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Structural Insight into Terminal Galactose Recognition by Two Non-HBGA Binding GI.3 Noroviruses. J Virol 2022; 96:e0042022. [PMID: 35658530 PMCID: PMC9278146 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00420-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (huNoVs) cause epidemic acute gastroenteritis using histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as host receptors or attachment factors to initiate an infection. While most huNoVs have been shown to bind HBGAs, some known clinical isolates, such as GI.3 DSV and VA115, do not recognize any HBGAs and thus the molecular mechanism behind their infections remains elusive. In this study, we provided both phenotypic and structural evidence to show that huNoV DSV and VA115 recognize a group of glycans with terminal galactoses as ligands. First, through glycan array we found that both DSV and VA115 protruding (P) domain proteins bound two oligosaccharides that share common terminal galactoses. Then, by determination of the crystal structures of DSV/VA115 P proteins in complex with Galα1-3Galβ1-4Glc and/or NA2 N-Glycan, respectively, we showed that the terminal galactose is the main saccharide recognized by the two viral proteins. Our data demonstrated that GI huNoVs can interact with non-HBGA glycans through their conserved galactose binding site, shedding light on the mechanism of huNoV adaptation through recognizing new glycan receptors to facilitate their widespread nature in human population. These findings are also of significance in strategy development for huNoV control and prevention, as well as development of antiviral drugs. IMPORTANCE Human noroviruses (huNoVs) are the most important viral pathogens causing epidemic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Previous studies indicated that histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are critical host-susceptibility factors affecting huNoV host susceptibility, host range, and probably prevalence. However, certain huNoVs, such as GI.3 DSV and VA115, do not recognize any HBGAs. This implies that other unknown host factors might exist and the molecular mechanism underlying their host receptor recognition or attachment remains elusive. In this study, we found that purified capsid protruding domain proteins from two GI.3 huNoVs specifically bind two glycans that contain a common terminal galactose. We solved the crystal structures of the complexes at atomic resolution and validated the vital amino acids involved in glycan recognition. Our findings elucidate the mechanism of GI.3 huNoV-non-HBGA glycan interaction, which explains why GI.3 virus strains could not bind human HBGAs, paving a way to the prevention and treatment of huNoV-associated diseases.
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Kimura-Someya T, Kato-Murayama M, Katsura K, Sakai N, Murayama K, Hanada K, Shirouzu M, Someya Y. Lewis fucose is a key moiety for the recognition of histo-blood group antigens by GI.9 norovirus, as revealed by structural analysis. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:560-570. [PMID: 35038379 PMCID: PMC8886331 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses have been identified as major causative agents of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans. Histo‐blood group antigens (HBGAs) are thought to play a major role among the host cellular factors influencing norovirus infection. Genogroup I, genotype 9 (GI.9) is the most recently identified genotype within genogroup I, whose representative strain is the Vancouver 730 norovirus. However, the molecular interactions between host antigens and the GI.9 capsid protein have not been investigated in detail. In this study, we demonstrate that the GI.9 norovirus preferentially binds Lewis antigens over blood group A, B, and H antigens, as revealed by an HBGA binding assay using virus‐like particles. We determined the crystal structures of the protruding domain of the GI.9 capsid protein in the presence or absence of Lewis antigens. Our analysis demonstrated that Lewis fucose (α1–3/4 fucose) represents a key moiety for the GI.9 protein–HBGA interaction, thus suggesting that Lewis antigens might play a critical role during norovirus infection. In addition to previously reported findings, our observations may support the future design of antiviral agents and vaccines against noroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Kimura-Someya
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kato-Murayama
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazushige Katsura
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Naoki Sakai
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Murayama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuharu Hanada
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yuichi Someya
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-Murayama, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
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3
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OUP accepted manuscript. Glycobiology 2022; 32:529-539. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Borenstein-Katz A, Warszawski S, Amon R, Eilon M, Cohen-Dvashi H, Leviatan Ben-Arye S, Tasnima N, Yu H, Chen X, Padler-Karavani V, Fleishman SJ, Diskin R. Biomolecular Recognition of the Glycan Neoantigen CA19-9 by Distinct Antibodies. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:167099. [PMID: 34119488 PMCID: PMC7611348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycans decorate the cell surface, secreted glycoproteins and glycolipids, and altered glycans are often found in cancers. Despite their high diagnostic and therapeutic potential, however, glycans are polar and flexible molecules that are quite challenging for the development and design of high-affinity binding antibodies. To understand the mechanisms by which glycan neoantigens are specifically recognized by antibodies, we analyze the biomolecular recognition of the tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen CA19-9 by two distinct antibodies using X-ray crystallography. Despite the potential plasticity of glycans and the very different antigen-binding surfaces presented by the antibodies, both structures reveal an essentially identical extended CA19-9 conformer, suggesting that this conformer's stability selects the antibodies. Starting from the bound structure of one of the antibodies, we use the AbLIFT computational algorithm to design a variant with seven core mutations in the variable domain's light-heavy chain interface that exhibits tenfold improved affinity for CA19-9. The results reveal strategies used by antibodies to specifically recognize glycan antigens and show how automated antibody-optimization methods may be used to enhance the clinical potential of existing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliza Borenstein-Katz
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shira Warszawski
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Amon
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Maayan Eilon
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hadas Cohen-Dvashi
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shani Leviatan Ben-Arye
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Nova Tasnima
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Sarel Jacob Fleishman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Diskin
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.
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5
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Reyes Y, González F, Gutierrez L, Blandon P, Centeno E, Zepeda O, Toval-Ruíz C, Lindesmith LC, Baric RS, Vielot N, Diez-Valcarce M, Vinjé J, Svensson L, Becker-Dreps S, Nordgren J, Bucardo F. Secretor status strongly influences the incidence of symptomatic norovirus infection in a genotype-dependent manner in a Nicaraguan birth cohort. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:105-115. [PMID: 34129046 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of histo-blood group on the burden and severity of norovirus gastroenteritis in young infants has not been well documented. METHODS Norovirus gastroenteritis was assessed in 443 Nicaraguan children followed from birth until 3 years of age. Stool samples were tested for norovirus by RT-qPCR and histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) were determined by phenotyping of saliva and blood. Hazards ratios (95% CI) and predictors of norovirus AGE outcome stratified by HBGA were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Of 1,353 AGE episodes experienced by children, 229 (17%) tested positive for norovirus with an overall incidence of 21.9/100 child-years. Secretor children were infected as early as 2 months old and had a higher incidence of norovirus GII compared to non-secretor children (15.4 vs 4.1/100 child-years, P = 0.006). Furthermore, all GII.4 AGE episodes occurred in secretor children. Children infected with GI (adjusted OR=0.09, 95% CI 0.02-0.33) or non-GII.4 viruses (adjusted OR=0.2, 95% CI: 0.07-0.6) were less likely to have severe AGE compared to GII.4 infected children. CONCLUSION Secretor status in children strongly influences the incidence of symptomatic norovirus infection in a genogroup or genotype-dependent manner and provides evidence that clinical severity in children depends on norovirus genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoska Reyes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua - León, León, Nicaragua.,Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Fredman González
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua - León, León, Nicaragua
| | - Lester Gutierrez
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua - León, León, Nicaragua
| | - Patricia Blandon
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua - León, León, Nicaragua
| | - Edwing Centeno
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua - León, León, Nicaragua
| | - Omar Zepeda
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua - León, León, Nicaragua
| | - Christian Toval-Ruíz
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua - León, León, Nicaragua
| | - Lisa C Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nadja Vielot
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Marta Diez-Valcarce
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.,Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Lennart Svensson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Division of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Sweden
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Johan Nordgren
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Filemón Bucardo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua - León, León, Nicaragua
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6
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Ng'ang'a PN, Siukstaite L, Lang AE, Bakker H, Römer W, Aktories K, Schmidt G. Involvement of N-glycans in binding of Photorhabdus luminescens Tc toxin. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13326. [PMID: 33720490 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photorhabdus luminescens Tc toxins are large tripartite ABC-type toxin complexes, composed of TcA, TcB and TcC proteins. Tc toxins are widespread and have shown a tropism for a variety of targets including insect, mammalian and human cells. However, their receptors and the specific mechanisms of uptake into target cells remain unknown. Here, we show that the TcA protein TcdA1 interacts with N-glycans, particularly Lewis X/Y antigens. This is confirmed using N-acetylglucosamine transferase I (Mgat1 gene product)-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) Lec1 cells, which are highly resistant to intoxication by the Tc toxin complex most likely due to the absence of complex N-glycans. Restoring Mgat1 gene activity, and hence complex N-glycan biosynthesis, recapitulated the sensitivity of these cells to the toxin. Exogenous addition of Lewis X trisaccharide partially inhibits intoxication in wild-type cells. Additionally, sialic acid also largely reduced binding of the Tc toxin. Moreover, proteolytic activation of TcdA1 alters glycan-binding and uptake into target cells. The data suggest that TcdA1-binding is most likely multivalent, and carbohydrates probably work cooperatively to facilitate binding and intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Njenga Ng'ang'a
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School for Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lina Siukstaite
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander E Lang
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans Bakker
- Institut für Klinische Biochemie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, MHH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Winfried Römer
- Spemann Graduate School for Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS-Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Aktories
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School for Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS-Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gudula Schmidt
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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7
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Abstract
Histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) recognition by norovirus (NoV) has been studied using various techniques. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using virus-like particles (VLPs) have enabled us to visualize the last step of HBGAs-NoV binding with a total reaction time of approximately 8 h. Herein, we describe two ELISA-based methods to detect and quantify NoV VLP attachment to HBGAs: saliva-VLP binding assay and carbohydrate-VLP binding assay.
