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Li Q, Wu P, Du Q, Hanif U, Hu H, Li K. cGAS-STING, an important signaling pathway in diseases and their therapy. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e511. [PMID: 38525112 PMCID: PMC10960729 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Since cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway was discovered in 2013, great progress has been made to elucidate the origin, function, and regulating mechanism of cGAS-STING signaling pathway in the past decade. Meanwhile, the triggering and transduction mechanisms have been continuously illuminated. cGAS-STING plays a key role in human diseases, particularly DNA-triggered inflammatory diseases, making it a potentially effective therapeutic target for inflammation-related diseases. Here, we aim to summarize the ancient origin of the cGAS-STING defense mechanism, as well as the triggers, transduction, and regulating mechanisms of the cGAS-STING. We will also focus on the important roles of cGAS-STING signal under pathological conditions, such as infections, cancers, autoimmune diseases, neurological diseases, and visceral inflammations, and review the progress in drug development targeting cGAS-STING signaling pathway. The main directions and potential obstacles in the regulating mechanism research and therapeutic drug development of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway for inflammatory diseases and cancers will be discussed. These research advancements expand our understanding of cGAS-STING, provide a theoretical basis for further exploration of the roles of cGAS-STING in diseases, and open up new strategies for targeting cGAS-STING as a promising therapeutic intervention in multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijie Li
- Sichuan province Medical and Engineering Interdisciplinary Research Center of Nursing & Materials/Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceWest China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of NursingSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Occupational DiseasesThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College (China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital)ChengduSichuanChina
| | - Qiujing Du
- Sichuan province Medical and Engineering Interdisciplinary Research Center of Nursing & Materials/Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceWest China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of NursingSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Ullah Hanif
- Sichuan province Medical and Engineering Interdisciplinary Research Center of Nursing & Materials/Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceWest China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of NursingSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Center for Immunology and HematologyState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Ka Li
- Sichuan province Medical and Engineering Interdisciplinary Research Center of Nursing & Materials/Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceWest China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of NursingSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
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2
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Amir Kalvanagh P, Karimi H, Soleimanjahi H, Ebtekar M, Kokhaei P, Matloubi Z, Rahimi R, Kazemi-Sefat NA, Rajaei H. The Cooperation of IL-29 and PLGA Nanoparticles Improves the Protective Immunity of the gD-1 DNA Vaccine Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Mice. Immunol Invest 2023; 52:779-795. [PMID: 37610337 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2023.2243979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
In clinical practice, the low immunogenicity and low stability of the DNA plasmid vaccine candidates are two significant shortcomings in their application against infectious diseases. To overcome these two disadvantages, the plasmid expressing IL-29 (pIL-29) as a genetic adjuvant and polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) as a non-viral delivery system were used, respectively. In this study, the pIL-29 encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles (nanoIL-29) and the pgD1 encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles (nanoVac) were simultaneously applied to boost immunologic responses against HSV-1. We generated spherical nanoparticles with encapsulation efficiency of 75 ± 5% and sustained the release of plasmids from them. Then, Balb/c mice were subcutaneously immunized twice with nanoVac+nanoIL-29, Vac+IL-29, nanoVac, Vac, nanoIL-29, and/or IL-29 in addition to negative and positive control groups. Cellular immunity was evaluated via lymphocyte proliferation assay, cytotoxicity test, and IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-2 measurements. Mice were also challenged with 50X LD50 of HSV-1. The nanoVac+nanoIL-29 candidate vaccine efficiently enhances CTL and Th1-immune responses and increases the survival rates by 100% in mice vaccinated by co-administration of nanoVac and nanoIL-29 against the HSV-1 challenge. The newly proposed vaccine is worth studying in further clinical trials, because it could effectively improve cellular immune responses and protected mice against HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Amir Kalvanagh
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hesam Karimi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoorieh Soleimanjahi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Massoumeh Ebtekar
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Kokhaei
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Zahra Matloubi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Roghieh Rahimi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hajar Rajaei
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Borase H, Shukla D. The Interplay of Genital Herpes with Cellular Processes: A Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Perspective. Viruses 2023; 15:2195. [PMID: 38005873 PMCID: PMC10675801 DOI: 10.3390/v15112195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Genital herpes, primarily caused by herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), remains a pressing global health concern. Its remarkable ability to intertwine with cellular processes, from harnessing host machinery for replication to subverting antiviral defenses like autophagy and programmed cell death, exemplifies the intricate interplay at the heart of its pathogenesis. While the biomedical community has extensively researched antiviral interventions, the efficiency of these strategies in managing HSV-2 remains suboptimal. Recognizing this, attention has shifted toward leveraging host cellular components to regulate HSV-2 replication and influence the cell cycle. Furthermore, innovative interventional strategies-including drug repurposing, microbivacs, connecting the host microbiome, and exploiting natural secondary metabolites-are emerging as potential game changers. This review summarizes the key steps in HSV-2 pathogenesis and newly discovered cellular interactions, presenting the latest developments in the field, highlighting existing challenges, and offering a fresh perspective on HSV-2's pathogenesis and the potential avenues for its treatment by targeting cellular proteins and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Borase
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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4
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Liu X, Wang Y, Song T, Zheng Y, Zhang X, Li J, Li L, Augusto G, Sun F. Nonstructural protein VP2 of chicken anemia virus triggers IFN-β expression via host cGAS. Vet Microbiol 2023; 284:109842. [PMID: 37562113 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Chicken anemia virus (CAV) constitutes an important economic threat for the poultry industry. Advancing the understanding of the pathogenic process of CAV infection, we had previously demonstrated that CAV VP1 has the ability to inhibit expression of IFN-β via cGAS-STING signalling pathway. Here to go further to reveal this regulatory role of viral phosphatase VP2, we have performed protein-protein interaction assays with cGAS adaptors, as well as IFN-β induction screenings. Contrary to VP1, VP2 of CAV stimulates the expression of IFN-β, a regulatory effect more closely associated with cGAS (in the context of the cGAS-STING axis) than with STING, TBK1 or IRF7. The results reported here offer new insights about the molecular mechanisms that varied viral proteins act in a timely manner on the host during CAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelan Liu
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; International Immunology Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Tao Song
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; International Immunology Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yuting Zheng
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; International Immunology Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiaowang Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; International Immunology Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jinnian Li
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lin Li
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Gilles Augusto
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Feifei Sun
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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5
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Guo Y, Pan L, Wang L, Wang S, Fu J, Luo W, Wang K, Li X, Huang C, Liu Y, Kang H, Zeng Q, Fu X, Huang Z, Li W, He Y, Li L, Peng T, Yang H, Li M, Xiao B, Cai M. Epstein-Barr Virus Envelope Glycoprotein gp110 Inhibits IKKi-Mediated Activation of NF-κB and Promotes the Degradation of β-Catenin. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0032623. [PMID: 37022262 PMCID: PMC10269791 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00326-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects host cells and establishes a latent infection that requires evasion of host innate immunity. A variety of EBV-encoded proteins that manipulate the innate immune system have been reported, but whether other EBV proteins participate in this process is unclear. EBV-encoded envelope glycoprotein gp110 is a late protein involved in virus entry into target cells and enhancement of infectivity. Here, we reported that gp110 inhibits RIG-I-like receptor pathway-mediated promoter activity of interferon-β (IFN-β) as well as the transcription of downstream antiviral genes to promote viral proliferation. Mechanistically, gp110 interacts with the inhibitor of NF-κB kinase (IKKi) and restrains its K63-linked polyubiquitination, leading to attenuation of IKKi-mediated activation of NF-κB and repression of the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65. Additionally, gp110 interacts with an important regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway, β-catenin, and induces its K48-linked polyubiquitination degradation via the proteasome system, resulting in the suppression of β-catenin-mediated IFN-β production. Taken together, these results suggest that gp110 is a negative regulator of antiviral immunity, revealing a novel mechanism of EBV immune evasion during lytic infection. IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that infects almost all human beings, and the persistence of EBV in the host is largely due to immune escape mediated by its encoded products. Thus, elucidation of EBV's immune escape mechanisms will provide a new direction for the design of novel antiviral strategies and vaccine development. Here, we report that EBV-encoded gp110 serves as a novel viral immune evasion factor, which inhibits RIG-I-like receptor pathway-mediated interferon-β (IFN-β) production. Furthermore, we found that gp110 targeted two key proteins, inhibitor of NF-κB kinase (IKKi) and β-catenin, which mediate antiviral activity and the production of IFN-β. gp110 inhibited K63-linked polyubiquitination of IKKi and induced β-catenin degradation via the proteasome, resulting in decreased IFN-β production. In summary, our data provide new insights into the EBV-mediated immune evasion surveillance strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingxia Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Liding Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiangqin Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Wenqi Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Kezhen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Yintao Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Haoran Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Qiyuan Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Xiuxia Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Zejin Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Wanying Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Yingxin He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Linhai Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong South China Vaccine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haidi Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meili Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Mingsheng Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Li Z, Feng Z, Fang Z, Chen J, Chen W, Liang W, Chen Q. Herpes simplex virus type I glycoprotein L evades host antiviral innate immunity by abrogating the nuclear translocation of phosphorylated NF-κB sub-unit p65. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1178249. [PMID: 37228366 PMCID: PMC10203706 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1178249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor (NF)-κB plays an important role in the innate immune response by inducing antiviral genes' expression. However, the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) virus has developed multiple ways to interfere with NF-κB activity to escape the host antiviral response. Here, we found that HSV-1 envelope glycoprotein L(gL) markedly inhibits interferon (IFN) production and its downstream antiviral genes. Our results showed that ectopic expression of gL inhibited IFN-β promoter activation, and decreased IFN-β production, the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), and inhibited immunologic stimulant (poly I:C) induced activation of IFN signaling pathway. Depletion of gL by short interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly upregulated IFN-β and ISG production. Further study showed that the N-terminus of the gL bound to the Rel homology domain (RHD) of the p65 and concealed the nuclear localization signal of p65, thereby impeding the translocation of phosphorylated p65 to the nucleus. In summary, our findings indicated that the N-terminal of HSV-1 gL contributes to immune invasion by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of p65.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolong Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zhihua Feng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zhou Fang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wengzhi Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wangwang Liang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
