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Kizito F, Nguyen K, Mbonye U, Shukla M, Luttge B, Checkley MA, Agaponova A, Leskov K, Karn J. Structural rearrangements in the nucleus localize latent HIV proviruses to a perinucleolar compartment supportive of reactivation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2202003121. [PMID: 38669184 PMCID: PMC11067448 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202003121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Using an immunofluorescence assay based on CRISPR-dCas9-gRNA complexes that selectively bind to the HIV LTR (HIV Cas-FISH), we traced changes in HIV DNA localization in primary effector T cells from early infection until the cells become quiescent as they transition to memory cells. Unintegrated HIV DNA colocalized with CPSF6 and HIV capsid (CA, p24) was found in the cytoplasm and nuclear periphery at days 1 and 3 post infection. From days 3 to 7, most HIV DNA was distributed primarily in the nuclear intermediate euchromatic compartment and was transcribed. By day 21, the cells had entered quiescence, and HIV DNA accumulated in the perinucleolar compartment (PNC). The localization of proviruses to the PNC was blocked by integrase inhibitor Raltegravir, suggesting it was due to chromosomal rearrangements. During the reactivation of latently infected cells through the T cell receptor (TCR), nascent viral mRNA transcripts associated with HIV DNA in the PNC were detected. The viral trans-activator Tat and its regulatory partners, P-TEFb and 7SK snRNA, assembled in large interchromatin granule clusters near the provirus within 2 h of TCR activation. As T cell activation progressed, the HIV DNA shifted away from the PNC. HIV DNA in latently infected memory T cells from patients also accumulated in the PNC and showed identical patterns of nuclear rearrangements after cellular reactivation. Thus, in contrast to transformed cells where proviruses are found primarily at the nuclear periphery, in primary memory T cells, the nuclear architecture undergoes rearrangements that shape the transcriptional silencing and reactivation of proviral HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrick Kizito
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Kien Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Uri Mbonye
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Meenakshi Shukla
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Benjamin Luttge
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Mary Ann Checkley
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Anna Agaponova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Konstantin Leskov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH44106
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2
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Matsuda K, Maeda K. HIV Reservoirs and Treatment Strategies toward Curing HIV Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2621. [PMID: 38473868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has significantly improved the prognosis of individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome has transformed from a fatal disease to a treatable chronic infection. Currently, effective and safe anti-HIV drugs are available. Although cART can reduce viral production in the body of the patient to below the detection limit, it cannot eliminate the HIV provirus integrated into the host cell genome; hence, the virus will be produced again after cART discontinuation. Therefore, research into a cure (or remission) for HIV has been widely conducted. In this review, we focus on drug development targeting cells latently infected with HIV and assess the progress including our current studies, particularly in terms of the "Shock and Kill", and "Block and Lock" strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Matsuda
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Kenji Maeda
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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3
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Meeroekyai S, Jaimalai T, Suree N, Prangkio P. CD4 + T cell-targeting immunoliposomes for treatment of latent HIV reservoir. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 195:114166. [PMID: 38110161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Active targeting nano-delivery is a promising approach to enhance therapeutic efficacy and specificity to the target cells. Liposomes (LPs) have been widely studied for the active targeting delivery due to their low toxicity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and feasibility of surface medication to provide the interactions with cell receptors. One of the strategies is to functionalize the surface of LPs with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to obtain immunoliposomes (imLPs) that recognize specific receptors on target cells. Among several target cells, CD4+ T cells are known for playing a pivotal role in controlling the immune system in several diseases, including cancers, inflammatory diseases, and viral infections, particularly HIV-1. Here, we demonstrate two methods for conjugating αCD4 mAb with imLPs for specific targeting of CD4+ T cells that can harbor viral genome and serve as a predominant latent HIV reservoir. LPs conjugated with αCD4 mAb via neutravidin-biotin linkage were used for selectively targeting CD4+ J-Lat 10.6 cells. We demonstrate, via flow cytometry, the importance of the conjugation step, mAb density, and the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) for effective drug delivery to CD4+ T cells. The cellular uptake of imLPs is substantially higher if the imLPs are functionalized with the pre-conjugated αCD4 mAb-neutravidin complex. Furthermore, imLPs loaded with HIV-1 latency reversing agent, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), could reactivate the J-Lat 10.6 cells, suggesting that the αCD4-imLPs could be potentially used as a targeted drug delivery system for HIV-1 latency reactivation or other CD4-targeted immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suthasinee Meeroekyai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Kaew Road, Suthep, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No.128, Sec.2, Academia Road, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Thanapak Jaimalai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Kaew Road, Suthep, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nuttee Suree
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Kaew Road, Suthep, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Kaew Road, Suthep, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Panchika Prangkio
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Kaew Road, Suthep, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Kaew Road, Suthep, Mueang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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4
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Peterson JJ, Lewis CA, Burgos SD, Manickam A, Xu Y, Rowley AA, Clutton G, Richardson B, Zou F, Simon JM, Margolis DM, Goonetilleke N, Browne EP. A histone deacetylase network regulates epigenetic reprogramming and viral silencing in HIV-infected cells. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:1617-1633.e9. [PMID: 38134881 PMCID: PMC10754471 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
A long-lived latent reservoir of HIV-1-infected CD4 T cells persists with antiretroviral therapy and prevents cure. We report that the emergence of latently infected primary CD4 T cells requires the activity of histone deacetylase enzymes HDAC1/2 and HDAC3. Data from targeted HDAC molecules, an HDAC3-directed PROTAC, and CRISPR-Cas9 knockout experiments converge on a model where either HDAC1/2 or HDAC3 targeting can prevent latency, whereas all three enzymes must be targeted to achieve latency reversal. Furthermore, HDACi treatment targets features of memory T cells that are linked to proviral latency and persistence. Latency prevention is associated with increased H3K9ac at the proviral LTR promoter region and decreased H3K9me3, suggesting that this epigenetic switch is a key proviral silencing mechanism that depends on HDAC activity. These findings support further mechanistic work on latency initiation and eventual clinical studies of HDAC inhibitors to interfere with latency initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson J Peterson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Catherine A Lewis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Samuel D Burgos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Ashokkumar Manickam
- University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Yinyan Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Allison A Rowley
- University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Genevieve Clutton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Brian Richardson
- Department of Biostatistics, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Biostatistics, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Jeremy M Simon
- Department of Genetics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; UNC Neuroscience Center, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David M Margolis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Edward P Browne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; University of North Carolina HIV Cure Center, Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
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5
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Qu M, Zhang H, Cheng P, Wubshet AK, Yin X, Wang X, Sun Y. Histone deacetylase 6's function in viral infection, innate immunity, and disease: latest advances. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1216548. [PMID: 37638049 PMCID: PMC10450946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1216548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the family of histone-deacetylases, histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) stands out. The cytoplasmic class IIb histone deacetylase (HDAC) family is essential for many cellular functions. It plays a crucial and debatable regulatory role in innate antiviral immunity. This review summarises the current state of our understanding of HDAC6's structure and function in light of the three mechanisms by which it controls DNA and RNA virus infection: cytoskeleton regulation, host innate immune response, and autophagy degradation of host or viral proteins. In addition, we summed up how HDAC6 inhibitors are used to treat a wide range of diseases, and how its upstream signaling plays a role in the antiviral mechanism. Together, the findings of this review highlight HDAC6's importance as a new therapeutic target in antiviral immunity, innate immune response, and some diseases, all of which offer promising new avenues for the development of drugs targeting the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengyuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ashenafi Kiros Wubshet
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Basic and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Xiangping Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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6
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Zhu Y, Jiang Z, Liu L, Yang X, Li M, Cheng Y, Xu J, Yin C, Zhu H. Scopoletin Reactivates Latent HIV-1 by Inducing NF-κB Expression without Global T Cell Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12649. [PMID: 37628826 PMCID: PMC10454185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversing HIV-1 latency promotes the killing of infected cells and is essential for cure strategies. However, current latency-reversing agents (LRAs) are not entirely effective and safe in activating latent viruses in patients. In this study, we investigated whether Scopoletin (6-Methoxy-7-hydroxycoumarin), an important coumarin phytoalexin found in plants with multiple pharmacological activities, can reactivate HIV-1 latency and elucidated its underlying mechanism. Using the Jurkat T cell model of HIV-1 latency, we found that Scopoletin can reactivate latent HIV-1 replication with a similar potency to Prostratin and did so in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, we provide evidence indicating that Scopoletin-induced HIV-1 reactivation involves the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Importantly, Scopoletin did not have a stimulatory effect on T lymphocyte receptors or HIV-1 receptors. In conclusion, our study suggests that Scopoletin has the potential to reactivate latent HIV-1 without causing global T-cell activation, making it a promising treatment option for anti-HIV-1 latency strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (L.L.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.C.); (C.Y.)
| | - Zhengtao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (L.L.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.C.); (C.Y.)
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (L.L.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.C.); (C.Y.)
| | - Xinyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (L.L.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.C.); (C.Y.)
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (L.L.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.C.); (C.Y.)
| | - Yipeng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (L.L.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.C.); (C.Y.)
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China;
| | - Chunhua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (L.L.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.C.); (C.Y.)
| | - Huanzhang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.J.); (L.L.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.C.); (C.Y.)
