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Pliego Zamora A, Kim J, Vajjhala PR, Thygesen SJ, Watterson D, Modhiran N, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Stacey KJ. Kinetics of severe dengue virus infection and development of gut pathology in mice. J Virol 2023; 97:e0125123. [PMID: 37850747 PMCID: PMC10688336 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01251-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Dengue virus, an arbovirus, causes an estimated 100 million symptomatic infections annually and is an increasing threat as the mosquito range expands with climate change. Dengue epidemics are a substantial strain on local economies and health infrastructure, and an understanding of what drives severe disease may enable treatments to help reduce hospitalizations. Factors exacerbating dengue disease are debated, but gut-related symptoms are much more frequent in severe than mild cases. Using mouse models of dengue infection, we have shown that inflammation and damage are earlier and more severe in the gut than in other tissues. Additionally, we observed impairment of the gut mucus layer and propose that breakdown of the barrier function exacerbates inflammation and promotes severe dengue disease. This idea is supported by recent data from human patients showing elevated bacteria-derived molecules in dengue patient serum. Therapies aiming to maintain gut integrity may help to abrogate severe dengue disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Pliego Zamora
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jaehyeon Kim
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Parimala R. Vajjhala
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sara J. Thygesen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel Watterson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Naphak Modhiran
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katryn J. Stacey
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Wang X, He Y, Guo J, Wu Z, Merits A, Wang M, Jia R, Zhu D, Liu M, Zhao X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Huang J, Ou X, Gao Q, Sun D, Cheng A, Chen S. Comparative study of the pathogenicity of the mosquito origin strain and duck origin strain of Tembusu virus in ducklings and three-week-old mice. Virol Sin 2023; 38:827-831. [PMID: 37544649 PMCID: PMC10590687 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
•TMUV can infect Kunming mice by i.c., and the pathogenicity of mosquito TMUV is higher than that of duck TMUV. •TMUV can infect SPF ducklings by i.m., and the pathogenicity of duck TMUV is higher than that of mosquito TMUV. •SPF ducklings infected with mosquito TMUV did not produce viremia at 3, 5 and 7 dpi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yu He
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 999148, Estonia
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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3
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Dunagan MM, Fox JM. Splenic macrophages escalate dengue disease. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1378-1379. [PMID: 37488257 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Dunagan
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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4
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Immunopathology of Renal Tissue in Fatal Cases of Dengue in Children. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121543. [PMID: 36558877 PMCID: PMC9785549 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection represents a worldwide public health concern and can cause damage to multiple organs, including the kidney. In this work, we investigated the histopathological changes caused by dengue virus infection along with the detection of inflammatory mediators, cytokines, and cell expression patterns in the renal tissue of three fatal cases in children. Hematoxylin and Eosin staining was performed to analyze these histopathological changes. Immunohistochemistry allowed for the detection of immunological inflammatory markers in renal tissues that were quantified and further analyzed. Vascular congestion, edema and glomerular infiltrate were observed in the three cases, in addition to the thickening of the matrix area around the glomerular capillaries and mononuclear infiltrate associated with vascular congestion in the medullary region. The renal tissues exhibited collagen deposition and high expression of CD68+ Mø, CD8+ T, CD56+ cells and MMP-9, and the cytokine profile was mainly characterized by the expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α. Additionally, the expression of RANTES, VEGFR-2 and VCAM-1 were observed. The replication of DENV was evidenced by the detection of the NS3 protein. These results contributed to clarifying the main factors that may be involved in changes in the renal tissue of fatal cases of dengue in children.
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5
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Branche E, Wang YT, Viramontes KM, Valls Cuevas JM, Xie J, Ana-Sosa-Batiz F, Shafee N, Duttke SH, McMillan RE, Clark AE, Nguyen MN, Garretson AF, Crames JJ, Spann NJ, Zhu Z, Rich JN, Spector DH, Benner C, Shresta S, Carlin AF. SREBP2-dependent lipid gene transcription enhances the infection of human dendritic cells by Zika virus. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5341. [PMID: 36097162 PMCID: PMC9465152 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) as a global health threat has highlighted the unmet need for ZIKV-specific vaccines and antiviral treatments. ZIKV infects dendritic cells (DC), which have pivotal functions in activating innate and adaptive antiviral responses; however, the mechanisms by which DC function is subverted to establish ZIKV infection are unclear. Here we develop a genomics profiling method that enables discrete analysis of ZIKV-infected versus neighboring, uninfected primary human DCs to increase the sensitivity and specificity with which ZIKV-modulated pathways can be identified. The results show that ZIKV infection specifically increases the expression of genes enriched for lipid metabolism-related functions. ZIKV infection also increases the recruitment of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) transcription factors to lipid gene promoters, while pharmacologic inhibition or genetic silencing of SREBP2 suppresses ZIKV infection of DCs. Our data thus identify SREBP2-activated transcription as a mechanism for promoting ZIKV infection amenable to therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Branche
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ying-Ting Wang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Karla M Viramontes
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Joan M Valls Cuevas
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jialei Xie
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Fernanda Ana-Sosa-Batiz
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Norazizah Shafee
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Sascha H Duttke
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA
| | - Rachel E McMillan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Alex E Clark
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Michael N Nguyen
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Aaron F Garretson
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jan J Crames
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nathan J Spann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Neurology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
| | - Deborah H Spector
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Christopher Benner
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Aaron F Carlin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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6
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Zhao J, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhang J, Pei J, Cui M, Fu ZF, Zhao L, Zhou M. A novel oral rabies vaccine enhances the immunogenicity through increasing dendritic cells activation and germinal center formation by expressing U-OMP19 in a mouse model. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:913-928. [PMID: 33905300 PMCID: PMC8143638 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1923341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Rabies remains a public health threat in most parts of the world. Dogs, especially stray dogs, are the main sources of rabies transmission in developing countries, while wild animals are primarily responsible for the spread of rabies in developed countries and play an emerging role in rabies transmission in developing countries. Oral vaccination is the most practical method for rabies control in these animals, and the greatest challenge for oral vaccination is the hostile environment and large quantity of proteases in the gastrointestinal tract. In the present study, a promising adjuvant with potential protease inhibitory activity, unlipidated outer membrane protein 19 (U-OMP19), was inserted into the genome of the recombinant rabies virus (rRABV) strain LBNSE, designated LBNSE-U-OMP19, and the immunogenicity of LBNSE-U-OMP19 was investigated. LBNSE-U-OMP19 could potentially protect viral glycoprotein from digestion by gastrointestinal fluids in vitro. The expression of U-OMP19 attenuated viral pathogenicity by restricting viral replication in the central nervous system (CNS) and repressing the production of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. After oral vaccination, LBNSE-U-OMP19 recruited dendritic cells (DCs), follicular helper T (TFH) cells and germinal center (GC) B cells, promoted the formation of GCs, and increased the population of plasma cells in immunized mice, resulting in higher levels of RABV-neutralizing antibodies and better protection in mice immunized with LBNSE-U-OMP19 than in those immunized with the parent virus LBNSE. Together, our data suggest that LBNSE-U-OMP19 is a promising candidate for oral rabies vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Juntao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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7
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Sarathy VV, Walker DH. Ideal Criteria for Accurate Mouse Models of Vector-Borne Diseases with Emphasis on Scrub Typhus and Dengue. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:970-975. [PMID: 32602433 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Nine criteria regarding the infectious agent, mode of transmission, portal of entry, route of spread, target organs, target cells, pathologic lesions, incubation period, and modifiable spectrum of disease and outcomes appropriate to the intended experimental purpose are described. To provide context for each criterion, mouse models of two vector-borne zoonotic infectious diseases, scrub typhus and dengue, are summarized. Application of the criteria indicates that intravenous inoculation of Orientia tsutsugamushi into inbred mice is the best current model for life-threatening scrub typhus, and intradermal inoculation accurately models sublethal human scrub typhus, whereas the immunocompromised mouse models of dengue provide disease outcomes most closely associated with human dengue. In addition to addressing basic questions of immune and pathogenic mechanisms, mouse models are useful for preclinical testing of experimental vaccines and therapeutics. The nine criteria serve as guidelines to evaluate and compare models of vector-borne infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa V Sarathy
- Department of Pathology, Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - David H Walker
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Department of Pathology, Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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8
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Immune outcomes of Zika virus infection in nonhuman primates. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13069. [PMID: 32747639 PMCID: PMC7400481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69978-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic is subsiding, immune responses that are important for controlling acute infection have not been definitively characterized. Nonhuman primate (NHP) models were rapidly developed to understand the disease and to test vaccines, and these models have since provided an understanding of the immune responses that correlate with protection during natural infection and vaccination. Here, we infected a small group of male rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) macaques with a minimally passaged Brazilian ZIKV isolate and used multicolor flow cytometry and transcriptional profiling to describe early immune patterns following infection. We found evidence of strong innate antiviral responses together with induction of neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses. We also assessed the relative importance of CD8 T cells in controlling infection by carrying out CD8 T cell depletion in an additional two animals of each species. CD8 depletion appeared to dysregulate early antiviral responses and possibly increase viral persistence, but the absence of CD8 T cells ultimately did not impair control of the virus. Together, these data describe immunological trends in two NHP species during acute ZIKV infection, providing an account of early responses that may be important in controlling infection.
