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Green R, Dupuis EC, Chia JC. Two cases of atypical herpes zoster in people taking oral Janus kinase inhibitors. CMAJ 2024; 196:E875-E877. [PMID: 39009359 PMCID: PMC11268146 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.240221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Green
- Division of Dermatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
| | - Elaine C Dupuis
- Division of Dermatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Justin C Chia
- Division of Dermatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
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2
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Jacobsen C, Plückebaum N, Ssebyatika G, Beyer S, Mendes-Monteiro L, Wang J, Kropp KA, González-Motos V, Steinbrück L, Ritter B, Rodríguez-González C, Böning H, Nikolouli E, Kinchington PR, Lachmann N, Depledge DP, Krey T, Viejo-Borbolla A. Viral modulation of type II interferon increases T cell adhesion and virus spread. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5318. [PMID: 38909022 PMCID: PMC11193720 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49657-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
During primary varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection, infected lymphocytes drive primary viremia, causing systemic dissemination throughout the host, including the skin. This results in cytokine expression, including interferons (IFNs), which partly limit infection. VZV also spreads from skin keratinocytes to lymphocytes prior to secondary viremia. It is not clear how VZV achieves this while evading the cytokine response. Here, we show that VZV glycoprotein C (gC) binds IFN-γ and modifies its activity, increasing the expression of a subset of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), including intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), chemokines and immunomodulatory genes. The higher ICAM1 protein level at the plasma membrane of keratinocytes facilitates lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1-dependent T cell adhesion and expression of gC during infection increases VZV spread to peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This constitutes the discovery of a strategy to modulate IFN-γ activity, upregulating a subset of ISGs, promoting enhanced lymphocyte adhesion and virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Jacobsen
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Nina Plückebaum
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - George Ssebyatika
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany
| | - Sarah Beyer
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | | | - Jiayi Wang
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Kai A Kropp
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Víctor González-Motos
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, 30559, Germany
| | - Lars Steinbrück
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Birgit Ritter
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Claudio Rodríguez-González
- Department for Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heike Böning
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Eirini Nikolouli
- Department for Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul R Kinchington
- Departments of Ophthalmology and of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nico Lachmann
- Department for Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniel P Depledge
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- German, Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Krey
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Abel Viejo-Borbolla
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Chen PK, Chen YM, Chen HH, Liao TL, Chang SH, Yeo KJ, Huang PH, Chen DY. Association of the Reduced Levels of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 with Herpes Zoster in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Treated with Janus Kinase Inhibitors in a Single-Center Cohort. Microorganisms 2024; 12:974. [PMID: 38792802 PMCID: PMC11124047 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Anti-interferon (IFN)-γ autoantibodies are linked to varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection. Given the elevated risks of herpes zoster (HZ) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKis), we aimed to examine the relationship between anti-IFN-γ autoantibodies with HZ development in JAKi-treated patients. Serum titers of anti-IFN-γ autoantibodies, plasma levels of IFN-γ, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and IFN-γ-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) were measured by ELISA. Among the 66 enrolled RA patients, 24 developed new-onset HZ. Significantly lower MCP-1 levels were observed in patients with HZ compared to those without (median, 98.21 pg/mL, interquartile range (IQR) 77.63-150.30 pg/mL versus 142.3 pg/mL, IQR 106.7-175.6 pg/mL, p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in anti-IFN-γ titers, IFN-γ levels, or IP-10 levels between patients with and without HZ. Three of 24 patients with HZ had severe HZ with multi-dermatomal involvement. Anti-IFN-γ titers were significantly higher in patients with severe HZ than in those with non-severe HZ (median 24.8 ng/mL, IQR 21.0-38.2 ng/mL versus 10.5 ng/mL, IQR 9.9-15.0 ng/mL, p < 0.005). Our results suggest an association between reduced MCP-1 levels and HZ development in JAKi-treated RA patients. High-titer anti-IFN-γ autoantibodies may be related to severe HZ in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Ku Chen
- Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan; (P.-K.C.); (S.-H.C.); (K.-J.Y.); (P.-H.H.)