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7
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Campbell GR, Spector SA. Current strategies to induce selective killing of HIV-1-infected cells. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1273-1284. [PMID: 35707952 PMCID: PMC9613504 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0422-636r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to significant HIV-1 suppression and improvement in immune function, persistent viral reservoirs remain that are refractory to intensified ART. ART poses many challenges such as adherence to drug regimens, the emergence of resistant virus, and cumulative toxicity resulting from long-term therapy. Moreover, latent HIV-1 reservoir cells can be stochastically activated to produce viral particles despite effective ART and contribute to the rapid viral rebound that typically occurs within 2 weeks of ART interruption; thus, lifelong ART is required for continued viral suppression. Several strategies have been proposed to address the HIV-1 reservoir such as reactivation of HIV-1 transcription using latency reactivating agents with a combination of ART, host immune clearance and HIV-1-cytotoxicity to purge the infected cells-a "shock and kill" strategy. However, these approaches do not take into account the multiple transcriptional and translational blocks that contribute to HIV-1 latency or the complex heterogeneity of the HIV-1 reservoir, and clinical trials have thus far failed to produce the desired results. Here, we describe alternative strategies being pursued that are designed to kill selectively HIV-1-infected cells while sparing uninfected cells in the absence of enhanced humoral or adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R. Campbell
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Stephen A. Spector
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA,Division of Infectious DiseasesRady Children's HospitalSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
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8
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Insights into the HIV-1 Latent Reservoir and Strategies to Cure HIV-1 Infection. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:6952286. [PMID: 35664434 PMCID: PMC9157282 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6952286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Since the first discovery of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) in 1983, the targeted treatment, antiretroviral therapy (ART), has effectively limited the detected plasma viremia below a very low level and the technique has been improved rapidly. However, due to the persistence of the latent reservoir of replication-competent HIV-1 in patients treated with ART, a sudden withdrawal of the drug inevitably results in HIV viral rebound and HIV progression. Therefore, more understanding of the HIV-1 latent reservoir (LR) is the priority before developing a cure that thoroughly eliminates the reservoir. HIV-1 spreads through both the release of cell-free particles and by cell-to-cell transmission. Mounting evidence indicates that cell-to-cell transmission is more efficient than cell-free transmission of particles and likely influences the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. This mode of viral transmission also influences the generation and maintenance of the latent reservoir, which represents the main obstacle for curing the infection. In this review, the definition, establishment, and maintenance of the HIV-1 LR, along with the state-of-the-art quantitative approaches that directly quantify HIV-1 intact proviruses, are elucidated. Strategies to cure HIV infection are highlighted. This review will renew hope for a better and more thorough cure of HIV infection for mankind and encourage more clinical trials to achieve ART-free HIV remission.
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Jamehdor S, Pajouhanfar S, Saba S, Uzan G, Teimoori A, Naserian S. Principles and Applications of CRISPR Toolkit in Virus Manipulation, Diagnosis, and Virus-Host Interactions. Cells 2022; 11:999. [PMID: 35326449 PMCID: PMC8946942 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are one of the most important concerns for human health, and overcoming viral infections is a worldwide challenge. However, researchers have been trying to manipulate viral genomes to overcome various disorders, including cancer, for vaccine development purposes. CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is becoming one of the most functional and widely used tools for RNA and DNA manipulation in multiple organisms. This approach has provided an unprecedented opportunity for creating simple, inexpensive, specific, targeted, accurate, and practical manipulations of viruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), and vaccinia virus. Furthermore, this method can be used to make an effective and precise diagnosis of viral infections. Nevertheless, a valid and scientifically designed CRISPR system is critical to make more effective and accurate changes in viruses. In this review, we have focused on the best and the most effective ways to design sgRNA, gene knock-in(s), and gene knock-out(s) for virus-targeted manipulation. Furthermore, we have emphasized the application of CRISPR technology in virus diagnosis and in finding significant genes involved in virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Jamehdor
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 989155432609, Iran;
| | - Sara Pajouhanfar
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Sadaf Saba
- Center for Molecular Medicine & Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - Georges Uzan
- INSERM UMR-S-MD 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 94800 Villejuif, France;
- Paris-Saclay University, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838738, Iran
| | - Sina Naserian
- INSERM UMR-S-MD 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 94800 Villejuif, France;
- Paris-Saclay University, 94800 Villejuif, France
- CellMedEx, 94100 Saint Maur Des Fossés, France
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Zheng T, Chen P, Huang Y, Qiu J, Zhou C, Wu Z, Li L. CPI-637 as a Potential Bifunctional Latency-Reversing Agent That Targets Both the BRD4 and TIP60 Proteins. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:686035. [PMID: 34350133 PMCID: PMC8326664 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.686035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The failure of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been largely responsible for the existence of latent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reservoirs. The “shock and kill” strategy was confirmed to reactivate HIV-1 latent reservoirs by latency-reversing agents (LRAs) for accelerated HIV-1 clearance. However, a single LRA might be insufficient to induce HIV-1 reactivation from latency due to the complexity of the multiple signaling regulatory pathways that establish the HIV-1 latent reservoir. Therefore, combinations of LRAs or dual-mechanism LRAs are urgently needed to purge the latent reservoirs. We demonstrate here for the first time that a dual-target inhibitor with a specific suppressive effect on both BRD4 and TIP60, CPI-637, could reactivate latent HIV-1 in vitro by permitting Tat to bind positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) and assembling Tat-super-elongation complex (SEC) formation. In addition, CPI-637-mediated TIP60 downregulation further stimulated BRD4 dissociation from the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter, allowing Tat to more effectively bind P-TEFb compared to BRD4 inhibition alone. Much more importantly, CPI-637 exerted a potent synergistic effect but alleviated global T cell activation and blocked viral spread to uninfected bystander CD4+ T cells with minimal cytotoxicity. Our results indicate that CPI-637 opens up the prospect of novel dual-target inhibitors for antagonizing HIV-1 latency and deserves further investigation for development as a promising LRA with a “shock and kill” strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyi Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayin Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenliang Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyao Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Campbell GR, Spector SA. Induction of Autophagy to Achieve a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Cure. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071798. [PMID: 34359967 PMCID: PMC8307643 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective antiretroviral therapy has led to significant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) suppression and improvement in immune function. However, the persistence of integrated proviral DNA in latently infected reservoir cells, which drive viral rebound post-interruption of antiretroviral therapy, remains the major roadblock to a cure. Therefore, the targeted elimination or permanent silencing of this latently infected reservoir is a major focus of HIV-1 research. The most studied approach in the development of a cure is the activation of HIV-1 expression to expose latently infected cells for immune clearance while inducing HIV-1 cytotoxicity—the “kick and kill” approach. However, the complex and highly heterogeneous nature of the latent reservoir, combined with the failure of clinical trials to reduce the reservoir size casts doubt on the feasibility of this approach. This concern that total elimination of HIV-1 from the body may not be possible has led to increased emphasis on a “functional cure” where the virus remains but is unable to reactivate which presents the challenge of permanently silencing transcription of HIV-1 for prolonged drug-free remission—a “block and lock” approach. In this review, we discuss the interaction of HIV-1 and autophagy, and the exploitation of autophagy to kill selectively HIV-1 latently infected cells as part of a cure strategy. The cure strategy proposed has the advantage of significantly decreasing the size of the HIV-1 reservoir that can contribute to a functional cure and when optimised has the potential to eradicate completely HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R. Campbell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-858-534-7477
| | - Stephen A. Spector
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
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12
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Wang X, Xu H. Residual Proviral Reservoirs: A High Risk for HIV Persistence and Driving Forces for Viral Rebound after Analytical Treatment Interruption. Viruses 2021; 13:335. [PMID: 33670027 PMCID: PMC7926539 DOI: 10.3390/v13020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically suppressed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and become undetectable viremia. However, a small number of residual replication-competent HIV proviruses can still persist in a latent state even with lifelong ART, fueling viral rebound in HIV-infected patient subjects after treatment interruption. Therefore, the proviral reservoirs distributed in tissues in the body represent a major obstacle to a cure for HIV infection. Given unavailable HIV vaccine and a failure to eradicate HIV proviral reservoirs by current treatment, it is crucial to develop new therapeutic strategies to eliminate proviral reservoirs for ART-free HIV remission (functional cure), including a sterilizing cure (eradication of HIV reservoirs). This review highlights recent advances in the establishment and persistence of HIV proviral reservoirs, their detection, and potential eradication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
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13
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The Evolution of Dendritic Cell Immunotherapy against HIV-1 Infection: Improvements and Outlook. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:9470102. [PMID: 32537473 PMCID: PMC7267878 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9470102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are key phagocytic cells that play crucial roles in both the innate and adaptive immune responses against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). By processing and presenting pathogen-derived antigens, dendritic cells initiate a directed response against infected cells. They activate the adaptive immune system upon recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on infected cells. During the course of HIV-1 infection, a successful adaptive (cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell) response is necessary for preventing the progression and spread of infection in a variety of cells. Dendritic cells have thus been recognized as a valuable tool in the development of immunotherapeutic approaches and vaccines effective against HIV-1. The advancements in dendritic cell vaccines in cancers have paved the way for applications of this form of immunotherapy to HIV-1 infection. Clinical trials with patients infected with HIV-1 who are well-suppressed by antiretroviral therapy (ART) were recently performed to assess the efficacy of DC vaccines, with the goal of mounting an HIV-1 antigen-specific T-cell response, ideally to clear infection and eliminate the need for long-term ART. This review summarizes and compares methods and efficacies of a number of DC vaccine trials utilizing autologous dendritic cells loaded with HIV-1 antigens. The potential for advancement and novel strategies of improving efficacy of this type of immunotherapy is also discussed.