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8
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Guix S, Fuentes C, Pintó RM, Blanco A, Sabrià A, Anfruns-Estrada E, Garrido VR, Alonso M, Bartolomé R, Cornejo T, Pumarola T, Bosch A. Infectivity of Norovirus GI and GII from Bottled Mineral Water during a Waterborne Outbreak, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:134-137. [PMID: 31855546 PMCID: PMC6924916 DOI: 10.3201/eid2601.190778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
During a waterborne outbreak of norovirus in Spain, we estimated 50% illness doses for a group of exposed (secretor) persons to be 556 (95% CI 319–957) genome copies/day for norovirus GI and 2,934 (95% CI 1,683–5,044) genome copies/day for norovirus GII. Use of a propidium monoazide viability assay reduced these values.
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9
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Elgamoudi BA, Andrianova EP, Shewell LK, Day CJ, King RM, Taha, Rahman H, Hartley-Tassell LE, Zhulin IB, Korolik V. The Campylobacter jejuni chemoreceptor Tlp10 has a bimodal ligand-binding domain and specificity for multiple classes of chemoeffectors. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/664/eabc8521. [PMID: 33402336 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abc8521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a bacterial pathogen that is a common cause of enteritis in humans. We identified a previously uncharacterized type of sensory domain in the periplasmic region of the C. jejuni chemoreceptor Tlp10, termed the DAHL domain, that is predicted to have a bimodular helical architecture. Through two independent ligand-binding sites in this domain, Tlp10 responded to molecular aspartate, isoleucine, fumarate, malate, fucose, and mannose as attractants and to arginine, galactose, and thiamine as repellents. Tlp10 also recognized glycan ligands when present as terminal and intermediate residues of complex structures, such as the fucosylated human ganglioside GM1 and Lewisa antigen. A tlp10 mutant strain lacking the ligand-binding sites was attenuated in its ability to colonize avian caeca and to adhere to cultured human intestinal cells, indicating the potential involvement of the DAHL domain in host colonization and disease. The Tlp10 intracellular signaling domain interacted with the scaffolding proteins CheV and CheW, which couple chemoreceptors to intracellular signaling machinery, and with the signaling domains of other chemoreceptors, suggesting a key role for Tlp10 in signal transduction and incorporation into sensory arrays. We identified the DAHL domain in other bacterial signal transduction proteins, including the essential virulence induction protein VirA from the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens Together, these results suggest a potential link between Tlp10 and C. jejuni virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassam A Elgamoudi
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | | | - Lucy K Shewell
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Christopher J Day
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Rebecca M King
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Taha
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Hossinur Rahman
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | | | - Igor B Zhulin
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Victoria Korolik
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia. .,School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
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Loureiro Tonini MA, Pires Gonçalves Barreira DM, Bueno de Freitas Santolin L, Bondi Volpini LP, Gagliardi Leite JP, Le Moullac-Vaidye B, Le Pendu J, Cruz Spano L. FUT2, Secretor Status and FUT3 Polymorphisms of Children with Acute Diarrhea Infected with Rotavirus and Norovirus in Brazil. Viruses 2020; 12:E1084. [PMID: 32992989 PMCID: PMC7600990 DOI: 10.3390/v12101084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Host susceptibility according to human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) is widely known for norovirus infection, but is less described for rotavirus. Due to the variable HBGA polymorphism among populations, we aimed to evaluate the association between HBGA phenotypes (ABH, Lewis and secretor status) and susceptibility to rotavirus and norovirus symptomatic infection, and the polymorphisms of FUT2 and FUT3, of children from southeastern Brazil. Paired fecal-buccal specimens from 272 children with acute diarrhea were used to determine rotavirus/norovirus genotypes and HBGAs phenotypes/genotypes, respectively. Altogether, 100 (36.8%) children were infected with rotavirus and norovirus. The rotavirus P[8] genotype predominates (85.7%). Most of the noroviruses (93.8%) belonged to genogroup II (GII). GII.4 Sydney represented 76% (35/46) amongst five other genotypes. Rotavirus and noroviruses infected predominantly children with secretor status (97% and 98.5%, respectively). However, fewer rotavirus-infected children were Lewis-negative (8.6%) than the norovirus-infected ones (18.5%). FUT3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) occurred mostly at the T59G > G508A > T202C > C314T positions. Our results reinforce the current knowledge that secretors are more susceptible to infection by both rotavirus and norovirus than non-secretors. The high rate for Lewis negative (17.1%) and the combination of SNPs, beyond the secretor status, may reflect the highly mixed population in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco André Loureiro Tonini
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Gastroenteritis, Pathology Department, Health Science Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Maruípe, Vitória 1468, ES, Brazil; (D.M.P.G.B.); (L.B.d.F.S.); (L.P.B.V.); (L.C.S.)
| | - Débora Maria Pires Gonçalves Barreira
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Gastroenteritis, Pathology Department, Health Science Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Maruípe, Vitória 1468, ES, Brazil; (D.M.P.G.B.); (L.B.d.F.S.); (L.P.B.V.); (L.C.S.)
| | - Luciana Bueno de Freitas Santolin
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Gastroenteritis, Pathology Department, Health Science Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Maruípe, Vitória 1468, ES, Brazil; (D.M.P.G.B.); (L.B.d.F.S.); (L.P.B.V.); (L.C.S.)
| | - Lays Paula Bondi Volpini
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Gastroenteritis, Pathology Department, Health Science Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Maruípe, Vitória 1468, ES, Brazil; (D.M.P.G.B.); (L.B.d.F.S.); (L.P.B.V.); (L.C.S.)
| | - José Paulo Gagliardi Leite
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro 4365, RJ, Brazil;
| | | | - Jacques Le Pendu
- CRCINA, Inserm, Université de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France; (B.L.M.-V.); (J.L.P.)
| | - Liliana Cruz Spano
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Gastroenteritis, Pathology Department, Health Science Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Maruípe, Vitória 1468, ES, Brazil; (D.M.P.G.B.); (L.B.d.F.S.); (L.P.B.V.); (L.C.S.)
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11
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Kim H, Lim CY, Lee DB, Seok JH, Kim KH, Chung MS. Inhibitory Effects of Laminaria japonica Fucoidans Against Noroviruses. Viruses 2020; 12:E997. [PMID: 32906822 PMCID: PMC7552056 DOI: 10.3390/v12090997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the leading cause of nonbacterial foodborne disease outbreaks. Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) bind to histo-blood group antigens as the host receptor for infection. In this study, the inhibitory effects of fucoidans from brown algae, Laminaria japonica (LJ), Undaria pinnatifida and Undaria pinnatifida sporophyll, were evaluated against murine norovirus (MNoV), feline calicivirus (FCV) and HuNoV. Pretreatment of MNoV or FCV with the fucoidans at 1 mg/mL showed high antiviral activities, with 1.1 average log reductions of viral titers in plaque assays. They also showed significant inhibition on the binding of the P domains of HuNoV GII.4 and GII.17 to A- or O-type saliva and the LJ fucoidan was the most effective, reaching 54-72% inhibition at 1 mg/mL. In STAT1-/- mice infected with MNoV, oral administration of the LJ fucoidan, composed of mainly sulfated fucose and minor amounts of glucose and galactose, improved the survival rates of mice and significantly reduced the viral titers in their feces. Overall, these results provide the LJ fucoidan can be used to reduce NoV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojin Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Korea; (H.K.); (C.Y.L.)
| | - Chae Yeon Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Korea; (H.K.); (C.Y.L.)
| | - Dan Bi Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea; (D.B.L.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Jong Hyeon Seok
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea; (D.B.L.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Kyung Hyun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea; (D.B.L.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Mi Sook Chung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Korea; (H.K.); (C.Y.L.)