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7
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Chen J, Yuan X, Ma Z, Wang G, Wang Y, Cao H, Li X, Zheng SJ, Gao L. Chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) VP1 antagonizes type I interferon (IFN-I) production by inhibiting TBK1 phosphorylation. Virus Res 2023; 327:199077. [PMID: 36809820 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) infection induces immunosuppression or subclinical immunosuppression in chickens. CIAV infection has been reported to repress type I interferon (IFN-I) expression, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet understood. Here we reported that VP1, the capsid protein of CIAV, the major immunogenic protein that triggers the production of neutralizing antibodies in chickens, inhibited type I interferon (IFN-I) expression induced by cGAS-STING signaling. We showed that VP1 inhibited TBK1 phosphorylation and down stream signal transduction, leading to the inhibition of IFN-I expression. Subsequently, we demonstrated that VP1 interacted with TBK1. Finally, we clarified that aa 120-150 in VP1 was essential for VP1 to interact with TBK1 and inhibit cGAS-STING signaling. These findings will help us further understand the pathogenesis of CIAV in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncheng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, #2 Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xu Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, #2 Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ziyue Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, #2 Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guoyan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, #2 Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, #2 Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hong Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, #2 Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, #2 Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shijun J Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, #2 Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, #2 Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
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8
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Wang L, Li S, Wang K, Wang N, Liu Q, Sun Z, Wang L, Wang L, Liu Q, Song C, Yang Q. Spermine enhances antiviral and anticancer responses by stabilizing DNA binding with the DNA sensor cGAS. Immunity 2023; 56:272-288.e7. [PMID: 36724787 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Self-nonself discrimination is vital for the immune system to mount responses against pathogens while maintaining tolerance toward the host and innocuous commensals during homeostasis. Here, we investigated how indiscriminate DNA sensors, such as cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), make this self-nonself distinction. Screening of a small-molecule library revealed that spermine, a well-known DNA condenser associated with viral DNA, markedly elevates cGAS activation. Mechanistically, spermine condenses DNA to enhance and stabilize cGAS-DNA binding, optimizing cGAS and downstream antiviral signaling. Spermine promotes condensation of viral, but not host nucleosome, DNA. Deletion of viral DNA-associated spermine, by propagating virus in spermine-deficient cells, reduced cGAS activation. Spermine depletion subsequently attenuated cGAS-mediated antiviral and anticancer immunity. Collectively, our results reveal a pathogenic DNA-associated molecular pattern that facilitates nonself recognition, linking metabolism and pathogen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Siru Li
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Na Wang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Qiaoling Liu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
| | - Li Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Quentin Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Chengli Song
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China.
| | - Qingkai Yang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China.
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9
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Du Y, Hu Z, Luo Y, Wang HY, Yu X, Wang RF. Function and regulation of cGAS-STING signaling in infectious diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1130423. [PMID: 36825026 PMCID: PMC9941744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacious detection of pathogens and prompt induction of innate immune signaling serve as a crucial component of immune defense against infectious pathogens. Over the past decade, DNA-sensing receptor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and its downstream signaling adaptor stimulator of interferon genes (STING) have emerged as key mediators of type I interferon (IFN) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) responses in health and infection diseases. Moreover, both cGAS-STING pathway and pathogens have developed delicate strategies to resist each other for their survival. The mechanistic and functional comprehension of the interplay between cGAS-STING pathway and pathogens is opening the way for the development and application of pharmacological agonists and antagonists in the treatment of infectious diseases. Here, we briefly review the current knowledge of DNA sensing through the cGAS-STING pathway, and emphatically highlight the potent undertaking of cGAS-STING signaling pathway in the host against infectious pathogenic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- Department of Medicine, and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Research Center of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yien Luo
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Helen Y. Wang
- Department of Medicine, and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Single Cell Technology and Application, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Department of Medicine, and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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10
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Zhang L, Zhang L, Li F, Liu W, Tai Z, Yang J, Zhang H, Tuo J, Yu C, Xu Z. When herpes simplex virus encephalitis meets antiviral innate immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1118236. [PMID: 36742325 PMCID: PMC9896518 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1118236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the most common pathogen of infectious encephalitis, accounting for nearly half of the confirmed cases of encephalitis. Its clinical symptoms are often atypical. HSV PCR in cerebrospinal fluid is helpful for diagnosis, and the prognosis is usually satisfactory after regular antiviral treatment. Interestingly, some patients with recurrent encephalitis have little antiviral effect. HSV PCR in cerebrospinal fluid is negative, but glucocorticoid has a significant effect after treatment. Specific antibodies, such as the NMDA receptor antibody, the GABA receptor antibody, and even some unknown antibodies, can be isolated from cerebrospinal fluid, proving that the immune system contributes to recurrent encephalitis, but the specific mechanism is still unclear. Based on recent studies, we attempt to summarize the relationship between herpes simplex encephalitis and innate immunity, providing more clues for researchers to explore this field further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhai Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Lijia Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Fangjing Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Wanyu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhenzhen Tai
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Haiqing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jinmei Tuo
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China,*Correspondence: Jinmei Tuo, ; Changyin Yu, ; Zucai Xu,
| | - Changyin Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China,*Correspondence: Jinmei Tuo, ; Changyin Yu, ; Zucai Xu,
| | - Zucai Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China,*Correspondence: Jinmei Tuo, ; Changyin Yu, ; Zucai Xu,
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11
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Ding J, Dai Y, Zhu J, Fan X, Zhang H, Tang B. Research advances in cGAS-stimulator of interferon genes pathway and central nervous system diseases: Focus on new therapeutic approaches. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1050837. [PMID: 36618820 PMCID: PMC9817143 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1050837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), a crucial innate immune sensor, recognizes cytosolic DNA and induces stimulator of interferon genes (STING) to produce type I interferon and other proinflammatory cytokines, thereby mediating innate immune signaling. The cGAS-STING pathway is involved in the regulation of infectious diseases, anti-tumor immunity, and autoimmune diseases; in addition, it plays a key role in the development of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Therapeutics targeting the modulation of cGAS-STING have promising clinical applications. Here, we summarize the cGAS-STING signaling mechanism and the recent research on its role in CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Ding
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yijie Dai
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Fan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Hao Zhang,
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,Bo Tang,
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Liu R, Gao L, Yang F, Li X, Liu C, Qi X, Cui H, Zhang Y, Wang S, Wang X, Gao Y, Li K. Duck Enteritis Virus Protein Kinase US3 Inhibits DNA Sensing Signaling by Phosphorylating Interferon Regulatory Factor 7. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0229922. [PMID: 36287016 PMCID: PMC9769898 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02299-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic DNA sensing pathway mediates innate immune defense against infection by many DNA viruses; however, viruses have evolved multiple strategies to evade the host immune response. Duck enteritis virus (DEV) causes an acute and contagious disease with high mortality in waterfowl. The mechanisms employed by DEV to block the DNA sensing pathway are not well understood. Here, we sought to investigate the role of DEV US3, a serine/threonine protein kinase, in the inhibition of DNA sensing. We found that ectopic expression of DEV US3 significantly inhibited the production of IFN-β and expression of interferon-stimulated genes induced by interferon-stimulatory DNA and poly(dA-dT). US3 also inhibited viral DNA-triggered IFN-β activation and promoted DEV replication in duck embryo fibroblasts, while knockdown of US3 during DEV infection enhances the IFN-β response and suppresses viral replication. US3 inhibited the DNA-sensing signaling pathway by targeting interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), and the kinase activity of US3 was indispensable for its inhibitory function. Furthermore, we found that US3 interacts with the activation domain of IRF7, phosphorylating IRF7, blocking its dimerization and nuclear translocation, and finally leading to the inhibition of IFN-β production. These findings expand our knowledge on DNA sensing in ducks and reveal a novel mechanism whereby DEV evades host antiviral immunity. IMPORTANCE Duck enteritis virus (DEV) is a duck alphaherpesvirus that causes an acute and contagious disease with high mortality, resulting in substantial economic losses in the commercial waterfowl industry. The evasion of DNA-sensing pathway-mediated antiviral innate immunity is essential for the persistent infection and replication for many DNA viruses. However, the strategies used by DEV to block the DNA-sensing pathway are not well understood. In this study, DEV US3 protein kinase was demonstrated to inhibit the DNA-sensing signaling via binding to the activation domain of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), which induced the hyperphosphorylation of IRF7 and abolished IRF7 dimerization and nuclear translocation. Our findings provide insights into how duck herpesviral kinase counteracts host antiviral innate immunity to ensure viral replication and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Li Gao
