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Yaffe ZA, Ding S, Sung K, Chohan V, Marchitto L, Doepker L, Ralph D, Nduati R, Matsen FA, Finzi A, Overbaugh J. Reconstruction of a polyclonal ADCC antibody repertoire from an HIV-1 non-transmitting mother. iScience 2023; 26:106762. [PMID: 37216090 PMCID: PMC10196594 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human natural history and vaccine studies support a protective role of antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity against many infectious diseases. One setting where this has consistently been observed is in HIV-1 vertical transmission, where passively acquired ADCC activity in HIV-exposed infants has correlated with reduced acquisition risk and reduced pathogenesis in HIV+ infants. However, the characteristics of HIV-specific antibodies comprising a maternal plasma ADCC response are not well understood. Here, we reconstructed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from memory B cells from late pregnancy in mother MG540, who did not transmit HIV to her infant despite several high-risk factors. Twenty mAbs representing 14 clonal families were reconstructed, which mediated ADCC and recognized multiple HIV Envelope epitopes. In experiments using Fc-defective variants, only combinations of several mAbs accounted for the majority of plasma ADCC of MG540 and her infant. We present these mAbs as evidence of a polyclonal repertoire with potent HIV-directed ADCC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zak A. Yaffe
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Kevin Sung
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Vrasha Chohan
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lorie Marchitto
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Laura Doepker
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Duncan Ralph
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ruth Nduati
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Frederick A. Matsen
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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2
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Furuta RA, Yasui T, Minamitani T, Akiba H, Toyoda C, Tobita R, Yasui K, Aminaka R, Masaki M, Satake M. Development of a recombinant hepatitis B immunoglobulin derived from B cells collected from healthy individuals administered with hepatitis B virus vaccines: A feasibility study. Transfusion 2023. [PMID: 37119513 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Japan, plasma with a high concentration of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) antibodies for hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) is almost entirely imported. We aimed to produce recombinant HBIG by isolating immunoglobulin cDNAs against the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS B cells expressing HBsAg antibodies were obtained from blood center personnel who had been administered HB vaccine booster and then isolated by either an Epstein-Barr virus hybridoma or an antigen-specific memory B cell sorting method. Each cDNA of the heavy and light chains of the target antibody was cloned into an IgG1 expression vector and transfected into Expi293F cells to produce a recombinant monoclonal antibody (mAb), which was screened by ELISA and in vitro HBV neutralizing assays. The cross-reactivity of the mAbs to normal human molecules was evaluated by ELISA and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Antibody cDNAs were cloned from 11 hybridoma cell lines and 204 HBsAg-bound memory B cells. Three of the resulting recombinant mAbs showed stronger neutralizing activity in vitro than the currently used HBIG. All three bind to the conformational epitope(s) of HBsAg but not to human DNA or cells. DISCUSSION We successfully isolated HBV-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies from B cells collected from healthy plasma donors boosted against the HBV. To obtain an alternative source for HBIG, HBV-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies from B cells collected from healthy plasma donors boosted against the HBV may be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika A Furuta
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruhito Yasui
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeharu Minamitani
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
- Toyama Prefectural Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Akiba
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic Optimization, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chizu Toyoda
- Japanese Red Cross Kanto-Koushinetsu Block Blood Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Tobita
- Japanese Red Cross Kanto-Koushinetsu Block Blood Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuta Yasui
- Japanese Red Cross Kinki Block Blood Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryota Aminaka
- Japanese Red Cross Kinki Block Blood Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mikako Masaki
- Japanese Red Cross Kinki Block Blood Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Satake
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Li L, Hessell AJ, Kong XP, Haigwood NL, Gorny MK. A large repertoire of B cell lineages targeting one cluster of epitopes in a vaccinated rhesus macaque. Vaccine 2021; 39:5607-5614. [PMID: 34400018 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The repertoire of antibodies (Abs) produced upon vaccination against a particular antigenic site is rarely studied due to the complexity of the immunogens. We received such an opportunity when one rhesus macaque was immunized six times at 0, 4, 10, 16, 32, and 143 weeks with C4-447 peptide containing the 8-mer epitope for human monoclonal Ab (mAb) 447-52D specific to the V3 region of gp120 HIV-1. Strong anti-V3 antibody responses reached 50% binding titer in serum of 10-5 at week 10 that declined to 10-3 by week 70. After an additional boost of C4-447 peptide at week 143, titers rebounded to 10-5 at week 146, or 2.7 years after the first immunization. Using the blood sample at week 146, we produced 41 V3-specific recombinant mAbs by single B cell isolation and cloning. Sequence analysis revealed 21B cell lineages, single and clonally related, based on immunoglobulin gene usage and CDR3s. The broad repertoire of Abs directed to a small antigenic site shows the targeting potency of a vaccine-elicited immune response in rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuzhe Li
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Ann J Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Miroslaw K Gorny
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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4
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Marcelino R, Gramacho F, Martin F, Brogueira P, Janeiro N, Afonso C, Badura R, Valadas E, Mansinho K, Caldeira L, Taveira N, Marcelino JM. Antibody response against selected epitopes in the HIV-1 envelope gp41 ectodomain contributes to reduce viral burden in HIV-1 infected patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8993. [PMID: 33903642 PMCID: PMC8076315 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The ectodomain of gp41 is the target of potent binding and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and is being explored in new strategies for antibody-based HIV vaccines. Previous studies have suggested that the W164A-3S (3S) and EC26-2A4 (EC26) peptides located in the gp41 ectodomain may be potential HIV vaccine candidates. We assessed 3S- and EC26-specific binding antibody responses and related neutralizing activity in a large panel of chronic HIV-1-infected Portuguese individuals on ART. A similar proportion of participants had antibodies binding to 3S (9.6%) and EC26 (9.9%) peptides but the level of reactivity against 3S was significantly higher compared to EC26, except in the rare patients with double peptide reactivity. The higher antigenicity of 3S was unrelated with disease stage, as assessed by CD4+ T cell counts, but it was directly related with plasma viral load. Most patients that were tested (89.9%, N = 268) showed tier 1 neutralizing activity, the potency being inversely associated with plasma viral load. In the subset of patients that were tested for neutralization of tier 2 isolates, neutralization breadth was inversely correlated with plasma viral load and directly correlated with CD4+ T cell counts. These results are consistent with a role for neutralizing antibodies in controlling viral replication and preventing the decline of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Importantly, in patients with 3S-specific antibodies, neutralizing titers were inversely correlated with viral RNA levels and proviral DNA levels. Moreover, patients with 3S and/or EC26-specific antibodies showed a 1.9-fold higher tier 2 neutralization score than patients without antibodies suggesting that 3S and/or EC26-specific antibodies contribute to neutralization breadth and potency in HIV-1 infected patients. Overall, these results suggest that antibodies targeting the S3 and EC26 epitopes may contribute to reduce viral burden and provide further support for the inclusion of 3S and EC26 epitopes in HIV-1 vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Marcelino
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine-GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical-IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa-UNL, 1349-008, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal.,Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Filipa Gramacho
- Hospital de Santa Maria-HSM, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte-CHLN, E.P.E., Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco Martin
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Brogueira
- Serviço de Doenças Infeciosas, Hospital Egas Moniz-HEM, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental-CHLO, E.P.E., Lisboa, 1349-019, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Janeiro
- Hospital de Santa Maria-HSM, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte-CHLN, E.P.E., Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal.,Clínica Universitária de Doenças Infeciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Claudia Afonso
- Hospital de Santa Maria-HSM, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte-CHLN, E.P.E., Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal.,Clínica Universitária de Doenças Infeciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Robert Badura
- Hospital de Santa Maria-HSM, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte-CHLN, E.P.E., Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal.,Clínica Universitária de Doenças Infeciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Emília Valadas
- Hospital de Santa Maria-HSM, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte-CHLN, E.P.E., Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal.,Clínica Universitária de Doenças Infeciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Kamal Mansinho
- Serviço de Doenças Infeciosas, Hospital Egas Moniz-HEM, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental-CHLO, E.P.E., Lisboa, 1349-019, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Caldeira
- Hospital de Santa Maria-HSM, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte-CHLN, E.P.E., Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal.,Clínica Universitária de Doenças Infeciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa-UL, Lisboa, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Taveira
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal.,Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - José M Marcelino
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine-GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical-IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa-UNL, 1349-008, Lisboa, Portugal. .,Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal. .,Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511, Monte de Caparica, Portugal.
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5
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AIDS in the Heartland-Hemophilia Was the Harbinger of Things to Come. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2021; 86:517-522. [PMID: 33351526 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The history of the AIDS epidemic in the United States has focused largely on the experience in coastal cities where the syndrome was first recognized among gay men. In Cleveland and in many other heartland cities, early recognition of this syndrome was primarily among men with hemophilia who were at risk because of exposure to HIV during treatment with lyophilized antihemophilic factor concentrates that were pooled from plasmas of thousands of donors. Disease and subclinical immune deficiency in these men and in other populations drove recognition that AIDS was due to a blood-borne and sexually transmissible agent. As the AIDS epidemic expanded, heartland cities mobilized their staff and resources to meet the needs of a growing epidemic that ultimately affected the entire nation.