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9
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Tsetsarkin KA, Acklin JA, Liu G, Kenney H, Teterina NL, Pletnev AG, Lim JK. Zika virus tropism during early infection of the testicular interstitium and its role in viral pathogenesis in the testes. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008601. [PMID: 32614902 PMCID: PMC7331987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual transmission and persistence of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the testes pose new challenges for controlling virus outbreaks and developing live-attenuated vaccines. It has been shown that testicular infection of ZIKV is initiated in the testicular interstitium, followed by spread of the virus in the seminiferous tubules. This leads to testicular damage and/or viral dissemination into the epididymis and eventually into semen. However, it remains unknown which cell types are targeted by ZIKV in the testicular interstitium, and what is the specific order of infectious events leading to ZIKV invasion of the seminiferous tubules. Here, we demonstrate that interstitial leukocytes expressing mir-511-3p microRNA are the initial targets of ZIKV in the testes, and infection of mir-511-3p-expressing cells in the testicular interstitium is necessary for downstream infection of the seminiferous tubules. Mir-511-3p is expressed concurrently with CD206, a marker of lineage 2 (M2) macrophages and monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDCs). Selective restriction of ZIKV infection of CD206-expressing M2 macrophages/moDCs results in the attenuation of macrophage-associated inflammatory responses in vivo and prevents the disruption of the Sertoli cell barrier in vitro. Finally, we show that targeting of viral genome for mir-511-3p significantly attenuates early ZIKV replication not only in the testes, but also in many peripheral organs, including spleen, epididymis, and pancreas. This incriminates M2 macrophages/moDCs as important targets for visceral ZIKV replication following hematogenous dissemination of the virus from the site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin A. Tsetsarkin
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua A. Acklin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Guangping Liu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Heather Kenney
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Natalia L. Teterina
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexander G. Pletnev
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jean K. Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
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10
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Ninvilai P, Limcharoen B, Tunterak W, Prakairungnamthip D, Oraveerakul K, Banlunara W, Thontiravong A. Pathogenesis of Thai duck Tembusu virus in Cherry Valley ducks: The effect of age on susceptibility to infection. Vet Microbiol 2020; 243:108636. [PMID: 32273015 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Several duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) clusters have been identified since its first emergence in 2010. However, the pathogenesis evaluation of DTMUV has been restricted to cluster 2.2 Chinese DTMUVs. In this study, the pathogenesis of a cluster 2.1 Thai DTMUV was investigated in three ages of Cherry Valley ducks (1-, 4- and 27-week-old). In each age, 35 ducks were inoculated with a cluster 2.1 Thai DTMUV and evaluated for clinical signs, virus distribution and shedding, pathology and serological response. Our results demonstrated that all duck ages were susceptible to Thai DTMUV; however, Thai DTMUV induced greater disease severity in younger ducks (1- and 4-week-old) when compared to older ducks (27-week-old) reflected by higher morbidity and mortality rates, and higher degree of pathological severity. Corresponding to these results, longer-term viremia, higher levels of viral loads in tissues and lower neutralizing antibody titers were also observed in younger ducks compared to those in older ducks. However, it should be noted that a significant drop in egg production was found in older ducks, which also indicates the susceptibility to Thai DTMUV in older ducks. Interestingly, prolonged shedding period with high viral loads was observed in older ducks even without showing clinical signs, suggesting the potential role of the older ducks as the carriers of Thai DTMUV. This finding highlights the importance of monitoring DTMUV and preventing the transmission of DTMUV in adult ducks. Overall, this study provides insights into the pathogenesis and infection dynamics of a cluster 2.1 Thai DTMUV in ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patchareeporn Ninvilai
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Benchaphorn Limcharoen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Wikanda Tunterak
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Center of Excellence, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Duangduean Prakairungnamthip
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Center of Excellence, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kanisak Oraveerakul
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Wijit Banlunara
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Aunyaratana Thontiravong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Center of Excellence, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Animal Vector-Borne Disease Research Unit, Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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11
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Neopterin levels and Kyn/Trp ratios were significantly increased in dengue virus patients and subsequently decreased after recovery. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 91:162-168. [PMID: 31821895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES During dengue fever, a pronounced gamma-interferon immune response produces neopterin and promotes tryptophan degradation by the enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1). Activated IDO-1 is indicated by an increased kynurenine to tryptophan ratio (Kyn/Trp) in patients. METHODS Plasma levels of neopterin, kynurenine, and tryptophan were measured in 72 hospitalized dengue virus (DENV) patients and 100 healthy individuals. Plasma levels of neopterin, kynurenine, and tryptophan were also measured prospectively in a second cohort of 13 DENV patients; on the day of hospitalization, on day 2-3 at discharge, and 7-10 days after discharge. DENV RNA positivity was determined by qualitative and quantitative methodologies. RESULTS DENV RNA-positive patients presented significantly higher levels of neopterin (mean 36.5nmol/l) and Kyn/Trp ratios (mean 102μmol/mmol) compared to DENV RNA-negative individuals. A significant correlation between neopterin levels and Kyn/Trp ratios was observed in both DENV RNA-positive (Spearman's rho=0.37, p< 0.01) and DENV RNA-negative (Spearman's rho=0.89, p<0.001) patients. Kyn/Trp ratios were negatively correlated with platelet counts (Spearman's rho=-0.43, p<0.01) and positively correlated with liver enzymes: AST (Spearman's rho=0.68, p<0.01) and ALT (Spearman's rho=0.51, p<0.05). In addition, the follow-up data presented a significant decrease in neopterin levels and Kyn/Trp ratios within 10 days after hospital entry. CONCLUSIONS Neopterin levels and Kyn/Trp ratios were significantly increased in DENV patients and subsequently decreased after recovery.
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Begum F, Das S, Mukherjee D, Mal S, Ray U. Insight into the Tropism of Dengue Virus in Humans. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121136. [PMID: 31835302 PMCID: PMC6950149 DOI: 10.3390/v11121136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In tropical and subtropical zones, arboviruses are among the major threats to human life, affecting a large number of populations with serious diseases. Worldwide, over three hundred million people are infected with dengue virus (DENV) every year as per the World Health Organization (WHO). DENV-mediated disease severity ranges from a mild fever to hemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome. Patients suffering from severe infection might experience multi-organ failure, cardiomyopathy and even encephalopathy, further complicating the disease pathogenesis. In life-threatening cases, DENV has been reported to affect almost all organs of the human body. In this review, we discuss the organ tropism of DENV in humans in depth as detected in various autopsy studies. Keeping in mind the fact that there is currently no DENV-specific antiviral, it is of utmost importance to achieve a vivid picture of the susceptible cells in humans which might help in designing antivirals against DENV, especially targeting those tissues in which infection might lead to life-threatening conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feroza Begum
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata700032, India; (F.B.); (S.D.); (D.M.); (S.M.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sandeepan Das
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata700032, India; (F.B.); (S.D.); (D.M.); (S.M.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Debica Mukherjee
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata700032, India; (F.B.); (S.D.); (D.M.); (S.M.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sweety Mal
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata700032, India; (F.B.); (S.D.); (D.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Upasana Ray
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata700032, India; (F.B.); (S.D.); (D.M.); (S.M.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-978-187-8333
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13
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Hijacking the Host Immune Cells by Dengue Virus: Molecular Interplay of Receptors and Dengue Virus Envelope. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090323. [PMID: 31489877 PMCID: PMC6780243 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is one of the lethal pathogens in the hot climatic regions of the world and has been extensively studied to decipher its mechanism of pathogenesis and the missing links of its life cycle. With respect to the entry of DENV, multiple receptors have been recognized in different cells of the human body. However, scientists still argue whether these identified receptors are the exclusive entry mediators for the virus. Adding to the complexity, DENV has been reported to be infecting multiple organ types in its human host. Also, more than one receptor in a particular cell has been discerned to take part in mediating the ingress of DENV. In this review, we aim to discuss the different cells of the human immune system that support DENV infection and their corresponding receptors that DENV deploy to gain access to the cells.
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14
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Branche E, Simon AY, Sheets N, Kim K, Barker D, Nguyen AVT, Sahota H, Young MP, Salgado R, Mamidi A, Viramontes KM, Carnelley T, Qiu H, Elong Ngono A, Regla-Nava JA, Susantono MX, Valls Cuevas JM, Kennedy K, Kodihalli S, Shresta S. Human Polyclonal Antibodies Prevent Lethal Zika Virus Infection in Mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9857. [PMID: 31285451 PMCID: PMC6614477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46291-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that represents a major threat to global health. ZIKV infections in adults are generally asymptomatic or present with mild symptoms. However, recent outbreaks of ZIKV have revealed that it can cause Congenital Zika Syndrome in neonates and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. Currently, no ZIKV-specific vaccines or antiviral treatments are available. In this study, we tested the efficacy of convalescent plasma IgG hyperimmune product (ZIKV-IG) isolated from individuals with high neutralizing anti-ZIKV titers as a therapeutic candidate against ZIKV infection using a model of ZIKV infection in Ifnar1-/- mice. ZIKV-IG successfully protected mice from lethal ZIKV challenge. In particular, ZIKV-IG treatment at 24 hours after lethal ZIKV infection improved survival by reducing weight loss and tissue viral burden and improving clinical score. Additionally, ZIKV-IG eliminated ZIKV-induced tissue damage and inflammation in the brain and liver. These results indicate that ZIKV-IG is efficacious against ZIKV, suggesting this human polyclonal antibody is a viable candidate for further development as a treatment against human ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Branche
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ayo Yila Simon
- Research and Development, Emergent BioSolutions Canada Inc, 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Nicholas Sheets
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kenneth Kim
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Douglas Barker
- Research and Development, Emergent BioSolutions Canada Inc, 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Anh-Viet T Nguyen
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Harpreet Sahota
- Medical Affairs, Emergent BioSolutions Canada Inc, 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Matthew Perry Young
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Rebecca Salgado
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Anila Mamidi
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Karla M Viramontes
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Trevor Carnelley
- Research and Development, Emergent BioSolutions Canada Inc, 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Hongyu Qiu
- Research and Development, Emergent BioSolutions Canada Inc, 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Annie Elong Ngono
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | | | - Joan M Valls Cuevas
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kieron Kennedy
- Research and Development, Emergent BioSolutions Canada Inc, 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada
| | - Shantha Kodihalli
- Research and Development, Emergent BioSolutions Canada Inc, 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5Y3, Canada.