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12
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Abstract
The conformation of a molecule strongly affects its function, as demonstrated for peptides and nucleic acids. This correlation is much less established for carbohydrates, the most abundant organic materials in nature. Recent advances in synthetic and analytical techniques have enabled the study of carbohydrates at the molecular level. Recurrent structural features were identified as responsible for particular biological activities or material properties. In this Minireview, recent achievements in the structural characterization of carbohydrates, enabled by systematic studies of chemically defined oligosaccharides, are discussed. These findings can guide the development of more potent glycomimetics. Synthetic carbohydrate materials by design can be envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax-Planck-Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinArnimallee 2214195BerlinGermany
| | - Martina Delbianco
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax-Planck-Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
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13
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Roderer D, Bröcker F, Sitsel O, Kaplonek P, Leidreiter F, Seeberger PH, Raunser S. Glycan-dependent cell adhesion mechanism of Tc toxins. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2694. [PMID: 32483155 PMCID: PMC7264150 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxin complex (Tc) toxins are virulence factors of pathogenic bacteria. Tcs are composed of three subunits: TcA, TcB and TcC. TcA facilitates receptor-toxin interaction and membrane permeation, TcB and TcC form a toxin-encapsulating cocoon. While the mechanisms of holotoxin assembly and pore formation have been described, little is known about receptor binding of TcAs. Here, we identify heparins/heparan sulfates and Lewis antigens as receptors for different TcAs from insect and human pathogens. Glycan array screening reveals that all tested TcAs bind negatively charged heparins. Cryo-EM structures of Morganella morganii TcdA4 and Xenorhabdus nematophila XptA1 reveal that heparins/heparan sulfates unexpectedly bind to different regions of the shell domain, including receptor-binding domains. In addition, Photorhabdus luminescens TcdA1 binds to Lewis antigens with micromolar affinity. Here, the glycan interacts with the receptor-binding domain D of the toxin. Our results suggest a glycan dependent association mechanism of Tc toxins on the host cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Roderer
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Felix Bröcker
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Vaxxilon Deutschland GmbH, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oleg Sitsel
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Paulina Kaplonek
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Franziska Leidreiter
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefan Raunser
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
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14
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Bonnardel F, Mariethoz J, Salentin S, Robin X, Schroeder M, Perez S, Lisacek F, Imberty A. UniLectin3D, a database of carbohydrate binding proteins with curated information on 3D structures and interacting ligands. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 47:D1236-D1244. [PMID: 30239928 PMCID: PMC6323968 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lectins, and related receptors such as adhesins and toxins, are glycan-binding proteins from all origins that decipher the glycocode, i.e. the structural information encoded in the conformation of complex carbohydrates present on the surface of all cells. Lectins are still poorly classified and annotated, but since their functions are based on ligand recognition, their 3D-structures provide a solid foundation for characterization. UniLectin3D is a curated database that classifies lectins on origin and fold, with cross-links to literature, other databases in glycosciences and functional data such as known specificity. The database provides detailed information on lectins, their bound glycan ligands, and features their interactions using the Protein–Ligand Interaction Profiler (PLIP) server. Special care was devoted to the description of the bound glycan ligands with the use of simple graphical representation and numerical format for cross-linking to other databases in glycoscience. We conceived the design of the database architecture and the navigation tools to account for all organisms, as well as to search for oligosaccharide epitopes complexed within specified binding sites. UniLectin3D is accessible at https://www.unilectin.eu/unilectin3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Bonnardel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000 Grenoble, France.,Proteome Informatics Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1227 Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Computer Science, University of Geneva, Route de Drize 7, CH-1227 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Mariethoz
- Proteome Informatics Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1227 Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Computer Science, University of Geneva, Route de Drize 7, CH-1227 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Salentin
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), TU Dresden, Tatzberg 47-49, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Xavier Robin
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Computational Structural Biology Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Schroeder
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), TU Dresden, Tatzberg 47-49, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Serge Perez
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Frédérique Lisacek
- Proteome Informatics Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1227 Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Computer Science, University of Geneva, Route de Drize 7, CH-1227 Geneva, Switzerland.,Section of Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne Imberty
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000 Grenoble, France
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15
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Le Pendu J, Ruvoën-Clouet N. Fondness for sugars of enteric viruses confronts them with human glycans genetic diversity. Hum Genet 2019; 139:903-910. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02090-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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16
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Nordgren J, Svensson L. Genetic Susceptibility to Human Norovirus Infection: An Update. Viruses 2019; 11:E226. [PMID: 30845670 PMCID: PMC6466115 DOI: 10.3390/v11030226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are the most common etiological agent of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Despite their high infectivity, a subpopulation of individuals is resistant to infection and disease. This susceptibility is norovirus genotype-dependent and is largely mediated by the presence or absence of human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) on gut epithelial surfaces. The synthesis of these HBGAs is mediated by fucosyl- and glycosyltransferases under the genetic control of the FUT2 (secretor), FUT3 (Lewis) and ABO(H) genes. The so-called non-secretors, having an inactivated FUT2 enzyme, do not express blood group antigens and are resistant to several norovirus genotypes, including the predominant GII.4. Significant genotypic and phenotypic diversity of HBGA expression exists between different human populations. Here, we review previous in vivo studies on genetic susceptibility to norovirus infection. These are discussed in relation to population susceptibility, vaccines, norovirus epidemiology and the impact on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Nordgren
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Lennart Svensson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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17
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Yildiz M, Kocak A. Molecular Dynamics Studies of Histo-Blood Group Antigen Blocking Human Immunoglobulin A Antibody and Escape Mechanism in Noroviruses Upon Mutation. J Comput Biol 2018; 26:962-974. [PMID: 30570348 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2018.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the causing agent of acute gastroenteritis disease globally. Efforts in developing therapeutics against virus infection mostly fail due to emergence of drug resistance that is a consequence of presence of high mutation rates in virus genome during virus' life cycle. In this study, we computationally analyzed the affinity of a drug target, wild type VP1 envelope protein and its three variants to a therapeutic antibody FAB5I2. We have found that mutations break important hydrogen bonds and cause high fluctuations in residues that form VP1-FAB5I2 complex interface. In addition to changes in dynamics, we also revealed that the affinity of FAB5I2 to VP1 protein drops significantly upon mutations in terms of relative binding free energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muslum Yildiz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Kocak
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
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18
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Han L, Zheng R, Richards MR, Tan M, Kitova EN, Jiang X, Klassen JS. Quantifying the binding stoichiometry and affinity of histo-blood group antigen oligosaccharides for human noroviruses. Glycobiology 2018; 28:488-498. [PMID: 29562255 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis. Many HuNoVs recognize histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as cellular receptors or attachment factors for infection. It was recently proposed that HuNoV recognition of HBGAs involves a cooperative, multistep binding mechanism that exploits both known and previously unknown glycan binding sites. In this study, binding measurements, implemented using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) were performed on homodimers of the protruding domain (P dimers) of the capsid protein of three HuNoV strains [Saga (GII.4), Vietnam 026 (GII.10) and VA387 (GII.4)] with the ethyl glycoside of the B trisaccharide (α-d-Gal-(1→3)-[α-l-Fuc-(1→2)]-β-d-Gal-OC2H5) and free B type 1 tetrasaccharide (α-d-Gal-(1→3)-[α-l-Fuc-(1→2)]-β-d-Gal-(1→3)-d-GlcNAc) in an effort to confirm the existence of new HBGA binding sites. After correcting the mass spectra for nonspecific interactions that form in ESI droplets as they evaporate to dryness, all three P dimers were found to bind a maximum of two B trisaccharides at the highest concentrations investigated. The apparent affinities measured for stepwise binding of B trisaccharide suggest positive cooperativity. Similar results were obtained for B type 1 tetrasaccharide binding to Saga P dimer. Based on these results, it is proposed that HuNoV P dimers possess only two HBGA binding sites. It is also shown that nonspecific binding corrections applied to mass spectra acquired using energetic ion source conditions that promote in-source dissociation can lead to apparent HuNoV-HBGA oligosaccharide binding stoichiometries and affinities that are artificially high. Finally, evidence that high concentrations of oligosaccharide can induce conformational changes in HuNoV P dimers is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Han
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ruixiang Zheng
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michele R Richards
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Elena N Kitova
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - John S Klassen
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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19
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Ishida T. Computational analysis of carbohydrate recognition based on hybrid QM/MM modeling: a case study of norovirus capsid protein in complex with Lewis antigen. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:4652-4665. [PMID: 29372731 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07701g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus is a major pathogen of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis in humans and animals. Carbohydrate recognition between norovirus capsid proteins and Lewis antigens is considered to play a critical role in initiating infection of eukaryotic cells. In this article, we first report a detailed atomistic simulation study of the norovirus capsid protein in complex with the Lewis antigen based on ab initio QM/MM combined with MD-FEP simulations. To understand the mechanistic details of ligand binding, we analyzed and compared the carbohydrate recognition mechanism of the wild-type P domain protein with a mutant protein. Small structural differences between two capsid proteins are observed on the weak interaction site of residue 389, which is located on the solvent exposed surface of the P domain. To further clarify affinity differences in ligand binding, we directly evaluated free energy changes of the ligand binding process. Although the mutant protein loses its interaction energy with the Lewis antigen, this small amount of energy penalty is compensated for by an increase in the solvation stability, which is induced by structural reorganization at the ligand binding site on the protein surface. As a sum of these opposite energy components, the mutant P domain obtains a slightly enhanced binding affinity for the Lewis antigen. The present computational study clearly demonstrated that a detailed free energy balance of the interaction energy between the capsid protein and the surrounding aqueous solvent is the mechanistic basis of carbohydrate recognition in the norovirus capsid protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyokazu Ishida
- Research Center for Computational Design of Advanced Functional Materials (CD-FMat), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, 305-8568, Japan.