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6
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Shah P, Canziani GA, Carter EP, Chaiken I. The Case for S2: The Potential Benefits of the S2 Subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein as an Immunogen in Fighting the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Immunol 2021; 12:637651. [PMID: 33767706 PMCID: PMC7985173 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.637651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As COVID-19 cases continue to rise, it is imperative to learn more about antibodies and T-cells produced against the causative virus, SARS-CoV-2, in order to guide the rapid development of therapies and vaccines. While much of the current antibody and vaccine research focuses on the receptor-binding domain of S1, a less-recognized opportunity is to harness the potential benefits of the more conserved S2 subunit. Similarities between the spike proteins of both SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 warrant exploring S2. Possible benefits of employing S2 in therapies and vaccines include the structural conservation of S2, extant cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies in populations (due to prior exposure to common cold coronaviruses), the steric neutralization potential of antibodies against S2, and the stronger memory B-cell and T-cell responses. More research is necessary on the effect of glycans on the accessibility and stability of S2, SARS-CoV-2 mutants that may affect infectivity, the neutralization potential of antibodies produced by memory B-cells, cross-reactive T-cell responses, antibody-dependent enhancement, and antigen competition. This perspective aims to highlight the evidence for the potential advantages of using S2 as a target of therapy or vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Shah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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7
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Planchais C, Kök A, Kanyavuz A, Lorin V, Bruel T, Guivel-Benhassine F, Rollenske T, Prigent J, Hieu T, Prazuck T, Lefrou L, Wardemann H, Schwartz O, Dimitrov JD, Hocqueloux L, Mouquet H. HIV-1 Envelope Recognition by Polyreactive and Cross-Reactive Intestinal B Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 27:572-585.e7. [PMID: 30970259 PMCID: PMC6458971 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal immune responses to HIV-1 involve the recognition of the viral envelope glycoprotein (gp)160 by tissue-resident B cells and subsequent secretion of antibodies. To characterize the B cells “sensing” HIV-1 in the gut of infected individuals, we probed monoclonal antibodies produced from single intestinal B cells binding to recombinant gp140 trimers. A large fraction of mucosal B cell antibodies were polyreactive and showed only low affinity to HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins, particularly the gp41 moiety. A few high-affinity gp140 antibodies were isolated but lacked neutralizing, potent ADCC, and transcytosis-blocking capacities. Instead, they displayed cross-reactivity with defined self-antigens. Specifically, intestinal HIV-1 gp41 antibodies targeting the heptad repeat 2 region (HR2) cluster II cross-reacted with the p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14). Hence, physiologic polyreactivity of intestinal B cells and molecular mimicry-based self-reactivity of HIV-1 antibodies are two independent phenomena, possibly diverting and/or impairing mucosal humoral immunity to HIV-1. Polyreactive B cells in HIV-1+ intestinal mucosa interact with HIV-1 Env proteins High-affinity intestinal HIV-1 gp140 antibodies display poor antiviral activities Antibodies targeting the gp41 cluster II region cross-react with MAPK14
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Planchais
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Ayrin Kök
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Alexia Kanyavuz
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France; INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France
| | - Valérie Lorin
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA3015, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Florence Guivel-Benhassine
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA3015, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Tim Rollenske
- Division of B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Julie Prigent
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Thierry Hieu
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Thierry Prazuck
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHR d'Orléans-La Source, Orléans 45067, France
| | - Laurent Lefrou
- Service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, CHR d'Orléans-La Source, Orléans 45067, France
| | - Hedda Wardemann
- Division of B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA3015, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Jordan D Dimitrov
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France; INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France
| | - Laurent Hocqueloux
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHR d'Orléans-La Source, Orléans 45067, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France.
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8
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Parolo C, Greenwood AS, Ogden NE, Kang D, Hawes C, Ortega G, Arroyo-Currás N, Plaxco KW. E-DNA scaffold sensors and the reagentless, single-step, measurement of HIV-diagnostic antibodies in human serum. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:13. [PMID: 34567628 PMCID: PMC8433188 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The multiplexed, point-of-care measurement of specific antibodies could improve the speed with which diseases are diagnosed and their treatment initiated. To this end, we are developing E-DNA scaffold sensors, which consist of a rigid, nucleic acid "scaffold" attached on one end to an electrode and presenting both a redox reporter and an epitope on the other. In the absence of antibody, the reporter efficiently transfers electrons when interrogated electrochemically. Binding-induced steric hindrance limits movement, reducing electron transfer in a manner that is both easily measured and quantitatively related to target concentration. Previously we have used monoclonal antibodies to explore the analytical performance of E-DNA sensors, showing that they support the rapid, single-step, quantitative detection of multiple antibodies in small volume samples. Here, in contrast, we employ authentic human samples to better explore the platform's clinical potential. Specifically, we developed E-DNA sensors targeting three HIV-specific antibodies and then compared the analytical and clinical performance of these against those of gold standard serological techniques. Doing so we find that, although the multistep amplification of an ELISA leads to a lower detection limits, the clinical sensitivity of ELISAs, E-DNA sensors and lateral-flow dipsticks are indistinguishable across our test set. It thus appears that, by merging the quantitation and multiplexing of ELISAs with the convenience and speed of dipsticks, E-DNA scaffold sensors could significantly improve on current serological practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Parolo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA USA
| | - Ava S. Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA USA
| | - Nathan E. Ogden
- Department of Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA USA
| | - Di Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA USA
| | - Chase Hawes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA USA
| | - Gabriel Ortega
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA USA
| | | | - Kevin W. Plaxco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA USA
- Interdepartmental Program in Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
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9
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Pinto D, Fenwick C, Caillat C, Silacci C, Guseva S, Dehez F, Chipot C, Barbieri S, Minola A, Jarrossay D, Tomaras GD, Shen X, Riva A, Tarkowski M, Schwartz O, Bruel T, Dufloo J, Seaman MS, Montefiori DC, Lanzavecchia A, Corti D, Pantaleo G, Weissenhorn W. Structural Basis for Broad HIV-1 Neutralization by the MPER-Specific Human Broadly Neutralizing Antibody LN01. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 26:623-637.e8. [PMID: 31653484 PMCID: PMC6854463 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are the hallmark of HIV-1 protection by vaccination. The membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the HIV-1 gp41 fusion protein is targeted by the most broadly reactive HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies. Here, we examine the structural and molecular mechansims of neutralization by anti-MPER bnAb, LN01, which was isolated from lymph-node-derived germinal center B cells of an elite controller and exhibits broad neutralization breadth. LN01 engages both MPER and the transmembrane (TM) region, which together form a continuous helix in complex with LN01. The tilted TM orientation allows LN01 to interact simultaneously with the peptidic component of the MPER epitope and membrane via two specific lipid binding sites of the antibody paratope. Although LN01 carries a high load of somatic mutations, most key residues interacting with the MPER epitope and lipids are germline encoded, lending support for the LN01 epitope as a candidate for lineage-based vaccine development. bNAb LN01 neutralizes 92% of a 118-strain virus panel LN01 targets the HIV-1 gp41 MPER, the TM region, and lipids LN01-complexed MPER forms a continuous helix with TM Most LN01 paratope residues interacting with MPER-TM and lipids are germline encoded
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Pinto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona 6500, Ticino, Switzerland
| | - Craig Fenwick
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Caillat
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Chiara Silacci
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona 6500, Ticino, Switzerland
| | - Serafima Guseva
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - François Dehez
- LPCT, UMR 7019 Université de Lorraine CNRS, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Laboratoire International Associé CNRS and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, LPCT, UMR 7019 Universiteé de Lorraine CNRS, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy 54500, France
| | - Christophe Chipot
- LPCT, UMR 7019 Université de Lorraine CNRS, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Laboratoire International Associé CNRS and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, LPCT, UMR 7019 Universiteé de Lorraine CNRS, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy 54500, France; Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sonia Barbieri
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona 6500, Ticino, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Minola
- Humabs Biomed SA, Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Ticino, Switzerland
| | - David Jarrossay
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona 6500, Ticino, Switzerland
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75013, France
| | | | - Agostino Riva
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Università di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy; III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Maciej Tarkowski
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Università di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Institut Pasteur, Virus & Immunity Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris 75015, France; Vaccine Research Institute, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Institut Pasteur, Virus & Immunity Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris 75015, France; Vaccine Research Institute, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Jérémy Dufloo
- Institut Pasteur, Virus & Immunity Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris 75015, France; Vaccine Research Institute, 94000 Créteil, France; Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75013, France
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Ticino, Switzerland.