| | - Sujan Shresta
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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15
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Wan SW, Wu-Hsieh BA, Lin YS, Chen WY, Huang Y, Anderson R. The monocyte-macrophage-mast cell axis in dengue pathogenesis. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:77. [PMID: 30409217 PMCID: PMC6225659 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus, the causative agent of dengue disease which may have hemorrhagic complications, poses a global health threat. Among the numerous target cells for dengue virus in humans are monocytes, macrophages and mast cells which are important regulators of vascular integrity and which undergo dramatic cellular responses after infection by dengue virus. The strategic locations of these three cell types, inside blood vessels (monocytes) or outside blood vessels (macrophages and mast cells) allow them to respond to dengue virus infection with the production of both intracellular and secretory factors which affect virus replication, vascular permeability and/or leukocyte extravasation. Moreover, the expression of Fc receptors on the surface of monocytes, macrophages and mast cells makes them important target cells for antibody-enhanced dengue virus infection which is a major risk factor for severe dengue disease, involving hemorrhage. Collectively, these features of monocytes, macrophages and mast cells contribute to both beneficial and harmful responses of importance to understanding and controlling dengue infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Wen Wan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Betty A Wu-Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Shin Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Robert Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada. .,Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
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16
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Carlin AF, Plummer EM, Vizcarra EA, Sheets N, Joo Y, Tang W, Day J, Greenbaum J, Glass CK, Diamond MS, Shresta S. An IRF-3-, IRF-5-, and IRF-7-Independent Pathway of Dengue Viral Resistance Utilizes IRF-1 to Stimulate Type I and II Interferon Responses. Cell Rep 2018; 21:1600-1612. [PMID: 29117564 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-regulatory factors (IRFs) are a family of transcription factors (TFs) that translate viral recognition into antiviral responses, including type I interferon (IFN) production. Dengue virus (DENV) and other clinically important flaviviruses are suppressed by type I IFN. While mice lacking the type I IFN receptor (Ifnar1-/-) succumb to DENV infection, we found that mice deficient in three transcription factors controlling type I IFN production (Irf3-/-Irf5-/-Irf7-/- triple knockout [TKO]) survive DENV challenge. DENV infection of TKO mice resulted in minimal type I IFN production but a robust type II IFN (IFN-γ) response. Using loss-of-function approaches for various molecules, we demonstrate that the IRF-3-, IRF-5-, IRF-7-independent pathway predominantly utilizes IFN-γ and, to a lesser degree, type I IFNs. This pathway signals via IRF-1 to stimulate interleukin-12 (IL-12) production and IFN-γ response. These results reveal a key antiviral role for IRF-1 by activating both type I and II IFN responses during DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron F Carlin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Emily M Plummer
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Edward A Vizcarra
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Sheets
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yunichel Joo
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William Tang
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy Day
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jay Greenbaum
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Immunology, and Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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18
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Khandia R, Munjal A, Dhama K, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Malik YS, Singh RK, Chaicumpa W. Modulation of Dengue/Zika Virus Pathogenicity by Antibody-Dependent Enhancement and Strategies to Protect Against Enhancement in Zika Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:597. [PMID: 29740424 PMCID: PMC5925603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is a phenomenon in which preexisting poorly neutralizing antibodies leads to enhanced infection. It is a serious concern with mosquito-borne flaviviruses such as Dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV). In vitro experimental evidences have indicated the preventive, as well as a pathogenicity-enhancing role, of preexisting DENV antibodies in ZIKV infections. ADE has been confirmed in DENV but not ZIKV infections. Principally, the Fc region of the anti-DENV antibody binds with the fragment crystallizable gamma receptor (FcγR), and subsequent C1q interactions and immune effector functions are responsible for the ADE. In contrast to normal DENV infections, with ADE in DENV infections, inhibition of STAT1 phosphorylation and a reduction in IRF-1 gene expression, NOS2 levels, and RIG-1 and MDA-5 expression levels occurs. FcγRIIA is the most permissive FcγR for DENV-ADE, and under hypoxic conditions, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha transcriptionally enhances expression levels of FcγRIIA, which further enhances ADE. To produce therapeutic antibodies with broad reactivity to different DENV serotypes, as well as to ZIKV, bispecific antibodies, Fc region mutants, modified Fc regions, and anti-idiotypic antibodies may be engineered. An in-depth understanding of the immunological and molecular mechanisms of DENV-ADE of ZIKV pathogenicity will be useful for the design of common and safe therapeutics and prophylactics against both viral pathogens. The present review discusses the role of DENV antibodies in modulating DENV/ZIKV pathogenicity/infection and strategies to counter ADE to protect against Zika infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Khandia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Ashok Munjal
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | | | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine SIriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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19
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Bryan MA, Giordano D, Draves KE, Green R, Gale M, Clark EA. Splenic macrophages are required for protective innate immunity against West Nile virus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191690. [PMID: 29408905 PMCID: PMC5800658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the spleen is a major site for West Nile virus (WNV) replication and spread, relatively little is known about which innate cells in the spleen replicate WNV, control viral dissemination, and/or prime innate and adaptive immune responses. Here we tested if splenic macrophages (MΦs) were necessary for control of WNV infection. We selectively depleted splenic MΦs, but not draining lymph node MΦs, by injecting mice intravenously with clodronate liposomes several days prior to infecting them with WNV. Mice missing splenic MΦs succumbed to WNV infection after an increased and accelerated spread of virus to the spleen and the brain. WNV-specific Ab and CTL responses were normal in splenic MΦ-depleted mice; however, numbers of NK cells and CD4 and CD8 T cells were significantly increased in the brains of infected mice. Splenic MΦ deficiency led to increased WNV in other splenic innate immune cells including CD11b- DCs, newly formed MΦs and monocytes. Unlike other splenic myeloid subsets, splenic MΦs express high levels of mRNAs encoding the complement protein C1q, the apoptotic cell clearance protein Mertk, the IL-18 cytokine and the FcγR1 receptor. Splenic MΦ-deficient mice may be highly susceptible to WNV infection in part to a deficiency in C1q, Mertk, IL-18 or Caspase 12 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne A. Bryan
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Daniela Giordano
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- The Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Kevin E. Draves
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- The Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Richard Green
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- The Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- The Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Clark
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- The Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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Abstract
Flaviviruses such as dengue (DENV), yellow fever (YFV), West Nile (WNV), and Zika (ZIKV) are human pathogens of global significance. In particular, DENV causes the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral diseases in humans, and ZIKV emerged from obscurity into the spotlight in 2016 as the etiologic agent of congenital Zika syndrome. Owing to the recent emergence of ZIKV as a global pandemic threat, the roles of the immune system during ZIKV infections are as yet unclear. In contrast, decades of DENV research implicate a dual role for the immune system in protection against and pathogenesis of DENV infection. As DENV and ZIKV are closely related, knowledge based on DENV studies has been used to prioritize investigation of ZIKV immunity and pathogenesis, and to accelerate ZIKV diagnostic, therapeutic, and vaccine design. This review discusses the following topics related to innate and adaptive immune responses to DENV and ZIKV: the interferon system as the key mechanism of host defense and viral target for immune evasion, antibody-mediated protection versus antibody-dependent enhancement, and T cell-mediated protection versus original T cell antigenic sin. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate the balance between immune-mediated protection and pathogenesis during DENV and ZIKV infections is critical toward development of safe and effective DENV and ZIKV therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Elong Ngono
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
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A Mouse Model of Zika Virus Sexual Transmission and Vaginal Viral Replication. Cell Rep 2017; 17:3091-3098. [PMID: 28009279 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Case reports of Zika virus (ZIKV) sexual transmission and genital persistence are mounting. Venereal transmission and genital persistence threaten public health within and beyond the range of ZIKV's mosquito vectors. In this study, we administered ZIKV into the vaginas of AG129 mice and LysMCre+IFNARfl/fl C57BL/6 mice after hormonal treatments. Mice infected during estrus-like phase were resistant to vaginal infection. In contrast, when infected during diestrus-like phase, AG129 mice succumbed to infection, whereas LysMCre+IFNARfl/fl mice experienced transient illness. Patency of transgenital transmission (TGT) in diestrus-like mice was demonstrated by detection of viremia and ZIKV replication in spleen and brain, and viral RNA persisted in vaginal washes as late as 10 days post-infection. In these lethal and sublethal mouse models, this study indicates that intravaginal deposition of ZIKV can cause TGT, hormonal changes in the female reproductive tract (FRT) influence transmission, and ZIKV replication persists in the FRT for several days.