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Fuchun Yang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaohan Li
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Changjun Liu
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaole Qi
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyu Cui
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Suyan Wang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yulong Gao
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Kai Li
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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13
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Duck Enteritis Virus Inhibits the cGAS-STING DNA-Sensing Pathway To Evade the Innate Immune Response. J Virol 2022; 96:e0157822. [PMID: 36448809 PMCID: PMC9769366 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01578-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), a key DNA sensor, detects cytosolic viral DNA and activates the adaptor protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING) to initiate interferon (IFN) production and host innate antiviral responses. Duck enteritis virus (DEV) is a duck alphaherpesvirus that causes an acute and contagious disease with high mortality in waterfowl. In the present study, we found that DEV inhibits host innate immune responses during the late phase of viral infection. Furthermore, we screened DEV proteins for their ability to inhibit the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing pathway and identified multiple viral proteins, including UL41, US3, UL28, UL53, and UL24, which block IFN-β activation through this pathway. The DEV tegument protein UL41, which exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect, selectively downregulated the expression of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) by reducing its mRNA accumulation, thereby inhibiting the DNA-sensing pathway. Ectopic expression of UL41 markedly reduced viral DNA-triggered IFN-β production and promoted viral replication, whereas deficiency of UL41 in the context of DEV infection increased the IFN-β response to DEV and suppressed viral replication. In addition, ectopic expression of IRF7 inhibited the replication of the UL41-deficient virus, whereas IRF7 knockdown facilitated its replication. This study is the first report identifying multiple viral proteins encoded by a duck DNA virus, which inhibit the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing pathway. These findings expand our knowledge of DNA sensing in ducks and reveal a mechanism through which DEV antagonizes the host innate immune response. IMPORTANCE Duck enteritis virus (DEV) is a duck alphaherpesvirus that causes an acute and contagious disease with high mortality, resulting in substantial economic losses in the commercial waterfowl industry. The evasion of DNA-sensing pathway-mediated antiviral innate immunity is essential for the persistent infection and replication of many DNA viruses. However, the mechanisms used by DEV to modulate the DNA-sensing pathway remain poorly understood. In the present study, we found that DEV encodes multiple viral proteins to inhibit the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing pathway. The DEV tegument protein UL41 selectively diminished the accumulation of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) mRNA, thereby inhibiting the DNA-sensing pathway. Loss of UL41 potently enhanced the IFN-β response to DEV and impaired viral replication in ducks. These findings provide insights into the host-virus interaction during DEV infection and help develop new live attenuated vaccines against DEV.
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14
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Liu X, Xi D, Xu A, Wang Y, Song T, Ma T, Ye H, Li L, Xu F, Zheng H, Li J, Sun F. Chicken anemia virus VP1 negatively regulates type I interferon via targeting interferon regulatory factor 7 of the DNA-sensing pathway. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102291. [PMID: 36402044 PMCID: PMC9676400 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway plays a vital role in sensing viral DNA in the cytosol, stimulating type I interferon (IFN) production and triggering the innate immune response against DNA virus infection. However, viruses have evolved effective inhibitors to impede this sensing pathway. Chicken anemia virus (CAV), a nonenveloped ssDNA virus, is a ubiquitous pathogen causing great economic losses to the poultry industry globally. CAV infection is reported to downregulate type I IFN induction. However, whether the cGAS-STING signal axis is used by CAV to regulate type I IFN remains unclear. Our results demonstrate that CAV infection significantly elevates the expression of cGAS and STING at the mRNA level, whereas IFN-β levels are reduced. Furthermore, IFN-β activation was completely blocked by the structural protein VP1 of CAV in interferon stimulatory DNA (ISD) or STING-stimulated cells. VP1 was further confirmed as an inhibitor by interacting with interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) by binding its C-terminal 143-492 aa region. IRF7 dimerization induced by TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1) could be inhibited by VP1 in a dose-dependent manner. Together, our study demonstrates that CAV VP1 is an effective inhibitor that interacts with IRF7 and antagonizes cGAS-STING pathway-mediated IFN-β activation. These findings reveal a new mechanism of immune evasion by CAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelan Liu
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China,International Immunology Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Dexian Xi
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Aiyun Xu
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Song
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Tiantian Ma
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Hong Ye
- Anhui Academy of Medical Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Lin Li
- Animal-derived food safety innovation team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Fazhi Xu
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinnian Li
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China,International Immunology Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Feifei Sun
- Animal-derived food safety innovation team, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China,Corresponding author:
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15
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Cui S, Wang Y, Gao X, Xin T, Wang X, Yu H, Chen S, Jiang Y, Chen Q, Jiang F, Wang D, Guo X, Jia H, Zhu H. African swine fever virus M1249L protein antagonizes type I interferon production via suppressing phosphorylation of TBK1 and degrading IRF3. Virus Res 2022; 319:198872. [PMID: 35853521 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a major DNA sensor. The recognition of cytosolic DNA by cGAS triggers a robust innate immune response that restricts the replication of diverse viral pathogens through the type I interferon (IFN) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways. African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large and complex DNA virus reported to strongly inhibit the cGAS-STING signaling pathway. Herein, 12 ASFV structural proteins were screened to determine their effects on the cGAS-STING pathway. Ectopic expression of the ASFV caspid protein M1249L significantly inhibited the IFN-β promoter activity induced by the cGAS-STING pathway in a dose-dependent manner. And it could also downregulate the levels of IFN-β and several interferon-stimulating genes (ISGs) induced by cGAS-STING and 2'3'-cGAMP. Moreover, ASFV M1249L also suppressed phosphorylation of TBK1 by cGAS and STING overexpression. Further study showed that M1249L co-localized and interacted with interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), which led to induce IRF3 degradation by lysosomal pathway. Taken together, our study revealed a novel strategy utilized by ASFV for cGAS-STING-related immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Cui
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xintao Gao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Xin
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xixi Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hainan Yu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyu Chen
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yajun Jiang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyue Wang
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Hong Jia
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Hongfei Zhu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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16
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Ge Z, Ding S. Regulation of cGAS/STING signaling and corresponding immune escape strategies of viruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:954581. [PMID: 36189363 PMCID: PMC9516114 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.954581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading external pathogens, and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are the key receptors that mediate the innate immune response. Nowadays, there are various PRRs in cells that can activate the innate immune response by recognizing pathogen-related molecular patterns (PAMPs). The DNA sensor cGAS, which belongs to the PRRs, plays a crucial role in innate immunity. cGAS detects both foreign and host DNA and generates a second-messenger cGAMP to mediate stimulator of interferon gene (STING)-dependent antiviral responses, thereby exerting an antiviral immune response. However, the process of cGAS/STING signaling is regulated by a wide range of factors. Multiple studies have shown that viruses directly target signal transduction proteins in the cGAS/STING signaling through viral surface proteins to impede innate immunity. It is noteworthy that the virus utilizes these cGAS/STING signaling regulators to evade immune surveillance. Thus, this paper mainly summarized the regulatory mechanism of the cGAS/STING signaling pathway and the immune escape mechanism of the corresponding virus, intending to provide targeted immunotherapy ideas for dealing with specific viral infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ge
- School of Sport, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuzhe Ding
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shuzhe Ding,
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17
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Liu Z, Xia L. E3 ligase RNF5 inhibits type I interferon response in herpes simplex virus keratitis through the STING/IRF3 signaling pathway. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:944101. [PMID: 35992663 PMCID: PMC9382029 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.944101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK), caused by the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), is a major blinding disease in developed countries. HSV-1 can remain latent in the host for life and cannot be eradicated. The infection causes the secretion of various cytokines and aggregation of inflammatory cells. In the early stage of inflammation, mainly neutrophils infiltrate the cornea, and CD4+ T cells mediate the immunopathological changes in herpetic stromal keratitis in the subsequent progression. The STING/IRF3-mediated type I interferon (IFN) response can effectively inhibit viral replication and control infection, but the activity of STING is affected by various ubiquitination modifications. In this study, we found that the expression of RNF5 was elevated in corneal tissues and corneal epithelial cells after infection with HSV-1. Immunofluorescence staining confirmed that RNF5 was mainly expressed in the corneal epithelial layer. We silenced and overexpressed RNF5 expression in corneal epithelial cells and then inoculated them with HSV-1. We found that the expressions of STING, p-IRF3, p-TBK1, and IFN-β mRNA increased after RNF5 silencing. The opposite results were obtained after RNF5 overexpression. We also used siRNA to silence RNF5 in the mouse cornea and then established the HSK model. Compared with the siRNA-control group, the siRNA-RNF5 group showed significantly improved corneal inflammation, reduced clinical scores and tear virus titers, and significantly increased corneal IFN-β expression. In addition, the expressions of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α in the corneal tissue were significantly decreased, indicating that RNF5 silencing could effectively promote IFN-I expression, inhibit virus replication, alleviate inflammation, and reduce corneal inflammatory damage. In summary, our results suggest that RNF5 limits the type I IFN antiviral response in HSV corneal epithelitis by inhibiting STING/IRF3 signaling.