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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10
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Williams KL, Stumpf M, Naiman NE, Ding S, Garrett M, Gobillot T, Vézina D, Dusenbury K, Ramadoss NS, Basom R, Kim PS, Finzi A, Overbaugh J. Identification of HIV gp41-specific antibodies that mediate killing of infected cells. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007572. [PMID: 30779811 PMCID: PMC6396944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that mediate killing of HIV-infected cells through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) have been implicated in protection from HIV infection and disease progression. Despite these observations, these types of HIV antibodies are understudied compared to neutralizing antibodies. Here we describe four monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) obtained from one individual that target the HIV transmembrane protein, gp41, and mediate ADCC activity. These four mAbs arose from independent B cell lineages suggesting that in this individual, multiple B cell responses were induced by the gp41 antigen. Competition and phage peptide display mapping experiments suggested that two of the mAbs target epitopes in the cysteine loop that are highly conserved and a common target of HIV gp41-specific antibodies. The amino acid sequences that bind these mAbs are overlapping but distinct. The two other mAbs were competed by mAbs that target the C-terminal heptad repeat (CHR) and the fusion peptide proximal region (FPPR) and appear to both target a similar unique conformational epitope. These gp41-specific mAbs mediated killing of infected cells that express high levels of Env due to either pre-treatment with interferon or deletion of vpu to increase levels of BST-2/Tetherin. They also mediate killing of target cells coated with various forms of the gp41 protein, including full-length gp41, gp41 ectodomain or a mimetic of the gp41 stump. Unlike many ADCC mAbs that target HIV gp120, these gp41-mAbs are not dependent on Env structural changes associated with membrane-bound CD4 interaction. Overall, the characterization of these four new mAbs that target gp41 and mediate ADCC provides evidence for diverse gp41 B cell lineages with overlapping but distinct epitopes within an individual. Such antibodies that can target various forms of envelope protein could represent a common response to a relatively conserved HIV epitope for a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. Williams
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
| | - Megan Stumpf
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
| | - Nicole Elise Naiman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States of America
| | - Shilei Ding
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Meghan Garrett
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA United States of America
| | - Theodore Gobillot
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States of America
| | - Dani Vézina
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Katharine Dusenbury
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States of America
- Divisions of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Nitya S. Ramadoss
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Ryan Basom
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Kim
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, United States of America
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11
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Structure of the membrane proximal external region of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8892-E8899. [PMID: 30185554 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1807259115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) bears epitopes of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) from infected individuals; it is thus a potential vaccine target. We report an NMR structure of the MPER and its adjacent transmembrane domain in bicelles that mimic a lipid-bilayer membrane. The MPER lies largely outside the lipid bilayer. It folds into a threefold cluster, stabilized mainly by conserved hydrophobic residues and potentially by interaction with phospholipid headgroups. Antigenic analysis and comparison with published images from electron cryotomography of HIV-1 Env on the virion surface suggest that the structure may represent a prefusion conformation of the MPER, distinct from the fusion-intermediate state targeted by several well-studied bnAbs. Very slow bnAb binding indicates that infrequent fluctuations of the MPER structure give these antibodies occasional access to alternative conformations of MPER epitopes. Mutations in the MPER not only impede membrane fusion but also influence presentation of bnAb epitopes in other regions. These results suggest strategies for developing MPER-based vaccine candidates.
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12
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Ringel O, Müller K, Koch J, Brill B, Wolf T, Stephan C, Vieillard V, Debré P, Dietrich U. Optimization of the EC26-2A4 Epitope in the gp41 Membrane Proximal External Region Targeted by Neutralizing Antibodies from an Elite Controller. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:365-374. [PMID: 29262692 PMCID: PMC5899297 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of patient derived HIV neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and their target epitopes in the viral envelope (Env) protein provides important basic information for vaccine design. In this study we optimized an epitope, EC26-2A4, that is targeted by neutralizing antibodies from an elite controller (EC26) and localizes in the membrane-proximal external region from the gp41 transmembrane protein. Due to its overlap with the epitope of the first generation broadly neutralizing monoclonal Ab (mAb) 2F5 associated with autoreactivity, we first defined the minimal core epitope reacting with antibodies from EC26 plasma, but not with mAb 2F5. The optimized minimal epitope, EC26-2A4ΔM, was able to induce neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated mice. We further analyzed the frequency of antibodies against the EC26-2A4ΔM peptide in HIV-positive patient sera from a treated cohort and an untreated long-term nonprogressor (LTNP) cohort. Interestingly, 27% of the LTNP sera reacted with the peptide, whereas only 9% showed reactivity in the treated cohort. Although there was no association between the presence of antibodies against the EC26-2A4ΔM epitope and viral load or CD4 count in these patients, the CD4 nadir in the treated cohort was higher in patients positive for EC26-2A4ΔM antibodies, in particular in patients having such antibodies at an early and a late timepoint after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Ringel
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Karsten Müller
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, HIV Center, University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Joachim Koch
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Boris Brill
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Timo Wolf
- Department of Infectious Diseases, HIV Center, University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christoph Stephan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, HIV Center, University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Vincent Vieillard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Patrice Debré
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Ursula Dietrich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
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13
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Cerutti N, Loredo-Varela JL, Caillat C, Weissenhorn W. Antigp41 membrane proximal external region antibodies and the art of using the membrane for neutralization. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2017; 12:250-256. [PMID: 28422789 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We summarize the latest research on the progress to understand the neutralizing epitopes present within the membrane proximal external region (MPER) of the HIV-1 fusion protein subunit gp41. RECENT FINDINGS The HIV-1 fusion protein subunit gp41 contains a highly conserved sequence that is essential for membrane fusion and targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies such as 2F5, 4E10, Z13e1, and 10E8. These antibodies recognize a linear gp41 epitope with high affinity, but require additional hydrophobic sequences present in their heavy chain CDR3 for neutralization. Recent structural studies on mAbs 4E10 and 10E8 provide molecular details for specific interactions with lipids and implicate part of the transmembrane region as the relevant 10E8 epitope. Although many different approaches have been applied to engineer gp41 immunogens that can induce broadly neutralizing antibodies directed toward MPER, only modest success has yet been reported. SUMMARY The new structural details on the complex gp41-lipidic epitope will spur new approaches to design gp41-MPER immunogens that might induce broadly neutralizing antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole Cerutti
- aUniversity Grenoble Alpes bCEA cCNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
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14
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Rahe MC, Murtaugh MP. Effector mechanisms of humoral immunity to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 186:15-18. [PMID: 28413045 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) continues to afflict swine nearly 30 years after it was first discovered as the causative agent of "mystery swine disease". Immunological tools of vaccination and exposure to virulent viruses have not succeeded in achieving control and prevention of PRRSV. Humoral immunity, mediated by antibodies, is a hallmark of anti-viral immunity, but little is known about the effector mechanisms of humoral immunity against PRRSV. It is essential to understand the immunological significance of antibody functions, including recently described broadly neutralizing antibodies and potential non-neutralizing activities, in the immune response to PRRSV. Here, we review recent research from PRRSV and other host-pathogen interactions to inform novel routes of exploration into PRRSV humoral immunity which may be important for identifying the immunological correlates of protection against PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Rahe
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108 USA.