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Transcriptional Profiling Confirms the Therapeutic Effects of Mast Cell Stabilization in a Dengue Disease Model. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00617-17. [PMID: 28659489 PMCID: PMC5571258 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00617-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There are no approved therapeutics for the treatment of dengue disease despite the global prevalence of dengue virus (DENV) and its mosquito vectors. DENV infections can lead to vascular complications, hemorrhage, and shock due to the ability of DENV to infect a variety of immune and nonimmune cell populations. Increasingly, studies have implicated the host response as a major contributor to severe disease. Inflammatory products of various cell types, including responding T cells, mast cells (MCs), and infected monocytes, can contribute to immune pathology. In this study, we show that the host response to DENV infection in immunocompetent mice recapitulates transcriptional changes that have been described in human studies. We found that DENV infection strongly induced metabolic dysregulation, complement signaling, and inflammation. DENV also affected the immune cell content of the spleen and liver, enhancing NK, NKT, and CD8+ T cell activation. The MC-stabilizing drug ketotifen reversed many of these responses without suppressing memory T cell formation and induced additional changes in the transcriptome and immune cell composition of the spleen, consistent with reduced inflammation. This study provides a global transcriptional map of immune activation in DENV target organs of an immunocompetent host and supports the further development of targeted immunomodulatory strategies to treat DENV disease.IMPORTANCE Dengue virus (DENV), which causes febrile illness, is transmitted by mosquito vectors throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Symptoms of DENV infection involve damage to blood vessels and, in rare cases, hemorrhage and shock. Currently, there are no targeted therapies to treat DENV infection, but it is thought that drugs that target the host immune response may be effective in limiting symptoms that result from excessive inflammation. In this study, we measured the host transcriptional response to infection in multiple DENV target organs using a mouse model of disease. We found that DENV infection induced metabolic dysregulation and inflammatory responses and affected the immune cell content of the spleen and liver. The use of the mast cell stabilization drug ketotifen reversed many of these responses and induced additional changes in the transcriptome and immune cell repertoire that contribute to decreased dengue disease.
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Tang YL, Liu IJ, Li PC, Chiu CY, Lin CY, Huang CH, Chen YH, Fu CY, Chao DY, King CC, Wu HC. Generation and Characterization of Antinonstructural Protein 1 Monoclonal Antibodies and Development of Diagnostics for Dengue Virus Serotype 2. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:1049-1061. [PMID: 28749765 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) circulates in tropical and subtropical areas around the world, where it causes high morbidity and mortality. There is no effective treatment of infection, with supportive care being the only option. Furthermore, early detection and diagnosis are important to facilitate clinical decisions. In this study, seven monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) recognizing nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of DENV were generated by hybridoma techniques. These antibodies can be divided into two groups: serotype-specific (DB6-1, DB12-3, and DB38-1) and nonspecific (consisting of antibodies DB16-1, DB20-6, DB29-1, and DB41-2). The B-cell epitopes of DB20-6 and DB29-1 were identified by phage display and site-directed mutagenesis, and its binding motif, WXXWGK, was revealed to correspond to amino acid residues 115-120 of the DENV-2 NS1 protein. A diagnostic platform, consisting of a serotype-specific capture antibody and a complex detection antibody, exhibited a detection limit of about 1 ng/mL, which is sufficient to detect NS1 in clinical serum samples from dengue patients. This diagnostic platform displayed better specificity and sensitivity than two examined commercial NS1 diagnostic platforms. In summary, our results indicate that these newly generated mAbs are suitable for detection of NS1 protein of DENV-2 in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Liang Tang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Ju Liu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Chun Li
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Chiu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Lin
- School of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Sepsis Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hao Huang
- School of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Sepsis Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsu Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Sepsis Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Fu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Day-Yu Chao
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chwan-Chuen King
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chung Wu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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24
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Sheng ZY, Gao N, Wang ZY, Cui XY, Zhou DS, Fan DY, Chen H, Wang PG, An J. Sertoli Cells Are Susceptible to ZIKV Infection in Mouse Testis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:272. [PMID: 28680856 PMCID: PMC5478702 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses including Dengue virus (DENV), Yellow fever virus (YFV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are global health problems that caused several serious diseases such as fever, hemorrhagic fever, and encephalitis in the past century. Recently, Zika virus (ZIKV) which spreads from Asia to American and causes millions of infections emerges as a new dangerous member of the genus of Flavivirus. Unlike other well-known flaviviruses, ZIKV can be transmitted sexually and infect testes in murine models. Its impacts on sperm functions, and the exact susceptible cells, however, are not entirely clear. To investigate these issues, we infected interferon α/β and γ receptors deficient AG6 mice with ZIKV and examined the outcomes of infection using an assortment of physiological, histopathological, immunological, and virological techniques. We found that infected mice displayed signs of reproductive system disorder, altered androgen levels in serum, and high viral load in semen and testes. Additionally, histopathological examinations revealed marked atrophy of seminiferous tubules and significant reduction in lumen size. Notably, these were accompanied by positive staining of ZIKV antigens on sertoli cells, detection of viral particles and vacuole changes within cytoplasm of sertoli cells. The susceptibility of sertoli cells to ZIKV was further validated in vitro study using cell lines. Importantly, the disruption of tight junctions within testis and altered sperm morphology were also observed in ZIKV infected mice. It is well-known that tight junctions formed by adjacent sertoli cells are major component of blood testis barrier, which plays important roles in maintenance of microenvironment for spermagenesis in testis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that sertoli cells are susceptible to ZIKV infection, which results in the disruption of tight junctions in testis and causes abnormal spermatogenesis in mice. These results also imply that long-term impact of ZIKV infection on human male reproductive system requires close monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yang Sheng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Na Gao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Cui
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - De-Shan Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Dong-Ying Fan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Pei-Gang Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jing An
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China.,Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijing, China
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25
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Gan ES, Cheong WF, Chan KR, Ong EZ, Chai X, Tan HC, Ghosh S, Wenk MR, Ooi EE. Hypoxia enhances antibody-dependent dengue virus infection. EMBO J 2017; 36:1348-1363. [PMID: 28320741 PMCID: PMC5430213 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) has been found to replicate in lymphoid organs such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver in post‐mortem analysis. These organs are known to have low oxygen levels (~0.5–4.5% O2) due to the vascular anatomy. However, how physiologically low levels of oxygen affect DENV infection via hypoxia‐induced changes in the immune response remains unknown. Here, we show that monocytes adapted to 3% O2 show greater susceptibility to antibody‐dependent enhancement of DENV infection. Low oxygen level induces HIF1α‐dependent upregulation of fragment crystallizable gamma receptor IIA (FcγRIIA) as well as HIF1α‐independent alterations in membrane ether lipid concentrations. The increased FcγRIIA expression operates synergistically with altered membrane composition, possibly through increase membrane fluidity, to increase uptake of DENV immune complexes for enhanced infection. Our findings thus indicate that the increased viral burden associated with secondary DENV infection is antibody‐dependent but hypoxia‐induced and suggest a role for targeting hypoxia‐induced factors for anti‐dengue therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Shuyi Gan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Fun Cheong
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kuan Rong Chan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eugenia Ziying Ong
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoran Chai
- Program in Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders and Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hwee Cheng Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Program in Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders and Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore MIT Alliance Research and Technology CREATE Campus, Singapore, Singapore
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26
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Schmid MA, González KN, Shah S, Peña J, Mack M, Talarico LB, Polack FP, Harris E. Influenza and dengue virus co-infection impairs monocyte recruitment to the lung, increases dengue virus titers, and exacerbates pneumonia. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:527-539. [PMID: 27995614 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Co-infections of influenza virus and bacteria are known to cause severe disease, but little information exists on co-infections with other acute viruses. Seasonal influenza and dengue viruses (DENV) regularly co-circulate in tropical regions. The pandemic spread of influenza virus H1N1 (hereafter H1N1) in 2009 led to additional severe disease cases that were co-infected with DENV. Here, we investigated the impact of co-infection on immune responses and pathogenesis in a new mouse model. Co-infection of otherwise sublethal doses of a Nicaraguan clinical H1N1 isolate and two days later with a virulent DENV2 strain increased systemic DENV titers and caused 90% lethality. Lungs of co-infected mice carried both viruses, developed severe pneumonia, and expressed a unique pattern of host mRNAs, resembling only partial responses against infection with either virus alone. A large number of monocytes were recruited to DENV-infected but not to co-infected lungs, and depletion and adoptive transfer experiments revealed a beneficial role of monocytes. Our study shows that co-infection with influenza and DENV impairs host responses, which fail to control DENV titers and instead, induce severe lung damage. Further, our findings identify key inflammatory pathways and monocyte function as targets for future therapies that may limit immunopathology in co-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Schmid
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Karla N González
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministerio de Salud, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Sanjana Shah
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - José Peña
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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27
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Elong Ngono A, Vizcarra EA, Tang WW, Sheets N, Joo Y, Kim K, Gorman MJ, Diamond MS, Shresta S. Mapping and Role of the CD8 + T Cell Response During Primary Zika Virus Infection in Mice. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 21:35-46. [PMID: 28081442 PMCID: PMC5234855 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells may play a dual role in protection against and pathogenesis of flaviviruses, including Zika virus (ZIKV). We evaluated the CD8+ T cell response in ZIKV-infected LysMCre+IFNARfl/fl C57BL/6 (H-2b) mice lacking the type I interferon receptor in a subset of myeloid cells. In total, 26 and 15 CD8+ T cell-reactive peptides for ZIKV African (MR766) and Asian (FSS13025) lineage strains, respectively, were identified and validated. CD8+ T cells from infected mice were polyfunctional and mediated cytotoxicity. Adoptive transfer of ZIKV-immune CD8+ T cells reduced viral burdens, whereas their depletion led to higher tissue burdens, and CD8-/- mice displayed higher mortality with ZIKV infection. Collectively, these results demonstrate that CD8+ T cells protect against ZIKV infection. Further, this study provides a T cell competent mouse model for investigating ZIKV-specific T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Elong Ngono
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Edward A Vizcarra
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - William W Tang
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas Sheets
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yunichel Joo
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kenneth Kim
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthew J Gorman