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20
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Fushinobu S. Conformations of the type-1 lacto-N-biose I unit in protein complex structures. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2018; 74:473-479. [PMID: 30084396 PMCID: PMC6096478 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x18006568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The lacto-N-biose I (Galβ1-3GlcNAc; LNB) disaccharide is present as a core unit of type-1 blood group antigens of animal glycoconjugates and milk oligosaccharides. Type-1 antigens often serve as cell-surface receptors for infection by pathogens. LNB in human milk oligosaccharides functions as a prebiotic for bifidobacteria and plays a key role in the symbiotic relationship of commensal gut microbes in infants. Protein Data Bank (PDB) entries exhibiting the LNB unit were investigated using the GlycoMapsDB web tool. There are currently 159 β-LNB and nine α-LNB moieties represented in ligands in the database. β-LNB and α-LNB moieties occur in 74 and six PDB entries, respectively, as NCS copies. The protein and enzyme structures are from various organisms including humans (galectins), viruses (haemagglutinin and capsid proteins), a pathogenic fungus, a parasitic nematode and protist, pathogenic bacteria (adhesins) and a symbiotic bacterium (a solute-binding protein of an ABC transporter). The conformations of LNB-containing glycans in enzymes vary significantly according to their mechanism of substrate recognition and catalysis. Analysis of glycosidic bond conformations indicated that the binding modes are significantly different in proteins adapted for modified or unmodified glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Fushinobu
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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21
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Morozov V, Hansman G, Hanisch FG, Schroten H, Kunz C. Human Milk Oligosaccharides as Promising Antivirals. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700679. [PMID: 29336526 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are diverse unconjugated carbohydrates that are highly abundant in human breast milk. These glycans are investigated in the context of exhibiting multiple functions in infant growth and development. They seem to provide protection against infectious diseases, including a number of poorly manageable viral infections. Although the potential mechanism of the HMO antiviral protection is rather broad, much of the current experimental work has focused on studying of HMO antiadhesive properties. HMOs may mimic structures of viral receptors and block adherence to target cells, thus preventing infection. Still, the potential of HMOs as a source for new antiviral drugs is relatively unexploited. This can be partly attributed to the extreme complexity of the virus-carbohydrate interactions and technical difficulties in HMO isolation, characterization, and manufacturing procedures. Fortunately, we are currently entering a period of major technological advances that have enabled deeper insights into carbohydrate mediated viral entry, rational selection of HMOs as anti-entry inhibitors, and even evaluation of individual synthetic HMO structures. Here, we provide an up-to-date review on glycan binding studies for rotaviruses, noroviruses, influenza viruses, and human immunodeficiency viruses. We also discuss the preventive and therapeutic potential of HMOs as anti-entry inhibitors and address challenges on the route from fundamental studies to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily Morozov
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Grant Hansman
- Schaller Research Group at the University of Heidelberg and the DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franz-Georg Hanisch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clemens Kunz
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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22
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Almand EA, Moore MD, Jaykus LA. Norovirus Binding to Ligands Beyond Histo-Blood Group Antigens. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2549. [PMID: 29312233 PMCID: PMC5742575 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are commonly accepted as the cellular receptors for human norovirus. However, some human noroviruses have been found not to bind any HBGA ligand, suggesting potential additional co-factors. Some ligands have been found to bind noroviruses and have the potential to be additional cellular receptors/attachment factors for human norovirus or inhibitors of the HBGA interaction. The studies identifying these mostly characterize different chemical, human, food, or bacterial components and their effect on norovirus binding and infection, although the mechanism of interaction is unknown in many cases. This review seeks to supplement the already well-covered HBGA-norovirus literature by covering non-HBGA human norovirus ligands and inhibitors to provide investigators with a more comprehensive view of norovirus ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Almand
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Matthew D Moore
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.,Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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23
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Hasegawa K, Someya Y, Shigematsu H, Kimura-Someya T, Nuemket N, Kumasaka T. Crystallization and X-ray analysis of 23 nm virus-like particles from Norovirus Chiba strain. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2017; 73:568-573. [PMID: 28994405 PMCID: PMC5633924 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x17013759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is a major causative pathogen of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis. Despite the sequence similarity among various strains, noroviruses of different genotypes show different antigenicities and different binding profiles to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). To reveal the relationships between the structure of the capsid and the diversity in antigenicity and the HBGA-binding profile, virus-like particles (VLPs) of the Chiba strain that belongs to genogroup I, genotype 4 were crystallized for X-ray structural analysis. Diffraction data were collected and processed at 3.2 Å resolution. The crystal belonged to space group I222, with unit-cell parameters a = 290.0, b = 310.4 c = 350.4 Å. The possible packing model indicated that the diameter of the particle was 280 Å, which was much smaller than the 38 nm VLPs of Norovirus Norwalk strain (NV) with T = 3 icosahedral symmetry and composed of 180 VP1 proteins. The structure was solved by molecular replacement using the structure of the VP1 pentamer of NV 38 nm VLPs as a search model, revealing that the VLPs were smaller particles: 23 nm VLPs with T = 1 icosahedral symmetry, the structure of which has not yet been analyzed at high resolution. The structure of 23 nm VLPs will enable the two different VLPs of Norovirus to be compared, which will provide important information for understanding the structural basis of capsid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Hasegawa
- Protein Crystal Analysis Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yuichi Someya
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hideki Shigematsu
- Division of Structural and Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kimura-Someya
- Division of Structural and Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Nipawan Nuemket
- Protein Crystal Analysis Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Takashi Kumasaka
- Protein Crystal Analysis Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
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24
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Koromyslova A, Tripathi S, Morozov V, Schroten H, Hansman GS. Human norovirus inhibition by a human milk oligosaccharide. Virology 2017; 508:81-89. [PMID: 28505592 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses are the leading cause of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. Norovirus interactions with histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are known to be important for an infection. In this study, we identified the HBGA binding pocket for an emerging GII genotype 17 (GII.17) variant using X-ray crystallography. The GII.17 variant bound the HBGA with an equivalent set of residues as the leading pandemic GII.4 variants. These structural data highlights the conserved nature of HBGA binding site between prevalent GII noroviruses. Noroviruses also interact with human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which mimic HBGAs and may function as receptor decoys. We previously showed that HMOs inhibited the binding of rarely detected GII.10 norovirus to HBGAs. We now found that an HMO, 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL), additionally blocked both the GI.1 and GII.17 noroviruses from binding to HBGAs. Together, these findings provide evidence that 2'FL might function as a broadly reactive antiviral against multiple norovirus genogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Koromyslova
- Schaller Research Group at the University of Heidelberg and the DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shailesh Tripathi
- Schaller Research Group at the University of Heidelberg and the DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vasily Morozov
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Grant S Hansman
- Schaller Research Group at the University of Heidelberg and the DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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25
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Structural basis for norovirus neutralization by an HBGA blocking human IgA antibody. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E5830-E5837. [PMID: 27647885 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609990113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) cause sporadic and epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. They are classified into two major genogroups (GI and GII), with each genogroup further divided into multiple genotypes. Susceptibility to these viruses is influenced by genetically determined histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) expression. HBGAs function as cell attachment factors by binding to a surface-exposed region in the protruding (P) domain of the capsid protein. Sequence variations in this region that result in differential HBGA binding patterns and antigenicity are suggested to form a basis for strain diversification. Recent studies show that serum antibodies that block HBGA binding correlate with protection against illness. Although genogroup-dependent variation in HBGA binding specificity is structurally well characterized, an understanding of how antibodies block HBGA binding and how genotypic variations affect such blockade is lacking. Our crystallographic studies of the GI.1 P domain in complex with the Fab fragment of a human IgA monoclonal antibody (IgA 5I2) with HBGA blocking activity show that the antibody recognizes a conformational epitope formed by two surface-exposed loop clusters in the P domain. The antibody engulfs the HBGA binding site but does not affect its structural integrity. An unusual feature of the antigen recognition by IgA 5I2 is the predominant involvement of the CDR light chain 1 in contrast to the commonly observed CDR heavy chain 3, providing a unique perspective into antibody diversity in antigen recognition. Identification of the antigenic site in the P domain shows how genotypic variations might allow escape from antibody neutralization and exemplifies the interplay between antigenicity and HBGA specificity in HuNoV evolution.