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14
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Qi J, Ding C, Jiang X, Gao Y. Advances in Developing CAR T-Cell Therapy for HIV Cure. Front Immunol 2020; 11:361. [PMID: 32210965 PMCID: PMC7076163 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by HIV infection, is an epidemic disease that has killed millions of people in the last several decades. Although combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has enabled tremendous progress in suppressing HIV replication, it fails to eliminate HIV latently infected cells, and infected individuals remain HIV positive for life. Lifelong antiretroviral therapy is required to maintain control of virus replication, which may result in significant problems, including long-term toxicity, high cost, and stigma. Therefore, novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to eliminate the viral reservoir in the host for HIV cure. In this review, we compare several potential strategies regarding HIV cure and focus on how we might utilize chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells (CAR T) as a therapy to cure HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Qi
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Chengchao Ding
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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15
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Moar P, Sushmita K, Kateriya S, Tandon R. Transcriptional profiling indicates cAMP-driven reversal of HIV latency in monocytes occurs via transcription factor SP-1. Virology 2020; 542:40-53. [PMID: 32056667 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Latent HIV reservoir is a major barrier to absolute HIV cure. Studies on latency reversal agents (LRA) have by far focused mainly on CD4+ T-lymphocytes, while myeloid reservoirs remain under-represented despite their persistence and key contribution to HIV pathogenesis. cAMP has been shown to increase HIV-1 transcription in latently-infected monocytes/macrophages. In this communication, we explored the potential of commercially available pharmacological drugs and phosphodiesterase inhibitors to reactivate HIV in latently-infected monocytic cell-line, U1. We showed that increased levels of intracellular cAMP reverse HIV latency in vitro, which is specific to cells of the myeloid lineage. High throughput RNA-seq analysis revealed that cAMP modulates transcriptional profile of latently HIV-infected cells and provides favourable cellular environment for HIV to produce viral proteins. This reactivation of latent HIV was inhibited by Mithramycin A, a selective Sp1 inhibitor, indicating that the reversal of HIV latency in monocytes is driven by transcription factor Sp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Moar
- Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Kumari Sushmita
- Laboratory of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Suneel Kateriya
- Laboratory of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Tandon
- Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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16
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Larguet F, Caté C, Barbeau B, Rassart E, Edouard E. Histone deacetylase 1 interacts with HIV-1 Integrase and modulates viral replication. Virol J 2019; 16:138. [PMID: 31744547 PMCID: PMC6862858 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 hijacks the cellular machinery for its own replication through protein-protein interactions between viral and host cell factors. One strategy against HIV-1 infection is thus to target these key protein complexes. As the integration of reverse transcribed viral cDNA into a host cell chromosome is an essential step in the HIV-1 life cycle, catalyzed by the viral integrase and other important host factors, we aimed at identifying new integrase binding partners through a novel approach. Methods A LTR-derived biotinylated DNA fragment complexed with the integrase on magnetic beads was incubated with extracts from integrase-expressing 293 T cells. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation/pull-down experiments were used for the identification of binding partners. Transfections of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) expression vectors and/or specific siRNA were conducted in HeLa-CD4 and 293 T cells followed by infection with fully infectious NL4–3 and luciferase-expressing pseudotyped viruses or by proviral DNA transfection. Fully infectious and pseudotyped viruses produced from HDAC1-silenced 293 T cells were tested for their infectivity toward HeLa-CD4 cells, T cell lines and primary CD4+ T cells. Late RT species and integrated viral DNA were quantified by qPCR and infectivity was measured by luciferase activity and p24 ELISA assay. Results were analyzed by the Student’s t-test. Results Using our integrase-LTR bait approach, we successfully identified new potential integrase-binding partners, including HDAC1. We further confirmed that HDAC1 interacted with the HIV-1 integrase in co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down experiments. HDAC1 knockdown in infected HeLa cells was shown to interfere with an early preintegration step of the HIV-1 replication cycle, which possibly involves reverse transcription. We also observed that, while HDAC1 overexpression inhibited HIV-1 expression after integration, HDAC1 knockdown had no effect on this step. In virus producer cells, HDAC1 knockdown had a limited impact on virus infectivity in either cell lines or primary CD4+ T cells. Conclusions Our results show that HDAC1 interacts with the HIV-1 integrase and affects virus replication before and after integration. Overall, HDAC1 appears to facilitate HIV-1 replication with a major effect on a preintegration step, which likely occurs at the reverse transcription step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadila Larguet
- Département des sciences biologiques, and Centre de recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Clément Caté
- Département des sciences biologiques, and Centre de recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Département des sciences biologiques, and Centre de recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Rassart
- Département des sciences biologiques, and Centre de recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Elsy Edouard
- Département des sciences biologiques, and Centre de recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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17
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Maeda K, Das D, Kobayakawa T, Tamamura H, Takeuchi H. Discovery and Development of Anti-HIV Therapeutic Agents: Progress Towards Improved HIV Medication. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1621-1649. [PMID: 31424371 PMCID: PMC7132033 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190712204603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The history of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS therapy, which spans over 30 years, is one of the most dramatic stories of science and medicine leading to the treatment of a disease. Since the advent of the first AIDS drug, AZT or zidovudine, a number of agents acting on different drug targets, such as HIV enzymes (e.g. reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase) and host cell factors critical for HIV infection (e.g. CD4 and CCR5), have been added to our armamentarium to combat HIV/AIDS. In this review article, we first discuss the history of the development of anti-HIV drugs, during which several problems such as drug-induced side effects and the emergence of drug-resistant viruses became apparent and had to be overcome. Nowadays, the success of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART), combined with recently-developed powerful but nonetheless less toxic drugs has transformed HIV/AIDS from an inevitably fatal disease into a manageable chronic infection. However, even with such potent cART, it is impossible to eradicate HIV because none of the currently available HIV drugs are effective in eliminating occult “dormant” HIV cell reservoirs. A number of novel unique treatment approaches that should drastically improve the quality of life (QOL) of patients or might actually be able to eliminate HIV altogether have also been discussed later in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Maeda
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM) Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Debananda Das
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NCI/NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Takuya Kobayakawa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takeuchi
- Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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18
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A novel bromodomain inhibitor, CPI-203, serves as an HIV-1 latency-reversing agent by activating positive transcription elongation factor b. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 164:237-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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19
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Gatla HR, Muniraj N, Thevkar P, Yavvari S, Sukhavasi S, Makena MR. Regulation of Chemokines and Cytokines by Histone Deacetylases and an Update on Histone Decetylase Inhibitors in Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1110. [PMID: 30841513 PMCID: PMC6429312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) counteract with each other to regulate gene expression by altering chromatin structure. Aberrant HDAC activity was reported in many human diseases including wide range of cancers, viral infections, cardiovascular complications, auto-immune diseases and kidney diseases. HDAC inhibitors are small molecules designed to block the malignant activity of HDACs. Chemokines and cytokines control inflammation, immunological and other key biological processes and are shown to be involved in various malignancies. Various HDACs and HDAC inhibitors were reported to regulate chemokines and cytokines. Even though HDAC inhibitors have remarkable anti-tumor activity in hematological cancers, they are not effective in treating many diseases and many patients relapse after treatment. However, the role of HDACs and cytokines in regulating these diseases still remain unclear. Therefore, understanding exact mechanisms and effector functions of HDACs are urgently needed to selectively inhibit them and to establish better a platform to combat various malignancies. In this review, we address regulation of chemokines and cytokines by HDACs and HDAC inhibitors and update on HDAC inhibitors in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himavanth Reddy Gatla
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Nethaji Muniraj
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Prashanth Thevkar
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Siddhartha Yavvari
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Sahithi Sukhavasi
- Center for Distance Learning, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, AP 530045, India.
| | - Monish Ram Makena
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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20
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Probabilistic control of HIV latency and transactivation by the Tat gene circuit. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:12453-12458. [PMID: 30455316 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811195115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The reservoir of HIV latently infected cells is the major obstacle for eradication of HIV infection. The "shock-and-kill" strategy proposed earlier aims to reduce the reservoir by activating cells out of latency. While the intracellular HIV Tat gene circuit is known to play important roles in controlling latency and its transactivation in HIV-infected cells, the detailed control mechanisms are not well understood. Here we study the mechanism of probabilistic control of the latent and the transactivated cell phenotypes of HIV-infected cells. We reconstructed the probability landscape, which is the probability distribution of the Tat gene circuit states, by directly computing the exact solution of the underlying chemical master equation. Results show that the Tat circuit exhibits a clear bimodal probability landscape (i.e., there are two distinct probability peaks, one associated with the latent cell phenotype and the other with the transactivated cell phenotype). We explore potential modifications to reactions in the Tat gene circuit for more effective transactivation of latent cells (i.e., the shock-and-kill strategy). Our results suggest that enhancing Tat acetylation can dramatically increase Tat and viral production, while increasing the Tat-transactivation response binding affinity can transactivate latent cells more rapidly than other manipulations. Our results further explored the "block and lock" strategy toward a functional cure for HIV. Overall, our study demonstrates a general approach toward discovery of effective therapeutic strategies and druggable targets by examining control mechanisms of cell phenotype switching via exactly computed probability landscapes of reaction networks.