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology, and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology, and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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28
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Yuste M, Fernández-Caballero T, Prieto C, Álvarez B, Martínez-Lobo J, Simarro I, Castro JM, Alonso F, Ezquerra Á, Domínguez J, Revilla C. Splenic CD163 + macrophages as targets of porcine reproductive and respiratory virus: Role of Siglecs. Vet Microbiol 2016; 198:72-80. [PMID: 28062010 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
CD169 and CD163 have been involved in the process of PRRS virus attachment and infection in macrophages, although recent studies have challenged the requirement for CD169. In addition to CD169, macrophages express other siglecs, whose role in PRRS virus infection is so far unknown. Splenic CD163+ macrophages express Siglec-3 and Siglec-5 but almost undetectable levels of CD169. Hence, we considered this cell population appropriate for analysing the role of these siglecs in the attachment and internalization of PRRS virus into macrophages. PRRS virus replicated efficiently in these macrophages, yielding even higher titres than in alveolar macrophages. Besides, a recombinant protein consisting in the ectodomain of porcine Siglec-3 fused to the Fc fragment of human IgG1 (Siglec3-Fc) was able to bind PRRS virus, while binding to Siglec-5-Fc was inconsistent. Antibodies to CD169 but not to Siglec-3 or Siglec-5 blocked the binding and infection of PRRS virus on alveolar macrophages. Unexpectedly, our antibody to CD169 also blocked the binding of PRRS virus to splenic CD163+ macrophages, whereas antibodies to Siglec-3 or Siglec-5 had no effect. These results show that very low levels of CD169 expression are enough to support the attachment and internalization of PRRS virus into macrophages, whereas Siglec-3 and Siglec-5 do not seem to contribute to the virus entry in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Yuste
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Fernández-Caballero
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cinta Prieto
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Álvarez
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martínez-Lobo
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Simarro
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Castro
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Alonso
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Ezquerra
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Domínguez
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Revilla
- Dpto. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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29
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Shiota T, Miyasato Y, Ohnishi K, Yamamoto-Ibusuki M, Yamamoto Y, Iwase H, Takeya M, Komohara Y. The Clinical Significance of CD169-Positive Lymph Node Macrophage in Patients with Breast Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166680. [PMID: 27861544 PMCID: PMC5115774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune status of patients can impact on the clinical course of cancer. Lymph node (LN) macrophages play critical roles in anti-cancer immunity via the activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). In this study, the prognostic significance of CD169+ LN macrophages was examined in patients with breast cancer. For this purpose the number of CD169+ cells and their ratio relative to total macrophages (CD68+) in regional LNs (RLNs), as well as the number of CD8+ CTLs in tumor tissues, were investigated using immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 146 patients with breast cancer. The association of these data with clinicopathological factors was then analyzed. The number of cells positive for the pan-macrophage marker CD68 remained relatively uniform, while the number of CD169+ cells varied across all cases. Moreover, a high density of CD169+ cells correlated with early clinical stage and no LN metastasis, while a higher CD169+ to CD68+ ratio was significantly associated with small tumor size and a low Ki-67+ rate. There was also a significant correlation between the number of CD8+ CTLs and that of CD169+ macrophages in high grade breast cancer cases with a Ki-67 index greater than 40%. However, neither the density nor the ratio of CD169+ cells, nor the density of CD8+ CTLs, were associated with relapse-free survival, distant relapse-free survival, or breast cancer-specific survival. These findings suggest that CD169+ macrophages in RLNs might be a useful marker for assessing clinical stage, including LN states, in patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Shiota
- Department of Cell Pathology Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuko Miyasato
- Department of Cell Pathology Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Koji Ohnishi
- Department of Cell Pathology Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mutsuko Yamamoto-Ibusuki
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Therapy for Breast Cancer, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamamoto
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Iwase
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Motohiro Takeya
- Department of Cell Pathology Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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30
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Schmid MA, Glasner DR, Shah S, Michlmayr D, Kramer LD, Harris E. Mosquito Saliva Increases Endothelial Permeability in the Skin, Immune Cell Migration, and Dengue Pathogenesis during Antibody-Dependent Enhancement. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005676. [PMID: 27310141 PMCID: PMC4911004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue remains the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral disease in humans. While probing for blood vessels, Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes transmit the four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV1-4) by injecting virus-containing saliva into the skin. Even though arthropod saliva is known to facilitate transmission and modulate host responses to other pathogens, the full impact of mosquito saliva on dengue pathogenesis is still not well understood. Inoculating mice lacking the interferon-α/β receptor intradermally with DENV revealed that mosquito salivary gland extract (SGE) exacerbates dengue pathogenesis specifically in the presence of enhancing serotype-cross-reactive antibodies—when individuals already carry an increased risk for severe disease. We further establish that SGE increases viral titers in the skin, boosts antibody-enhanced DENV infection of dendritic cells and macrophages in the dermis, and amplifies dendritic cell migration to skin-draining lymph nodes. We demonstrate that SGE directly disrupts endothelial barrier function in vitro and induces endothelial permeability in vivo in the skin. Finally, we show that surgically removing the site of DENV transmission in the skin after 4 hours rescued mice from disease in the absence of SGE, but no longer prevented lethal antibody-enhanced disease when SGE was present. These results indicate that SGE accelerates the dynamics of dengue pathogenesis after virus transmission in the skin and induces severe antibody-enhanced disease systemically. Our study reveals novel aspects of dengue pathogenesis and suggests that animal models of dengue and pre-clinical testing of dengue vaccines should consider mosquito-derived factors as well as enhancing antibodies. Mosquitoes inject saliva into the skin while probing for blood vessels. Saliva facilitates blood feeding and can contain pathogens when the mosquito is infected. In tropical regions, Aedes mosquitoes transmit the four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV1-4) and infect almost 400 million humans every year. DENV causes severe disease especially in people who have already been exposed to a different serotype. During antibody-dependent enhancement, antibodies that were generated during the first infection bind, but do not neutralize, DENV, and instead enhance infection of immune cells. We injected mouse ears with DENV alone or with extracts from mosquito salivary glands to study the impact on disease. We found that saliva induced severe disease and death only during antibody-enhanced infection. Saliva increased DENV infection in the dermis, immune cell migration to skin and lymph nodes, and permeability of endothelial cells that line blood vessels. Removing the site of DENV inoculation in the skin rescued mice from severe disease, but this protective effect was lost when saliva was present. Our study reveals that mosquito saliva affects dendritic cell migration, increases endothelial permeability, and augments dengue disease severity. Mosquito saliva and enhancing antibodies thus need to be considered when developing vaccines and drugs against dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Schmid
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MAS); (EH)
| | - Dustin R. Glasner
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Sanjana Shah
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Daniela Michlmayr
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Laura D. Kramer
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MAS); (EH)
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31
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Viruses exploit the tissue physiology of the host to spread in vivo. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 41:81-90. [PMID: 27149407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are pathogens that strictly depend on their host for propagation. Over years of co-evolution viruses have become experts in exploiting the host cell biology and physiology to ensure efficient replication and spread. Here, we will first summarize the concepts that have emerged from in vitro cell culture studies to understand virus spread. We will then review the results from studies in living animals that reveal how viruses exploit the natural flow of body fluids, specific tissue architecture, and patterns of cell circulation and migration to spread within the host. Understanding tissue physiology will be critical for the design of antiviral strategies that prevent virus dissemination.
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Abstract
Dengue virus is a major human pathogen responsible for 400 million infections yearly. As with other RNA viruses, daunting challenges to antiviral design exist due to the high error rates of RNA-dependent RNA synthesis. Indeed, treatment of dengue virus infection with a nucleoside analog resulted in the expected genetic selection of resistant viruses in tissue culture and in mice. However, when the function of the oligomeric core protein was inhibited, no detectable selection of drug resistance in tissue culture or in mice was detected, despite the presence of drug-resistant variants in the population. Suppressed selection of drug-resistant virus correlated with cooligomerization of the targeted drug-susceptible and drug-resistant core proteins. The concept of “dominant drug targets,” in which inhibition of oligomeric viral assemblages leads to the formation of drug-susceptible chimeras, can therefore be used to prevent the outgrowth of drug resistance during dengue virus infection. Drug resistance is a major hurdle in the development of effective antivirals, especially those directed at RNA viruses. We have found that one can use the concept of the genetic dominance of defective subunits to “turn cousins into enemies,” i.e., to thwart the outgrowth of drug-resistant viral genomes as soon as they are generated. This requires deliberate targeting of larger assemblages, which would otherwise rarely be considered by antiviral researchers.
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Sarathy VV, Milligan GN, Bourne N, Barrett ADT. Mouse models of dengue virus infection for vaccine testing. Vaccine 2015; 33:7051-60. [PMID: 26478201 PMCID: PMC5563257 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease caused by four serologically and genetically related viruses termed DENV-1 to DENV-4. With an annual global burden of approximately 390 million infections occurring in the tropics and subtropics worldwide, an effective vaccine to combat dengue is urgently needed. Historically, a major impediment to dengue research has been development of a suitable small animal infection model that mimics the features of human illness in the absence of neurologic disease that was the hallmark of earlier mouse models. Recent advances in immunocompromised murine infection models have resulted in development of lethal DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 models in AG129 mice that are deficient in both the interferon-α/β receptor (IFN-α/β R) and the interferon-γ receptor (IFN-γR). These models mimic many hallmark features of dengue disease in humans, such as viremia, thrombocytopenia, vascular leakage, and cytokine storm. Importantly AG129 mice develop lethal, acute, disseminated infection with systemic viral loads, which is characteristic of typical dengue illness. Infected AG129 mice generate an antibody response to DENV, and antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) models have been established by both passive and maternal transfer of DENV-immune sera. Several steps have been taken to refine DENV mouse models. Viruses generated by peripheral in vivo passages incur substitutions that provide a virulent phenotype using smaller inocula. Because IFN signaling has a major role in immunity to DENV, mice that generate a cellular immune response are desired, but striking the balance between susceptibility to DENV and intact immunity is complicated. Great strides have been made using single-deficient IFN-α/βR mice for DENV-2 infection, and conditional knockdowns may offer additional approaches to provide a panoramic view that includes viral virulence and host immunity. Ultimately, the DENV AG129 mouse models result in reproducible lethality and offer multiple disease parameters to evaluate protection by candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa V Sarathy
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Gregg N Milligan
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Nigel Bourne
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Alan D T Barrett
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.