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26
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Antiviral targets of human noroviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 18:117-25. [PMID: 27318434 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses are major causative agents of sporadic and epidemic gastroenteritis both in children and adults. Currently there are no licensed therapeutic intervention measures either in terms of vaccines or drugs available for these highly contagious human pathogens. Genetic and antigenic diversity of these viruses, rapid emergence of new strains, and their ability to infect a broad population by using polymorphic histo-blood group antigens for cell attachment, pose significant challenges for the development of effective antiviral agents. Despite these impediments, there is progress in the design and development of therapeutic agents. These include capsid-based candidate vaccines, and potential antivirals either in the form of glycomimetics or designer antibodies that block HBGA binding, as well as those that target essential non-structural proteins such as the viral protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. In addition to these classical approaches, recent studies suggest the possibility of interferons and targeting host cell factors as viable approaches to counter norovirus infection. This review provides a brief overview of this progress.
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Bucardo F, González F, Reyes Y, Blandón P, Saif L, Nordgren J. Seroprevalence in Household Raised Pigs Indicate High Exposure to GII Noroviruses in Rural Nicaragua. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 63:600-607. [PMID: 27174203 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Information about porcine norovirus (PoNoV), genetically similar to human NoV (HuNoV), is limited from rural areas where household-raised pigs are heavily exposed to faecal material which could facilitate transmission. Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are known susceptibility factors to NoV in humans and in a germfree piglet model but their role in susceptibility in the porcine population remains unknown. This study reports: (i) the seroprevalence and antibody titres to human norovirus (NoV) VLPs in household raised pigs; (ii) the distribution of HBGAs in relation to NoV IgG antibody titres and further characterization by blocking of GII.4 VLP binding to pig gastric mucins (PGM). The majority of pigs were seropositive to all three VLPs tested (58-70%) with seropositivity and cross-reactivity increasing significantly with age. However, pig sera could not block the binding of NoV GII.4 VLPs (Dijon) to PGM suggesting no previous infection with this genotype. The majority of the pigs were H-positive (84%), a susceptibility factor for human infections. IgG antibody titres were however higher in H-negative (GMT = 247) as compared with H-positive (GMT = 57) pigs, but after age stratification, this difference in antibody titres was only observed in pigs ≤1 month of age. In conclusion, serological data show that the porcine population of Nicaragua is highly exposed to NoV infections, and the association to HBGAs warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bucardo
- Department of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua
| | - F González
- Department of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua
| | - Y Reyes
- Department of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua
| | - P Blandón
- Department of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua
| | - L Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program OARDC/The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - J Nordgren
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Structural Basis for Norovirus Inhibition by Human Milk Oligosaccharides. J Virol 2016; 90:4843-4848. [PMID: 26889023 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03223-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are important binding factors for norovirus infections. We show that two human milk oligosaccharides, 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL) and 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), could block norovirus from binding to surrogate HBGA samples. We found that 2'FL and 3FL bound at the equivalent HBGA pockets on the norovirus capsid using X-ray crystallography. Our data revealed that 2'FL and 3FL structurally mimic HBGAs. These results suggest that 2'FL and 3FL might act as naturally occurring decoys in humans.
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Makyio H, Kato R. Classification and Comparison of Fucose-Binding Lectins Based on Their Structures. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2016. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1429.1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisayoshi Makyio
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science,
High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)
| | - Ryuichi Kato
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science,
High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)
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30
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Makyio H, Kato R. Classification and Comparison of Fucose-Binding Lectins Based on Their Structures. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2016. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1429.1j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisayoshi Makyio
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science,
High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)
| | - Ryuichi Kato
- Structural Biology Research Center, Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science,
High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)
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31
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Liu W, Chen Y, Jiang X, Xia M, Yang Y, Tan M, Li X, Rao Z. A Unique Human Norovirus Lineage with a Distinct HBGA Binding Interface. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005025. [PMID: 26147716 PMCID: PMC4493018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) causes epidemic acute gastroenteritis in humans, whereby histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) play an important role in host susceptibility. Each of the two major genogroups (GI and GII) of human NoVs recognizes a unique set of HBGAs through a distinct binding interface that is conserved within a genogroup, indicating a distinct evolutionary path for each genogroup. Here, we characterize a Lewis a (Lea) antigen binding strain (OIF virus) in the GII.21 genotype that does not share the conserved GII binding interface, revealing a new evolution lineage with a distinct HBGA binding interface. Sequence alignment showed that the major residues contributing to the new HBGA binding interface are conserved among most members of the GII.21, as well as a closely related GII.13 genotype. In addition, we found that glycerol inhibits OIF binding to HBGAs, potentially allowing production of cheap antivirals against human NoVs. Taken together, our results reveal a new evolutionary lineage of NoVs selected by HBGAs, a finding that is important for understanding the diversity and widespread nature of NoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yutao Chen
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio United States of America
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ming Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio United States of America
| | - Yang Yang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio United States of America
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xuemei Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zihe Rao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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32
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Dai YC, Zhang XF, Xia M, Tan M, Quigley C, Lei W, Fang H, Zhong W, Lee B, Pang X, Nie J, Jiang X. Antigenic Relatedness of Norovirus GII.4 Variants Determined by Human Challenge Sera. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124945. [PMID: 25915764 PMCID: PMC4411064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The GII.4 noroviruses (NoVs) are a single genotype that is responsible for over 50% of NoV gastroenteritis epidemics worldwide. However, GII.4 NoVs have been found to undergo antigenic drifts, likely selected by host herd immunity, which raises an issue for vaccine strategies against NoVs. We previously characterized GII.4 NoV antigenic variations and found significant levels of antigenic relatedness among different GII.4 variants. Further characterization of the genetic and antigenic relatedness of recent GII.4 variants (2008b and 2010 cluster) was performed in this study. The amino acid sequences of the receptor binding interfaces were highly conserved among all GII.4 variants from the past two decades. Using serum samples from patients enrolled in a GII.4 virus challenge study, significant cross-reactivity between major GII.4 variants from 1998 to 2012 was observed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and HBGA receptor blocking assays. The overall abilities of GII.4 NoVs to bind to the A/B/H HBGAs were maintained while their binding affinities to individual ABH antigens varied. These results highlight the importance of human HBGAs in NoV evolution and how conserved antigenic types impact vaccine development against GII.4 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chun Dai
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xu-Fu Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ming Xia
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ming Tan
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Christina Quigley
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Wen Lei
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hao Fang
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Weiming Zhong
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Bonita Lee
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (ProvLab), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton,Alberta, Canada
| | - Xiaoli Pang
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (ProvLab), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton,Alberta, Canada
| | - Jun Nie
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (XJ); (JN)
| | - Xi Jiang
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XJ); (JN)
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33
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Dingjan T, Spendlove I, Durrant LG, Scott AM, Yuriev E, Ramsland PA. Structural biology of antibody recognition of carbohydrate epitopes and potential uses for targeted cancer immunotherapies. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:75-88. [PMID: 25757815 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies represent the most successful class of biopharmaceuticals for the treatment of cancer. Mechanisms of action of therapeutic antibodies are very diverse and reflect their ability to engage in antibody-dependent effector mechanisms, internalize to deliver cytotoxic payloads, and display direct effects on cells by lysis or by modulating the biological pathways of their target antigens. Importantly, one of the universal changes in cancer is glycosylation and carbohydrate-binding antibodies can be produced to selectively recognize tumor cells over normal tissues. A promising group of cell surface antibody targets consists of carbohydrates presented as glycolipids or glycoproteins. In this review, we outline the basic principles of antibody-based targeting of carbohydrate antigens in cancer. We also present a detailed structural view of antibody recognition and the conformational properties of a series of related tissue-blood group (Lewis) carbohydrates that are being pursued as potential targets of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamir Dingjan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ian Spendlove
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem cells, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Nottingham NG5 1PB, United Kingdom
| | - Lindy G Durrant
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem cells, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Nottingham NG5 1PB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Scott
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Yuriev
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Paul A Ramsland
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Surgery Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
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34