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Deng L, Xu Z, Li F, Zhao J, Jian Z, Deng H, Lai S, Sun X, Geng Y, Zhu L. Insights on the cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway During Herpesvirus Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:931885. [PMID: 35844623 PMCID: PMC9284214 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.931885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses belong to large double-stranded DNA viruses. They are under a wide range of hosts and establish lifelong infection, which creates a burden on human health and animal health. Innate immunity is the host’s innate defense ability. Activating the innate immune signaling pathway and producing type I interferon is the host’s first line of defense against infectious pathogens. Emerging evidence indicates that the cGAS-STING signaling pathway plays an important role in the innate immunity in response to herpesvirus infections. In parallel, because of the constant selective pressure imposed by host immunity, herpesvirus also evolves to target the cGAS-STING signaling pathway to inhibit or escape the innate immune responses. In the current review, we insight on the classical cGAS-STING signaling pathway. We describe the activation of cGAS-STING signaling pathway during herpesvirus infections and strategies of herpesvirus targeting this pathway to evade host antiviral response. Furthermore, we outline the immunotherapy boosting cGAS-STING signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishuang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengqin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhijie Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huidan Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ling Zhu,
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HSV-1 Infection of Epithelial Dendritic Cells Is a Critical Strategy for Interfering with Antiviral Immunity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051046. [PMID: 35632787 PMCID: PMC9147763 DOI: 10.3390/v14051046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), an α subgroup member of the human herpesvirus family, infects cells via the binding of its various envelope glycoproteins to cellular membrane receptors, one of which is herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), expressed on dendritic cells. Here, HVEM gene-deficient mice were used to investigate the immunologic effect elicited by the HSV-1 infection of dendritic cells. Dendritic cells expressing the surface marker CD11c showed an abnormal biological phenotype, including the altered transcription of various immune signaling molecules and inflammatory factors associated with innate immunity after viral replication. Furthermore, the viral infection of dendritic cells interfered with dendritic cell function in the lymph nodes, where these cells normally play roles in activating the T-cell response. Additionally, the mild clinicopathological manifestations observed during the acute phase of HSV-1 infection were associated with viral replication in dendritic cells.
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20
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Chen H, Jiang L, Chen S, Hu Q, Huang Y, Wu Y, Chen W. HBx inhibits DNA sensing signaling pathway via ubiquitination and autophagy of cGAS. Virol J 2022; 19:55. [PMID: 35346247 PMCID: PMC8962493 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01785-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a crucial DNA sensor and plays an important role in host antiviral innate immune responses. During hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the cGAS signaling pathway can suppress HBV replication. As an important regulatory protein of HBV, hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) may serve as an antagonistic character to the cGAS/STING signaling pathway. In this study, we aim to investigate the functional role of HBx in the cGAS/STING signaling pathway. METHODS The effects of HBx on IFN-β promoter activity were measured by Dual-luciferase reporter assays. Ubiquitination and autophagy were analyzed by Western-blot and Co-immunoprecipitation assays. RESULTS Our results show that HBx down-regulates IFN-I production by directly promoting ubiquitination and autophagy degradation of cGAS. CONCLUSIONS HBV can antagonize host cGAS DNA sensing to promote HBV replication and provide novel insights to develop novel approaches against HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.74 Linjing Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Linshan Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.74 Linjing Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Shu Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.74 Linjing Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Qin Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.74 Linjing Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Clinical Medicine Research Centre, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China.
| | - Weixian Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.74 Linjing Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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21
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Wang S, Ma X, Guo J, Li F, Chen T, Ma W, He C, Wang H, He H. DDIT3 antagonizes innate immune response to promote bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 replication via the DDIT3-SQSTM1-STING pathway. Virulence 2022; 13:514-529. [PMID: 35259065 PMCID: PMC8920142 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2044667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3), a transcription factor, is typically involved in virus replication control. We are the first to report that DDIT3 promotes the replication of bovine viral diarrhea virus, an RNA virus, by inhibiting innate immunity. However, whether the DDIT3 gene participates in DNA virus replication by regulating innate immunity remains unclear. This study reported that DDIT3 suppressed the innate immune response caused by DNA viruses to promote bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) replication. After BoHV-1 infection of Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells, upregulated expression of DDIT3 induced SQSTM1-mediated autophagy and promoted STING degradation. Overexpression of the SQSTM1 protein effectively reduced STING protein levels, whereas SQSTM1 knockdown increased STING protein levels. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments and confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that the SQSTM1 protein interacts with and colocalizes with STING. Knockdown of SQSTM1 expression in DDIT3-overexpressing cell lines restored STING protein levels. Moreover, a dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that DDIT3 directly binds to the bovine SQSTM1 promoter and induces SQSTM1 transcription. Overexpression of SQSTM1 promoted BoHV-1 replication by inhibiting IFN-β and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) production; silencing of SQSTM1 promoted the expression of IFN-β and ISGs to inhibit BoHV-1 replication. In conclusion, DDIT3 targets STING via SQSTM1-mediated autophagy to promote BoHV-1 replication. These results suggest a novel mechanism by which DDIT3 regulates DNA virus replication by targeting innate immunity. DDIT3 antagonizes the innate immune response to promote bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 replication via the DDIT3-SQSTM1-STING pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaomei Ma
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jin Guo
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Fangxu Li
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Tianhua Chen
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenqing Ma
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Chengqiang He
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongbin He
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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22
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Du X, Zhou D, Zhou J, Xue J, Wang G, Cheng Z. Marek’s disease virus serine/threonine kinase Us3 facilitates viral replication by targeting IRF7 to block IFN-β production. Vet Microbiol 2022; 266:109364. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Hu T, Pan M, Yin Y, Wang C, Cui Y, Wang Q. The Regulatory Network of Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase-Stimulator of Interferon Genes Pathway in Viral Evasion. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:790714. [PMID: 34966372 PMCID: PMC8711784 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.790714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus infection has been consistently threatening public health. The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway is a critical defender to sense various pathogens and trigger innate immunity of mammalian cells. cGAS recognizes the pathogenic DNA in the cytosol and then synthesizes 2'3'-cyclic GMP-AMP (2'3'cGAMP). As the second messenger, cGAMP activates STING and induces the following cascade to produce type I interferon (IFN-I) to protect against infections. However, viruses have evolved numerous strategies to hinder the cGAS-STING signal transduction, promoting their immune evasion. Here we outline the current status of the viral evasion mechanism underlying the regulation of the cGAS-STING pathway, focusing on how post-transcriptional modifications, viral proteins, and non-coding RNAs involve innate immunity during viral infection, attempting to inspire new targets discovery and uncover potential clinical antiviral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingyu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Cui
- Division of Immunology, The Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Quanyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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24
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Xie J, Zhang X, Chen L, Bi Y, Idris A, Xu S, Li X, Zhang Y, Feng R. Pseudorabies Virus US3 Protein Inhibits IFN-β Production by Interacting With IRF3 to Block Its Activation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:761282. [PMID: 34745071 PMCID: PMC8569920 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.761282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus is a typical swine alphaherpesvirus, which can cause obvious neurological disorders and reproductive failure in pigs. It is capable of evading host antiviral immune response. However, the mechanism by which many PRV proteins assist the virus to evade innate immunity is not fully understood. This study identified PRV US3 protein as a crucial antagonistic viral factor that represses interferon beta (IFN-β) expression. A in-depth study showed that US3 protein restricted type I IFN production by targeting interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), a key molecule required for type I IFN induction. Additionally, US3 protein interacted with IRF3, degraded its protein expression to block the phosphorylation of IRF3. These findings suggested a novel strategy utilized by PRV to inhibit IFN-β production and escape the host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Bi
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Adi Idris
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Shujuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangrong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruofei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
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25
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Walker FC, Sridhar PR, Baldridge MT. Differential roles of interferons in innate responses to mucosal viral infections. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:1009-1023. [PMID: 34629295 PMCID: PMC8496891 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are among the first vertebrate immune pathways activated upon viral infection and are crucial for control of viral replication and dissemination, especially at mucosal surfaces as key locations for host exposure to pathogens. Inhibition of viral establishment and spread at and from these mucosal sites is paramount for preventing severe disease, while concomitantly limiting putative detrimental effects of inflammation. Here, we compare the roles of type I, II, and III IFNs in regulating three archetypal viruses - norovirus, herpes simplex virus, and severe acute respiratory virus coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) - which infect distinct mammalian mucosal tissues. Emerging paradigms include highly specific roles for IFNs in limiting local versus systemic infection, synergistic activities, and a spectrum of protective versus detrimental effects of IFNs during the infection response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest C Walker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pratyush R Sridhar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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26
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Chathuranga K, Weerawardhana A, Dodantenna N, Lee JS. Regulation of antiviral innate immune signaling and viral evasion following viral genome sensing. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1647-1668. [PMID: 34782737 PMCID: PMC8592830 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A harmonized balance between positive and negative regulation of pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-initiated immune responses is required to achieve the most favorable outcome for the host. This balance is crucial because it must not only ensure activation of the first line of defense against viral infection but also prevent inappropriate immune activation, which results in autoimmune diseases. Recent studies have shown how signal transduction pathways initiated by PRRs are positively and negatively regulated by diverse modulators to maintain host immune homeostasis. However, viruses have developed strategies to subvert the host antiviral response and establish infection. Viruses have evolved numerous genes encoding immunomodulatory proteins that antagonize the host immune system. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge regarding key host factors that regulate innate immune signaling molecules upon viral infection and discusses evidence showing how specific viral proteins counteract antiviral responses via immunomodulatory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiramage Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Asela Weerawardhana
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Niranjan Dodantenna
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea.
