral Reverse-Transcription by Daxx. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005280. [PMID: 26566030 PMCID: PMC4643962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PML (Promyelocytic Leukemia protein), also known as TRIM19, belongs to the family of tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins. PML is mainly expressed in the nucleus, where it forms dynamic structures known as PML nuclear bodies that recruit many other proteins, such as Sp100 and Daxx. While the role of PML/TRIM19 in antiviral defense is well documented, its effect on HIV-1 infection remains unclear. Here we show that infection by HIV-1 and other retroviruses triggers the formation of PML cytoplasmic bodies, as early as 30 minutes post-infection. Quantification of the number and size of PML cytoplasmic bodies revealed that they last approximately 8 h, with a peak at 2 h post-infection. PML re-localization is blocked by reverse-transcription inhibitors and is not observed following infection with unrelated viruses, suggesting it is specifically triggered by retroviral reverse-transcription. Furthermore, we show that PML interferes with an early step of retroviral infection since PML knockdown dramatically increases reverse-transcription efficiency. We demonstrate that PML does not inhibit directly retroviral infection but acts through the stabilization of one of its well-characterized partners, Daxx. In the presence of PML, cytoplasmic Daxx is found in the vicinity of incoming HIV-1 capsids and inhibits reverse-transcription. Interestingly, Daxx not only interferes with exogenous retroviral infections but can also inhibit retrotransposition of endogenous retroviruses, thus identifying Daxx as a broad cellular inhibitor of reverse-transcription. Altogether, these findings unravel a novel antiviral function for PML and PML nuclear body-associated protein Daxx. Among the several protection mechanisms raised by mammalian organisms against viral infections, an early line of defense consists of cellular proteins known as restriction factors that interfere with viral replication. PML, also known as TRIM19, is one of these proteins and has been shown to inhibit diverse viruses. PML is mainly expressed in the nucleus, where it forms dynamic structures known as PML nuclear bodies that recruit many other proteins, such as Sp100 and Daxx. While the role of PML/TRIM19 in antiviral defense is well documented, its effect on HIV-1 infection remains unclear. Here we show that PML is rapidly re-localized in the cytoplasm of cells infected by HIV-1 and other retroviruses and interferes with reverse-transcription of incoming retroviral RNA. We were able to demonstrate that PML does not inhibit retroviral infection directly but through the stabilization of one of its well-characterized partners, Daxx. In the presence of PML, Daxx inhibits an early step of reverse-transcription thereby interfering with retroviral infections. Our findings unravel a novel antiviral function for PML and its partner Daxx.
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