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ming Chen
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (H.-H.C.); (T.-L.L.)
| | - Hsin-Hua Chen
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (H.-H.C.); (T.-L.L.)
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Enterprise Information, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
- Big Data Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Ling Liao
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (H.-H.C.); (T.-L.L.)
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsin Chang
- Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan; (P.-K.C.); (S.-H.C.); (K.-J.Y.); (P.-H.H.)
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Jieh Yeo
- Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan; (P.-K.C.); (S.-H.C.); (K.-J.Y.); (P.-H.H.)
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hao Huang
- Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan; (P.-K.C.); (S.-H.C.); (K.-J.Y.); (P.-H.H.)
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Der-Yuan Chen
- Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan; (P.-K.C.); (S.-H.C.); (K.-J.Y.); (P.-H.H.)
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Reusing JO, Agena F, Kotton CN, Campana G, Pierrotti LC, David-Neto E. QuantiFERON-CMV as a Predictor of CMV Events During Preemptive Therapy in CMV-seropositive Kidney Transplant Recipients. Transplantation 2024; 108:985-995. [PMID: 37990351 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevention of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection after kidney transplantation is costly and burdensome. METHODS Given its promising utility in risk stratification, we evaluated the use of QuantiFERON-CMV (QFCMV) and additional clinical variables in this prospective cohort study to predict the first clinically significant CMV infection (CS-CMV, ranging from asymptomatic viremia requiring treatment to CMV disease) in the first posttransplant year. A cost-effectiveness analysis for guided prevention was done. RESULTS One hundred adult kidney transplant recipients, CMV IgG + , were given basiliximab induction and maintained on steroid/mycophenolate/tacrolimus with weekly CMV monitoring. Thirty-nine patients developed CS-CMV infection (viral syndrome, n = 1; end-organ disease, n = 9; and asymptomatic viremia, n = 29). A nonreactive or indeterminate QFCMV result using the standard threshold around day 30 (but not before transplant) was associated with CS-CMV rates of 50% and 75%, respectively. A higher QFCMV threshold for reactivity (>1.0 IU interferon-γ/mL) outperformed the manufacturer's standard (>0.2 IU interferon-γ/mL) in predicting protection but still allowed a 16% incidence of CS-CMV. The combination of recipient age and type of donor, along with posttransplant QFCMV resulted in a prediction model that increased the negative predictive value from 84% (QFCMV alone) to 93%. QFCMV-guided preemptive therapy was of lower cost than preemptive therapy alone ( P < 0.001, probabilistic sensitivity analysis) and was cost-effective (incremental net monetary benefit of 210 USD) assuming willingness-to-pay of 2000 USD to avoid 1 CMV disease. CONCLUSIONS Guided CMV prevention by the prediction model with QFCMV is cost-effective and would spare from CMV surveillance in 42% of patients with low risk for CS-CMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- José O Reusing
- Renal Transplant Service, Instituto Central, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Agena
- Renal Transplant Service, Instituto Central, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camille N Kotton
- Immunocompromised Host Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Ligia Camera Pierrotti
- Medical Director Department, Dasa, Barueri, Brazil
- Division of Infectious Disease, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elias David-Neto
- Renal Transplant Service, Instituto Central, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Hagino T, Saeki H, Fujimoto E, Kanda N. Background factors predicting the occurrence of herpes zoster in atopic dermatitis patients treated with upadacitinib. J Dermatol 2023; 50:1301-1312. [PMID: 37401031 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Upadacitinib, an oral Janus kinase 1 inhibitor approved for treating atopic dermatitis (AD), can cause adverse events such as herpes zoster (HZ) and acne. We aimed to identify background factors predicting the occurrence of HZ and acne during upadacitinib treatment in patients with AD. From August 2021 to December 2022, 112 Japanese patients with moderate-to-severe AD (aged ≥12 years) were treated with upadacitinib 15 mg/day (78 patients) or 30 mg/day (34 patients) plus topical corticosteroids or delgocitinib limited to head and neck for 3-9 months. AD patients with the occurrence of HZ during upadacitinib treatment had higher incidences for history of HZ and of bronchial asthma than those without in the upadacitinib 15 mg, 30 mg, and whole groups. AD patients with occurrence of HZ had higher pretreatment values of lactate dehydrogenase and eczema area and severity index on head and neck compared to those without in the upadacitinib 15 mg and whole groups. Logistic regression analysis revealed that history of HZ was associated with the occurrence of HZ in the upadacitinib 15 mg and whole groups. The proportion of underage patients (<18 years) was higher in patients with occurrence of acne compared to those without in the upadacitinib 30 mg group, but no significant differences were found in the other background factors between the two patient populations. History of HZ may predict the occurrence of HZ during upadacitinib treatment in patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Hagino