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Abstract
Dengue is the most important mosquito-borne viral pathogen globally, with approximately 100 million cases of acute dengue annually. Infection can result in severe, life-threatening disease. Currently, there is no effective vaccine or licensed antiviral. Management is primarily supportive with fluids. Direct antiviral therapies that reduce dengue severity could be useful although these would need to inhibit all four viral serotypes effectively. This review focuses on the interventions that currently considered the gold standard in case management as well as exploratory therapies that have been studied in clinical trials. Although antiviral drug and therapeutic antibodies for dengue remain a work in progress, these studies have produced some promising results and may have the potential to be future drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Y Y Chan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.,Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
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John DV, Lin YS, Perng GC. Biomarkers of severe dengue disease - a review. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:83. [PMID: 26462910 PMCID: PMC4604634 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus infection presents a wide spectrum of manifestations including asymptomatic condition, dengue fever (DF), or severe forms, such as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) in affected individuals. The early prediction of severe dengue in patients without any warning signs who may later develop severe DHF is very important to choose appropriate intensive supportive therapy since available vaccines for immunization are yet to be approved. Severe dengue responses include T and B cell activation and apoptosis, cytokine storm, hematologic disorders and complement activation. Cytokines, complement and other unidentified factors may transiently act on the endothelium and alter normal fluid barrier function of the endothelial cells and cause plasma leakage. In this review, the host factors such as activated immune and endothelial cells and their products which can be utilized as biomarkers for severe dengue disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Vanitha John
- Biotechnology Research Institute, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Yee-Shin Lin
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Guey Chuen Perng
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Tang WW, Grewal R, Shresta S. Influence of antibodies and T cells on dengue disease outcome: insights from interferon receptor-deficient mouse models. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 13:61-6. [PMID: 26001278 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a globally important mosquito-borne virus that causes a spectrum of diseases ranging from dengue fever (DF) to dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS), affecting 3.6 billion people in 128 countries [1,2(•)]. There is an urgent need for a drug or vaccine against DENV, yet none are presently available. In fact, results from recent Phase IIb and III trials of an attenuated tetrameric vaccine revealed that the vaccine provided limited protection against DENV serotype 2 in DENV-immune people, and no protection against any serotype in naïve individuals [3-5], highlighting the difficulties associated with dengue vaccine development. A challenge in the development of a DENV vaccine is that a vaccine must protect against all four DENV serotypes, which co-circulate in endemic areas. Further complicating DENV vaccine development is that the correlates of protection are not fully defined, mechanisms regulating the generation of protective antibody and T cell responses against all four DENV serotypes are as yet to be deciphered, and the adaptive immune response may actually contribute to severe disease. Recent studies using the only available animal model of DHF/DSS in mice lacking one or more components of the interferon (IFN) system have begun to provide crucial insights into the protective versus pathogenic nature of both antibody and T cell responses to DENV. Herein, we highlight key studies using the IFN receptor-deficient mouse models toward understanding the contribution of antibodies and T cells in impacting the outcome of DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Tang
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rajvir Grewal
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sujan Shresta
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Duan Z, Guo J, Huang X, Liu H, Chen X, Jiang M, Wen J. Identification of cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes in dengue virus serotype 1. J Med Virol 2015; 87:1077-89. [PMID: 25777343 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) has a serious and growing impact on global health and the exact role of DENV-specific CD8(+) T-cells in DENV infection is still uncertain. In the present study, SYFPEITHI algorithm was used to screen the amino acid sequence of Dengue virus serotype 1 (DENV-1) for potential epitopes, and seven putative HLA-A*1101-restricted and five putative HLA-A*2402-restricted epitopes conserved in hundreds of DENV-1 strains were synthesized. The binding affinity of these epitope candidates to corresponding HLA molecules was evaluated using competitive peptide-binding assay. The immunogenicity and specificity of peptides were further tested in HLA-A*1101 transgenic mice, HLA-A*2402 transgenic mice and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients infected with DENV-1. Percentage inhibition (PI) values calculated in competitive peptide-binding assay showed that six peptides (E39-47 PTLDIELLK, NS5(505-513) GVEGEGLHK, NS2b(15-23) SILLSSLLK, NS5(561-569) ALLATSIFK, NS3(99-107) AVEPGKNPK, and NS4b(159-167) VVYDAKFEK) could bind to HLA-A*1101 molecule with high affinity and five peptides (NS3472-480 QYIYMGQPL, NS4a40-48 AYRHAMEEL, NS5(880-888) DYMTSMKRF, NS3(548-556) SYKVASEGF, and NS3(22-30) IYRILQRGL) have a high affinity for HLA-A*2402 molecule. Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) results indicated that these high-affinity peptides were recognized by splenocytes of DENV-1-infected transgenic mice and high-affinity peptide-immunized transgenic mice displayed high levels of peptide-specific IFN-γ-secreting cells. In addition, both peptide-pulsed splenocytes and DENV-1-infected splenic monocytes were efficiently killed by these peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Finally, except NS2b(15-23), 10 high-affinity peptides were recognized by PBMCs of patients infected with DENV-1. These identified epitopes would contribute to the understanding of the function of DENV-specific CD8(+) T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Duan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Dengue Virus Evolution under a Host-Targeted Antiviral. J Virol 2015; 89:5592-601. [PMID: 25762732 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00028-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The host-targeted antiviral drug UV-4B reduces viral replication and promotes survival in a mouse model of experimental dengue virus (DENV) infection. UV-4B is an iminosugar that inhibits the α-glucosidase family of enzymes and subsequently the folding of glycosylated proteins, both viral and host. Here, we utilized next-generation sequencing to investigate evolution of a flavivirus under selective pressure by a host-targeted antiviral in vivo. In viral populations recovered from UV-4B-treated mice, there was a significant increase in the number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous SNPs compared to findings in viral populations from vehicle-treated mice. The strongest evidence of positive selection was in the glycosylated membrane protein, thereby providing in vivo validation of the mechanism of action of an iminosugar. In addition, mutations in glycosylated proteins were present only in drug-treated mice after a single passage. However, the bulk of the other mutations were present in both populations, indicating nonspecific selective pressure. Together with the continued control of viremia by UV-4B, these findings are consistent with the previously predicted high genetic barrier to escape mutations in host-targeted antivirals. IMPORTANCE Although hundreds of millions of people are infected with DENV every year, there is currently no approved vaccine or antiviral therapy. UV-4B has demonstrated antiviral activity against DENV and is expected to enter clinical trials soon. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanisms of DENV resistance to UV-4B. Host-targeted antivirals are thought to have a higher genetic barrier to escape mutants than directly acting antivirals, yet there are very few published studies of viral evolution under host-targeted antivirals. No study to date has described flavivirus evolution in vivo under selective pressure by a host-based antiviral drug. We present the first in vivo study of the sequential progression of viral evolution under selective pressure by a host-targeted antiviral compound. This study bolsters support for the clinical development of UV-4B as an antiviral drug against DENV, and it provides a framework to compare how treatment with other host-targeted antiflaviviral drugs in humans and different animal models influence viral genetic diversity.
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Schmid MA, Diamond MS, Harris E. Dendritic cells in dengue virus infection: targets of virus replication and mediators of immunity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:647. [PMID: 25566258 PMCID: PMC4269190 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are sentinels of the immune system and detect pathogens at sites of entry, such as the skin. In addition to the ability of DCs to control infections directly via their innate immune functions, DCs help to prime adaptive B- and T-cell responses by processing and presenting antigen in lymphoid tissues. Infected Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus mosquitoes transmit the four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes to humans while probing for small blood vessels in the skin. DENV causes the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral disease in humans, yet no vaccine or specific therapeutic is currently licensed. Although primary DENV infection confers life-long protective immunity against re-infection with the same DENV serotype, secondary infection with a different DENV serotype can lead to increased disease severity via cross-reactive T-cells or enhancing antibodies. This review summarizes recent findings in humans and animal models about DENV infection of DCs, monocytes, and macrophages. We discuss the dual role of DCs as both targets of DENV replication and mediators of innate and adaptive immunity, and summarize immune evasion strategies whereby DENV impairs the function of infected DCs. We suggest that DCs play a key role in priming DENV-specific neutralizing or potentially harmful memory B- and T-cell responses, and that future DC-directed therapies may help induce protective memory responses and reduce dengue pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Schmid
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, CA , USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO , USA ; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO , USA ; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO , USA
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley , Berkeley, CA , USA
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40
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Monocyte recruitment to the dermis and differentiation to dendritic cells increases the targets for dengue virus replication. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004541. [PMID: 25474197 PMCID: PMC4256458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) causes the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral disease in humans. Although Aedes mosquitoes transmit DENV when probing for blood in the skin, no information exists on DENV infection and immune response in the dermis, where the blood vessels are found. DENV suppresses the interferon response, replicates, and causes disease in humans but not wild-type mice. Here, we used mice lacking the interferon-α/β receptor (Ifnar(-/-)), which had normal cell populations in the skin and were susceptible to intradermal DENV infection, to investigate the dynamics of early DENV infection of immune cells in the skin. CD103(+) classical dendritic cells (cDCs), Ly6C(-) CD11b(+) cDCs, and macrophages in the steady-state dermis were initial targets of DENV infection 12-24 hours post-inoculation but then decreased in frequency. We demonstrated recruitment of adoptively-transferred Ly6C(high) monocytes from wild-type and Ifnar(-/-) origin to the DENV-infected dermis and differentiation to Ly6C(+) CD11b(+) monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs), which became DENV-infected after 48 hours, and were then the major targets for virus replication. Ly6C(high) monocytes that entered the DENV-infected dermis expressed chemokine receptor CCR2, likely mediating recruitment. Further, we show that ∼ 100-fold more hematopoietic cells in the dermis were DENV-infected compared to Langerhans cells in the epidermis. Overall, these results identify the dermis as the main site of early DENV replication and show that DENV infection in the skin occurs in two waves: initial infection of resident cDCs and macrophages, followed by infection of monocytes and moDCs that are recruited to the dermis. Our study reveals a novel viral strategy of exploiting monocyte recruitment to increase the number of targets for infection at the site of invasion in the skin and highlights the skin as a potential site for therapeutic action or intradermal vaccination.