| | - Michael P Murtaugh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108 USA
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15
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Chan SK, Lim TS. Immune Human Antibody Libraries for Infectious Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1053:61-78. [PMID: 29549635 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72077-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The incident of two children in Europe who died of diphtheria due to a shortage of anti-toxin drugs has highlighted the need for alternative anti-toxins. Historically, antiserum produced from immunised horses have been used to treat diphtheria. Despite the potential of antiserum, the economical and medial concerns associated with the use of animal antiserum has led to its slow market demise. Over the years, new and emerging infectious diseases have grown to be a major global health threat. The emergence of drug-resistant superbugs has also pushed the boundaries of available therapeutics to deal with new infectious diseases. Antibodies have emerged as a possible alternative to combat the continuous onslaught of various infectious agents. The isolation of antibodies against pathogens of infectious diseases isolated from immune libraries utilising phage display has yielded promising results in terms of affinities and neutralizing activities. This chapter focuses on the concept of immune antibody libraries and highlights the application of immune antibody libraries to generate antibodies for various infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Khim Chan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Theam Soon Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
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16
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Escolano A, Dosenovic P, Nussenzweig MC. Progress toward active or passive HIV-1 vaccination. J Exp Med 2016; 214:3-16. [PMID: 28003309 PMCID: PMC5206506 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIDS is a preventable disease. Nevertheless, according to UNAIDS, 2.1 million individuals were infected with HIV-1 in 2015 worldwide. An effective vaccine is highly desirable. Most vaccines in clinical use today prevent infection because they elicit antibodies that block pathogen entry. Consistent with this general rule, studies in experimental animals have shown that broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 can prevent infection, suggesting that a vaccine that elicits such antibodies would be protective. However, despite significant efforts over the last 30 years, attempts to elicit broadly HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies by vaccination failed until recent experiments in genetically engineered mice were finally successful. Here, we review the key breakthroughs and remaining obstacles to the development of active and passive HIV-1 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Escolano
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Pia Dosenovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
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17
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Hicar MD, Chen X, Sulli C, Barnes T, Goodman J, Sojar H, Briney B, Willis J, Chukwuma VU, Kalams SA, Doranz BJ, Spearman P, Crowe JE. Human Antibodies that Recognize Novel Immunodominant Quaternary Epitopes on the HIV-1 Env Protein. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158861. [PMID: 27411063 PMCID: PMC4943599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous broadly neutralizing antibodies (Abs) target epitopes that are formed or enhanced during mature HIV envelope formation (i.e. quaternary epitopes). Generally, it is thought that Env epitopes that induce broadly neutralizing Abs are difficult to access and poorly immunogenic because of the characteristic oligomerization, conformational flexibility, sequence diversity and extensive glycosylation of Env protein. To enhance for isolation of quaternary epitope-targeting Abs (QtAbs), we previously used HIV virus-like particles (VLPs) to bind B cells from long-term non-progressor subjects to identify a panel of monoclonal Abs. When expressed as recombinant full-length Abs, a subset of these novel Abs exhibited the binding profiles of QtAbs, as they either failed to bind to monomeric Env protein or showed much higher affinity for Env trimers and VLPs. These QtAbs represented a significant proportion of the B-cell response identified with VLPs. The Ab genes of these clones were highly mutated, but they did not neutralize common HIV strains. We sought to further define the epitopes targeted by these QtAbs. Competition-binding and mapping studies revealed these Abs targeted four separate epitopes; they also failed to compete for binding by Abs to known major neutralizing epitopes. Detailed epitope mapping studies revealed that two of the four epitopes were located in the gp41 subunit of Env. These QtAbs bound pre-fusion forms of antigen and showed differential binding kinetics depending on whether oligomers were produced as recombinant gp140 trimers or as full-length Env incorporated into VLPs. Antigenic regions within gp41 present unexpectedly diverse structural epitopes, including these QtAb epitopes, which may be targeted by the naturally occurring Ab response to HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Hicar
- Departments of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Xuemin Chen
- Departments of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Chidananda Sulli
- Integral Molecular, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Trevor Barnes
- Integral Molecular, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jason Goodman
- Integral Molecular, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hakimuddin Sojar
- Departments of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Bryan Briney
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jordan Willis
- The Program in Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Valentine U. Chukwuma
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Spyros A. Kalams
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- The Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Doranz
- Integral Molecular, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul Spearman
- Departments of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James E. Crowe
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Jin S, Ji Y, Wang Q, Wang H, Shi X, Han X, Zhou T, Shang H, Zhang L. Spatiotemporal hierarchy in antibody recognition against transmitted HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein during natural infection. Retrovirology 2016; 13:12. [PMID: 26883323 PMCID: PMC4756523 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0243-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Majority of HIV-1 infection is established by one transmitted/founder virus and understanding how the neutralizing antibodies develop against this virus is critical for our rational design an HIV-1 vaccine.
Results We report here antibody profiling of sequential plasma samples against transmitted/founder HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein in an epidemiologically linked transmission pair using our previously reported antigen library approach. We have decomposed the antibody recognition into three major subdomains on the envelope and showed their development in vivo followed a spatiotemporal hierarchy: starting with the ectodomain of gp41 at membrane proximal region, then the V3C3V4 and the V1V2 of gp120 at the membrane distal region. While antibodies to these subdomains appeared to undergo avidity maturation, the early anti-gp41 antibodies failed to translate into detectable autologous neutralization. Instead, it was the much delayed anti-V3C3V4 and anti-V1V2 antibodies constituted the major neutralizing activities. Conclusions Our results indicate that the initial antibody response was severely misguided by the transmitted/founder virus and future vaccine design would need to avoid the ectodomain of gp41 and focus on the neutralizing targets in the V3C3V4 and V1V2 subdomains of gp120. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-016-0243-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Yangtao Ji
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Ministry of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Hua Wang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Xuanling Shi
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Ministry of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Ministry of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| | - Linqi Zhang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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19
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Scheid JF. HIV-specific B cell response in patients with broadly neutralizing serum activity. Science 2016; 350:1175. [PMID: 26785466 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad7133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes F Scheid
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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20
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Hicar MD, Chen X, Kalams SA, Sojar H, Landucci G, Forthal DN, Spearman P, Crowe JE. Low frequency of broadly neutralizing HIV antibodies during chronic infection even in quaternary epitope targeting antibodies containing large numbers of somatic mutations. Mol Immunol 2015; 70:94-103. [PMID: 26748387 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (Abs) are thought to be a critical component of an appropriate HIV vaccine response. It has been proposed that Abs recognizing conformationally dependent quaternary epitopes on the HIV envelope (Env) trimer may be necessary to neutralize diverse HIV strains. A number of recently described broadly neutralizing monoclonal Abs (mAbs) recognize complex and quaternary epitopes. Generally, many such Abs exhibit extensive numbers of somatic mutations and unique structural characteristics. We sought to characterize the native antibody (Ab) response against circulating HIV focusing on such conformational responses, without a prior selection based on neutralization. Using a capture system based on VLPs incorporating cleaved envelope protein, we identified a selection of B cells that produce quaternary epitope targeting Abs (QtAbs). Similar to a number of broadly neutralizing Abs, the Ab genes encoding these QtAbs showed extensive numbers of somatic mutations. However, when expressed as recombinant molecules, these Abs failed to neutralize virus or mediate ADCVI activity. Molecular analysis showed unusually high numbers of mutations in the Ab heavy chain framework 3 region of the variable genes. The analysis suggests that large numbers of somatic mutations occur in Ab genes encoding HIV Abs in chronically infected individuals in a non-directed, stochastic, manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Hicar
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14222, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14222, United States
| | - Xuemin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Spyros A Kalams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt, University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Hakimuddin Sojar
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14222, United States
| | - Gary Landucci
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92668, United States
| | - Donald N Forthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92668, United States
| | - Paul Spearman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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Dotsey EY, Gorlani A, Ingale S, Achenbach CJ, Forthal DN, Felgner PL, Gach JS. A High Throughput Protein Microarray Approach to Classify HIV Monoclonal Antibodies and Variant Antigens. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125581. [PMID: 25938510 PMCID: PMC4418728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, high throughput discovery of human recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has been applied to greatly advance our understanding of the specificity, and functional activity of antibodies against HIV. Thousands of antibodies have been generated and screened in functional neutralization assays, and antibodies associated with cross-strain neutralization and passive protection in primates, have been identified. To facilitate this type of discovery, a high throughput-screening tool is needed to accurately classify mAbs, and their antigen targets. In this study, we analyzed and evaluated a prototype microarray chip comprised of the HIV-1 recombinant proteins gp140, gp120, gp41, and several membrane proximal external region peptides. The protein microarray analysis of 11 HIV-1 envelope-specific mAbs revealed diverse binding affinities and specificities across clades. Half maximal effective concentrations, generated by our chip analysis, correlated significantly (P<0.0001) with concentrations from ELISA binding measurements. Polyclonal immune responses in plasma samples from HIV-1 infected subjects exhibited different binding patterns, and reactivity against printed proteins. Examining the totality of the specificity of the humoral response in this way reveals the exquisite diversity, and specificity of the humoral response to HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Y. Dotsey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Andrea Gorlani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Sampat Ingale
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Chad J. Achenbach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Donald N. Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Philip L. Felgner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JSG); (PLF)
| | - Johannes S. Gach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JSG); (PLF)
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22