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Inzai, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Saeki
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Naoko Kanda
- Department of Dermatology, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Inzai, Japan
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Jürgens C, Ssebyatika G, Beyer S, Plückebaum N, Kropp KA, González-Motos V, Ritter B, Böning H, Nikolouli E, Kinchington PR, Lachmann N, Depledge DP, Krey T, Viejo-Borbolla A. Viral modulation of type II interferon increases T cell adhesion and virus spread. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.26.542397. [PMID: 37292914 PMCID: PMC10246016 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.26.542397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
During primary infection, varicella zoster virus (VZV) infects epithelial cells in the respiratory lymphoid organs and mucosa. Subsequent infection of lymphocytes, T cells in particular, causes primary viremia allowing systemic spread throughout the host, including the skin. This results in the expression of cytokines, including interferons (IFNs) which partly limit primary infection. VZV also spreads from skin keratinocytes to lymphocytes prior to secondary viremia. How VZV infects lymphocytes from epithelial cells while evading the cytokine response has not been fully established. Here, we show that VZV glycoprotein C (gC) binds IFN-γ and modifies its activity. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that gC in combination with IFN-γ increased the expression of a small subset of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), including intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), as well as several chemokines and immunomodulatory genes. The higher ICAM1 protein level at the plasma membrane of epithelial cells resulted in lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1)-dependent T cell adhesion. This gC activity required a stable interaction with IFN-γ and signalling through the IFN-γ receptor. Finally, the presence of gC during infection increased VZV spread from epithelial cells to peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This constitutes the discovery of a novel strategy to modulate the activity of IFN-γ, inducing the expression of a subset of ISGs, leading to enhanced T cell adhesion and virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Jürgens
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - George Ssebyatika
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Sarah Beyer
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Nina Plückebaum
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Kai A. Kropp
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Víctor González-Motos
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover 30559, Germany
| | - Birgit Ritter
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Heike Böning
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Eirini Nikolouli
- Department for Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
- Excellence Cluster 2155 RESIST, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Paul R. Kinchington
- Department of Ophthalmology and of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Nico Lachmann
- Department for Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
- Excellence Cluster 2155 RESIST, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Daniel Pearce Depledge
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Excellence Cluster 2155 RESIST, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Krey
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
- Excellence Cluster 2155 RESIST, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Abel Viejo-Borbolla
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Excellence Cluster 2155 RESIST, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
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A Rahman NA, Balasubramaniam VRMT, Yap WB. Potential of Interleukin (IL)-12 Group as Antivirals: Severe Viral Disease Prevention and Management. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087350. [PMID: 37108513 PMCID: PMC10138811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-12 family consists of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines that are able to signal the activation of host antiviral immunity while preventing over-reactive immune reactions due to active virus replication and viral clearance. Amongst others, IL-12 and IL-23 are produced and released by innate immune cells such as monocytes and macrophages to signal the proliferation of T cells and release of effector cytokines, which subsequently activate host defence against virus infections. Interestingly, the dualities of IL-27 and -35 are evidently shown in the course of virus infections; they regulate the synthesis of cytokines and antiviral molecules, proliferation of T cells, and viral antigen presentation in order to maximize virus clearance by the host immune system. In terms of anti-inflammatory reactions, IL-27 signals the formation of regulatory T cells (Treg) which in turn secrete IL-35 to control the scale of inflammatory response that takes place during virus infections. Given the multitasking of the IL-12 family in regards to the elimination of virus infections, its potential in antiviral therapy is unequivocally important. Thus, this work aims to delve deeper into the antiviral actions of the IL-12 family and their applications in antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Azizah A Rahman
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Vinod R M T Balasubramaniam
