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Barbieri ES, Sosa-Holt C, Ibañez LI, Baztarrica J, Garaicoechea L, Gay CL, Caceres CJ, Aduriz M, Baumeister E, Escribano JA, Perez D, Wigdorovitz A, Parreño GV, Puntel M. Anti-hemagglutinin monomeric nanobody provides prophylactic immunity against H1 subtype influenza A viruses. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301664. [PMID: 38985719 PMCID: PMC11236207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses constitute a major threat to human health globally. The viral surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) is the immunodominant antigen, contains the site for binding to the cellular receptor (RBS), and it is the major target of neutralizing antibody responses post-infection. We developed llama-derived single chain antibody fragments (VHHs) specific for type A influenza virus. Four VHHs were identified and further characterized. VHH D81 bound residues in the proximity of the C-terminal region of HA1 of H1 and H5 subtypes, and showed weak neutralizing activity, whereas VHH B33 bound residues in the proximity of the N-terminal region of the HA's stem domain (HA2) of H1, H5, and H9 subtypes, and showed no neutralizing activity. Of most relevance, VHHs E13 and G41 recognized highly conserved conformational epitopes on the H1 HA's globular domain (HA1) and showed high virus neutralizing activity (ranging between 0.94 to 0.01μM), when tested against several human H1N1 isolates. Additionally, E13 displayed abrogated virus replication of a panel of H1N1 strains spanning over 80 years of antigenic drift and isolated from human, avian, and swine origin. Interestingly, E13 conferred protection in vivo at a dose as low as 0.05 mg/kg. Mice treated with E13 intranasally resulted in undetectable virus challenge loads in the lungs at day 4 post-challenge. The transfer of sterilizing pan-H1 immunity, by a dose in the range of micrograms given intranasally, is of major significance for a monomeric VHH and supports the further development of E13 as an immunotherapeutic agent for the mitigation of influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Susana Barbieri
- Virology Institute IncuINTA (IVIT-CONICET), National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Sosa-Holt
- Virology Institute IncuINTA (IVIT-CONICET), National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena Itati Ibañez
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Institute of Science and Technology, Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Josefina Baztarrica
- Virology Institute IncuINTA (IVIT-CONICET), National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena Garaicoechea
- Virology Institute IncuINTA (IVIT-CONICET), National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claire Lindsey Gay
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Carlos Joaquin Caceres
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Matias Aduriz
- Virology Institute IncuINTA (IVIT-CONICET), National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elsa Baumeister
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Malbran Institute, Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Daniel Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Andrés Wigdorovitz
- Virology Institute IncuINTA (IVIT-CONICET), National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gladys Viviana Parreño
- Virology Institute IncuINTA (IVIT-CONICET), National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Puntel
- Virology Institute IncuINTA (IVIT-CONICET), National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Rizk SS, Moustafa DM, ElBanna SA, Nour El-Din HT, Attia AS. Nanobodies in the fight against infectious diseases: repurposing nature's tiny weapons. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:209. [PMID: 38771414 PMCID: PMC11108896 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Nanobodies are the smallest known antigen-binding molecules to date. Their small size, good tissue penetration, high stability and solubility, ease of expression, refolding ability, and negligible immunogenicity in the human body have granted them excellence over conventional antibodies. Those exceptional attributes of nanobodies make them promising candidates for various applications in biotechnology, medicine, protein engineering, structural biology, food, and agriculture. This review presents an overview of their structure, development methods, advantages, possible challenges, and applications with special emphasis on infectious diseases-related ones. A showcase of how nanobodies can be harnessed for applications including neutralization of viruses and combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria is detailed. Overall, the impact of nanobodies in vaccine design, rapid diagnostics, and targeted therapies, besides exploring their role in deciphering microbial structures and virulence mechanisms are highlighted. Indeed, nanobodies are reshaping the future of infectious disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha S Rizk
- Microbiology and Immunology Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Dina M Moustafa
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The British University in Egypt, El Sherouk City, Cairo, 11837, Egypt
| | - Shahira A ElBanna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Hanzada T Nour El-Din
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Attia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
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3
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De Greve H, Fioravanti A. Single domain antibodies from camelids in the treatment of microbial infections. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1334829. [PMID: 38827746 PMCID: PMC11140111 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1334829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases continue to pose significant global health challenges. In addition to the enduring burdens of ailments like malaria and HIV, the emergence of nosocomial outbreaks driven by antibiotic-resistant pathogens underscores the ongoing threats. Furthermore, recent infectious disease crises, exemplified by the Ebola and SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks, have intensified the pursuit of more effective and efficient diagnostic and therapeutic solutions. Among the promising options, antibodies have garnered significant attention due to their favorable structural characteristics and versatile applications. Notably, nanobodies (Nbs), the smallest functional single-domain antibodies of heavy-chain only antibodies produced by camelids, exhibit remarkable capabilities in stable antigen binding. They offer unique advantages such as ease of expression and modification and enhanced stability, as well as improved hydrophilicity compared to conventional antibody fragments (antigen-binding fragments (Fab) or single-chain variable fragments (scFv)) that can aggregate due to their low solubility. Nanobodies directly target antigen epitopes or can be engineered into multivalent Nbs and Nb-fusion proteins, expanding their therapeutic potential. This review is dedicated to charting the progress in Nb research, particularly those derived from camelids, and highlighting their diverse applications in treating infectious diseases, spanning both human and animal contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri De Greve