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Lai RPJ, Hock M, Radzimanowski J, Tonks P, Hulsik DL, Effantin G, Seilly DJ, Dreja H, Kliche A, Wagner R, Barnett SW, Tumba N, Morris L, LaBranche CC, Montefiori DC, Seaman MS, Heeney JL, Weissenhorn W. A fusion intermediate gp41 immunogen elicits neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29912-26. [PMID: 25160627 PMCID: PMC4208001 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.569566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein subunit gp41 is targeted by potent broadly neutralizing antibodies 2F5, 4E10, and 10E8. These antibodies recognize linear epitopes and have been suggested to target the fusion intermediate conformation of gp41 that bridges viral and cellular membranes. Anti-MPER antibodies exert different degrees of membrane interaction, which is considered to be the limiting factor for the generation of such antibodies by immunization. Here we characterize a fusion intermediate conformation of gp41 (gp41(int)-Cys) and show that it folds into an elongated ∼ 12-nm-long extended structure based on small angle x-ray scattering data. Gp41(int)-Cys was covalently linked to liposomes via its C-terminal cysteine and used as immunogen. The gp41(int)-Cys proteoliposomes were administered alone or in prime-boost regimen with trimeric envelope gp140(CA018) in guinea pigs and elicited high anti-gp41 IgG titers. The sera interacted with a peptide spanning the MPER region, demonstrated competition with broadly neutralizing antibodies 2F5 and 4E10, and exerted modest lipid binding, indicating the presence of MPER-specific antibodies. Although the neutralization potency generated solely by gp140(CA018) was higher than that induced by gp41(int)-Cys, the majority of animals immunized with gp41(int)-Cys proteoliposomes induced modest breadth and potency in neutralizing tier 1 pseudoviruses and replication-competent simian/human immunodeficiency viruses in the TZM-bl assay as well as responses against tier 2 HIV-1 in the A3R5 neutralization assay. Our data thus demonstrate that liposomal gp41 MPER formulation can induce neutralization activity, and the strategy serves to improve breadth and potency of such antibodies by improved vaccination protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P J Lai
- From the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam Hock
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI), F-38000 Grenoble, France, CNRS, UVHCI, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jens Radzimanowski
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI), F-38000 Grenoble, France, CNRS, UVHCI, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Paul Tonks
- From the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - David Lutje Hulsik
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI), F-38000 Grenoble, France, CNRS, UVHCI, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Gregory Effantin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI), F-38000 Grenoble, France, CNRS, UVHCI, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - David J Seilly
- From the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - Hanna Dreja
- From the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Kliche
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Susan W Barnett
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Nancy Tumba
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Centre for HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections, 1 Modderfontein Road, Sandringham 2131, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Centre for HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections, 1 Modderfontein Road, Sandringham 2131, South Africa
| | - Celia C LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, and
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, and
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jonathan L Heeney
- From the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom,
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI), F-38000 Grenoble, France, CNRS, UVHCI, F-38000 Grenoble, France,
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23
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Molinos-Albert LM, Carrillo J, Curriu M, Rodriguez de la Concepción ML, Marfil S, García E, Clotet B, Blanco J. Anti-MPER antibodies with heterogeneous neutralization capacity are detectable in most untreated HIV-1 infected individuals. Retrovirology 2014; 11:44. [PMID: 24909946 PMCID: PMC4067070 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-11-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The MPER region of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp41 is targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies. However, the localization of this epitope in a hydrophobic environment seems to hamper the elicitation of these antibodies in HIV infected individuals. We have quantified and characterized anti-MPER antibodies by ELISA and by flow cytometry using a collection of mini gp41-derived proteins expressed on the surface of 293T cells. Longitudinal plasma samples from 35 HIV-1 infected individuals were assayed for MPER recognition and MPER-dependent neutralizing capacity using HIV-2 viruses engrafted with HIV-1 MPER sequences. Results Miniproteins devoid of the cysteine loop of gp41 exposed the MPER on 293T cell membrane. Anti-MPER antibodies were identified in most individuals and were stable when analyzed in longitudinal samples. The magnitude of the responses was strongly correlated with the global response to the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein, suggesting no specific limitation for anti-MPER antibodies. Peptide mapping showed poor recognition of the C-terminal MPER moiety and a wide presence of antibodies against the 2F5 epitope. However, antibody titers failed to correlate with 2F5-blocking activity and, more importantly, with the specific neutralization of HIV-2 chimeric viruses bearing the HIV-1 MPER sequence; suggesting a strong functional heterogeneity in anti-MPER humoral responses. Conclusions Anti-MPER antibodies can be detected in the vast majority of HIV-1 infected individuals and are generated in the context of the global anti-Env response. However, the neutralizing capacity is heterogeneous suggesting that eliciting neutralizing anti-MPER antibodies by immunization might require refinement of immunogens to skip nonneutralizing responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, UAB, Badalona, 08916 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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24
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Holl TM, Yang G, Kuraoka M, Verkoczy L, Alam SM, Moody MA, Haynes BF, Kelsoe G. Enhanced antibody responses to an HIV-1 membrane-proximal external region antigen in mice reconstituted with cultured lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 192:3269-79. [PMID: 24591365 PMCID: PMC4003504 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that the protective HIV-1 Ab, 2F5, avidly reacts with a conserved mammalian self-Ag, kynureninase, and that the development of B cells specific for the 2F5 epitope is constrained by immunological tolerance. These observations suggest that the capacity to mount Ab responses to the 2F5 epitope is mitigated by tolerance, but such capacity may be latent in the pretolerance and/or anergic B cell pools. In this study, we use B cell tetramer reagents to track the frequencies of B cells that recognize the HIV-1 2F5 epitope (SP62): in C57BL/6 mice, SP62-binding transitional B cells are readily identified in bone marrow but are lost during subsequent development. Unsurprisingly then, immunization with SP62 immunogen does not elicit significant humoral responses in normal C57BL/6 mice. Reconstitution of Rag1(null) mice with normal congenic B cells that have matured in vitro restores the capacity to mount significant serum Ab and germinal center responses to this HIV-1 epitope. These B cell cultures are permissive for the development of autoreactive B cells and support the development of SP62-specific B cell compartments normally lost in 2F5 Ab knockin mice. The recovery of humoral responses to the 2F5/SP62 epitope of HIV-1 by reconstitution with B cells containing forbidden, autoreactive clones provides direct evidence that normal C57BL/6 mice latently possess the capacity to generate humoral responses to a conserved, neutralizing HIV-1 epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Matt Holl
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Masayuki Kuraoka
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Laurent Verkoczy
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - M. Anthony Moody
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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25
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Virnik K, Hockenbury M, Ni Y, Beren J, Pavlakis GN, Felber BK, Berkower I. Live attenuated rubella vectors expressing SIV and HIV vaccine antigens replicate and elicit durable immune responses in rhesus macaques. Retrovirology 2013; 10:99. [PMID: 24041113 PMCID: PMC3849444 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Live attenuated viruses are among our most potent and effective vaccines. For human immunodeficiency virus, however, a live attenuated strain could present substantial safety concerns. We have used the live attenuated rubella vaccine strain RA27/3 as a vector to express SIV and HIV vaccine antigens because its safety and immunogenicity have been demonstrated in millions of children. One dose protects for life against rubella infection. In previous studies, rubella vectors replicated to high titers in cell culture while stably expressing SIV and HIV antigens. Their viability in vivo, however, as well as immunogenicity and antibody persistence, were unknown. Results This paper reports the first successful trial of rubella vectors in rhesus macaques, in combination with DNA vaccines in a prime and boost strategy. The vectors grew robustly in vivo, and the protein inserts were highly immunogenic. Antibody titers elicited by the SIV Gag vector were greater than or equal to those elicited by natural SIV infection. The antibodies were long lasting, and they were boosted by a second dose of replication-competent rubella vectors given six months later, indicating the induction of memory B cells. Conclusions Rubella vectors can serve as a vaccine platform for safe delivery and expression of SIV and HIV antigens. By presenting these antigens in the context of an acute infection, at a high level and for a prolonged duration, these vectors can stimulate a strong and persistent immune response, including maturation of memory B cells. Rhesus macaques will provide an ideal animal model for demonstrating immunogenicity of novel vectors and protection against SIV or SHIV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Virnik
- Lab of Immunoregulation, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines, Center for Biologics, FDA, NIH Campus, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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26
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Abstract
The development of an effective vaccine has been hindered by the enormous diversity of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and its ability to escape a myriad of host immune responses. In addition, conserved vulnerable regions on the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein are often poorly immunogenic and elicit broadly neutralizing antibody responses (BNAbs) in a minority of HIV-1-infected individuals and only after several years of infection. All of the known BNAbs demonstrate high levels of somatic mutations and often display other unusual traits, such as a long heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 (CDRH3) and autoreactivity that can be limited by host tolerance controls. Nonetheless, the demonstration that HIV-1-infected individuals can make potent BNAbs is encouraging, and recent progress in isolating such antibodies and mapping their immune pathways of development is providing new strategies for vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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27
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Petitdemange C, Achour A, Dispinseri S, Malet I, Sennepin A, Ho Tsong Fang R, Crouzet J, Marcelin AG, Calvez V, Scarlatti G, Debré P, Vieillard V. A single amino-acid change in a highly conserved motif of gp41 elicits HIV-1 neutralization and protects against CD4 depletion. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57:745-55. [PMID: 23696512 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The induction of neutralizing antibodies against conserved regions of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope protein is a major goal of vaccine strategies. We previously identified 3S, a critical conserved motif of gp41 that induces the NKp44L ligand of an activating NK receptor. In vivo, anti-3S antibodies protect against the natural killer (NK) cell-mediated CD4 depletion that occurs without efficient viral neutralization. METHODS Specific substitutions within the 3S peptide motif were prepared by directed mutagenesis. Virus production was monitored by measuring the p24 production. Neutralization assays were performed with immune-purified antibodies from immunized mice and a cohort of HIV-infected patients. Expression of NKp44L on CD4(+) T cells and degranulation assay on activating NK cells were both performed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Here, we show that specific substitutions in the 3S motif reduce viral infection without affecting gp41 production, while decreasing both its capacity to induce NKp44L expression on CD4(+) T cells and its sensitivity to autologous NK cells. Generation of antibodies in mice against the W614 specific position in the 3S motif elicited a capacity to neutralize cross-clade viruses, notable in its magnitude, breadth, and durability. Antibodies against this 3S variant were also detected in sera from some HIV-1-infected patients, demonstrating both neutralization activity and protection against CD4 depletion. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that a specific substitution in a 3S-based immunogen might allow the generation of specific antibodies, providing a foundation for a rational vaccine that combine a capacity to neutralize HIV-1 and to protect CD4(+) T cells.