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27
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Abstract
Two of the most prevalent human viruses worldwide, herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively), cause a variety of diseases, including cold sores, genital herpes, herpes stromal keratitis, meningitis and encephalitis. The intrinsic, innate and adaptive immune responses are key to control HSV, and the virus has developed mechanisms to evade them. The immune response can also contribute to pathogenesis, as observed in stromal keratitis and encephalitis. The fact that certain individuals are more prone than others to suffer severe disease upon HSV infection can be partially explained by the existence of genetic polymorphisms in humans. Like all herpesviruses, HSV has two replication cycles: lytic and latent. During lytic replication HSV produces infectious viral particles to infect other cells and organisms, while during latency there is limited gene expression and lack of infectious virus particles. HSV establishes latency in neurons and can cause disease both during primary infection and upon reactivation. The mechanisms leading to latency and reactivation and which are the viral and host factors controlling these processes are not completely understood. Here we review the HSV life cycle, the interaction of HSV with the immune system and three of the best-studied pathologies: Herpes stromal keratitis, herpes simplex encephalitis and genital herpes. We also discuss the potential association between HSV-1 infection and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyong Zhu
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (Exc 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Abel Viejo-Borbolla
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (Exc 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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28
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Sui H, Hao M, Chang W, Imamichi T. The Role of Ku70 as a Cytosolic DNA Sensor in Innate Immunity and Beyond. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:761983. [PMID: 34746031 PMCID: PMC8566972 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.761983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Ku70 is a well-known endogenous nuclear protein involved in the non-homologous end joining pathway to repair double-stranded breaks in DNA. However, Ku70 has been studied in multiple contexts and grown into a multifunctional protein. In addition to the extensive functional study of Ku70 in DNA repair process, many studies have emphasized the role of Ku70 in various other cellular processes, including apoptosis, aging, and HIV replication. In this review, we focus on discussing the role of Ku70 in inducing interferons and proinflammatory cytokines as a cytosolic DNA sensor. We explored the unique structure of Ku70 binding with DNA; illustrated, with evidence, how Ku70, as a nuclear protein, responds to extracellular DNA stimulation; and summarized the mechanisms of the Ku70-involved innate immune response pathway. Finally, we discussed several new strategies to modulate Ku70-mediated innate immune response and highlighted some potential physiological insights based on the role of Ku70 in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Sui
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and Immunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Tomozumi Imamichi
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and Immunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
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29
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How dendritic cells sense and respond to viral infections. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:2217-2242. [PMID: 34623425 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to sense viral pathogens and orchestrate a proper immune response makes them one of the key players in antiviral immunity. Different DC subsets have complementing functions during viral infections, some specialize in antigen presentation and cross-presentation and others in the production of cytokines with antiviral activity, such as type I interferons. In this review, we summarize the latest updates concerning the role of DCs in viral infections, with particular focus on the complex interplay between DC subsets and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite being initiated by a vast array of immune receptors, DC-mediated antiviral responses often converge towards the same endpoint, that is the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the activation of an adaptive immune response. Nonetheless, the inherent migratory properties of DCs make them a double-edged sword and often viral recognition by DCs results in further viral dissemination. Here we illustrate these various aspects of the antiviral functions of DCs and also provide a brief overview of novel antiviral vaccination strategies based on DCs targeting.
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30
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Dixon CR, Malik P, de las Heras JI, Saiz-Ros N, de Lima Alves F, Tingey M, Gaunt E, Richardson AC, Kelly DA, Goldberg MW, Towers GJ, Yang W, Rappsilber J, Digard P, Schirmer EC. STING nuclear partners contribute to innate immune signaling responses. iScience 2021; 24:103055. [PMID: 34541469 PMCID: PMC8436130 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
STimulator of INterferon Genes (STING) is an adaptor for cytoplasmic DNA sensing by cGAMP/cGAS that helps trigger innate immune responses (IIRs). Although STING is mostly localized in the ER, we find a separate inner nuclear membrane pool of STING that increases mobility and redistributes to the outer nuclear membrane upon IIR stimulation by transfected dsDNA or dsRNA mimic poly(I:C). Immunoprecipitation of STING from isolated nuclear envelopes coupled with mass spectrometry revealed a distinct nuclear envelope-STING proteome consisting of known nuclear membrane proteins and enriched in DNA- and RNA-binding proteins. Seventeen of these nuclear envelope STING partners are known to bind direct interactors of IRF3/7 transcription factors, and testing a subset of these revealed STING partners SYNCRIP, MEN1, DDX5, snRNP70, RPS27a, and AATF as novel modulators of dsDNA-triggered IIRs. Moreover, we find that SYNCRIP is a novel antagonist of the RNA virus, influenza A, potentially shedding light on reports of STING inhibition of RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R. Dixon
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Swann 5.22, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Poonam Malik
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Swann 5.22, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Jose I. de las Heras
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Swann 5.22, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Natalia Saiz-Ros
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Swann 5.22, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Flavia de Lima Alves
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Swann 5.22, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Mark Tingey
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia 19121, USA
| | - Eleanor Gaunt
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | | | - David A. Kelly
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Swann 5.22, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Martin W. Goldberg
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Greg J. Towers
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Weidong Yang
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia 19121, USA
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Swann 5.22, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
- Department of Bioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universitat Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Digard
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Eric C. Schirmer
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Swann 5.22, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
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31
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Liu HM. Intracellular innate immunity and mechanism of action of cytosolic nucleic acid receptor-mediated type I IFN against viruses. IUBMB Life 2021; 74:180-189. [PMID: 34500496 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The induction of type I interferons (IFN) is critical for antiviral innate immune response. The rapid activation of antiviral innate immune responses is the key to successful clearance of evading pathogens. To achieve this, a series of proteins, including the pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), the adaptor proteins, the accessory proteins, kinases, and the transcription factors, are all involved and finely orchestrated. The magnitude and latitude of type I IFN induction however are distinctly regulated in different tissues. A set of interferon simulated genes (ISGs) are then expressed in response to type I IFN signaling to set the cells in the antiviral state. In this review, how type I IFN is induced by viral infections by intracellular PRRs and how type I IFN triggers the expression of downstream effectors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Minyi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
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32
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Li R, Liu W, Yin X, Zheng F, Wang Z, Wu X, Zhang X, Du Q, Huang Y, Tong D. Brucella spp. Omp25 Promotes Proteasome-Mediated cGAS Degradation to Attenuate IFN-β Production. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:702881. [PMID: 34394047 PMCID: PMC8358459 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.702881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN), a family of cytokines widely expressed in various tissues, play important roles in anti-infection immunity. Nevertheless, it is not known whether Brucella spp. could interfere with IFN-I production induced by other pathogens. This study investigated the regulatory roles of Brucella outer membrane protein (Omp)25 on the IFN-I signaling pathway and found that Omp25 inhibited the production of IFN-β and its downstream IFN-stimulated genes induced by various DNA viruses or IFN-stimulatory DNA in human, murine, porcine, bovine, and ovine monocyte/macrophages or peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Brucella Omp25 suppressed the phosphorylation of stimulator of IFN genes (STINGs) and IFN regulatory factor 3 and nuclear translocation of phosphorylated IFN regulatory factor 3 in pseudorabies virus- or herpes simplex virus-1-infected murine, human, or porcine macrophages. Furthermore, we found that Brucella Omp25 promoted cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS) degradation via the proteasome-dependent pathway, resulting in a decreased cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate production and downstream signaling activation upon DNA virus infection or IFN-stimulatory DNA stimulation. Mapping the predominant function domain of Omp25 showed that the amino acids 161 to 184 of Omp25 were required for Omp25-induced cGAS degradation, among which five amino acid residues (R176, Y179, R180, Y181, and Y184) were required for the inhibitory effect of Omp25 on IFN-β induction. Altogether, our results demonstrated that Brucella Omp25 inhibits cGAS STING signaling pathway-induced IFN-β via facilitating the ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent degradation of cGAS in various mammalian monocyte/macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wenli Liu