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Abstract
Validation of a mouse model of dengue virus (DENV) infection relies on verification of viremia and productive replication in mouse tissues following infection. Here, we describe a quantitative assay for determining viral RNA levels in mouse serum and tissues. For the purpose of confirming DENV replication, we outline a fluorescence immunohistochemistry (FIHC) protocol for staining a nonstructural protein of DENV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Plummer
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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42
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Toledo KA, Fermino ML, Andrade CDC, Riul TB, Alves RT, Muller VDM, Russo RR, Stowell SR, Cummings RD, Aquino VH, Dias-Baruffi M. Galectin-1 exerts inhibitory effects during DENV-1 infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112474. [PMID: 25392933 PMCID: PMC4231055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is an enveloped RNA virus that is mosquito-transmitted and can infect a variety of immune and non-immune cells. Response to infection ranges from asymptomatic disease to a severe disorder known as dengue hemorrhagic fever. Despite efforts to control the disease, there are no effective treatments or vaccines. In our search for new antiviral compounds to combat infection by dengue virus type 1 (DENV-1), we investigated the role of galectin-1, a widely-expressed mammalian lectin with functions in cell-pathogen interactions and immunoregulatory properties. We found that DENV-1 infection of cells in vitro exhibited caused decreased expression of Gal-1 in several different human cell lines, suggesting that loss of Gal-1 is associated with virus production. In test of this hypothesis we found that exogenous addition of human recombinant Gal-1 (hrGal-1) inhibits the virus production in the three different cell types. This inhibitory effect was dependent on hrGal-1 dimerization and required its carbohydrate recognition domain. Importantly, the inhibition was specific for hrGal-1, since no effect was observed using recombinant human galectin-3. Interestingly, we found that hrGal-1 directly binds to dengue virus and acts, at least in part, during the early stages of DENV-1 infection, by inhibiting viral adsorption and its internalization to target cells. To test the in vivo role of Gal-1 in DENV infection, Gal-1-deficient-mice were used to demonstrate that the expression of endogenous Galectin-1 contributes to resistance of macrophages to in vitro-infection with DENV-1 and it is also important to physiological susceptibility of mice to in vivo infection with DENV-1. These results provide novel insights into the functions of Gal-1 in resistance to DENV infection and suggest that Gal-1 should be explored as a potential antiviral compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Alves Toledo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP (FCL-Assis), Assis, Brazil
| | - Marise Lopes Fermino
- Departmento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Camillo Del Cistia Andrade
- Departmento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Thalita Bachelli Riul
- Departmento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Renata Tomé Alves
- Departmento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Danielle Menjon Muller
- Departmento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Raquel Rinaldi Russo
- Departmento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Victor Hugo Aquino
- Departmento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dias-Baruffi
- Departmento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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43
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A lethal murine infection model for dengue virus 3 in AG129 mice deficient in type I and II interferon receptors leads to systemic disease. J Virol 2014; 89:1254-66. [PMID: 25392217 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01320-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The mosquito-borne disease dengue (DEN) is caused by four serologically and genetically related viruses, termed DENV-1 to DENV-4. Infection with one DENV usually leads to acute illness and results in lifelong homotypic immunity, but individuals remain susceptible to infection by the other three DENVs. The lack of a small-animal model that mimics systemic DEN disease without neurovirulence has been an obstacle, but DENV-2 models that resemble human disease have been recently developed in AG129 mice (deficient in interferon alpha/beta and interferon gamma receptor signaling). However, comparable DENV-1, -3, and -4 models have not been developed. We utilized a non-mouse-adapted DENV-3 Thai human isolate to develop a lethal infection model in AG129 mice. Intraperitoneal inoculation of six to eight-week-old animals with strain C0360/94 led to rapid, fatal disease. Lethal C0360/94 infection resulted in physical signs of illness, high viral loads in the spleen, liver, and large intestine, histological changes in the liver and spleen tissues, and increased serum cytokine levels. Importantly, the animals developed vascular leakage, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. Overall, we have developed a lethal DENV-3 murine infection model, with no evidence of neurotropic disease based on a non-mouse-adapted human isolate, which can be used to investigate DEN pathogenesis and to evaluate candidate vaccines and antivirals. This suggests that murine models utilizing non-mouse-adapted isolates can be obtained for all four DENVs. IMPORTANCE Dengue (DEN) is a mosquito-borne disease caused by four DENV serotypes (DENV-1, -2, -3, and -4) that have no treatments or vaccines. Primary infection with one DENV usually leads to acute illness followed by lifelong homotypic immunity, but susceptibility to infection by the other three DENVs remains. Therefore, a vaccine needs to protect from all four DENVs simultaneously. To date a suitable animal model to mimic systemic human illness exists only for DENV-2 in immunocompromised mice using passaged viruses; however, models are still needed for the remaining serotypes. This study describes establishment of a lethal systemic DENV-3 infection model with a human isolate in immunocompromised mice and is the first report of lethal infection by a nonadapted clinical DENV isolate without evidence of neurological disease. Our DENV-3 model provides a relevant platform to test DEN vaccines and antivirals.
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Kumar ASM, Reddy GECV, Rajmane Y, Nair S, Pai Kamath S, Sreejesh G, Basha K, Chile S, Ray K, Nelly V, Khadpe N, Kasturi R, Ramana V. siRNAs encapsulated in recombinant capsid protein derived from Dengue serotype 2 virus inhibits the four serotypes of the virus and proliferation of cancer cells. J Biotechnol 2014; 193:23-33. [PMID: 25444872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
siRNA delivery potential of the Dengue virus capsid protein in cultured cells was recently reported, but target knockdown potential in the context of specific diseases has not been explored. In this study we have evaluated the utility of the protein as an siRNA carrier for anti Dengue viral and anti cancer applications using cell culture systems. We show that target specific siRNAs delivered using the capsid protein inhibit infection by the four serotypes of Dengue virus and proliferation of two cancer cell lines. Our data confirm the potential of the capsid for anti Dengue viral and anti cancer RNAi applications. In addition, we have optimized a fermentation strategy to improve the yield of Escherichia coli expressed D2C protein since the reported yields of E. coli expressed flaviviral capsid proteins are low.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Manoj Kumar
- Therapeutic Proteins Molecular Biology Group, Dhirubhai Ambani Life Sciences Centre, Rabale, Navi Mumbai 400 701, Maharashtra, India.