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Generation of HIV-1 potent and broad neutralizing antibodies by immunization with postfusion HR1/HR2 complex. AIDS 2013; 27:717-30. [PMID: 23719346 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32835cfca5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The envelope glycoproteins are major targets for HIV vaccines. The N-terminal and the C-terminal regions of the gp41 interact to form six helix bundles that are responsible for the fusion between the viral and the target cell membranes. Monoclonal antibodies (Abs) able to disrupt the formation of this complex or to interfere with it could inhibit HIV fusion. Most of the well described gp41-specific broadly neutralizing Abs target conformational epitopes within the membrane proximal region of gp41 (MPER) and recognize linear peptides. METHOD AND RESULTS In this study, a stable human transfected cell line, expressing a well folded heptad repeat regions 1 (HR1)/HR2 postfusion complex was developed. Transfected cells were highly immunogenic in mice and allowed the generation of 40 complex specific B-cell clones. Three of them were able to neutralize efficiently both HIV-1 laboratory adapted virus and primary isolates from different clades. Two neutralizing Abs (Nabs) FC-2 and FC-3 bound to a recombinant folded gp140 and blocked with a high potency HR1/HR2 fusion complex formation in vitro. The conformational epitopes of the three antibodies are different to 2F5, 4E10, D5 or NC-1 and mainly located in the MPER region. Abs were capable of inhibiting syncytium formation by blocking spatial interactions between HR1 and HR2 regions. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that immunogenicity of gp41 is achievable and that the use of a fusion complex expressing human cell line is a highly potent immunogen to generate neutralizing antibodies against gp41 envelope glycoprotein.
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29
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Lutje Hulsik D, Liu YY, Strokappe NM, Battella S, El Khattabi M, McCoy LE, Sabin C, Hinz A, Hock M, Macheboeuf P, Bonvin AMJJ, Langedijk JPM, Davis D, Forsman Quigley A, Aasa-Chapman MMI, Seaman MS, Ramos A, Poignard P, Favier A, Simorre JP, Weiss RA, Verrips CT, Weissenhorn W, Rutten L. A gp41 MPER-specific llama VHH requires a hydrophobic CDR3 for neutralization but not for antigen recognition. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003202. [PMID: 23505368 PMCID: PMC3591319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The membrane proximal external region (MPER) of the HIV-1 glycoprotein gp41 is targeted by the broadly neutralizing antibodies 2F5 and 4E10. To date, no immunization regimen in animals or humans has produced HIV-1 neutralizing MPER-specific antibodies. We immunized llamas with gp41-MPER proteoliposomes and selected a MPER-specific single chain antibody (VHH), 2H10, whose epitope overlaps with that of mAb 2F5. Bi-2H10, a bivalent form of 2H10, which displayed an approximately 20-fold increased affinity compared to the monovalent 2H10, neutralized various sensitive and resistant HIV-1 strains, as well as SHIV strains in TZM-bl cells. X-ray and NMR analyses combined with mutagenesis and modeling revealed that 2H10 recognizes its gp41 epitope in a helical conformation. Notably, tryptophan 100 at the tip of the long CDR3 is not required for gp41 interaction but essential for neutralization. Thus bi-2H10 is an anti-MPER antibody generated by immunization that requires hydrophobic CDR3 determinants in addition to epitope recognition for neutralization similar to the mode of neutralization employed by mAbs 2F5 and 4E10.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lutje Hulsik
- Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI), UMI 3265, Université Joseph Fourier-EMBL-CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Ying-ying Liu
- Biomolecular Imaging (BMI), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nika M. Strokappe
- Biomolecular Imaging (BMI), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Battella
- Biomolecular Imaging (BMI), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamed El Khattabi
- Biomolecular Imaging (BMI), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura E. McCoy
- MRC/UCL Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Sabin
- Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI), UMI 3265, Université Joseph Fourier-EMBL-CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Andreas Hinz
- Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI), UMI 3265, Université Joseph Fourier-EMBL-CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Miriam Hock
- Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI), UMI 3265, Université Joseph Fourier-EMBL-CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Pauline Macheboeuf
- Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI), UMI 3265, Université Joseph Fourier-EMBL-CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Alexandre M. J. J. Bonvin
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - David Davis
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Forsman Quigley
- MRC/UCL Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marlén M. I. Aasa-Chapman
- MRC/UCL Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alejandra Ramos
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Pascal Poignard
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Adrien Favier
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale-Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble Cedex, France
- CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale-Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble Cedex, France
- UJF-Grenoble-1, Institut de Biologie Structurale-Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Simorre
- CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale-Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble Cedex, France
- CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale-Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble Cedex, France
- UJF-Grenoble-1, Institut de Biologie Structurale-Jean-Pierre Ebel, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Robin A. Weiss
- MRC/UCL Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - C. Theo Verrips
- Biomolecular Imaging (BMI), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- QVQ BV, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions (UVHCI), UMI 3265, Université Joseph Fourier-EMBL-CNRS, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail: (WW); (LR)
| | - Lucy Rutten
- Biomolecular Imaging (BMI), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (WW); (LR)
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Zhou M, Meyer T, Koch S, Koch J, von Briesen H, Benito JM, Soriano V, Haberl A, Bickel M, Dübel S, Hust M, Dietrich U. Identification of a new epitope for HIV-neutralizing antibodies in the gp41 membrane proximal external region by an Env-tailored phage display library. Eur J Immunol 2012. [PMID: 23180650 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
HIV controllers are a valuable source for the identification of HIV-neutralizing antibodies, as chronic infection over decades allows extensive affinity maturation of antibodies for improved Ag recognition. We analyzed a small cohort of elite controllers (ECs) for HIV-neutralizing antibodies using a panel of standardized HIV-1 pseudovirions on TZM-bl cells. An HIV-1 Env-tailored phage display library was generated to select epitopes targeted by neutralizing antibodies in the EC26 plasma sample showing the broadest neutralizing activity. Selected Env fragments were mostly allocated to the membrane proximal external region of gp41. After preabsorbing the EC26 plasma with the selected phage EC26-2A4, we achieved 50% depletion of its neutralizing activity. Furthermore, antibodies affinity-purified with the EC26-2A4 epitope from EC26 plasma showed neutralizing activity, proving that the selected phage indeed contains an epitope targeted by neutralizing plasma antibodies. Epitope fine mapping of the purified plasma antibodies on peptide arrays identified a new epitope overlapping, but clearly distinct, from the prominent 2F5 epitope. Of note, the purified antibodies did not show autoreactivity with cardiolipin, whereas low reactivity with phosphatidylserine comparable to mAb 2F5 was observed. Thus, this new epitope represents a promising candidate for further analysis in view of HIV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkui Zhou
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Biomedical Research, Frankfurt, Germany
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Rational design of membrane proximal external region lipopeptides containing chemical modifications for HIV-1 vaccination. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 20:39-45. [PMID: 23114698 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00615-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The inability to generate broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) responses to the membrane proximal external region (MPER) of HIV-1 gp41 using current vaccine strategies has hampered efforts to prevent the spread of HIV. To address this challenge, we investigated a novel hypothesis to help improve the anti-MPER antibody response. Guided by structural insights and the unique lipid reactivity of anti-MPER bnAbs, we considered whether amino acid side chain modifications that emulate hydrophilic phospholipid head groups could contribute to the generation of 2F5-like or 4E10-like neutralizing anti-MPER antibodies. To test this hypothesis, we generated a series of chemically modified MPER immunogens through derivatization of amino acid side chains with phosphate or nitrate groups. We evaluated the binding affinity of the chemically modified peptides to their cognate monoclonal antibodies, 2F5 and 4E10, using surface plasmon resonance. The modifications had little effect on binding to the antibodies and did not influence epitope secondary structure when presented in liposomes. We selected five of the chemically modified sequences to immunize rabbits and found that an immunogen containing both the 2F5 and 4E10 epitopes and a phosphorylated threonine at T676 elicited the highest anti-peptide IgG titers, although the high antipeptide titers did not confer higher neutralizing activity. These data indicate that side chain modifications adjacent to known neutralizing antibody epitopes are capable of eliciting antibody responses to the MPER but that these chemically modified gp41 epitopes do not induce neutralizing antibodies.