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Jin M, Tan M, Xia M, Wei C, Huang P, Wang L, Zhong W, Duan Z, Jiang X. Strain-specific interaction of a GII.10 Norovirus with HBGAs. Virology 2015; 476:386-394. [PMID: 25591173 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs), an important cause of gastroenteritis in humans, recognize human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as receptors. The crystal structures of the protruding (P) domain of a GII.10 NoV (Vietnam 026) in complex with various HBGA oligosaccharides were elucidated. However, the HBGA binding profile of this virus remains unknown. In this study, we determined the saliva and oligosaccharide binding profiles of this virus and the roles of amino acids that are involved in HBGA binding. Our data showed that Vietnam 026 bound to all ABO secretor and non-secretor saliva with clear signals detected by monoclonal antibodies against H3, H1, Le(y), Le(a) and sialyl Le(a). Mutagenesis study confirmed the binding site determined by the crystallography study, in which single mutations wiped out the binding function. We also identified amino acids surrounding the central binding pocket that may participate in the binding by affecting the HBGA binding specificity of the GII.10 NoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Jin
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road Street, Chang-ping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ming Tan
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ming Xia
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Chao Wei
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Pengwei Huang
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Leyi Wang
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Weiming Zhong
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Zhaojun Duan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road Street, Chang-ping District, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Xi Jiang
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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35
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Hao N, Chen Y, Xia M, Tan M, Liu W, Guan X, Jiang X, Li X, Rao Z. Crystal structures of GI.8 Boxer virus P dimers in complex with HBGAs, a novel evolutionary path selected by the Lewis epitope. Protein Cell 2014; 6:101-16. [PMID: 25547362 PMCID: PMC4312760 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (huNoVs) recognize histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as attachment factors, in which genogroup (G) I and GII huNoVs use distinct binding interfaces. The genetic and evolutionary relationships of GII huNoVs under selection by the host HBGAs have been well elucidated via a number of structural studies; however, such relationships among GI NoVs remain less clear due to the fact that the structures of HBGA-binding interfaces of only three GI NoVs with similar binding profiles are known. In this study the crystal structures of the P dimers of a Lewis-binding strain, the GI.8 Boxer virus (BV) that does not bind the A and H antigens, in complex with the Lewis b (Le(b)) and Le(y) antigens, respectively, were determined and compared with those of the three previously known GI huNoVs, i.e. GI.1 Norwalk virus (NV), GI.2 FUV258 (FUV) and GI.7 TCH060 (TCH) that bind the A/H/Le antigens. The HBGA binding interface of BV is composed of a conserved central binding pocket (CBP) that interacts with the β-galactose of the precursor, and a well-developed Le epitope-binding site formed by five amino acids, including three consecutive residues from the long P-loop and one from the S-loop of the P1 subdomain, a feature that was not seen in the other GI NoVs. On the other hand, the H epitope/acetamido binding site observed in the other GI NoVs is greatly degenerated in BV. These data explain the evolutionary path of GI NoVs selected by the polymorphic human HBGAs. While the CBP is conserved, the regions surrounding the CBP are flexible, providing freedom for changes. The loss or degeneration of the H epitope/acetamido binding site and the reinforcement of the Le binding site of the GI.8 BV is a typical example of such change selected by the host Lewis epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Hao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yutao Chen
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Ming Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA
| | - Wu Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Xiaotao Guan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA
| | - Xuemei Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Zihe Rao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Human noroviruses are the dominant cause of outbreaks of gastroenteritis around the world. Human noroviruses interact with the polymorphic human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), and this interaction is thought to be important for infection. Indeed, synthetic HBGAs or HBGA-expressing enteric bacteria were shown to enhance norovirus infection in B cells. A number of studies have found a possible relationship between HBGA type and norovirus susceptibility. The genogroup II, genotype 4 (GII.4) noroviruses are the dominant cluster, evolve every other year, and are thought to modify their binding interactions with different HBGA types. Here we show high-resolution X-ray crystal structures of the capsid protruding (P) domains from epidemic GII.4 variants from 2004, 2006, and 2012, cocrystallized with a panel of HBGA types (H type 2, Lewis Y, Lewis B, Lewis A, Lewis X, A type, and B type). Many of the HBGA binding interactions were found to be complex, involving capsid loop movements, alternative HBGA conformations, and HBGA rotations. We showed that a loop (residues 391 to 395) was elegantly repositioned to allow for Lewis Y binding. This loop was also slightly shifted to provide direct hydrogen- and water-mediated bonds with Lewis B. We considered that the flexible loop modulated Lewis HBGA binding. The GII.4 noroviruses have dominated outbreaks over the past decade, which may be explained by their exquisite HBGA binding mechanisms, their fondness for Lewis HBGAs, and their temporal amino acid modifications. IMPORTANCE Our data provide a comprehensive picture of GII.4 P domain and HBGA binding interactions. The exceptionally high resolutions of our X-ray crystal structures allowed us to accurately recognize novel GII.4 P domain interactions with numerous HBGA types. We showed that the GII.4 P domain-HBGA interactions involved complex binding mechanisms that were not previously observed in norovirus structural studies. Many of the GII.4 P domain-HBGA interactions we identified were negative in earlier enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based studies. Altogether, our data show that the GII.4 norovirus P domains can accommodate numerous HBGA types.
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Huang W, Samanta M, Crawford SE, Estes MK, Neill FH, Atmar RL, Palzkill T. Identification of human single-chain antibodies with broad reactivity for noroviruses. Protein Eng Des Sel 2014; 27:339-49. [PMID: 24946948 PMCID: PMC4191442 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzu023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus infections are a common cause of gastroenteritis and new methods to rapidly diagnose norovirus infections are needed. The goal of this study was to identify antibodies that have broad reactivity of binding to various genogroups of norovirus. A human scFv phage display library was used to identify two antibodies, HJT-R3-A9 and HJT-R3-F7, which bind to both genogroups I and II norovirus virus-like particles (VLPs). Mapping experiments indicated that the HJT-R3-A9 clone binds to the S-domain while the HJT-R3-F7 clone binds the P-domain of the VP1 capsid protein. In addition, a family of scFv antibodies was identified by elution of phage libraries from the GII.4 VLP target using a carbohydrate that serves as an attachment factor for norovirus on human cells. These antibodies were also found to recognize both GI and GII VLPs in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) experiments. The HJT-R3-A9, HJT-R3-F7 and scFv antibodies identified with carbohydrate elution were shown to detect antigen from a clinical sample known to contain GII.4 norovirus but not a negative control sample. Finally, phages displaying the HJT-R3-A9 scFv can be used directly to detect both GI.1 and GII.4 norovirus from stool samples, which has the potential to simplify and reduce the cost of diagnostics based on antibody-based ELISA methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanzhi Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Moumita Samanta
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Frederick H Neill
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Timothy Palzkill
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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38
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Venkataram Prasad BV, Shanker S, Hu L, Choi JM, Crawford SE, Ramani S, Czako R, Atmar RL, Estes MK. Structural basis of glycan interaction in gastroenteric viral pathogens. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 7:119-27. [PMID: 25073118 PMCID: PMC4251800 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A critical event in the life cycle of a virus is its initial attachment to host cells. This involves recognition by the viruses of specific receptors on the cell surface, including glycans. Viruses typically exhibit strain-dependent variations in recognizing specific glycan receptors, a feature that contributes significantly to cell tropism, host specificity, host adaptation and interspecies transmission. Examples include influenza viruses, noroviruses, rotaviruses, and parvoviruses. Both rotaviruses and noroviruses are well known gastroenteric pathogens that are of significant global health concern. While rotaviruses, in the family Reoviridae, are the major causative agents of life-threatening diarrhea in children, noroviruses, which belong to the Caliciviridae family, cause epidemic and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis across all age groups. Both exhibit enormous genotypic and serotypic diversity. Consistent with this diversity each exhibits strain-dependent variations in the types of glycans they recognize for cell attachment. This chapter reviews the current status of the structural biology of such strain-dependent glycan specificities in these two families of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B V Venkataram Prasad
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
| | - Sreejesh Shanker
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Jae-Mun Choi
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Rita Czako
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
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Structural analysis of determinants of histo-blood group antigen binding specificity in genogroup I noroviruses. J Virol 2014; 88:6168-80. [PMID: 24648450 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00201-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human noroviruses (NoVs) cause acute epidemic gastroenteritis. Susceptibility to the majority of NoV infections is determined by genetically controlled secretor-dependent expression of histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), which are also critical for NoV attachment to host cells. Human NoVs are classified into two major genogroups (genogroup I [GI] and GII), with each genogroup further divided into several genotypes. GII NoVs are more prevalent and exhibit periodic emergence of new variants, suggested to be driven by altered HBGA binding specificities and antigenic drift. Recent epidemiological studies show increased activity among GI NoVs, with some members showing the ability to bind nonsecretor HBGAs. NoVs bind HBGAs through the protruding (P) domain of the major capsid protein VP1. GI NoVs, similar to GII, exhibit significant sequence variations in the P domain; it is unclear how these variations affect HBGA binding specificities. To understand the determinants of possible strain-specific HBGA binding among GI NoVs, we determined the structure of the P domain of a GI.7 clinical isolate and compared it to the previously determined P domain structures of GI.1 and GI.2 strains. Our crystallographic studies revealed significant structural differences, particularly in the loop regions of the GI.7 P domain, altering its surface topography and electrostatic landscape and potentially indicating antigenic variation. The GI.7 strain bound to H- and A-type, Lewis secretor, and Lewis nonsecretor families of HBGAs, allowing us to further elucidate the structural determinants of nonsecretor HBGA binding among GI NoVs and to infer several contrasting and generalizable features of HBGA binding in the GI NoVs. IMPORTANCE Human noroviruses (NoVs) cause acute epidemic gastroenteritis. Recent epidemiological studies have shown increased prevalence of genogroup I (GI) NoVs. Although secretor-positive status is strongly correlated with NoV infection, cases of NoV infection associated with secretor-negative individuals are reported. Biochemical studies have shown that GI NoVs exhibit genotype-dependent binding to nonsecretor histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). From our crystallographic studies of a GI.7 NoV, in comparison with previous studies on GI.1 and GI.2 NoVs, we show that genotypic differences translate to extensive structural changes in the loop regions that significantly alter the surface topography and electrostatic landscape of the P domain; these features may be indicative of antigenic variations contributing to serotypic differentiation in GI NoVs and also differential modulation of the HBGA binding characteristics. A significant finding is that the threshold length and the structure of one of the loops are critical determinants in the binding of GI NoVs to nonsecretor HBGAs.