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 46150, Malaysia
| | - Wei Boon Yap
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
- Biomedical Science Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
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8
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Lee GM, Gong S, Seo SW, Ko H, Chung WC, Lee J, Shin OS, Ahn JH. Varicella-Zoster Virus ORF39 Transmembrane Protein Suppresses Interferon-Beta Promoter Activation by Interacting with STING. J Microbiol 2023; 61:259-270. [PMID: 36808561 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) causes varicella in primary infection of children and zoster during reactivation in adults. Type I interferon (IFN) signaling suppresses VZV growth, and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) plays an important role in anti-VZV responses by regulating type I IFN signaling. VZV-encoded proteins are shown to inhibit STING-mediated activation of the IFN-β promoter. However, the mechanisms by which VZV regulates STING-mediated signaling pathways are largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that the transmembrane protein encoded by VZV open reading frame (ORF) 39 suppresses STING-mediated IFN-β production by interacting with STING. In IFN-β promoter reporter assays, ORF39 protein (ORF39p) inhibited STING-mediated activation of the IFN-β promoter. ORF39p interacted with STING in co-transfection assays, and this interaction was comparable to that of STING dimerization. The cytoplasmic N-terminal 73 amino acids region of ORF39P was not necessary for ORF39 binding and suppression of STING-mediated IFN-β activation. ORF39p also formed a complex containing both STING and TBK1. A recombinant VZV expressing HA-tagged ORF39 was produced using bacmid mutagenesis and showed similar growth to its parent virus. During HA-ORF39 virus infection, the expression level of STING was markedly reduced, and HA-ORF39 interacted with STING. Moreover, HA-ORF39 also colocalized with glycoprotein K (encoded by ORF5) and STING at the Golgi during virus infection. Our results demonstrate that the transmembrane protein ORF39p of VZV plays a role in evading the type I IFN responses by suppressing STING-mediated activation of the IFN-β promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwang Myeong Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Shuang Gong
- Department of Microbiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Wook Seo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Ko
- Department of Microbiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Chang Chung
- Department of Microbiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Sarah Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, 08308, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Hyun Ahn
- Department of Microbiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Hertzog J, Zhou W, Fowler G, Rigby RE, Bridgeman A, Blest HTW, Cursi C, Chauveau L, Davenne T, Warner BE, Kinchington PR, Kranzusch PJ, Rehwinkel J. Varicella-Zoster virus ORF9 is an antagonist of the DNA sensor cGAS. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109217. [PMID: 35670106 PMCID: PMC9289529 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) causes chickenpox and shingles. Although the infection is associated with severe morbidity in some individuals, molecular mechanisms that determine innate immune responses remain poorly defined. We found that the cGAS/STING DNA sensing pathway was required for type I interferon (IFN) induction during VZV infection and that recognition of VZV by cGAS restricted its replication. Screening of a VZV ORF expression library identified the essential VZV tegument protein ORF9 as a cGAS antagonist. Ectopically or virally expressed ORF9 bound to endogenous cGAS leading to reduced type I IFN responses to transfected DNA. Confocal microscopy revealed co-localisation of cGAS and ORF9. ORF9 and cGAS also interacted directly in a cell-free system and phase-separated together with DNA. Furthermore, ORF9 inhibited cGAMP production by cGAS. Taken together, these results reveal the importance of the cGAS/STING DNA sensing pathway for VZV recognition and identify a VZV immune antagonist that partially but directly interferes with DNA sensing via cGAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny Hertzog
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Present address:
Clinical Cooperation Unit VirotherapyGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of MicrobiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Department of Cancer Immunology and VirologyDana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMAUSA
- Present address:
School of Life SciencesSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenChina
| | - Gerissa Fowler
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Rachel E Rigby
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Anne Bridgeman
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Henry TW Blest
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Chiara Cursi
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Lise Chauveau
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Tamara Davenne
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Paul R Kinchington
- Department of OphthalmologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Philip J Kranzusch
- Department of MicrobiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
- Department of Cancer Immunology and VirologyDana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMAUSA
- Parker Institute for Cancer ImmunotherapyDana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMAUSA