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Abstract
Antibody-based therapeutics have been successfully used for the treatment of various diseases and as research tools. Several well characterized, broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bnmAbs) targeting HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins or related host cell surface proteins show sterilizing protection of animals, but they are not effective when used for therapy of an established infection in humans. Recently, a number of novel bnmAbs, engineered antibody domains (eAds), and multifunctional fusion proteins have been reported which exhibit exceptionally potent and broad neutralizing activity against a wide range of HIV-1 isolates from diverse genetic subtypes. eAds could be more effective in vivo than conventional full-size antibodies generated by the human immune system. Because of their small size (12∼15 kD), they can better access sterically restricted epitopes and penetrate densely packed tissue where HIV-1 replicates than the larger full-size antibodies. HIV-1 possesses a number of mechanisms to escape neutralization by full-size antibodies but could be less likely to develop resistance to eAds. Here, we review the in vitro and in vivo antiviral efficacies of existing HIV-1 bnmAbs, summarize the development of eAds and multispecific fusion proteins as novel types of HIV-1 inhibitors, and discuss possible strategies to generate more potent antibody-based candidate therapeutics against HIV-1, including some that could be used to eradicate the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gong
- Protein Interactions Group, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
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Functional single-cell hybridoma screening using droplet-based microfluidics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:11570-5. [PMID: 22753519 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1204514109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies can specifically bind or even inhibit drug targets and have hence become the fastest growing class of human therapeutics. Although they can be screened for binding affinities at very high throughput using systems such as phage display, screening for functional properties (e.g., the inhibition of a drug target) is much more challenging. Typically these screens require the generation of immortalized hybridoma cells, as well as clonal expansion in microtiter plates over several weeks, and the number of clones that can be assayed is typically no more than a few thousand. We present here a microfluidic platform allowing the functional screening of up to 300,000 individual hybridoma cell clones within less than a day. This approach should also be applicable to nonimmortalized primary B-cells, as no cell proliferation is required: Individual cells are encapsulated into aqueous microdroplets and assayed directly for the release of antibodies inhibiting a drug target based on fluorescence. We used this system to perform a model screen for antibodies that inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme 1, a target for hypertension and congestive heart failure drugs. When cells expressing these antibodies were spiked into an unrelated hybridoma cell population in a ratio of 1:10,000 we observed a 9,400-fold enrichment after fluorescence activated droplet sorting. A wide variance in antibody expression levels at the single-cell level within a single hybridoma line was observed and high expressors could be successfully sorted and recultivated.
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Pre-clinical evaluation of a 213Bi-labeled 2556 antibody to HIV-1 gp41 glycoprotein in HIV-1 mouse models as a reagent for HIV eradication. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31866. [PMID: 22427811 PMCID: PMC3302885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Any strategy for curing HIV infection must include a method to eliminate viral-infected cells. Based on our earlier proof-of-principle results targeting HIV-1 infected cells with radiolabeled antibody (mAb) to gp41 viral antigen, we embarked on identifying a suitable candidate mAb for preclinical development. Methodology/Principal Findings Among the several human mAbs to gp41 tested, mAb 2556 was found to have high affinity, reactivity with multimeric forms of gp41 present on both the surface of virus particles and cells expressing HIV-1 Env, and recognition of a highly conserved epitope of gp41 shared by all HIV-1 subtypes. Also, mAb 2556 was the best in competition with HIV-1+ serum antibodies, which is an extremely important consideration for efficacy in the treatment of HIV patients. When radiolabeled with alpha-emitting radionuclide 213-Bismuth (213Bi) - 213Bi-2556 efficiently and specifically killed ACH-2 human lymphocytes chronically infected with HIV-1, and HIV-1 infected human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs). The number of binding sites for 213Bi-2556 on the surface of the infected cells was >106. The in vivo experiments were performed in two HIV-1 mouse models – splenic and intraperitoneal. In both models, the decrease in HIV-1 infected hPBMCs from the spleens and peritoneum, respectively, was dose-dependent with the most pronounced killing of hPBMCs observed in the 100 µCi 213Bi-2556 group (P = 0.01). Measurement of the blood platelet counts and gross pathology of the treated mice demonstrated the lack of toxicity for 213Bi-2556. Conclusions/Significance We describe the preclinical development of a novel radiolabeled mAb reagent that could potentially be part of an HIV eradication strategy that is ready for translation into the clinic as the next step in its development. As viral antigens are very different from “self” human antigens - this approach promises high selectivity, increased efficacy and low toxicity, especially in comparison to immunotoxins.
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Prime boost vaccination approaches with different conjugates of a new HIV-1 gp41 epitope encompassing the membrane proximal external region induce neutralizing antibodies in mice. Vaccine 2012; 30:1911-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Curriu M, Fausther-Bovendo H, Pernas M, Massanella M, Carrillo J, Cabrera C, López-Galíndez C, Clotet B, Debré P, Vieillard V, Blanco J. Viremic HIV infected individuals with high CD4 T cells and functional envelope proteins show anti-gp41 antibodies with unique specificity and function. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30330. [PMID: 22312424 PMCID: PMC3270019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD4 T-cell decay is variable among HIV-infected individuals. In exceptional cases, CD4 T-cell counts remain stable despite high plasma viremia. HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) properties, namely tropism, fusion or the ability to induce the NK ligand NKp44L, or host factors that modulate Env cytopathic mechanisms may be modified in such situation. METHODS We identified untreated HIV-infected individuals showing non-cytopathic replication (VL>10,000 copies/mL and CD4 T-cell decay<50 cells/µL/year, Viremic Non Progressors, VNP) or rapid progression (CD4 T-cells<350 cells/µL within three years post-infection, RP). We isolated full-length Env clones and analyzed their functions (tropism, fusion activity and capacity to induce NKp44L expression on CD4 cells). Anti-Env humoral responses were also analyzed. RESULTS Env clones isolated from VNP or RP individuals showed no major phenotypic differences. The percentage of functional clones was similar in both groups. All clones tested were CCR5-tropic and showed comparable expression and fusogenic activity. Moreover, no differences were observed in their capacity to induce NKp44L expression on CD4 T cells from healthy donors through the 3S epitope of gp41. In contrast, anti- Env antibodies showed clear functional differences: plasma from VNPs had significantly higher capacity than RPs to block NKp44L induction by autologous viruses. Consistently, CD4 T-cells isolated from VNPs showed undetectable NKp44L expression and specific antibodies against a variable region flanking the highly conserved 3S epitope were identified in plasma samples from these patients. Conversely, despite continuous antigen stimulation, VNPs were unable to mount a broad neutralizing response against HIV. CONCLUSIONS Env functions (fusion and induction of NKp44L) were similar in viremic patients with slow or rapid progression to AIDS. However, differences in humoral responses against gp41 epitopes nearby 3S sequence may contribute to the lack of CD4 T cell decay in VNPs by blocking the induction of NKp44L by gp41.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Curriu
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Hughes Fausther-Bovendo
- INSERM UMR-S 945, Laboratoire Immunité et Infection, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, UPMC, Université Paris-6, Paris, France
| | - María Pernas
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Massanella
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cecilia Cabrera
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cecilio López-Galíndez
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrice Debré
- INSERM UMR-S 945, Laboratoire Immunité et Infection, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, UPMC, Université Paris-6, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Vieillard
- INSERM UMR-S 945, Laboratoire Immunité et Infection, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, UPMC, Université Paris-6, Paris, France
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Enhanced HIV-1 neutralization by antibody heteroligation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:875-80. [PMID: 22219363 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1120059109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Passive transfer of broadly neutralizing human antibodies against HIV-1 protects macaques against infection. However, HIV-1 uses several strategies to escape antibody neutralization, including mutation of the gp160 viral surface spike, a glycan shield to block antibody access to the spike, and expression of a limited number of viral surface spikes, which interferes with bivalent antibody binding. The latter is thought to decrease antibody apparent affinity or avidity, thereby interfering with neutralizing activity. To test the idea that increasing apparent affinity might enhance neutralizing activity, we engineered bispecific anti-HIV-1 antibodies (BiAbs) that can bind bivalently by virtue of one scFv arm that binds to gp120 and a second arm to the gp41 subunit of gp160. The individual arms of the BiAbs preserved the binding specificities of the original anti-HIV IgG antibodies and together bound simultaneously to gp120 and gp41. Heterotypic bivalent binding enhanced neutralization compared with the parental antibodies. We conclude that antibody recognition and viral neutralization of HIV can be improved by heteroligation.