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Histo-blood group antigens: a common niche for norovirus and rotavirus. Expert Rev Mol Med 2014; 16:e5. [PMID: 24606759 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2014.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) and rotaviruses (RVs), the two most important causes of viral acute gastroenteritis, are found to recognise histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as receptors or ligands for attachment. Human HBGAs are highly polymorphic containing ABO, secretor and Lewis antigens. In addition, both NoVs and RVs are highly diverse in how they recognise these HBGAs. Structural analysis of the HBGA-binding interfaces of NoVs revealed a conserved central binding pocket (CBP) interacting with a common major binding saccharide (MaBS) of HBGAs and a variable surrounding region interacting with additional minor binding saccharides. The conserved CBP indicates a strong selection of NoVs by the host HBGAs, whereas the variable surrounding region explains the diverse recognition patterns of different HBGAs by NoVs and RVs as functional adaptations of the viruses to human HBGAs. Diverse recognition of HBGAs has also been found in bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Thus, exploratory research into whether such diverse recognitions also occur for other viral and bacterial pathogens that recognise HBGAs is warranted.
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Yazawa S, Yokobori T, Ueta G, Ide M, Altan B, Thongprachum A, Nishimura T, Nakajima T, Kominato Y, Asao T, Saniabadi AR, Furukawa K, Kuwano H, Le Pendu J, Ushijima H. Blood group substances as potential therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of infection with noroviruses proving novel binding patterns in human tissues. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89071. [PMID: 24558470 PMCID: PMC3928367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood group-related glycans determining ABO and Lewis blood groups are known to function as attachment factors for most of the norovirus (NoV) strains. To identify binding specificity of each NoV, recombinant norovirus-like particles (VLPs) and human saliva samples with different ABO, Lewis phenotypes and secretor status have been commonly applied. When binding specificities of VLPs prepared from 16 different genotypes of NoVs in GI and GII genogroups were characterized in samples of human gastric mucosa compared to human saliva based on blood group phenotypes, considerable differences were observed for several strains. Novel binding specificities determined by an ELISA using preparations from human gastric mucosa were also ascertained by immunohistochemical analyses using human jejunal mucosa, widely believed to be susceptible to NoV infection. Further, A, B and O(H) blood group substances prepared from porcine and squid tissues were found to be effective for preventing ABO blood group-specific binding of VLPs to both saliva and mucosa samples. Therefore, these blood group substances might have potential for the prevention and treatment of NoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Yazawa
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
- Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokobori
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Gen Ueta
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Japan
| | - Munenori Ide
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Bolag Altan
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Aksara Thongprachum
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toyo Nishimura
- Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tamiko Nakajima
- Department of Legal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kominato
- Department of Legal Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Takayuki Asao
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | | | - Kiyoshi Furukawa
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kuwano
- Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Jacques Le Pendu
- Inserm, UMR892; CNRS, UMR 6299; University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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42
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Han L, Kitova EN, Tan M, Jiang X, Klassen JS. Identifying carbohydrate ligands of a norovirus P particle using a catch and release electrospray ionization mass spectrometry assay. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:111-119. [PMID: 24096878 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0752-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs), the major cause of epidemic acute gastroenteritis, recognize human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), which are present as free oligosaccharides in bodily fluid or glycolipids and glycoproteins on the surfaces of cells. The subviral P particle formed by the protruding (P) domain of the NoV capsid protein serves as a useful model for the study NoV-HBGA interactions. Here, we demonstrate the application of a catch-and-release electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (CaR-ESI-MS) assay for screening carbohydrate libraries against the P particle to rapidly identify NoV ligands and potential inhibitors. Carbohydrate libraries of 50 and 146 compounds, which included 18 and 24 analogs of HBGA receptors, respectively, were screened against the P particle of VA387, a member of the predominant GII.4 NoVs. Deprotonated ions corresponding to the P particle bound to carbohydrates were isolated and subjected to collision-induced dissociation to release the ligands in their deprotonated forms. The released ligands were identified by ion mobility separation followed by mass analysis. All 13 and 16 HBGA ligands with intrinsic affinities >500 M(-1) were identified in the 50 and the 146 compound libraries, respectively. Furthermore, screening revealed interactions with a series of oligosaccharides with structures found in the cell wall of mycobacteria and human milk. The affinities of these newly discovered ligands are comparable to those of the HBGA receptors, as estimated from the relative abundance of released ligand ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Han
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Noroviruses (NoVs) are the most common cause of epidemic and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. This review summarizes recent NoV disease burden estimates, epidemiology findings and provides an update on virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine studies. RECENT FINDINGS NoVs are the leading cause of food-borne gastroenteritis and are replacing rotavirus as the predominant gastrointestinal pathogen in pediatric populations. Genogroup II, genotype 4 NoVs (GII.4) remain the dominant genotype worldwide. Increased NoV activity reported in late 2012 was associated with the emergence of a new GII.4 variant called Sydney 2012. New studies suggest that human NoVs can bind a larger range of histoblood group antigens, a susceptibility factor for NoV illness, thus expanding the susceptible population pool for infection. Intranasal immunization with a monovalent GI NoV VLP vaccine showed proof-of-concept efficacy. Studies using intramuscular immunization with a bivalent formulation including GII.4 VLPs are now underway. SUMMARY The importance of NoVs as a major gastrointestinal pathogen underscores the need for well tolerated and effective vaccines. Results of VLP vaccine trials appear promising. However, the rapid evolution of NoV genotypes through antigenic drift and changing glycan specificities provide new challenges to epidemiology studies and vaccine trials.