- School Hospital, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiangrui Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Fangfang Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xingchen Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Li J, Guo Y, Deng Y, Hu L, Li B, Deng S, Zhong J, Xie L, Shi S, Hong X, Zheng X, Cai M, Li M. Subcellular Localization of Epstein-Barr Virus BLLF2 and Its Underlying Mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:672192. [PMID: 34367081 PMCID: PMC8339435 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.672192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the pathogen of several human malignancies, encodes many proteins required to be transported into the nucleus for viral DNA reproduction and nucleocapsids assembly in the lytic replication cycle. Here, fluorescence microscope, mutation analysis, interspecies heterokaryon assays, co-immunoprecipitation assay, RNA interference, and Western blot were performed to explore the nuclear import mechanism of EBV encoded BLLF2 protein. BLLF2 was shown to be a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein neither by a chromosomal region maintenance 1 (CRM1)- nor by a transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)-dependent pathway. Yet, BLLF2's two functional nuclear localization signals (NLSs), NLS1 (16KRQALETVPHPQNRGR31) and NLS2 (44RRPRPPVAKRRRFPR58), were identified, whereas the predicted NES was nonfunctional. Finally, BLLF2 was proven to transport into the nucleus via a Ran-dependent and importin β1-dependent pathway. This mechanism may contribute to a more extensive insight into the assembly and synthesis of EBV virions in the nucleus, thus affording a new direction for the treatment of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yingjie Guo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangxi Deng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bolin Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenyu Deng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayi Zhong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Xie
- Centralab, Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaoxuan Shi
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Hong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuelong Zheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingsheng Cai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meili Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Lum KK, Cristea IM. Host Innate Immune Response and Viral Immune Evasion During Alphaherpesvirus Infection. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 42:635-686. [PMID: 33640867 DOI: 10.21775/cimb.042.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both the development of the mammalian innate immune system and the antagonistic strategies acquired by alphaherpesviruses to dismantle it have been shaped by co-evolving virus-host interactions over millions of years. Here, we review mechanisms employed by mammalian cells to detect pathogen molecules, such as viral glycoproteins and nucleic acids, and induce innate immune signaling upon infection with alphaherpesviruses. We further explore strategies acquired by these viruses to bypass immune detection and activation, thereby supporting virus replication and spread. Finally, we discuss the contributions of advanced 'omics' and microscopy methods to these discoveries in immune signaling and highlight emerging technologies that can help to further our understanding of the dynamic interplay between host innate immune responses and virus immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal K Lum
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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35
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Wang P, Deng Y, Guo Y, Xu Z, Li Y, Ou X, Xie L, Lu M, Zhong J, Li B, Hu L, Deng S, Peng T, Cai M, Li M. Epstein-Barr Virus Early Protein BFRF1 Suppresses IFN-β Activity by Inhibiting the Activation of IRF3. Front Immunol 2020; 11:513383. [PMID: 33391252 PMCID: PMC7774019 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.513383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis that is closely associated with several human malignant diseases, while type I interferon (IFN-I) plays an important role against EBV infection. As we all know, EBV can encode some proteins to inhibit the production of IFN-I, but it’s not clear whether other proteins also take part in this progress. EBV early lytic protein BFRF1 is shown to be involved in viral maturation, however, whether BFRF1 participates in the host innate immune response is still not well known. In this study, we found BFRF1 could down-regulate sendai virus-induced IFN-β promoter activity and mRNA expression of IFN-β and ISG54 during BFRF1 plasmid transfection and EBV lytic infection, but BFRF1 could not affect the promoter activity of NF-κB or IRF7. Specifically, BFRF1 could co-localize and interact with IKKi. Although BFRF1 did not interfere the interaction between IKKi and IRF3, it could block the kinase activity of IKKi, which finally inhibited the phosphorylation, dimerization, and nuclear translocation of IRF3. Taken together, BFRF1 may play a critical role in disrupting the host innate immunity by suppressing IFN-β activity during EBV lytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangxi Deng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Guo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuo Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Ou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Xie
- Centralab, Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Manjiao Lu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayi Zhong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bolin Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Hu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenyu Deng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,South China Vaccine Corporation Limited, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingsheng Cai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meili Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhang P, Shen H, Liu X, Wang S, Liu Y, Xu Z, Song C. Porcine Circovirus Type 3 Cap Inhibits Type I Interferon Induction Through Interaction With G3BP1. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:594438. [PMID: 33392287 PMCID: PMC7773638 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.594438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) infections cause clinical diseases similar to those seen in porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infections. It is unclear whether PCV3 infections can also cause immunosuppression like that seen with PCV2. Here, we report that Cap inhibits DNA-induced IFN-β mRNA transcription and IFN promoter activation. Cap was also found to inhibit cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) binding to interferon-stimulating DNA (ISD). Immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry were used to identify cellular interaction partners of Cap. Cap interacted with G3BP1 and inhibited the interaction between GTPase-activating protein-(SH3 domain)-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) and cGAS. Furthermore, the destruction of endogenously expressed G3BP1 by siRNA significantly reduced IFN promoter activation, and phosphorylation of tank-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) was induced by ISD. Overexpression of G3BP1 attenuated the inhibition of ISD binding of cGAS by Cap and promoted phosphorylation of TBK1 and IRF3 induced by ISD. Collectively, our results show that the interaction between Cap and G3BP1 prevents cGAS from recognizing DNA, thereby inhibiting the IFN production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Center for Swine Breeding Industry, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanqin Shen
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Center for Swine Breeding Industry, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China.,Wen's Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd, Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, Yunfu, China
| | - Xianhui Liu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Center for Swine Breeding Industry, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangyun Wang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Center for Swine Breeding Industry, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanling Liu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Center for Swine Breeding Industry, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Center for Swine Breeding Industry, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changxu Song
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Center for Swine Breeding Industry, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
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37
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Zhu H, Zheng C. The Race between Host Antiviral Innate Immunity and the Immune Evasion Strategies of Herpes Simplex Virus 1. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020; 84:e00099-20. [PMID: 32998978 PMCID: PMC7528619 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00099-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is very successful in establishing acute and latent infections in humans by counteracting host antiviral innate immune responses. HSV-1 has evolved various strategies to evade host antiviral innate immunity and some cellular survival-associated pathways. Since there is still no vaccine available for HSV-1, a continuous update of information regarding the interaction between HSV-1 infection and the host antiviral innate immunity will provide novel insights to develop new therapeutic strategies for HSV-1 infection and its associated diseases. Here, we update recent studies about how HSV-1 evades the host antiviral innate immunity, specifically how HSV-1 proteins directly or indirectly target the adaptors in the antiviral innate immunity signaling pathways to downregulate the signal transduction. Additionally, some classical intracellular stress responses, which also play important roles in defense of viral invasion, will be discussed here. With a comprehensive review of evasion mechanisms of antiviral innate immunity by HSV-1, we will be able to develop potential new targets for therapies and a possible vaccine against HSV-1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Zhu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Neonatal/Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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38
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Pseudorabies virus glycoprotein gE suppresses interferon-β production via CREB-binding protein degradation. Virus Res 2020; 291:198220. [PMID: 33152381 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a main sensor used to detect microbial DNA in the cytoplasm, which subsequently induces the production of interferon (IFN) via the cGAS/STING/IRF3 signaling pathway, leading to an antiviral response. However, some viruses have evolved multiple strategies to escape this process. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily, which can cause serious damage to the porcine industry. Many herpesvirus components have been reported to counteract IFN production, whereas little is known of PRV. In the present study, we found that PRV glycoprotein E (gE) was involved in counteracting cGAS/STING-mediated IFN production. Ectopic expression of gE decreased cGAS/STING-mediated IFN-β promoter activity and the level of mRNA expression. Moreover, gE targeted at or downstream of IRF3 was found to inhibit IFN-β production. However, gE did not affect the phosphorylation, dimerization and nuclear translocation of IRF3. Furthermore, gE is located on the nuclear membrane and could subsequently degrade CREB-binding protein (CBP). MG132, a proteasome inhibitor, decreased CBP degradation and restored the IFN-β production induced by gE. Finally, gE-deleted PRV induced a higher level of IFN-β production and reduced CBP degradation compared to wild-type PRV. Together, these results demonstrate that PRV gE can inhibit cGAS/STING-mediated IFN-β production by degrading CBP to interrupt the enhanced assembly of IRF3 and CBP.