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21
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Matsuda K, Kobayakawa T, Tsuchiya K, Hattori SI, Nomura W, Gatanaga H, Yoshimura K, Oka S, Endo Y, Tamamura H, Mitsuya H, Maeda K. Benzolactam-related compounds promote apoptosis of HIV-infected human cells via protein kinase C-induced HIV latency reversal. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:116-129. [PMID: 30413535 PMCID: PMC6322896 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Latency-reversing agents (LRAs) are considered a potential strategy for curing cells of HIV-1 infection. Certain protein kinase C (PKC) activators have been previously reported to be LRAs because they can reverse HIV latency. In the present study, we examined the activities of a panel of benzolactam derivatives against cells latently infected with HIV. Using determination of p24 antigen in cell supernatants or altered intracellular GFP expression to measure HIV reactivation from latently infected cells along with a cytotoxicity assay, we found that some of the compounds exhibited latency-reversing activity, which was followed by enhanced release of HIV particles from the cells. One derivative, BL-V8-310, displayed activity in ACH-2 and J-Lat cells latently infected with HIV at a concentration of 10 nm or higher, which was superior to the activity of another highly active PKC activator, prostratin. These results were confirmed with peripheral blood cells from HIV-infected patients. We also found that these drugs up-regulate the expression of caspase 3 and enhance apoptosis specifically in latently HIV-infected cells. Moreover, combining BL-V8-310 with a bromodomain-containing 4 (BRD4) inhibitor, JQ1, not only enhanced HIV latency-reversing activity, but also reduced the effect on cytotoxic cytokine secretion from CD4+ T-cells induced by BL-V8-310 alone. Our results suggest that BL-V8-310 and its related benzolactam derivatives are potential LRA lead compounds that are effective in reversing HIV latency and reducing viral reservoirs in HIV-positive individuals with few adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Matsuda
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayakawa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Tsuchiya
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Hattori
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Wataru Nomura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Gatanaga
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshimura
- AIDS Research Centre, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Shinichi Oka
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Endo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; Experimental Retrovirology Section, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1868
| | - Kenji Maeda
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
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22
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Kuai Q, Lu X, Qiao Z, Wang R, Wang Y, Ye S, He M, Wang Y, Zhang T, Wu H, Ren S, Yu Q. Histone deacetylase inhibitor chidamide promotes reactivation of latent human immunodeficiency virus by introducing histone acetylation. J Med Virol 2018; 90:1478-1485. [PMID: 29704439 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy can reduce the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load in the plasma to undetectable levels. However, because of the presence of latent HIV reservoirs, it is difficult to completely eradicate HIV in infected patients. Our objective was to assess the potency of chidamide, a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor recently approved for cancer treatment by the China Food and Drug Administration, to reactivate latent HIV-1 via histone acetylation. Viral reactivities of chidamide were accessed in 2 latent HIV pseudotype virus cell reporter systems (J-Lat Tat-green fluorescent protein clone A72 and TZM-bl), a latently infected full-length HIV virus cell system (U1/HIV), and resting CD4+ T cells from 9 HIV-infected patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy with undetectable viral load. Chidamide was able to increase HIV expression in each cell line, as evidenced by green fluorescent protein, luciferase activity, and p24, as well as to reactivate latent HIV-1 in primary CD4+ T cells of HIV-infected patients. Histone acetylation adjacent to the HIV promoter in A72 cells was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Chidamide was able to increase histone H3 and H4 acetylation at the HIV promoter. In brief, chidamide induced the reactivation of latent HIV in pseudotype virus reporter cells, latently infected cells, and primary CD4+ T cells, making this compound an attractive option for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Kuai
- Department of Blood Products and Substitutes, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofan Lu
- STD/HIV Research Laboratory, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixin Qiao
- Department of Blood Products and Substitutes, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanbing Wang
- Department of Blood Products and Substitutes, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Sanxian Ye
- Department of Blood Products and Substitutes, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Min He
- Department of Blood Products and Substitutes, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Blood Products and Substitutes, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- STD/HIV Research Laboratory, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing You-An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Suping Ren
- Department of Blood Products and Substitutes, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Yu
- Department of Blood Products and Substitutes, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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23
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Salehi B, Kumar NVA, Şener B, Sharifi-Rad M, Kılıç M, Mahady GB, Vlaisavljevic S, Iriti M, Kobarfard F, Setzer WN, Ayatollahi SA, Ata A, Sharifi-Rad J. Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1459. [PMID: 29757986 PMCID: PMC5983620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the epidemic, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has infected around 70 million people worldwide, most of whom reside is sub-Saharan Africa. There have been very promising developments in the treatment of HIV with anti-retroviral drug cocktails. However, drug resistance to anti-HIV drugs is emerging, and many people infected with HIV have adverse reactions or do not have ready access to currently available HIV chemotherapies. Thus, there is a need to discover new anti-HIV agents to supplement our current arsenal of anti-HIV drugs and to provide therapeutic options for populations with limited resources or access to currently efficacious chemotherapies. Plant-derived natural products continue to serve as a reservoir for the discovery of new medicines, including anti-HIV agents. This review presents a survey of plants that have shown anti-HIV activity, both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 88777539 Tehran, Iran.
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 22439789 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nanjangud V Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India.
| | - Bilge Şener
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 06330 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mehdi Sharifi-Rad
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, 61663-335 Zabol, Iran.
| | - Mehtap Kılıç
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 06330 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Gail B Mahady
- PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Sanja Vlaisavljevic
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
| | - William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
| | - Seyed Abdulmajid Ayatollahi
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada.
| | - Athar Ata
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada.
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada.
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San-Juan-Vergara H, Zurek E, Ajami NJ, Mogollon C, Peña M, Portnoy I, Vélez JI, Cadena-Cruz C, Diaz-Olmos Y, Hurtado-Gómez L, Sanchez-Sit S, Hernández D, Urruchurtu I, Di-Ruggiero P, Guardo-García E, Torres N, Vidal-Orjuela O, Viasus D, Petrosino JF, Cervantes-Acosta G. A Lachnospiraceae-dominated bacterial signature in the fecal microbiota of HIV-infected individuals from Colombia, South America. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4479. [PMID: 29540734 PMCID: PMC5852036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22629-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection has a tremendous impact on the immune system's proper functioning. The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is significantly disarrayed during HIV infection. Compositional changes in the gut microbiota might contribute to the mucosal barrier disruption, and consequently to microbial translocation. We performed an observational, cross-sectional study aimed at evaluating changes in the fecal microbiota of HIV-infected individuals from Colombia. We analyzed the fecal microbiota of 37 individuals via 16S rRNA gene sequencing; 25 HIV-infected patients and 12 control (non-infected) individuals, which were similar in body mass index, age, gender balance and socioeconomic status. To the best of our knowledge, no such studies have been conducted in Latin American countries. Given its compositional nature, microbiota data were normalized and transformed using Aitchison's Centered Log-Ratio. Overall, a change in the network structure in HIV-infected patients was revealed by using the SPIEC-EASI MB tool. Genera such as Blautia, Dorea, Yersinia, Escherichia-Shigella complex, Staphylococcus, and Bacteroides were highly relevant in HIV-infected individuals. Differential abundance analysis by both sparse Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis and Random Forest identified a greater abundance of Lachnospiraceae-OTU69, Blautia, Dorea, Roseburia, and Erysipelotrichaceae in HIV-infected individuals. We show here, for the first time, a predominantly Lachnospiraceae-based signature in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Zurek
- División de Ingenierías, Fundación Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Nadim J Ajami
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Mario Peña
- División Ciencias de la Salud, Fundación Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Ivan Portnoy
- División de Ingenierías, Fundación Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Jorge I Vélez
- División de Ingenierías, Fundación Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Christian Cadena-Cruz
- División Ciencias de la Salud, Fundación Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Yirys Diaz-Olmos
- División Ciencias de la Salud, Fundación Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Leidy Hurtado-Gómez
- División Ciencias de la Salud, Fundación Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Silvana Sanchez-Sit
- Maestría en Estadística Aplicada, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Oscar Vidal-Orjuela
- División Ciencias de la Salud, Fundación Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Diego Viasus
- División Ciencias de la Salud, Fundación Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Joseph F Petrosino
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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25
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Pasternak AO, Berkhout B. What do we measure when we measure cell-associated HIV RNA. Retrovirology 2018; 15:13. [PMID: 29378657 PMCID: PMC5789533 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-associated (CA) HIV RNA has received much attention in recent years as a surrogate measure of the efficiency of HIV latency reversion and because it may provide an estimate of the viral reservoir size. This review provides an update on some recent insights in the biology and clinical utility of this biomarker. We discuss a number of important considerations to be taken into account when interpreting CA HIV RNA measurements, as well as different methods to measure this biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Pasternak
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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26
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Hong X, Schouest B, Xu H. Effects of exosome on the activation of CD4+ T cells in rhesus macaques: a potential application for HIV latency reactivation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15611. [PMID: 29142313 PMCID: PMC5688118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15961-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (EVs), released by a wide variety of cell types, carry donor origin-proteins, cytokines, and nucleic acids, transport these cargos to adjacent or distant specific recipient cells, and thereby regulate gene expression and activation of target cells. In this study, we isolated and identified exosomes in rhesus macaques, and investigated their effects on cell tropism and activation, especially their potential to reactivate HIV latency. The results indicated that plasma-derived exosomes preferentially fuse to TCR-activated T cells and autologous parent cells. Importantly, the uptake of exosomes, derived from IL-2 stimulated CD4+ T cells, effectively promoted reactivation of resting CD4+ T-cell, as indicated by an increased viral transcription rate in these cells. These findings provide premise for the potential application of exosome in the reactivation of HIV latency, in combination its use as functional delivery vehicles with antiretroviral therapy (ART).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowu Hong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Blake Schouest
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, 70433, USA.