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Miura T, Sano D, Suenaga A, Yoshimura T, Fuzawa M, Nakagomi T, Nakagomi O, Okabe S. Histo-blood group antigen-like substances of human enteric bacteria as specific adsorbents for human noroviruses. J Virol 2013; 87:9441-51. [PMID: 23804639 PMCID: PMC3754087 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01060-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) have been suggested to be receptors or coreceptors for human noroviruses (HuNoVs) expressed on the intestinal epithelium. We isolated an enteric bacterium strain (SENG-6), closely related to Enterobacter cloacae, bearing HBGA-like substances from a fecal sample of a healthy individual by using a biopanning technique with anti-HBGA antibodies. The binding capacities of four genotypes of norovirus-like particles (NoVLPs) to Enterobacter sp. SENG-6 cells were confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that NoVLPs bound mainly to extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of Enterobacter sp. SENG-6, where the HBGA-like substances were localized. EPS that contained HBGA-like substances extracted from Enterobacter sp. SENG-6 was shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to be capable of binding to NoVLPs of a GI.1 wild-type strain (8fIIa) and a GII.6 strain that can recognize A antigen but not to an NoVLP GI.1 mutant strain (W375A) that loses the ability to bind to A antigen. Enzymatic cleavage of terminal N-acetyl-galactosamine residues in the bacterial EPS weakened bacterial EPS binding to the GI.1 wild-type strain (8fIIa). These results indicate that A-like substances in the bacterial EPS play a key role in binding to NoVLPs. Since the specific binding of HuNoVs to HBGA-positive enteric bacteria is likely to affect the transmission and infection processes of HuNoVs in their hosts and in the environment, further studies of human enteric bacteria and their binding capacity to HuNoVs will provide a new scientific platform for understanding interactions between two types of microbes that were previously regarded as biologically unrelated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Miura
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suenaga
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshimura
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Miyu Fuzawa
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toyoko Nakagomi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Osamu Nakagomi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okabe
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Ruvoën-Clouet N, Belliot G, Le Pendu J. Noroviruses and histo-blood groups: the impact of common host genetic polymorphisms on virus transmission and evolution. Rev Med Virol 2013; 23:355-66. [PMID: 23959967 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are recognized as a leading cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide. Infection occurs following the ingestion of contaminated food or, most often, through direct contact from person to person. However, not all individuals are equally sensitive to these viruses. Indeed, NoVs use glycans of the ABH and Lewis histo-blood group antigen family (HBGAs) as attachment factors. At the epithelial level, the synthesis of these HBGAs requires the action of several glycosyltransferases that are encoded by the ABO, FUT2, and FUT3 genes. The combined polymorphism at these three loci dictates sensitivity to NoV infection because the attachment profile to these glycans varies among strains. Structural analysis of the capsid protein interaction with HBGAs reveals distinct modes of binding for strains of genogroups I and II but high conservation within each genogroup, whereas minor amino acid changes are sufficient to generate modifications of HBGA-binding specificities or affinities. Such modifications therefore induce changes in the spectrum of susceptible individuals. Studies of NoV-HBGA interactions together with phylogenetic analyses and the epidemiologic survey of strains indicate that NoV transmission and evolution depend on both the establishment of herd immunity and the genetic resistance of many individuals, which confers herd innate protection by restricting NoV circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Ruvoën-Clouet
- Unité de Maladies réglementées-Zoonoses, Oniris-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation Nantes Atlantique, Nantes, France; INSERM, UMR 892; CNRS, UMR 6299, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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Vicentini F, Denadai W, Gomes YM, Rose TL, Ferreira MSR, Le Moullac-Vaidye B, Le Pendu J, Leite JPG, Miagostovich MP, Spano LC. Molecular characterization of noroviruses and HBGA from infected Quilombola children in Espirito Santo State, Brazil. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69348. [PMID: 23894453 PMCID: PMC3718680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoV) are the main etiological agents of gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide and susceptibility to NoV infection has been related to the histo-blood group antigen (HBGA). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of NoV strains and to evaluate the HBGA phenotype and genotype of children from semi-isolated Quilombola communities, descendents of black slaves in Brazil. A total of 397 children up to eleven years old, with and without diarrhea, from Quilombola Communities in the Espirito Santo State, Brazil, were investigated for the presence of NoV from August 2007 to September 2009. Feces were collected from all the children, and blood from the NoV positive children. NoV was screened by reverse transcription-PCR with primers for the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase region; genogroup was determined by PCR with primers for the C and D regions and genotyped by sequencing. HBGA phenotype was performed by gel-spinning and FUT2 and FUT3 were analyzed by PCR or sequencing analysis. NoV were detected in 9.2% (12/131) of diarrheic and 1.5% (4/266) of non-diarrheic children (p<0.05, Fisher's exact test). GI and GII genogroups were present in 12.5% and 87.5% of the samples, respectively. The following genotypes were characterized: GII.4 (25%), GII.12 (25%), GII.6 (12.5%) and GI.1 (6.3%), GI.3 (12.5%) and GI.4 (6.3%). Children infected with NoV showed the A (n = 6), O (n = 6), and B (n = 2) HBGA phenotypes, and 13 of them were classified as secretors (Se) and one as a non secretor (se). Mutations of Se (40), (171,216,357,428,739,960) were found for the FUT2 gene and mutations of Le (59, 202, 314) for the FUT3 gene. The only se child was infected by NoV GI, whereas the Se children were indiscriminately infected by GI or GII. This study showed rates of NoV infection in symptomatic and asymptomatic Quilombola children consistent with other studies. However, children under 12 months were seven times more affected than those between 1 and 5 years old. GII.12 was as frequent as GII.4 and GI.1 and GI.4 were described for the first time in Brazil. Owing to the small number of cases studied, no clear pattern of susceptibility and/or HBGA resistance could be inferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vicentini
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, São Mateus, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
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Inhibition of histo-blood group antigen binding as a novel strategy to block norovirus infections. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69379. [PMID: 23894462 PMCID: PMC3716607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are the most important viral pathogens that cause epidemic acute gastroenteritis. NoVs recognize human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as receptors or attachment factors. The elucidation of crystal structures of the HBGA-binding interfaces of a number of human NoVs representing different HBGA binding patterns opens a new strategy for the development of antiviral compounds against NoVs through rational drug design and computer-aided virtual screening methods. In this study, docking simulations and virtual screening were used to identify hit compounds targeting the A and B antigens binding sites on the surface of the capsid P protein of a GII.4 NoV (VA387). Following validation by re-docking of the A and B ligands, these structural models and AutoDock suite of programs were used to screen a large drug-like compound library (derived from ZINC library) for inhibitors blocking GII.4 binding to HBGAs. After screening >2 million compounds using multistage protocol, 160 hit compounds with best predicted binding affinities and representing a number of distinct chemical classes have been selected for subsequent experimental validation. Twenty of the 160 compounds were found to be able to block the VA387 P dimers binding to the A and/or B HBGAs at an IC50<40.0 µM, with top 5 compounds blocking the HBGA binding at an IC50<10.0 µM in both oligosaccharide- and saliva-based blocking assays. Interestingly, 4 of the top-5 compounds shared the basic structure of cyclopenta [a] dimethyl phenanthren, indicating a promising structural template for further improvement by rational design.
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Fang H, Tan M, Xia M, Wang L, Jiang X. Norovirus P particle efficiently elicits innate, humoral and cellular immunity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63269. [PMID: 23638188 PMCID: PMC3639243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) P domain complexes, the 24 mer P particles and the P dimers, induced effective humoral immunity, but their role in the cellular immune responses remained unclear. We reported here a study on cellular immune responses of the two P domain complexes in comparison with the virus-like particle (VLP) of a GII.4 NoV (VA387) in mice. The P domain complexes induced significant central memory CD4(+) T cell phenotypes (CD4(+) CD44(+) CD62L(+) CCR7(+)) and activated polyclonal CD4(+) T cells as shown by production of Interleukin (IL)-2, Interferon (IFN)-γ, and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α. Most importantly, VA387-specific CD4(+) T cell epitope induced a production of IFN-γ, indicating an antigen-specific CD4(+) T cell response in P domain complex-immunized mice. Furthermore, P domain complexes efficiently induced bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (BMDC) maturation, evidenced by up-regulation of co-stimulatory and MHC class II molecules, as well as production of IL-12 and IL-1β. Finally, P domain complex-induced mature dendritic cells (DCs) elicited proliferation of specific CD4(+) T cells targeting VA387 P domain. Overall, we conclude that the NoV P domain complexes are efficiently presented by DCs to elicit not only humoral but also cellular immune responses against NoVs. Since the P particle is highly effective for both humoral and cellular immune responses and easily produced in Escherichia coli (E. coli), it is a good choice of vaccine against NoVs and a vaccine platform against other diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Female
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunity, Innate
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Molecular
- Norovirus/immunology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Species Specificity
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/chemistry
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Fang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ming Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Leyi Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lawrence SL, Feil SC, Holien JK, Kuiper MJ, Doughty L, Dolezal O, Mulhern TD, Tweten RK, Parker MW. Manipulating the Lewis antigen specificity of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin lectinolysin. Front Immunol 2012. [PMID: 23181061 PMCID: PMC3500998 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) attack cells by punching large holes in their membranes. Lectinolysin from Streptococcus mitis is unique among CDCs due to the presence of an N-terminal lectin domain that enhances the pore-forming activity of the toxin. We recently determined the crystal structures of the lectin domain in complex with various glycans. These structures revealed the molecular basis for the Lewis antigen specificity of the toxin. Based on this information we have used in silico molecular modeling to design a mutant toxin, which we predicted would increase its specificity for Lewis y, an antigen found on the surface of cancer cells. Surprisingly, we found by surface plasmon resonance binding experiments that the resultant mutant lectin domain exhibited higher specificity for Lewis b antigens instead. We then undertook comparative crystallographic and molecular dynamics simulation studies of the wild-type and mutant lectin domains to understand the molecular basis for the disparity between the theoretical and experimental results. The crystallographic results revealed that the net number of interactions between Lewis y and wild-type versus mutant was unchanged whereas there was a loss of a hydrogen bond between mutant and Lewis b compared to wild-type. In contrast, the molecular dynamics studies revealed that the Lewis b antigen spent more time in the binding pocket of the mutant compared to wild-type and the reverse was true for Lewis y. The results of these simulation studies are consistent with the conclusions drawn from the surface plasmon resonance studies. This work is part of a program to engineer lectinolysin so that it will target and kill specific cells in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Lawrence
- Biota Structural Biology Laboratory and Australian Cancer Research Foundation Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
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