| | - G E C Vidyadhar Reddy
- Therapeutic Proteins Molecular Biology Group, Dhirubhai Ambani Life Sciences Centre, Rabale, Navi Mumbai 400 701, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yogesh Rajmane
- Therapeutic Proteins Molecular Biology Group, Dhirubhai Ambani Life Sciences Centre, Rabale, Navi Mumbai 400 701, Maharashtra, India
| | - Soumya Nair
- Therapeutic Proteins Molecular Biology Group, Dhirubhai Ambani Life Sciences Centre, Rabale, Navi Mumbai 400 701, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sangita Pai Kamath
- Therapeutic Proteins Molecular Biology Group, Dhirubhai Ambani Life Sciences Centre, Rabale, Navi Mumbai 400 701, Maharashtra, India
| | - Greeshma Sreejesh
- Therapeutic Proteins Molecular Biology Group, Dhirubhai Ambani Life Sciences Centre, Rabale, Navi Mumbai 400 701, Maharashtra, India
| | - Khalander Basha
- Therapeutic Proteins Molecular Biology Group, Dhirubhai Ambani Life Sciences Centre, Rabale, Navi Mumbai 400 701, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shailaja Chile
- Therapeutic Proteins Molecular Biology Group, Dhirubhai Ambani Life Sciences Centre, Rabale, Navi Mumbai 400 701, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kriti Ray
- Therapeutic Proteins Molecular Biology Group, Dhirubhai Ambani Life Sciences Centre, Rabale, Navi Mumbai 400 701, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vivant Nelly
- Therapeutic Proteins Process Development Group, Dhirubhai Ambani Life Sciences Centre, Rabale, Navi Mumbai 400 701, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nilesh Khadpe
- Therapeutic Proteins Process Development Group, Dhirubhai Ambani Life Sciences Centre, Rabale, Navi Mumbai 400 701, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ravishankar Kasturi
- Therapeutic Proteins Process Development Group, Dhirubhai Ambani Life Sciences Centre, Rabale, Navi Mumbai 400 701, Maharashtra, India
| | - Venkata Ramana
- Therapeutic Proteins Molecular Biology Group, Dhirubhai Ambani Life Sciences Centre, Rabale, Navi Mumbai 400 701, Maharashtra, India
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Duan ZL, Liu HF, Huang X, Wang SN, Yang JL, Chen XY, Li DZ, Zhong XZ, Chen BK, Wen JS. Identification of conserved and HLA-A*2402-restricted epitopes in Dengue virus serotype 2. Virus Res 2014; 196:5-12. [PMID: 25449574 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we set out to identify dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2)-specific HLA-A*2402-restricted epitopes and determine the characteristics of T cells generated to these epitopes. We screened the full-length amino-acid sequence of DENV-2 to find potential epitopes using the SYFPEITHI algorithm. Twelve putative HLA-A*2402-binding peptides conserved in hundreds of DENV-2 strains were synthesized, and the HLA restriction of peptides was tested in HLA-A*2402 transgenic mice. Nine peptides (NS4b(228-237), NS2a(73-81), E(298-306), M(141-149), NS4a(96-105), NS4b(159-168), NS5(475-484), NS1(162-171), and NS5(611-620)) induced high levels of peptide-specific IFN-γ-secreting cells in HLA-A*2402 transgenic mice. Apart from IFN-γ, NS4b(228-237-), NS2a(73-81-) and E(298-306)-specific CD8(+) cells produced TNF-α and IL-6 simultaneously, whereas M(141-149-) and NS5(475-484-) CD8(+) cells produced only IL-6. Moreover, splenic mononuclear cells (SMCs) efficiently recognized and killed peptide-pulsed splenocytes. Furthermore, each of nine peptides could be recognized by splenocytes from DENV-2-infected HLA-A*2402 transgenic mice. The SMCs from HLA-A*2402 transgenic mice immunized with nine immunogenic peptides efficiently killed DENV-2-infected splenic monocytes. The present identified epitopes have the potential to be new diagnostic tools for characterization of T-cell immunity in DENV infection and may serve as part of a universal epitope-based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Liang Duan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Institute of Arboviruses, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hui-Fang Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Tuberculosis Control, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Na Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jin-Lin Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xin-Yu Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - De-Zhou Li
- Department of Liver, The Secondary Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiao-Zhi Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bo-Kun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jin-Sheng Wen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Institute of Arboviruses, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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Rocha RP, Livonesi MC, Fumagalli MJ, Rodrigues NF, da Costa LCF, Dos Santos MCSG, de Oliveira Rocha ES, Kroon EG, Malaquias LCC, Coelho LFL. Evaluation of tetravalent and conserved synthetic peptides vaccines derived from Dengue virus Envelope domain I and II. Virus Res 2014; 188:122-7. [PMID: 24768848 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dengue is a major worldwide public health problem, especially in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Primary infection with a single Dengue virus (DENV) serotype causes a mild, self-limiting febrile illness called dengue fever. However, a subset of patients experiencing a secondary infection with a different serotype progress to the severe form of the disease, called dengue hemorrhagic fever. In this study, the vaccine potential of three tetravalent and conserved synthetic peptides derived from DENV envelope domain I (named Pep01) and II (named Pep02 and Pep03) was evaluated. Human dengue IgM/IgG positive serum (n=16) showed reactivity against Pep01, Pep02 and Pep03 in different degrees. Mice immunization experiments showed that these peptides were able to induce a humoral response characterized by antibodies with low neutralizing activity. The spleen cells derived from mice immunized with the peptides showed a significant cytotoxic activity (only for Pep02 and Pep03), a high expression of IL-10 (P<0.01) and a reduced expression of TNF-α and IFN-gamma (P<0.001) compared to DENV-1 infected splenocytes. Thus these peptides, and specially the Pep03, can induce a humoral response characterized by antibodies with low neutralizing activities and probably a T cell response that could be beneficial to induce an effective immune response against all DENV serotypes and do not contributed to the immunopathogenesis. However, further studies in peptide sequence will be required to induce the production of neutralizing antibodies against all four DENV serotypes and also to improve immunogenicity of these peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa Prado Rocha
- Laboratório de Vacinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Márcia Cristina Livonesi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcilio Jorge Fumagalli
- Laboratório de Vacinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Naiara Ferreira Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Vacinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lauro César Felipe da Costa
- Laboratório de Vacinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz Cosme Cotta Malaquias
- Laboratório de Vacinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Leomil Coelho
- Laboratório de Vacinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Morrison J, García-Sastre A. STAT2 signaling and dengue virus infection. JAKSTAT 2014; 3:e27715. [PMID: 24778924 PMCID: PMC3995738 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.27715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is an important human pathogen whose byzantine relationship with the immune response is poorly understood. DENV causes dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome, diseases for which palliative care is the only treatment. DENV immunopathogenesis studies are complicated by the lack of an immunocompetent small-animal model, and this has hindered anti-DENV drug and vaccine development. This review describes strategies that DENV uses to evade the type I interferon response and focuses on how data gained from the study of DENV NS5-mediated STAT2 degradation may be used to create immunocompetent DENV mouse models and design anti-DENV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Morrison
- Department of Microbiology; University of Washington; Seattle, WA USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York, NY USA ; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York, NY USA ; Department of Medicine; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York, NY USA
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Winkelmann ER, Widman DG, Xia J, Johnson AJ, van Rooijen N, Mason PW, Bourne N, Milligan GN. Subcapsular sinus macrophages limit dissemination of West Nile virus particles after inoculation but are not essential for the development of West Nile virus-specific T cell responses. Virology 2014; 450-451:278-89. [PMID: 24503091 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages encounter flaviviruses early after injection by arthropod vectors. Using in vivo imaging of mice inoculated with firefly luciferase-expressing single-cycle flavivirus particles (FLUC-SCFV), we examined the initial dissemination of virus particles in the presence or absence of lymph node (LN)-resident macrophages. Higher luciferase activity, indicating higher SCFV gene expression, was detected in the footpad of macrophage-depleted mice after 24h post infection (hpi). Moreover, FLUC-SCFV particles disseminated to the spleen within 14 hpi in macrophage-depleted, but not control mice. Although macrophages presented SCFV to naïve T cells in vitro, depletion of subcapsular sinus (SCS) macrophages did not alter the magnitude or effector function of the WNV-specific CD8(+) T cell response. Together, these results indicate that SCS macrophages play a role in limiting the dissemination of SCFV early in infection but are not required for the generation of a polyfunctional WNV-specific CD8(+) T cell response in the draining LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro R Winkelmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Douglas G Widman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jingya Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Alison J Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Peter W Mason
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Nigel Bourne
- Department of Pediatrics, UTMB, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0436, USA; Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555-0436, USA
| | - Gregg N Milligan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pediatrics, UTMB, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0436, USA; Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555-0436, USA.
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Kundu K, Dutta K, Nazmi A, Basu A. Japanese encephalitis virus infection modulates the expression of suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) in macrophages: implications for the hosts' innate immune response. Cell Immunol 2013; 285:100-10. [PMID: 24140964 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Viruses have evolved various mechanisms to subvert the host's immune system and one of them is preventing the infected cells from sending out chemotactic signals to activate the adaptive immune response. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a neuropathologic flavivirus that is responsible for significant number of child mortalities in various parts of South-East Asia. In this study we show that JEV modulates suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS)1 and 3 expression in macrophages to bring about changes in the JAK-STAT signaling cascade, so as to inhibit proinflammatory cyto/chemokine release. Using real time PCR, immunoblotting and immunofluorescent staining, we show that the expression of type 1 interferons and intracellular expression of viral genes are also affected over time. Also, following the initial activation of SOCS1 and 3, there is production of interferon-inducible anti-viral proteins in the cells which may be responsible for inhibiting viral replication. However, even at later time points, viral genes were still detected from the macrophages, albeit at lesser quantities, than earlier time points, indicative of intracellular persistence of the virus in a latent form. On knocking down SOCS1 and SOCS3 we found a significant decrease in viral gene expression at an early time point, indicating the dysregulation of the signaling cascade leading to increased production of interferon-inducible anti-viral proteins. Taken together, our study provides an insight into the role of JEV infection in modulating the JAK-STAT pathway with the help of SOCS leading to the generation of an antiviral innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kundu
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar 122051, India
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50
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Chen HW, King K, Tu J, Sanchez M, Luster AD, Shresta S. The roles of IRF-3 and IRF-7 in innate antiviral immunity against dengue virus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4194-201. [PMID: 24043884 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the roles of IFN regulatory factor (IRF)-3 and IRF-7 in innate antiviral immunity against dengue virus (DENV). Double-deficient Irf-3(-/-)7(-/-) mice infected with the DENV2 strain S221 possessed 1,000-150,000 fold higher levels of viral RNA than wild-type and single-deficient mice 24 h postinfection (hpi); however, they remained resistant to lethal infection. IFN-α/β was induced similarly in wild-type and Irf-3(-/-) mice post-DENV infection, whereas in the Irf-7(-/-) and Irf-3(-/-)7(-/-) mice, significantly low levels of IFN-α/β expression was observed within 24 hpi. IFN-stimulated gene induction was also delayed in Irf-3(-/-)7(-/-) mice relative to wild-type and single-deficient mice. In particular, Cxcl10 and Ifnα2 were rapidly induced independently of both IRF-3 and IRF-7 in the Irf-3(-/-)7(-/-) mice with DENV infection. Higher levels of serum IFN-γ, IL-6, CXCL10, IL-8, IL-12 p70, and TNF were also observed in Irf-3(-/-)7(-/-) mice 24 hpi, at which time point viral titers peaked and started to be cleared. Ab-mediated blockade experiments revealed that IFN-γ, CXCL10, and CXCR3 function to restrict DENV replication in Irf-3(-/-)7(-/-) mice. Additionally, the IFN-stimulated genes Cxcl10, Ifit1, Ifit3, and Mx2 can be induced via an IRF-3- and IRF-7-independent pathway that does not involve IFN-γ signaling for protection against DENV. Collectively, these results demonstrate that IRF-3 and IRF-7 are redundant, albeit IRF-7 plays a more important role than IRF-3 in inducing the initial IFN-α/β response; only the combined actions of IRF-3 and IRF-7 are necessary for efficient control of early DENV infection; and the late, IRF-3- and IRF-7-independent pathway contributes to anti-DENV immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Wen Chen
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
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