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- MRC Human Immunology UnitMRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineRadcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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10
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Mu M, Zhao H, Wang Y, Guo M, Nie X, Liu Y, Xing M. Interferon-beta, interferon-gamma and their fusion interferon of Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) in China are involved in positive-feedback regulation of interferon production. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 125:104211. [PMID: 34329648 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As a group of cytokines, interferons are the first line of defense in the antiviral immunity. In this study, Siberian tiger IFN-β (PtIFN-β) and IFN-γ (PtIFN-γ) were successfully amplified, and the two were fused (PtIFN-γ) by overlap extension polymerase chain reaction (SOE-PCR). Bioinformatics analysis disclosed that PtIFN-β and PtIFN-γ have species-specificity and conservation in the course of evolution. After being expressed in prokaryotes, the antiviral activities and physicochemical properties of PtIFN-β, PtIFN-γ and PtIFNβ-γ were analyzed. In Feline kidney cells (F81), PtIFNβ-γ showed more active antiviral activity than PtIFN-β and PtIFN-γ, which has more stable physicochemical properties (acid and alkali resistance, high temperature resistance). In addition, PtIFN-β, PtIFN-γ and PtIFN-γ activated the JAK-STAT pathway and induced the transcription and expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Janus kinase (JAK) 1 inhibitor inhibited ISGs expression induced by PtIFN-β, PtIFN-γ and PtIFN-γ. Overall, this research clarified that PtIFN-β, PtIFN-γ and PtIFNβ-γ have the ability to inhibit viral replication and send signals through the JAK-STAT pathway. These findings may facilitate further study on the role of PtIFN in the antiviral immune response, and help to develop approaches for the prophylactic and therapeutic of viral diseases based on fusion interferon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Mu
- College of wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Hongjing Zhao
- College of wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Menghao Guo
- College of wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Xiaopan Nie
- College of wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yachen Liu
- College of wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Mingwei Xing
- College of wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, PR China.
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11
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Wu S, Yang S, Ou M, Chen J, Huang J, Xiong D, Sun W, Xiao L. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Role of Cellular Calcium Disorder in Varicella Zoster Virus-Induced Post-Herpetic Neuralgia. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:665931. [PMID: 34079439 PMCID: PMC8166323 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.665931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As a typical neuropathic pain, post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a common complication of herpes zoster (HZ), which seriously affects the normal life and work of patients. The unclear pathogenesis and lack of effective drugs make the clinical efficacy of PHN unsatisfactory. Here, we obtained the transcriptome profile of neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) and DRG in rats infected with varicella zoster virus (VZV) by transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) combined with publicly available gene array data sets. Next, the data processing of the transcriptome map was analyzed using bioinformatics methods, including the screening of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), Gene Ontology (GO), and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Finally, real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of calcium-related genes, and calcium fluorescent probes and calcium colorimetry were used to evaluate the distribution and content of calcium ions in cells after VZV infection. Transcriptome data analysis (GO and KEGG enrichment analysis) showed that calcium disorder played an important role in SH-SY5Y cells infected by VZV and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of the PHN rat model. The results of qRT-PCR showed that the expression levels of calcium-related genes BHLHA15, CACNA1F, CACNG1, CHRNA9, and STC2 were significantly upregulated, while the expression levels of CHRNA10, HRC, and TNNT3 were significantly downregulated in SH-SY5Y cells infected with VZV. Our calcium fluorescent probe and calcium colorimetric test results showed that VZV could change the distribution of calcium ions in infected cells and significantly increase the intracellular calcium content. In conclusion, our results revealed that the persistence of calcium disorder caused by VZV in nerve cells might be a crucial cause of herpetic neuralgia, and a potential target for clinical diagnosis and treatment of PHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbin Wu
- Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Department of Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaomin Yang
- Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Department of Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingxi Ou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jiamin Chen
- Vanke Bilingual School (VBS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiabing Huang
- Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Department of Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Donglin Xiong
- Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Department of Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wuping Sun
- Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Department of Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lizu Xiao
- Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Department of Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
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12
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Haque M, Siegel RJ, Fox DA, Ahmed S. Interferon-stimulated GTPases in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases: promising role for the guanylate-binding protein (GBP) family. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:494-506. [PMID: 33159795 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human IFNs are secreted cytokines shown to stimulate the expression of over one thousand genes. These IFN-inducible genes primarily encode four major protein families, known as IFN-stimulated GTPases (ISGs), namely myxovirus-resistance proteins, guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs), p47 immunity-related GTPases and very large inducible guanosine triphosphate hydrolases (GTPases). These families respond specifically to type I or II IFNs and are well reported in coordinating immunity against some well known as well as newly discovered viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. A growing body of evidence highlights the potential contributory and regulatory roles of ISGs in dysregulated inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Our focus was to draw attention to studies that demonstrate increased expression of ISGs in the serum and affected tissues of patients with RA, SS, lupus, IBD and psoriasis. In this review, we analysed emerging literature describing the potential roles of ISGs, particularly the GBP family, in the context of autoimmunity. We also highlighted the promise and implications for therapeutically targeting IFNs and GBPs in the treatment of rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahamudul Haque
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Ruby J Siegel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - David A Fox
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Salahuddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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13
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Interferon Gamma Inhibits Equine Herpesvirus 1 Replication in a Cell Line-Dependent Manner. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040484. [PMID: 33923733 PMCID: PMC8073143 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sole equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) immediate-early protein (IEP) is essential for viral replication by transactivating viral immediate-early (IE), early (E), and late (L) genes. Here, we report that treatment of mouse MH-S, equine NBL6, and human MRC-5 cells with 20 ng/mL of IFN-γ reduced EHV-1 yield by 1122-, 631-, and 10,000-fold, respectively. However, IFN-γ reduced virus yield by only 2–4-fold in mouse MLE12, mouse L-M, and human MeWo cells compared to those of untreated cells. In luciferase assays with the promoter of the EHV-1 early regulatory EICP0 gene, IFN-γ abrogated trans-activation activity of the IEP by 96% in MH-S cells, but only by 21% in L-M cells. Similar results were obtained in assays with the early regulatory UL5 and IR4 promoter reporter plasmids. IFN-γ treatment reduced IEP protein expression by greater than 99% in MH-S cells, but only by 43% in L-M cells. The expression of IEP and UL5P suppressed by IFN-γ was restored by JAK inhibitor treatment, indicating that the inhibition of EHV-1 replication is mediated by JAK/STAT1 signaling. These results suggest that IFN-γ blocks EHV-1 replication by inhibiting the production of the IEP in a cell line-dependent manner. Affymetrix microarray analyses of IFN-γ-treated MH-S and L-M cells revealed that five antiviral ISGs (MX1, SAMHD1, IFIT2, NAMPT, TREX1, and DDX60) were upregulated 3.2–18.1-fold only in MH-S cells.
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14
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Mardivirus Infection and Persistence in Feathers of a Chicken Model Harboring a Local Autoimmune Response. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101613. [PMID: 33092272 PMCID: PMC7589623 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus of turkey (HVT) is commonly used as a vaccine to protect chickens against Marek’s disease. Following vaccination, HVT infects feathers where it can be detected in all chicken lines examined. Unlike the parental Brown line (BL), Smyth line (SL) chickens develop vitiligo, due to autoimmune destruction of melanocytes in feathers. Previous reports showed a strong inflammatory response in Smyth chickens’ feathers at vitiligo onset, that subsided once melanocytes were destroyed, and depigmentation was complete. Here, we questioned whether the local autoimmune response in the Smyth model influences HVT infection and persistence in feathers. For this, one-day-old SL and BL chickens were vaccinated with Newcastle disease (rHVT-ND). Vitiligo was scored and HVT loads in pigmented and non-pigmented growing feathers were quantified regularly over 20 weeks. Chickens of both lines showed moderate HVT loads in feathers. At the onset of active vitiligo, the HVT load was significantly higher in SL compared to BL feathers. However, no difference in HVT loads was noticed between pigmented and non-pigmented feathers from SL chickens. Therefore, surprisingly, the inflammatory response in feathers of SL chickens did not inhibit HVT infection and persistence, but on the contrary, temporarily promoted HVT infection in feathers.