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Li L, Wang XH, Banerjee S, Volsky B, Williams C, Moody MA, Zolla-Pazner S, Gorny MK. Clonal analysis of human anti-V3 monoclonal antibodies selected by a V3 tetramer. Hum Antibodies 2012; 21:65-73. [PMID: 23549023 PMCID: PMC3708495 DOI: 10.3233/hab-130264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The production of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has been improved recently using the single B cell and PCR technology. A number of new anti-HIV-1 mAbs directed to various epitopes were produced by selecting single B cells from HIV positive individuals using the HIV-1 envelope (Env) proteins, and we tested whether the peptide can select B cells specific to a particular Env epitope. Using the fluorescently-labeled peptide tetramer representative of the V3 loop of HIV-1 Env gp120 for staining the B cells derived from one HIV-1 infected donor, four clonal human mAbs were produced with specificity to the V3 region. The clonality of the four V3 mAbs was based on the usage of the same immunoglobulin genes and almost identical sequence of CDRs. The amino acid changes were present only in the framework and, possibly, they could be related to the differences observed in the relative affinity binding of these four mAbs to V3 antigen. One representative V3 mAb displayed very potent neutralizing activity to one of two viruses tested. This study shows the feasibility of utilizing a peptide tetramer to select epitope-specific B cells and produce mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuzhe Li
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiao-Hong Wang
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sagarika Banerjee
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Barbara Volsky
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Constance Williams
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - M. Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miroslaw K. Gorny
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Morris L, Chen X, Alam M, Tomaras G, Zhang R, Marshall DJ, Chen B, Parks R, Foulger A, Jaeger F, Donathan M, Bilska M, Gray ES, Abdool Karim SS, Kepler TB, Whitesides J, Montefiori D, Moody MA, Liao HX, Haynes BF. Isolation of a human anti-HIV gp41 membrane proximal region neutralizing antibody by antigen-specific single B cell sorting. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23532. [PMID: 21980336 PMCID: PMC3184076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies are not commonly produced in HIV-1 infected individuals nor by experimental HIV-1 vaccines. When these antibodies do occur, it is important to be able to isolate and characterize them to provide clues for vaccine design. CAP206 is a South African subtype C HIV-1-infected individual previously shown to have broadly neutralizing plasma antibodies targeting the envelope gp41 distal membrane proximal external region (MPER). We have now used a fluoresceinated peptide tetramer antigen with specific cell sorting to isolate a human neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the HIV-1 envelope gp41 MPER. The isolated recombinant mAb, CAP206-CH12, utilized a portion of the distal MPER (HXB2 amino acid residues, 673-680) and neutralized a subset of HIV-1 pseudoviruses sensitive to CAP206 plasma antibodies. Interestingly, this mAb was polyreactive and used the same germ-line variable heavy (V(H)1-69) and variable kappa light chain (V(K)3-20) gene families as the prototype broadly neutralizing anti-MPER mAb, 4E10 (residues 672-680). These data indicate that there are multiple immunogenic targets in the C-terminus of the MPER of HIV-1 gp41 envelope and suggests that gp41 neutralizing epitopes may interact with a restricted set of naive B cells during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Morris
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America.
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Mouquet H, Klein F, Scheid JF, Warncke M, Pietzsch J, Oliveira TYK, Velinzon K, Seaman MS, Nussenzweig MC. Memory B cell antibodies to HIV-1 gp140 cloned from individuals infected with clade A and B viruses. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24078. [PMID: 21931643 PMCID: PMC3169578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the antibody response to HIV-1 in humans that show broad neutralizing serologic activity is a crucial step in trying to reproduce such responses by vaccination. Investigating antibodies with cross clade reactivity is particularly important as these antibodies may target conserved epitopes on the HIV envelope gp160 protein. To this end we have used a clade B YU-2 gp140 trimeric antigen and single-cell antibody cloning methods to obtain 189 new anti-gp140 antibodies representing 51 independent B cell clones from the IgG memory B cells of 3 patients infected with HIV-1 clade A or B viruses and exhibiting broad neutralizing serologic activity. Our results support previous findings showing a diverse antibody response to HIV gp140 envelope protein, characterized by differentially expanded B-cell clones producing highly hypermutated antibodies with heterogenous gp140-specificity and neutralizing activity. In addition to their high-affinity binding to the HIV spike, the vast majority of the new anti-gp140 antibodies are also polyreactive. Although none of the new antibodies are as broad or potent as VRC01 or PG9, two clonally-related antibodies isolated from a clade A HIV-1 infected donor, directed against the gp120 variable loop 3, rank in the top 5% of the neutralizers identified in our large collection of 185 unique gp140-specific antibodies in terms of breadth and potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Johannes F. Scheid
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Charite Universitaetsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Malte Warncke
- Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - John Pietzsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thiago Y. K. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Medical School of Ribeirao Preto/USP, Department of Genetics, National Institute of Science and Technology for Stem Cells and Cell Therapy and Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Klara Velinzon
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michel C. Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York City, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mikell I, Sather DN, Kalams SA, Altfeld M, Alter G, Stamatatos L. Characteristics of the earliest cross-neutralizing antibody response to HIV-1. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1001251. [PMID: 21249232 PMCID: PMC3020924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent cross-sectional analyses of HIV-1+ plasmas have indicated that broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibody responses are developed by 10%-30% of HIV-1+ subjects. The timing of the initial development of such anti-viral responses is unknown. It is also unknown whether the emergence of these responses coincides with the appearance of antibody specificities to a single or multiple regions of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env). Here we analyzed the cross-neutralizing antibody responses in longitudinal plasmas collected soon after and up to seven years after HIV-1 infection. We find that anti-HIV-1 cross-neutralizing antibody responses first become evident on average at 2.5 years and, in rare cases, as early as 1 year following infection. If cross-neutralizing antibody responses do not develop during the first 2-3 years of infection, they most likely will not do so subsequently. Our results indicate a potential link between the development of cross-neutralizing antibody responses and specific activation markers on T cells, and with plasma viremia levels. The earliest cross-neutralizing antibody response targets a limited number of Env regions, primarily the CD4-binding site and epitopes that are not present on monomeric Env, but on the virion-associated trimeric Env form. In contrast, the neutralizing activities of plasmas from subjects that did not develop cross-neutralizing antibody responses target epitopes on monomeric gp120 other than the CD4-BS. Our study provides information that is not only relevant to better understanding the interaction of the human immune system with HIV but may guide the development of effective immunization protocols. Since antibodies to complex epitopes that are present on the virion-associated envelope spike appear to be key components of earliest cross-neutralizing activities of HIV-1+ plasmas, then emphasis should be made to elicit similar antibodies by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliyana Mikell
- Seattle BioMed, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - D. Noah Sather
- Seattle BioMed, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Spyros A. Kalams
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Seattle BioMed, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Frey G, Chen J, Rits-Volloch S, Freeman MM, Zolla-Pazner S, Chen B. Distinct conformational states of HIV-1 gp41 are recognized by neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2010; 17:1486-91. [PMID: 21076402 PMCID: PMC2997185 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp41 undergoes large conformational changes to drive fusion of viral and target cell membranes, thereby exhibiting at least three distinct conformations during the viral entry process. Neutralizing antibodies against gp41 block HIV-1 infection by targeting its membrane proximal external region in a fusion-intermediate state. Here we report biochemical and structural evidence that non-neutralizing antibodies, capable of binding with high affinity to an immunodominant segment adjacent to the neutralizing epitopes in the membrane-proximal region, only recognize a gp41 conformation when membrane fusion is complete. We propose that these non-neutralizing antibodies are induced in HIV-1 infected patients by gp41 antigens in a triggered, postfusion form and contribute to production of ineffective humoral responses. These results have important implications for gp41-based vaccine design by rational strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Frey
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Pietzsch J, Scheid JF, Mouquet H, Klein F, Seaman MS, Jankovic M, Corti D, Lanzavecchia A, Nussenzweig MC. Human anti-HIV-neutralizing antibodies frequently target a conserved epitope essential for viral fitness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:1995-2002. [PMID: 20679402 PMCID: PMC2931156 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20101176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The identification and characterization of conserved epitopes on the HIV-1 viral spike that are immunogenic in humans and targeted by neutralizing antibodies is an important step in vaccine design. Antibody cloning experiments revealed that 32% of all HIV-neutralizing antibodies expressed by the memory B cells in patients with high titers of broadly neutralizing antibodies recognize one or more “core” epitopes that were not defined. Here, we show that anti-core antibodies recognize a single conserved epitope on the gp120 subunit. Amino acids D474, M475, R476, which are essential for anti-core antibody binding, form an immunodominant triad at the outer domain/inner domain junction of gp120. The mutation of these residues to alanine impairs viral fusion and fitness. Thus, the core epitope, a frequent target of anti–HIV-neutralizing antibodies, including the broadly neutralizing antibody HJ16, is conserved and indispensible for viral infectivity. We conclude that the core epitope should be considered as a target for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Pietzsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Alterations in the immunogenic properties of soluble trimeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope proteins induced by deletion or heterologous substitutions of the V1 loop. J Virol 2010; 84:9932-46. [PMID: 20660181 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00868-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 gp140 envelope immunogens express conserved epitopes that are targeted by broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies, but they fail to elicit similar antibodies upon immunization. The poor immunogenicity of conserved epitopes on gp140 could be linked to the high immunogenicity of variable Env regions on such constructs. Previous studies have shown that the first hypervariable region (V1 loop) is immunogenic on soluble gp140s but elicits type-specific antibodies. To address issues related to the high immunogenicity of the V1 loop, two conceptually opposite approaches were tested. In the first approach, we eliminated the V1 loop from our gp140 construct and examined how V1 deletion altered the immunogenic properties of other Env regions. In the second approach, we took advantage of the high immunogenicity of the V1 loop and engrafted four diverse V1 loops onto a common gp140 Env "scaffold." These four scaffolds were used as a cocktail of immunogens to elicit diverse anti-V1 antibodies, under the hypothesis that eliciting diverse anti-V1 antibodies would expand the neutralizing breadth of immune sera. Our study indicates that three of four heterologous V1 loops were immunogenic on the common Env backbone "scaffold," but heterologous anti-V1 neutralizing responses were observed in only one case. Both types of V1 modification dampened the immunogenicity of the V3 loop, differentially altered the immunogenicity of the transmembrane gp41 subunit, and altered the relative immunogenicities of unknown Env regions, including potentially the CD4-binding site (CD4-bs) and trimer-specific targets, which elicited cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies but of limited breadth.
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