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Jeffries AM, Marriott I. Cytosolic DNA Sensors and CNS Responses to Viral Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:576263. [PMID: 33042875 PMCID: PMC7525022 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.576263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral central nervous system (CNS) infections can lead to life threatening encephalitis and long-term neurological deficits in survivors. Resident CNS cell types, such as astrocytes and microglia, are known to produce key inflammatory and antiviral mediators following infection with neurotropic DNA viruses. However, the mechanisms by which glia mediate such responses remain poorly understood. Recently, a class of intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), collectively known as DNA sensors, have been identified in both leukocytic and non-leukocytic cell types. The ability of such DNA sensors to initiate immune mediator production and contribute to infection resolution in the periphery is increasingly recognized, but our understanding of their role in the CNS remains limited at best. In this review, we describe the evidence for the expression and functionality of DNA sensors in resident brain cells, with a focus on their role in neurotropic virus infections. The available data indicate that glia and neurons can constitutively express, and/or can be induced to express, various disparate DNA sensing molecules previously described in peripheral cell types. Furthermore, multiple lines of investigation suggest that these sensors are functional in resident CNS cells and are required for innate immune responses to viral infections. However, it is less clear whether DNA sensormediated glial responses are beneficial or detrimental, and the answer to this question appears to dependent on the context of the infection with regard to the identity of the pathogen, host cell type, and host species. Defining such parameters will be essential if we are to successfully target these molecules to limit damaging inflammation while allowing beneficial host responses to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Jeffries
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Ian Marriott
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
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40
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Bo Z, Miao Y, Xi R, Zhong Q, Bao C, Chen H, Sun L, Qian Y, Jung YS, Dai J. PRV UL13 inhibits cGAS-STING-mediated IFN-β production by phosphorylating IRF3. Vet Res 2020; 51:118. [PMID: 32933581 PMCID: PMC7493860 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) is an intracellular sensor of cytoplasmic viral DNA created during virus infection, which subsequently activates the stimulator of interferon gene (STING)-dependent type I interferon response to eliminate pathogens. In contrast, viruses have developed different strategies to modulate this signalling pathway. Pseudorabies virus (PRV), an alphaherpesvirus, is the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease (AD), a notable disease that causes substantial economic loss to the swine industry globally. Previous reports have shown that PRV infection induces cGAS-dependent IFN-β production, conversely hydrolysing cGAMP, a second messenger synthesized by cGAS, and attenuates PRV-induced IRF3 activation and IFN-β secretion. However, it is not clear whether PRV open reading frames (ORFs) modulate the cGAS-STING-IRF3 pathway. Here, 50 PRV ORFs were screened, showing that PRV UL13 serine/threonine kinase blocks the cGAS-STING-IRF3-, poly(I:C)- or VSV-mediated transcriptional activation of the IFN-β gene. Importantly, it was discovered that UL13 phosphorylates IRF3, and its kinase activity is indispensable for such an inhibitory effect. Moreover, UL13 does not affect IRF3 dimerization, nuclear translocation or association with CREB-binding protein (CBP) but attenuates the binding of IRF3 to the IRF3-responsive promoter. Consistent with this, it was discovered that UL13 inhibits the expression of multiple interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) induced by cGAS-STING or poly(I:C). Finally, it was determined that PRV infection can activate IRF3 by recruiting it to the nucleus, and PRVΔUL13 mutants enhance the transactivation level of the IFN-β gene. Taken together, the data from the present study demonstrated that PRV UL13 inhibits cGAS-STING-mediated IFN-β production by phosphorylating IRF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyi Bo
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yurun Miao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Rui Xi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qiuping Zhong
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chenyi Bao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huan Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Liumei Sun
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yingjuan Qian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yong-Sam Jung
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Jianjun Dai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Xu X, Feng X, Wang L, Yi T, Zheng L, Jiang G, Fan S, Liao Y, Feng M, Zhang Y, Li D, Li Q. A HSV1 mutant leads to an attenuated phenotype and induces immunity with a protective effect. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008703. [PMID: 32776994 PMCID: PMC7440667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) is a complicated structural agent with a sophisticated transcription process and a high infection rate. A vaccine against HSV1 is urgently needed. As multiple viral-encoded proteins, including structural and nonstructural proteins, contribute to immune response stimulation, an attenuated or deficient HSV1 vaccine may be relatively reliable. Advances in genomic modification technologies provide reliable means of constructing various HSV vaccine candidates. Based on our previous work, an M6 mutant with mutations in the UL7, UL41, LAT, Us3, Us11 and Us12 genes was established. The mutant exhibited low proliferation in cells and an attenuated phenotype in an animal model. Furthermore, in mice and rhesus monkeys, the mutant can induce remarkable serum neutralizing antibody titers and T cell activation and protect against HSV1 challenge by impeding viral replication, dissemination and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingli Xu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Lichun Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Ting Yi
- Weirui Biotechnology (Kunming) Co., Ltd, Kunming, China
| | - Lichun Zheng
- Weirui Biotechnology (Kunming) Co., Ltd, Kunming, China
| | - Guorun Jiang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Shengtao Fan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Yun Liao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Min Feng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Qihan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
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42
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Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Interactions with the Interferon System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145150. [PMID: 32708188 PMCID: PMC7404291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon (IFN) system is one of the first lines of defense activated against invading viral pathogens. Upon secretion, IFNs activate a signaling cascade resulting in the production of several interferon stimulated genes (ISGs), which work to limit viral replication and establish an overall anti-viral state. Herpes simplex virus type 1 is a ubiquitous human pathogen that has evolved to downregulate the IFN response and establish lifelong latent infection in sensory neurons of the host. This review will focus on the mechanisms by which the host innate immune system detects invading HSV-1 virions, the subsequent IFN response generated to limit viral infection, and the evasion strategies developed by HSV-1 to evade the immune system and establish latency in the host.
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Zheng C. Protein Dynamics in Cytosolic DNA-Sensing Antiviral Innate Immune Signaling Pathways. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1255. [PMID: 32714322 PMCID: PMC7343935 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiviral innate immunity works as the first line of host defense against viral infection. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and adaptor proteins involved in the innate immune signaling pathways play critical roles in controlling viral infections via the induction of type I interferon and its downstream interferon-stimulated genes. Dynamic changes of adaptor proteins contribute to precise regulation of the activation and shut-off of signaling transduction, though numerous complex processes are involved in achieving dynamic changes to various proteins of the host and viruses. In this review, we will summarize recent progress on the trafficking patterns and conformational transitions of the adaptors that are involved in the antiviral innate immune signaling pathway during viral DNA sensing. Moreover, we aim to dissect the relationships between protein dynamics and DNA-sensing antiviral innate immune responses, which will reveal the underlying mechanisms controlling protein activity and maintaining cell homeostasis. By comprehensively revealing protein dynamics in cytosolic DNA-sensing antiviral innate immune signaling pathways, we will be able to identify potential new targets for the therapies of certain autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Immune Response to Herpes Simplex Virus Infection and Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020302. [PMID: 32545507 PMCID: PMC7350219 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are among the most common viral infections and usually last for a lifetime. The virus can potentially be controlled with vaccines since humans are the only known host. However, despite the development and trial of many vaccines, this has not yet been possible. This is normally attributed to the high latency potential of the virus. Numerous immune cells, particularly the natural killer cells and interferon gamma and pathways that are used by the body to fight HSV infections have been identified. On the other hand, the virus has developed different mechanisms, including using different microRNAs to inhibit apoptosis and autophagy to avoid clearance and aid latency induction. Both traditional and new methods of vaccine development, including the use of live attenuated vaccines, replication incompetent vaccines, subunit vaccines and recombinant DNA vaccines are now being employed to develop an effective vaccine against the virus. We conclude that this review has contributed to a better understanding of the interplay between the immune system and the virus, which is necessary for the development of an effective vaccine against HSV.
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The interactions between cGAS-STING pathway and pathogens. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:91. [PMID: 32532954 PMCID: PMC7293265 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic DNA is an indicator of pathogen invasion or DNA damage. The cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) detects DNA and then mediates downstream immune responses through the molecule stimulator of interferon genes (STING, also known as MITA, MPYS, ERIS and TMEM173). Recent studies focusing on the roles of the cGAS-STING pathway in evolutionary distant species have partly sketched how the mammalian cGAS-STING pathways are shaped and have revealed its evolutionarily conserved mechanism in combating pathogens. Both this pathway and pathogens have developed sophisticated strategies to counteract each other for their survival. Here, we summarise current knowledge on the interactions between the cGAS-STING pathway and pathogens from both evolutionary and mechanistic perspectives. Deeper insight into these interactions might enable us to clarify the pathogenesis of certain infectious diseases and better harness the cGAS-STING pathway for antimicrobial methods.