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27
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Yang W, Sun Z, Hua C, Wang Q, Xu W, Deng Q, Pan Y, Lu L, Jiang S. Chidamide, a histone deacetylase inhibitor-based anticancer drug, effectively reactivates latent HIV-1 provirus. Microbes Infect 2017; 20:626-634. [PMID: 29126877 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is highly effective in suppressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication, it fails to eradicate the virus from HIV-1-infected individuals because HIV-1 integrates into the resting CD4+ T cells, establishing latently infected reservoirs. Histone deacetylation is a key element in regulating HIV-1 latent infection. Chidamide, a new anticancer drug, is a novel type of selective histone deacetylase inhibitor. Here we showed that chidamide effectively reactivated HIV-1 latent provirus in different latently infected cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Chidamide had relatively low cytotoxicity to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and other latent cell lines. We have demonstrated that chidamide reactivated HIV-1 latent provirus through the NF-κB signaling pathway. The replication of the newly reactivated HIV-1 could then be effectively inhibited by the anti-HIV-1 drugs Zidovudine, Nevirapine, and Indinavir. Therefore, chidamide might be used in combination with cART for functional HIV-1 cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhiwu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chen Hua
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiwen Deng
- Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Yanbin Pan
- Aris Pharmaceuticals Inc., Bristol, PA19007, USA
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 130 Dong An Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China; Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518052, China; Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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28
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Pankrac J, Klein K, Mann JFS. Eradication of HIV-1 latent reservoirs through therapeutic vaccination. AIDS Res Ther 2017; 14:45. [PMID: 28893280 PMCID: PMC5594457 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-017-0177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the significant success of combination anti-retroviral therapy to reduce HIV viremia and save lives, HIV-1 infection remains a lifelong infection that must be appropriately managed. Advances in the understanding of the HIV infection process and insights from vaccine development in other biomedical fields such as cancer, imaging, and genetic engineering have fueled rapid advancements in HIV cure research. In the last few years, several studies have focused on the development of “Kick and Kill” therapies to reverse HIV latency and kick start viral translational activity. This has been done with the aim that concomitant anti-retroviral treatment and the elicited immune responses will prevent de novo infections while eradicating productively infected cells. In this review, we describe our perspective on HIV cure and the new approaches we are undertaking to eradicate the established pro-viral reservoir.
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Datta PK, Kaminski R, Hu W, Pirrone V, Sullivan NT, Nonnemacher MR, Dampier W, Wigdahl B, Khalili K. HIV-1 Latency and Eradication: Past, Present and Future. Curr HIV Res 2017; 14:431-441. [PMID: 27009094 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x14666160324125536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well established that antiretroviral therapy (ART), while highly effective in controlling HIV replication, cannot eliminate virus from the body. Therefore, the majority of HIV-1-infected individuals remain at risk for developing AIDS due to persistence of infected reservoir cells serving as a source of virus re-emergence. Several reservoirs containing replication competent HIV-1 have been identified, most notably CD4+ T cells. Cells of the myeloid lineage, which are the first line of defense against pathogens and participate in HIV dissemination into sanctuary organs, also serve as cellular reservoirs of HIV-1. In latently infected resting CD4+ T cells, the integrated copies of proviral DNA remain in a dormant state, yet possess the ability to produce replication competent virus after cellular activation. Studies have demonstrated that modification of chromatin structure plays a role in establishing persistence, in part suggesting that latency is, controlled epigenetically. CONCLUSION Current efforts to eradicate HIV-1 from this cell population focus primarily on a "shock and kill" approach through cellular reactivation to trigger elimination of virus producing cells by cytolysis or host immune responses. However, studies revealed several limitations to this approach that require more investigation to assess its clinical application. Recent advances in gene editing technology prompted use of this approach for inactivating integrated proviral DNA in the genome of latently infected cells. This technology, which requires a detailed understanding of the viral genetics and robust delivery, may serve as a powerful strategy to eliminate the latent reservoir in the host leading to a sterile cure of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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30
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Combinations of isoform-targeted histone deacetylase inhibitors and bryostatin analogues display remarkable potency to activate latent HIV without global T-cell activation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7456. [PMID: 28785069 PMCID: PMC5547048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07814-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Current antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV/AIDS slows disease progression by reducing viral loads and increasing CD4 counts. Yet ART is not curative due to the persistence of CD4+ T-cell proviral reservoirs that chronically resupply active virus. Elimination of these reservoirs through the administration of synergistic combinations of latency reversing agents (LRAs), such as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and protein kinase C (PKC) modulators, provides a promising strategy to reduce if not eradicate the viral reservoir. Here, we demonstrate that largazole and its analogues are isoform-targeted histone deacetylase inhibitors and potent LRAs. Significantly, these isoform-targeted HDAC inhibitors synergize with PKC modulators, namely bryostatin-1 analogues (bryologs). Implementation of this unprecedented LRA combination induces HIV-1 reactivation to unparalleled levels and avoids global T-cell activation within resting CD4+ T-cells.
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31
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Kwaa AK, Goldsborough K, Walker-Sperling VE, Pianowski LF, Gama L, Blankson JN. The effect of Ingenol-B on the suppressive capacity of elite suppressor HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174516. [PMID: 28467486 PMCID: PMC5414940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Some latency-reversing agents (LRAs) inhibit HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses. In a prior study of protein kinase C (PKC) agonists, we found that bryostatin-1 inhibited elite controller/suppressor (ES) CD8+ T cell suppressive activity whereas prostratin had no effect. Ingenol-B is another PKC agonist with potent LRA activity both by itself and in combination with the bromodomain inhibitor JQ1; however its effect on CD8+ T cell mediated control of HIV-1 replication is unknown. Methods CD8+ T cells were isolated from ES and treated with bryostatin-1, prostratin, ingenol-B, and JQ1 as well as a combination of each PKC-agonist with JQ1. The cells were then tested in the viral suppression assay. To assess possible mechanisms of inhibition, CD8+ T cells were treated with the LRAs and analyzed for the expression of various immune cell markers. Results Ingenol-B had no effect on the ability of ES CD8+ T cells to suppress viral replication, however, the combination of ingenol-B and JQ1 caused a modest, but significant decrease in this suppressive capacity. The mechanism of the inhibitory effect of the JQ1 and ingenol-B combination relative to ingenol-B alone was unclear but the effect appeared to be dose dependent. Conclusions Ingenol-B does not inhibit HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses in vitro. These responses are however modestly inhibited when 100 nMingenol-B is combined with JQ1. Since HIV-specific CD8+ T cell activity may be essential for the eradication of reactivated latently infected cells, the potency of latency-reversal activity of drug combinations must be balanced against the effects of the combinations on HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abena K. Kwaa
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kennedy Goldsborough
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Victoria E. Walker-Sperling
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Lucio Gama
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joel N. Blankson
- Center for AIDS Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Zheng K, Jiang Y, He Z, Kitazato K, Wang Y. Cellular defence or viral assist: the dilemma of HDAC6. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:322-337. [PMID: 27959772 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is a unique cytoplasmic deacetylase that regulates various important biological processes by preventing protein aggregation and deacetylating different non-histone substrates including tubulin, heat shock protein 90, cortactin, retinoic acid inducible gene I and β-catenin. Growing evidence has indicated a dual role for HDAC6 in viral infection and pathogenesis: HDAC6 may represent a host defence mechanism against viral infection by modulating microtubule acetylation, triggering antiviral immune response and stimulating protective autophagy, or it may be hijacked by the virus to enhance proinflammatory response. In this review, we will highlight current data illustrating the complexity and importance of HDAC6 in viral pathogenesis. We will summarize the structure and functional specificity of HDAC6, and its deacetylase- and ubiquitin-dependent activity in key cellular events in response to virus infection. We will also discuss how HDAC6 exerts its direct or indirect histone modification ability in viral lytic-latency switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yingchun Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Zhendan He