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15
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Kato M. New insights into IFN-γ in rheumatoid arthritis: role in the era of JAK inhibitors. Immunol Med 2020; 43:72-78. [PMID: 32338187 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2020.1751908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is now entering a new era, the era of Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors. JAK inhibitors target multiple cytokines including IL-6 and exhibit a beneficial treatment effect in patients with RA and inadequate response to conventional synthetic or biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. Since the treatment effect of JAK inhibitors is promising even for patients refractory to anti-IL-6 therapy, it needs to be considered how multiple cytokines play roles in the pathogenesis of RA. It is also worth noting that an increased risk of herpes zoster is specifically related to the use of JAK inhibitors. Among cytokines targeted by JAK inhibitors, the current review focuses on IFN-γ, particularly on its role in synovial biology, autoimmunity, bone metabolism, pain, and varicella zoster virus infection. Recent studies provided new insights into IFN-γ in the pathogenesis of RA, which may account for the efficacy of JAK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Kato
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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16
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Gerada C, Campbell TM, Kennedy JJ, McSharry BP, Steain M, Slobedman B, Abendroth A. Manipulation of the Innate Immune Response by Varicella Zoster Virus. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1. [PMID: 32038653 PMCID: PMC6992605 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is the causative agent of chickenpox (varicella) and shingles (herpes zoster). VZV and other members of the herpesvirus family are distinguished by their ability to establish a latent infection, with the potential to reactivate and spread virus to other susceptible individuals. This lifelong relationship continually subjects VZV to the host immune system and as such VZV has evolved a plethora of strategies to evade and manipulate the immune response. This review will focus on our current understanding of the innate anti-viral control mechanisms faced by VZV. We will also discuss the diverse array of strategies employed by VZV to regulate these innate immune responses and highlight new knowledge on the interactions between VZV and human innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Gerada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tessa M Campbell
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jarrod J Kennedy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian P McSharry
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Megan Steain
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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17
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Wu JQH, Barabé ND, Chau D. Effect of exogenous expression of IFN-γ on the new world alphavirus replication and infection. Future Virol 2019. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: IFN-γ plays an important role in control of the old world alphavirus infection. However, the role of IFN-γ in the infection by the new world alphaviruses is not well characterized. Materials & methods: Ad5-mIFN-γ, a recombinant, replication-deficient human adenovirus, was constructed to express mouse IFN-γ (mIFN-γ) and a mouse, lethal challenge model of the new world alphavirus western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) was used. Results: A single-dose injection of Ad5-mIFN-γ produced a high level of mIFN-γ in mice. Cells inoculated with Ad5-mIFN-γ restricted the replication of WEEV. A single-dose injection of Ad5-mIFN-γ delayed the WEEV infection and extended the survival time in mice. Conclusion: IFN-γ restricts the WEEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh QH Wu
- Bio Threat Defence Section, Defence Research & Development Canada; Suffield Research Centre; Box 4000, Station Main, Medicine Hat, Alberta T1A 8K6, Canada
| | - Nicole D Barabé
- Bio Threat Defence Section, Defence Research & Development Canada; Suffield Research Centre; Box 4000, Station Main, Medicine Hat, Alberta T1A 8K6, Canada
| | - Damon Chau
- Bio Threat Defence Section, Defence Research & Development Canada; Suffield Research Centre; Box 4000, Station Main, Medicine Hat, Alberta T1A 8K6, Canada
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