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Duck Enteritis Virus VP16 Antagonizes IFN- β-Mediated Antiviral Innate Immunity. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:9630452. [PMID: 32537474 PMCID: PMC7255046 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9630452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Duck enteritis virus (DEV) can successfully evade the host innate immune responses and establish a lifelong latent infection in the infected host. However, the study about how DEV escapes host innate immunity is still deficient up to now. In this study, for the first time, we identified a viral protein VP16 by which DEV can obviously downregulate the production of IFN-β in duck embryo fibroblast (DEF). Our results showed that ectopic expression of VP16 decreased duck IFN-β (duIFN-β) promoter activation and significantly inhibited the mRNA transcription of IFN-β. Further study showed that VP16 can also obviously inhibit the mRNA transcription of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), such as myxovirus resistance protein (Mx) and interferon-induced oligoadenylate synthetase-like (OASL). Furthermore, we found that this anti-interferon activity of VP16 depended on its N-terminus (aa1-200). Coexpression analysis revealed that VP16 selectively blocked duIFN-β promoter activity at the duIRF7 level rather than duIRF1. Based on the results of coimmunoprecipitation analysis (co-IP) and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), VP16 was able to bind to duck IRF7 (duIRF7) directly, but did not interact with duck IRF1 (duIRF1) in vitro.
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47
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Cai M, Liao Z, Zou X, Xu Z, Wang Y, Li T, Li Y, Ou X, Deng Y, Guo Y, Peng T, Li M. Herpes Simplex Virus 1 UL2 Inhibits the TNF-α-Mediated NF-κB Activity by Interacting With p65/p50. Front Immunol 2020; 11:549. [PMID: 32477319 PMCID: PMC7237644 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a large double-stranded DNA virus that encodes at least 80 viral proteins, many of which are involved in the virus-host interaction and are beneficial to the viral survival and reproduction. However, the biological functions of some HSV-1-encoded proteins are not fully understood. Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation is the major antiviral innate response, which can be triggered by various signals induced by cellular receptors from different pathways. Here, we demonstrated that HSV-1 UL2 protein could antagonize the tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)-mediated NF-κB activation. Co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that UL2 could interact with the NF-κB subunits p65 and p50, which also revealed the region of amino acids 9 to 17 of UL2 could suppress the NF-κB activation and interact with p65 and p50, and UL2 bound to the immunoglobulin-like plexin transcription factor functional domain of p65. However, UL2 did not affect the formation of p65/p50 dimerization and their nuclear localizations. Yet, UL2 was demonstrated to inhibit the NF-κB activity by attenuating TNF-α-induced p65 phosphorylation at Ser536 and therefore decreasing the expression of downstream inflammatory chemokine interleukin 8. Taken together, the attenuation of NF-κB activation by UL2 may contribute to the escape of host's antiviral innate immunity for HSV-1 during its infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsheng Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongmin Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Scientific Research and Education, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shaoguan, China
| | - Xingmei Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuo Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanfang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangxi Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,South China Vaccine Corporation Limited, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meili Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Saeed AFUH, Ruan X, Guan H, Su J, Ouyang S. Regulation of cGAS-Mediated Immune Responses and Immunotherapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1902599. [PMID: 32195086 PMCID: PMC7080523 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of infectious nucleic acids released from invading pathogens by the innate immune system is critical for immune defense. Detection of these nucleic acids by host immune sensors and regulation of DNA sensing pathways have been significant interests in the past years. Here, current understandings of evolutionarily conserved DNA sensing cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) are highlighted. Precise activation and tight regulation of cGAS are vital in appropriate innate immune responses, senescence, tumorigenesis and immunotherapy, and autoimmunity. Hence, substantial insights into cytosolic DNA sensing and immunotherapy of indispensable cytosolic sensors have been detailed to extend limited knowledge available thus far. This Review offers a critical, in-depth understanding of cGAS regulation, cytosolic DNA sensing, and currently established therapeutic approaches of essential cytosolic immune agents for improved human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah F. U. H. Saeed
- The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian ProvinceProvincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic RegulationBiomedical Research Center of South ChinaKey Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesFujian Normal UniversityFuzhou350117China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bio‐resources Sustainable UtilizationThe Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Product of State Oceanic AdministrationCollege of Life SciencesFujian Normal UniversityFuzhou350117China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and BiotechnologyPilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao)Qingdao266237China
- College of Chemistry and Materials ScienceFujian Normal UniversityFuzhou350117China
| | - Xinglin Ruan
- Department of NeurologyFujian Medical University Union Hospital29 Xinquan Road Gulou DistrictFuzhou350001China
| | - Hongxin Guan
- The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian ProvinceProvincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic RegulationBiomedical Research Center of South ChinaKey Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesFujian Normal UniversityFuzhou350117China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bio‐resources Sustainable UtilizationThe Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Product of State Oceanic AdministrationCollege of Life SciencesFujian Normal UniversityFuzhou350117China
| | - Jingqian Su
- The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian ProvinceProvincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic RegulationBiomedical Research Center of South ChinaKey Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesFujian Normal UniversityFuzhou350117China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bio‐resources Sustainable UtilizationThe Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Product of State Oceanic AdministrationCollege of Life SciencesFujian Normal UniversityFuzhou350117China
| | - Songying Ouyang
- The Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian ProvinceProvincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic RegulationBiomedical Research Center of South ChinaKey Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of EducationCollege of Life SciencesFujian Normal UniversityFuzhou350117China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bio‐resources Sustainable UtilizationThe Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Product of State Oceanic AdministrationCollege of Life SciencesFujian Normal UniversityFuzhou350117China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and BiotechnologyPilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao)Qingdao266237China
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Zhang J, Li Z, Huang J, Yin H, Tian J, Qu L. miR-26a Inhibits Feline Herpesvirus 1 Replication by Targeting SOCS5 and Promoting Type I Interferon Signaling. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010002. [PMID: 31861450 PMCID: PMC7020096 DOI: 10.3390/v12010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to viral infection, host cells activate various antiviral responses to inhibit virus replication. While feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) manipulates the host early innate immune response in many different ways, the host could activate the antiviral response to counteract it through some unknown mechanisms. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) which serve as a class of regulatory factors in the host, participate in the regulation of the host innate immune response against virus infection. In this study, we found that the expression levels of miR-26a were significantly upregulated upon FHV-1 infection. Furthermore, FHV-1 infection induced the expression of miR-26a via a cGAS-dependent pathway, and knockdown of cellular cGAS significantly blocked the expression of miR-26a induced by poly (dA:dT) or FHV-1 infection. Next, we investigated the biological function of miR-26a during viral infection. miR-26a was able to increase the phosphorylation of STAT1 and promote type I IFN signaling, thus inhibiting viral replication. The mechanism study showed that miR-26a directly targeted host SOCS5. Knockdown of SOCS5 increased the phosphorylation of STAT1 and enhanced the type I IFN-mediated antiviral response, and overexpression of suppressor of the cytokine signalling 5 (SOCS5) decreased the phosphorylation of STAT1 and inhibited the type I IFN-mediated antiviral response. Meanwhile, with the knockdown of SOCS5, the upregulated expression of phosphorylated STAT1 and the anti-virus effect induced by miR-26a were significantly inhibited. Taken together, our data demonstrated a new strategy of host miRNAs against FHV-1 infection by enhancing IFN antiviral signaling.
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50
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Ahn J, Barber GN. STING signaling and host defense against microbial infection. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-10. [PMID: 31827069 PMCID: PMC6906460 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0333-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The first line of host defense against infectious agents involves activation of innate immune signaling pathways that recognize specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Key triggers of innate immune signaling are now known to include microbial-specific nucleic acid, which is rapidly detected in the cytosol of the cell. For example, RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) have evolved to detect viral RNA species and to activate the production of host defense molecules and cytokines that stimulate adaptive immune responses. In addition, host defense countermeasures, including the production of type I interferons (IFNs), can also be triggered by microbial DNA from bacteria, viruses and perhaps parasites and are regulated by the cytosolic sensor, stimulator of interferon genes (STING). STING-dependent signaling is initiated by cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) generated by intracellular bacteria following infection. CDNs can also be synthesized by a cellular synthase, cGAS, following interaction with invasive cytosolic self-DNA or microbial DNA species. The importance of STING signaling in host defense is evident since numerous pathogens have developed strategies to prevent STING function. Here, we review the relevance of STING-controlled innate immune signaling in host defense against pathogen invasion, including microbial endeavors to subvert this critical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghyun Ahn
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Glen N Barber
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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