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Kaio Kitazato
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology of Infectious Agents, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Yifei Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
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de Oliveira FL, Carneiro K, Brito JM, Cabanel M, Pereira JX, Paiva LDA, Syn W, Henderson NC, El-Cheikh MC. Galectin-3, histone deacetylases, and Hedgehog signaling: Possible convergent targets in schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005137. [PMID: 28231240 PMCID: PMC5322873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis affects approximately 240 million people in the world. Schistosoma mansoni eggs in the liver induce periportal fibrosis and hepatic failure driven by monocyte recruitment and macrophage activation, resulting in robust Th2 response. Here, we suggested a possible involvement of Galectin-3 (Gal-3), histone deacetylases (HDACs), and Hedgehog (Hh) signaling with macrophage activation during Th1/Th2 immune responses, fibrogranuloma reaction, and tissue repair during schistosomiasis. Gal-3 is highly expressed by liver macrophages (Kupffer cells) around Schistosoma eggs. HDACs and Hh regulate macrophage polarization and hepatic stellate cell activation during schistosomiasis-associated fibrogenesis. Previously, we demonstrated an abnormal extracellular matrix distribution in the liver that correlated with atypical monocyte-macrophage differentiation in S. mansoni-infected, Gal-3-deficient (Lgals3-/-) mice. New findings explored in this review focus on the chronic phase, when wild-type (Lgals3+/+) and Lgals3-/- mice were analyzed 90 days after cercariae infection. In Lgals3-/- infected mice, there was significant inflammatory infiltration with myeloid cells associated with egg destruction (hematoxylin and eosin staining), phagocytes (specifically Kupffer cells), numerically reduced and diffuse matrix extracellular deposition in fibrotic areas (Gomori trichrome staining), and severe disorganization of collagen fibers surrounding the S. mansoni eggs (reticulin staining). Granuloma-derived stromal cells (GR cells) of Lgals3-/- infected mice expressed lower levels of alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and eotaxin and higher levels of IL-4 than Lgals3+/+ mice (real-time PCR). The relevant participation of macrophages in these events led us to suggest distinct mechanisms of activation that culminate in defective fibrosis in the liver of Lgals3-/- infected mice. These aspects were discussed in this review, as well as the possible interference between Gal-3, HDACs, and Hh signaling during progressive liver fibrosis in S. mansoni-infected mice. Further studies focused on macrophage roles could elucidate these questions and clear the potential utility of these molecules as antifibrotic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Leite de Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Katia Carneiro
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Marques Brito
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Cabanel
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jonathas Xavier Pereira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ligia de Almeida Paiva
- Departmento de Fisiologia e Farmacodinâmica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wingkin Syn
- Section of Gastroenterology, Ralph H Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Neil C. Henderson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marcia Cury El-Cheikh
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Lucera MB, Fleissner Z, Tabler CO, Schlatzer DM, Troyer Z, Tilton JC. HIV signaling through CD4 and CCR5 activates Rho family GTPases that are required for optimal infection of primary CD4+ T cells. Retrovirology 2017; 14:4. [PMID: 28114951 PMCID: PMC5259950 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0328-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 hijacks host cell machinery to ensure successful replication, including cytoskeletal components for intracellular trafficking, nucleoproteins for pre-integration complex import, and the ESCRT pathway for assembly and budding. It is widely appreciated that cellular post-translational modifications (PTMs) regulate protein activity within cells; however, little is known about how PTMs influence HIV replication. Previously, we reported that blocking deacetylation of tubulin using histone deacetylase inhibitors promoted the kinetics and efficiency of early post-entry viral events. To uncover additional PTMs that modulate entry and early post-entry stages in HIV infection, we employed a flow cytometric approach to assess a panel of small molecule inhibitors on viral fusion and LTR promoter-driven gene expression. Results While viral fusion was not significantly affected, early post-entry viral events were modulated by drugs targeting multiple processes including histone deacetylation, methylation, and bromodomain inhibition. Most notably, we observed that inhibitors of the Rho GTPase family of cytoskeletal regulators—including RhoA, Cdc42, and Rho-associated kinase signaling pathways—significantly reduced viral infection. Using phosphoproteomics and a biochemical GTPase activation assay, we found that virion-induced signaling via CD4 and CCR5 activated Rho family GTPases including Rac1 and Cdc42 and led to widespread modification of GTPase signaling-associated factors. Conclusions Together, these data demonstrate that HIV signaling activates members of the Rho GTPase family of cytoskeletal regulators that are required for optimal HIV infection of primary CD4+ T cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-017-0328-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Lucera
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Zach Fleissner
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, BRB 919, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Caroline O Tabler
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, BRB 919, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Daniela M Schlatzer
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, BRB 919, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Zach Troyer
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, BRB 919, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - John C Tilton
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, BRB 919, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Brogdon J, Ziani W, Wang X, Veazey RS, Xu H. In vitro effects of the small-molecule protein kinase C agonists on HIV latency reactivation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39032. [PMID: 27941949 PMCID: PMC5150635 DOI: 10.1038/srep39032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of latently HIV-infected cellular reservoirs represents the major obstacle to virus eradication in patients under antiretroviral therapy (ART). Cure strategies to eliminate these reservoirs are thus needed to reactivate proviral gene expression in latently infected cells. In this study, we tested optimal concentrations of PKC agonist candidates (PEP005/Ingenol-3-angelate, prostratin, bryostatin-1, and JQ1) to reactivate HIV latency in vitro, and examined their effects on cell survival, activation and epigenetic histone methylation after treatment alone or in combination in cell line and isolated CD4 T cells from SIV-infected macaques. The results showed that PKC agonists increased cell activation with different degrees of latency reactivation, concomitant with reduced levels of histone methylation. With increasing concentrations, prostratin and byrostain-1 treatment rapidly reduced cell survival and cell activation. The PKC agonist combinations, or in combination with JQ1, led to modest levels of synergistic reactivation of HIV. Remarkably, PEP005 treatment alone caused marked reactivation of HIV latency, similar to PMA stimulation. These findings suggested that PEP005 alone, as indicated its lower cytotoxicity and lower effective dose inducing maximal reactivation, might be a candidate for effectively reactivating HIV latency as part of a therapeutic strategy for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Brogdon
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Widade Ziani
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA
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The Multifaceted Contributions of Chromatin to HIV-1 Integration, Transcription, and Latency. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 328:197-252. [PMID: 28069134 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) to establish latent infections constitutes a major barrier to the development of a cure for HIV-1. In latent infection, replication competent HIV-1 provirus is integrated within the host genome but remains silent, masking the infected cells from the activity of the host immune response. Despite the progress in elucidating the molecular players that regulate HIV-1 gene expression, the mechanisms driving the establishment and maintenance of latency are still not fully understood. Transcription from the HIV-1 genome occurs in the context of chromatin and is subjected to the same regulatory mechanisms that drive cellular gene expression. Much like in eukaryotic genes, the nucleosomal landscape of the HIV-1 promoter and its position within genomic chromatin are determinants of its transcriptional activity. Understanding the multilayered chromatin-mediated mechanisms that underpin HIV-1 integration and expression is of utmost importance for the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing the pool of latently infected cells. In this review, we discuss the impact of chromatin structure on viral integration, transcriptional regulation and latency, and the host factors that influence HIV-1 replication by regulating chromatin organization. Finally, we describe therapeutic strategies under development to target the chromatin-HIV-1 interplay.
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Abdel-Mohsen M, Chavez L, Tandon R, Chew GM, Deng X, Danesh A, Keating S, Lanteri M, Samuels ML, Hoh R, Sacha JB, Norris PJ, Niki T, Shikuma CM, Hirashima M, Deeks SG, Ndhlovu LC, Pillai SK. Human Galectin-9 Is a Potent Mediator of HIV Transcription and Reactivation. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005677. [PMID: 27253379 PMCID: PMC4890776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying host immune determinants governing HIV transcription, latency and infectivity in vivo is critical to developing an HIV cure. Based on our recent finding that the host factor p21 regulates HIV transcription during antiretroviral therapy (ART), and published data demonstrating that the human carbohydrate-binding immunomodulatory protein galectin-9 regulates p21, we hypothesized that galectin-9 modulates HIV transcription. We report that the administration of a recombinant, stable form of galectin-9 (rGal-9) potently reverses HIV latency in vitro in the J-Lat HIV latency model. Furthermore, rGal-9 reverses HIV latency ex vivo in primary CD4+ T cells from HIV-infected, ART-suppressed individuals (p = 0.002), more potently than vorinostat (p = 0.02). rGal-9 co-administration with the latency reversal agent "JQ1", a bromodomain inhibitor, exhibits synergistic activity (p<0.05). rGal-9 signals through N-linked oligosaccharides and O-linked hexasaccharides on the T cell surface, modulating the gene expression levels of key transcription initiation, promoter proximal-pausing, and chromatin remodeling factors that regulate HIV latency. Beyond latent viral reactivation, rGal-9 induces robust expression of the host antiviral deaminase APOBEC3G in vitro and ex vivo (FDR<0.006) and significantly reduces infectivity of progeny virus, decreasing the probability that the HIV reservoir will be replenished when latency is reversed therapeutically. Lastly, endogenous levels of soluble galectin-9 in the plasma of 72 HIV-infected ART-suppressed individuals were associated with levels of HIV RNA in CD4+ T cells (p<0.02) and with the quantity and binding avidity of circulating anti-HIV antibodies (p<0.009), suggesting a role of galectin-9 in regulating HIV transcription and viral production in vivo during therapy. Our data suggest that galectin-9 and the host glycosylation machinery should be explored as foundations for novel HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Leonard Chavez
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ravi Tandon
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Glen M. Chew
- Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ali Danesh
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sheila Keating
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Marion Lanteri
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Samuels
- RainDance Technologies, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jonah B. Sacha
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Philip J. Norris
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Toshiro Niki
- GalPharma Co., Ltd., Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa, Japan
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Cecilia M. Shikuma
- Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- GalPharma Co., Ltd., Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa, Japan
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Hawaii Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Satish K. Pillai
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yin C, Zhang T, Li F, Yang F, Putatunda R, Young WB, Khalili K, Hu W, Zhang Y. Functional screening of guide RNAs targeting the regulatory and structural HIV-1 viral genome for a cure of AIDS. AIDS 2016; 30:1163-74. [PMID: 26990633 PMCID: PMC4851589 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is an urgent need for the development of HIV-1 genome eradication strategies that lead to a permanent cure for HIV-1/AIDS. We previously reported that four guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting HIV-1 long terminal repeats (LTR) effectively eradicated the entire HIV-1 genome. In this study, we sought to identify the best gRNAs targeting HIV-1 LTR and viral structural region and optimize gRNA pairing that can efficiently eradicate the HIV-1 genome. DESIGN Highly specific gRNAs were designed using bioinformatics tools, and their capacity of guiding CRISPR-associated system 9 to cleave HIV-1 proviral DNA was evaluated using high-throughput HIV-1 luciferase reporter assay and rapid Direct-PCR genotyping. METHODS The target seed sequences for each gRNA were cloned into lentiviral vectors. HEK293T cells were cotransfected with a pEcoHIV-NL4-3-firefly-luciferase reporter vector (1 : 20) over lentiviral vectors carrying CRISPR-associated system 9 and single gRNA or various combinations of gRNAs. The EcoHIV DNA cleaving efficiency was evaluated by Direct-PCR genotyping, and the EcoHIV transcription/replication activity was examined by a luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS Most of the designed gRNAs are effective to eliminate the predicted HIV-1 genome sequence between the selected two target sites. This is evidenced by the presence of PCR genotypic deletion/insertion and the decrease of luciferase reporter activity. In particular, a combination of viral structural gRNAs with LTR gRNAs provided a higher efficiency of genome eradication and an easier approach for PCR genotyping. CONCLUSION Our screening strategy can specifically and effectively identify gRNAs targeting HIV-1 LTR and structural region to excise proviral HIV-1 from the host genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Yin
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Raj Putatunda
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Won-Bin Young
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
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Zhang L, Ogden A, Aneja R, Zhou J. Diverse roles of HDAC6 in viral infection: Implications for antiviral therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 164:120-5. [PMID: 27118337 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), a cytoplasmic enzyme important for many biological processes, has recently emerged as a critical regulator of viral infection. HDAC6 exerts this function either directly, via orchestrating various stages of the viral life cycle, or indirectly via modulating cytokine production by host cells. The broad influence of HDAC6 on viral pathogenesis suggests that this protein may represent an antiviral target. However, the feasibility of targeting HDAC6 and the optimal strategy by which this could be accomplished cannot simply be concluded from individual studies. The primary challenge in developing HDAC6-targeted therapies is to understand how its antiviral effect can be selectively harnessed. As a springboard for future investigations, in this review we recapitulate recent findings on the diverse roles of HDAC6 in viral infection and discuss its alluring potential as a novel antiviral target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Angela Ogden
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ritu Aneja
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes of the Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
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The BET inhibitor OTX015 reactivates latent HIV-1 through P-TEFb. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24100. [PMID: 27067814 PMCID: PMC4828723 DOI: 10.1038/srep24100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
None of the currently used anti-HIV-1 agents can effectively eliminate latent HIV-1 reservoirs, which is a major hurdle to a complete cure for AIDS. We report here that a novel oral BET inhibitor OTX015, a thienotriazolodiazepine compound that has entered phase Ib clinical development for advanced hematologic malignancies, can effectively reactivate HIV-1 in different latency models with an EC50 value 1.95-4.34 times lower than JQ1, a known BET inhibitor that can reactivate HIV-1 latency. We also found that OTX015 was more potent when used in combination with prostratin. More importantly, OTX015 treatment induced HIV-1 full-length transcripts and viral outgrowth in resting CD4(+) T cells from infected individuals receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART), while exerting minimal toxicity and effects on T cell activation. Finally, biochemical analysis showed that OTX015-mediated activation of HIV-1 involved an increase in CDK9 occupancy and RNAP II C-terminal domain (CTD) phosphorylation. Our results suggest that the BET inhibitor OTX015 may be a candidate for anti-HIV-1-latency therapies.
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Choi SJ, Lee HC, Kim JH, Park SY, Kim TH, Lee WK, Jang DJ, Yoon JE, Choi YI, Kim S, Ma J, Kim CJ, Yao TP, Jung JU, Lee JY, Lee JS. HDAC6 regulates cellular viral RNA sensing by deacetylation of RIG-I. EMBO J 2016; 35:429-42. [PMID: 26746851 PMCID: PMC4755110 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201592586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
RIG-I is a key cytosolic sensor that detects RNA viruses through its C-terminal region and activates the production of antiviral interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines. While posttranslational modification has been demonstrated to regulate RIG-I signaling activity, its significance for the sensing of viral RNAs remains unclear. Here, we first show that the RIG-I C-terminal region undergoes deacetylation to regulate its viral RNA-sensing activity and that the HDAC6-mediated deacetylation of RIG-I is critical for viral RNA detection. HDAC6 transiently bound to RIG-I and removed the lysine 909 acetylation in the presence of viral RNAs, promoting RIG-I sensing of viral RNAs. Depletion of HDAC6 expression led to impaired antiviral responses against RNA viruses, but not against DNA viruses. Consequently, HDAC6 knockout mice were highly susceptible to RNA virus infections compared to wild-type mice. These findings underscore the critical role of HDAC6 in the modulation of the RIG-I-mediated antiviral sensing pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Choi
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyun-Cheol Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Song Yi Park
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Woon-Kyu Lee
- College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Duk-Jae Jang
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Yoon
- Foot and Mouth Disease Division, Animal Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang, Korea
| | - Young-Il Choi
- CKD Research Institute, Yongin-si Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Seihwan Kim
- CKD Research Institute, Yongin-si Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - JinYeul Ma
- Korean Medicine (KM) Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chul-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Tso-Pang Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jae U Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joo-Yong Lee
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Zhan P, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Liu X. Anti-HIV Drug Discovery and Development: Current Innovations and Future Trends. J Med Chem 2015; 59:2849-78. [PMID: 26509831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The early effectiveness of combinatorial antiretroviral therapy (cART) in the treatment of HIV infection has been compromised to some extent by rapid development of multidrug-resistant HIV strains, poor bioavailability, and cumulative toxicities, and so there is a need for alternative strategies of antiretroviral drug discovery and additional therapeutic agents with novel action modes or targets. From this perspective, we first review current strategies of antiretroviral drug discovery and optimization, with the aid of selected examples from the recent literature. We highlight the development of phosphate ester-based prodrugs as a means to improve the aqueous solubility of HIV inhibitors, and the introduction of the substrate envelope hypothesis as a new approach for overcoming HIV drug resistance. Finally, we discuss future directions for research, including opportunities for exploitation of novel antiretroviral targets, and the strategy of activation of latent HIV reservoirs as a means to eradicate the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven , Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
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Zhang Y, Yin C, Zhang T, Li F, Yang W, Kaminski R, Fagan PR, Putatunda R, Young WB, Khalili K, Hu W. CRISPR/gRNA-directed synergistic activation mediator (SAM) induces specific, persistent and robust reactivation of the HIV-1 latent reservoirs. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16277. [PMID: 26538064 PMCID: PMC4633726 DOI: 10.1038/srep16277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Current antiretroviral therapy does not eliminate the integrated and transcriptionally silent HIV-1 provirus in latently infected cells. Recently, a "shock and kill" strategy has been extensively explored to eradicate the HIV-1 latent reservoirs for a permanent cure of AIDS. The therapeutic efficacy of currently used agents remains disappointing because of low efficiency, non-specificity and cellular toxicity. Here we present a novel catalytically-deficient Cas9-synergistic activation mediator (dCas9-SAM) technology to selectively, potently and persistently reactivate the HIV-1 latent reservoirs. By screening 16 MS2-mediated single guide RNAs, we identified long terminal repeat (LTR)-L and O that surround the enhancer region (-165/-145 for L and -92/-112 for O) and induce robust reactivation of HIV-1 provirus in HIV-1 latent TZM-bI epithelial, Jurkat T lymphocytic and CHME5 microglial cells. This compulsory reactivation induced cellular suicide via toxic buildup of viral proteins within HIV-1 latent Jurkat T and CHME5 microglial cells. These results suggest that this highly effective and target-specific dCas9-SAM system can serve as a novel HIV-latency-reversing therapeutic tool for the permanent elimination of HIV-1 latent reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Chaoran Yin
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Wensheng Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Rafal Kaminski
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Philip Regis Fagan
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Raj Putatunda
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Won-Bin Young
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and The Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140
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A Subset of CD4/CD8 Double-Negative T Cells Expresses HIV Proteins in Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy. J Virol 2015; 90:2165-79. [PMID: 26537682 PMCID: PMC4810694 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01913-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A major goal in HIV eradication research is characterizing the reservoir cells that harbor HIV in the presence of antiretroviral therapy (ART), which reseed viremia after treatment is stopped. In general, it is assumed that the reservoir consists of CD4+ T cells that express no viral proteins. However, recent findings suggest that this may be an overly simplistic view and that the cells that contribute to the reservoir may be a diverse population that includes both CD4+ and CD4− cells. In this study, we directly infected resting CD4+ T cells and used fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and fiber-optic array scanning technology (FAST) to identify and image cells expressing HIV Gag. We found that Gag expression from integrated proviruses occurred in resting cells that lacked surface CD4, likely resulting from Nef- and Env-mediated receptor internalization. We also extended our approach to detect cells expressing HIV proteins in patients suppressed on ART. We found evidence that rare Gag+ cells persist during ART and that these cells are often negative for CD4. We propose that these double-negative α/β T cells that express HIV protein may be a component of the long-lived reservoir.
IMPORTANCE A reservoir of infected cells persists in HIV-infected patients during antiretroviral therapy (ART) that leads to rebound of virus if treatment is stopped. In this study, we used flow cytometry and cell imaging to characterize protein expression in HIV-infected resting cells. HIV Gag protein can be directly detected in infected resting cells and occurs with simultaneous loss of CD4, consistent with the expression of additional viral proteins, such as Env and Nef. Gag+ CD4− cells can also be detected in suppressed patients, suggesting that a subset of infected cells express proteins during ART. Understanding the regulation of viral protein expression during ART will be key to designing effective strategies to eradicate HIV reservoirs.
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Geissler R, Hauber I, Funk N, Richter A, Behrens M, Renner I, Chemnitz J, Hofmann-Sieber H, Baum H, van Lunzen J, Boch J, Hauber J, Behrens SE. Patient-adapted, specific activation of HIV-1 by customized TAL effectors (TALEs), a proof of principle study. Virology 2015; 486:248-54. [PMID: 26474371 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The major obstacle to cure infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is integrated proviral genomes, which are not eliminated by antiretroviral therapies (ART). Treatment approaches with latency-reversing agents (LRAs) aim at inducing provirus expression to tag latently-infected cells for clearance through viral cytopathic effects or cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses. However, the currently tested LRAs reveal evident drawbacks as gene expression is globally induced and viral outgrowth is insecure. Here, we present transcription activator-like effector (TALE) proteins as potent tools to activate HIV-1 specifically. The large variety of circulating HIV-1 strains and, accordingly, integrated proviruses was addressed by the programmable DNA-specificity of TALEs. Using customized engineered TALEs, a substantial transcription activation and viral outgrowth was achieved with cells obtained from different HIV-1 patients. Our data suggest that TALEs may be useful tools in future strategies aimed at removing HIV-1 reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Geissler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Section Microbial Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Life Sciences (NFI), Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Ilona Hauber
- Heinrich Pette Institute-Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nancy Funk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Section Microbial Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Life Sciences (NFI), Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Annekatrin Richter
- Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Life Sciences (NFI), Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Martina Behrens
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Section Microbial Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Life Sciences (NFI), Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Ivonne Renner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Section Microbial Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Life Sciences (NFI), Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Jan Chemnitz
- Heinrich Pette Institute-Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Helga Hofmann-Sieber
- Heinrich Pette Institute-Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heidi Baum
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Section Microbial Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Life Sciences (NFI), Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Jan van Lunzen
- Heinrich Pette Institute-Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Infectious Diseases Unit, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens Boch
- Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Life Sciences (NFI), Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Joachim Hauber
- Heinrich Pette Institute-Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven-Erik Behrens
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Section Microbial Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Life Sciences (NFI), Halle/Saale, Germany.
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Jeng MY, Ali I, Ott M. Manipulation of the host protein acetylation network by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 50:314-25. [PMID: 26329395 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2015.1061973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 15 years, protein acetylation has emerged as a globally important post-translational modification that fine-tunes major cellular processes in many life forms. This dynamic regulatory system is critical both for complex eukaryotic cells and for the viruses that infect them. HIV-1 accesses the host acetylation network by interacting with several key enzymes, thereby promoting infection at multiple steps during the viral life cycle. Inhibitors of host histone deacetylases and bromodomain-containing proteins are now being pursued as therapeutic strategies to enhance current antiretroviral treatment. As more acetylation-targeting compounds are reaching clinical trials, it is time to review the role of reversible protein acetylation in HIV-infected CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Y Jeng
- a Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology , San Francisco , CA , USA and.,b Department of Medicine , University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Ibraheem Ali
- a Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology , San Francisco , CA , USA and.,b Department of Medicine , University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- a Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology , San Francisco , CA , USA and.,b Department of Medicine , University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA
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Synergistic Reactivation of Latent HIV Expression by Ingenol-3-Angelate, PEP005, Targeted NF-kB Signaling in Combination with JQ1 Induced p-TEFb Activation. PLoS Pathog 2015. [PMID: 26225771 PMCID: PMC4520526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is highly effective in suppressing HIV replication, it fails to eradicate the virus from HIV-infected individuals. Stable latent HIV reservoirs are rapidly established early after HIV infection. Therefore, effective strategies for eradication of the HIV reservoirs are urgently needed. We report that ingenol-3-angelate (PEP005), the only active component in a previously FDA approved drug (PICATO) for the topical treatment of precancerous actinic keratosis, can effectively reactivate latent HIV in vitro and ex vivo with relatively low cellular toxicity. Biochemical analysis showed that PEP005 reactivated latent HIV through the induction of the pS643/S676-PKCδ/θ-IκBα/ε-NF-κB signaling pathway. Importantly, PEP005 alone was sufficient to induce expression of fully elongated and processed HIV RNAs in primary CD4+ T cells from HIV infected individuals receiving suppressive ART. Furthermore, PEP005 and the P-TEFb agonist, JQ1, exhibited synergism in reactivation of latent HIV with a combined effect that is 7.5-fold higher than the effect of PEP005 alone. Conversely, PEP005 suppressed HIV infection of primary CD4+ T cells through down-modulation of cell surface expression of HIV co-receptors. This anti-cancer compound is a potential candidate for advancing HIV eradication strategies. Stable latent viral reservoirs in HIV infected individuals are rapidly reactivated following the interruption of anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Despite an early initiation of ART, viral reservoirs are established and persist as demonstrated in the case of the Mississippi baby and from recent studies of the SIV model of AIDS. Therefore, new strategies are needed for the eradication of the latent HIV reservoirs. We found that ingenol-3-angelate (PEP005), a member of the new class of anti-cancer ingenol compounds, effectively reactivated HIV from latency in primary CD4+ T cells from HIV infected individuals receiving ART. Importantly, a combination of PEP005 and JQ1, a p-TEFb agonist, reactivated HIV from latency at level on average 7.5-fold higher compared to PEP005 alone. The potency of synergistic effects of PEP005 and JQ1 provide novel opportunities for advancing HIV eradication strategies in the future. In summary, ingenols represent a new group of lead compounds for combating HIV latency.
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Histone deacetylase inhibitor romidepsin inhibits de novo HIV-1 infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:3984-94. [PMID: 25896701 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00574-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjunct therapy with the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) romidepsin increases plasma viremia in HIV patients on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). However, a potential concern is that reversing HIV latency with an HDACi may reactivate the virus in anatomical compartments with suboptimal cART concentrations, leading to de novo infection of susceptible cells in these sites. We tested physiologically relevant romidepsin concentrations known to reactivate latent HIV in order to definitively address this concern. We found that romidepsin significantly inhibited HIV infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CD4(+) T cells but not in monocyte-derived macrophages. In addition, romidepsin impaired HIV spreading in CD4(+) T cell cultures. When we evaluated the impact of romidepsin on quantitative viral outgrowth assays with primary resting CD4(+) T cells, we found that resting CD4(+) T cells exposed to romidepsin exhibited reduced proliferation and viability. This significantly lowered assay sensitivity when measuring the efficacy of romidepsin as an HIV latency reversal agent. Altogether, our data indicate that romidepsin-based HIV eradication strategies are unlikely to reseed a latent T cell reservoir, even under suboptimal cART conditions, because romidepsin profoundly restricts de novo HIV infections.
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50
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Campbell GR, Bruckman RS, Chu YL, Spector SA. Autophagy induction by histone deacetylase inhibitors inhibits HIV type 1. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:5028-5040. [PMID: 25540204 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.605428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are being evaluated in a "shock-and-kill" therapeutic approach to reverse human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV) latency from CD4(+) T cells. Using this approach, HDACi have induced HIV RNA synthesis in latently infected cells from some patients. The hope is that the increase in viral production will lead to killing of the infected cell either by the virus itself or by the patient's immune system, a "sterilizing cure." Although administered within the context of combination antiretroviral therapy, the infection of bystander cells remains a concern. In this study, we investigated the effect of HDACi (belinostat, givinostat, panobinostat, romidepsin, and vorinostat) on the productive infection of macrophages. We demonstrate that the HDACi tested do not alter the initial susceptibility of macrophages to HIV infection. However, we demonstrate that HDACi decrease HIV release from macrophages in a dose-dependent manner (belinostat < givinostat < vorinostat < panobinostat < romidepsin) via degradation of intracellular HIV through the canonical autophagy pathway. This mechanism involves unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinase 1 (ULK1) and the inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin and requires the formation of autophagosomes and their maturation into autolysosomes in the absence of increased cell death. These data provide further evidence in support of a role for autophagy in the control of HIV infection and suggest that careful consideration of off-target effects will be essential if HDACi are to be a component of a multipronged approach to eliminate latently infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R Campbell
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0672.
| | - Rachel S Bruckman
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0672
| | - Yen-Lin Chu
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0672
| | - Stephen A Spector
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0672.
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