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antonella Fioravanti
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Fondazione ParSeC – Parco delle Scienze e della Cultura, Prato, Italy
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4
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Prado NDR, Brilhante-Da-Silva N, Sousa RMO, Morais MSDS, Roberto SA, Luiz MB, Assis LCD, Marinho ACM, Araujo LFLD, Pontes RDS, Stabeli RG, Fernandes CFC, Pereira SDS. Single-domain antibodies applied as antiviral immunotherapeutics. J Virol Methods 2023; 320:114787. [PMID: 37516366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections have been the cause of high mortality rates throughout different periods in history. Over the last two decades, outbreaks caused by zoonotic diseases and transmitted by arboviruses have had a significant impact on human health. The emergence of viral infections in different parts of the world encourages the search for new inputs to fight pathologies of viral origin. Antibodies represent the predominant class of new drugs developed in recent years and approved for the treatment of various human diseases, including cancer, autoimmune and infectious diseases. A promising group of antibodies are single-domain antibodies derived from camelid heavy chain immunoglobulins, or VHHs, are biomolecules with nanometric dimensions and unique pharmaceutical and biophysical properties that can be used in the diagnosis and immunotherapy of viral infections. For viral neutralization to occur, VHHs can act in different stages of the viral cycle, including the actual inhibition of infection, to hindering viral replication or assembly. This review article addresses advances involving the use of VHHs in therapeutic propositions aimed to battle different viruses that affect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidiane Dantas Reis Prado
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Nairo Brilhante-Da-Silva
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Oliveira Sousa
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | | | - Sibele Andrade Roberto
- Plataforma Bi-institucional de Medicina Translacional, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Barros Luiz
- Instituto Federal de Rondônia Campus Guajará-Mirim, IFRO, Guajará-Mirim, RO, Brazil
| | - Livia Coelho de Assis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório Multiusuário de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz unidade Ceará, Eusebio, CE, Brazil
| | - Anna Carolina M Marinho
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz unidade Ceará, Eusebio, CE, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Lemes de Araujo
- Plataforma Bi-institucional de Medicina Translacional, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Souza Pontes
- Plataforma Bi-institucional de Medicina Translacional, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Guerino Stabeli
- Plataforma Bi-institucional de Medicina Translacional, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Freire Celedonio Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório Multiusuário de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz unidade Ceará, Eusebio, CE, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Soraya Dos Santos Pereira
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.
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Nyblade C, Zhou P, Frazier M, Frazier A, Hensley C, Fantasia-Davis A, Shahrudin S, Hoffer M, Agbemabiese CA, LaRue L, Barro M, Patton JT, Parreño V, Yuan L. Human Rotavirus Replicates in Salivary Glands and Primes Immune Responses in Facial and Intestinal Lymphoid Tissues of Gnotobiotic Pigs. Viruses 2023; 15:1864. [PMID: 37766270 PMCID: PMC10534682 DOI: 10.3390/v15091864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) is a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis in children across the globe. The virus has long been established as a pathogen of the gastrointestinal tract, targeting small intestine epithelial cells and leading to diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Recently, this classical infection pathway was challenged by the findings that murine strains of rotavirus can infect the salivary glands of pups and dams and transmit via saliva from pups to dams during suckling. Here, we aimed to determine if HRV was also capable of infecting salivary glands and spreading in saliva using a gnotobiotic (Gn) pig model of HRV infection and disease. Gn pigs were orally inoculated with various strains of HRV, and virus shedding was monitored for several days post-inoculation. HRV was shed nasally and in feces in all inoculated pigs. Infectious HRV was detected in the saliva of four piglets. Structural and non-structural HRV proteins, as well as the HRV genome, were detected in the intestinal and facial tissues of inoculated pigs. The pigs developed high IgM antibody responses in serum and small intestinal contents at 10 days post-inoculation. Additionally, inoculated pigs had HRV-specific IgM antibody-secreting cells present in the ileum, tonsils, and facial lymphoid tissues. Taken together, these findings indicate that HRV can replicate in salivary tissues and prime immune responses in both intestinal and facial lymphoid tissues of Gn pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Nyblade
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Maggie Frazier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Annie Frazier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Casey Hensley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Ariana Fantasia-Davis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Shabihah Shahrudin
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (M.H.); (C.A.A.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Miranda Hoffer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (M.H.); (C.A.A.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Chantal Ama Agbemabiese
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (M.H.); (C.A.A.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Lauren LaRue
- GIVAX Inc.—RAVEN at RA Capital Management, Boston, MA 02116, USA; (L.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Mario Barro
- GIVAX Inc.—RAVEN at RA Capital Management, Boston, MA 02116, USA; (L.L.); (M.B.)
| | - John T. Patton
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (M.H.); (C.A.A.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
- INCUINTA, IVIT (INTA-Conicet), Hurligham, Buenos Aires 1686, Argentina
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
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Hensley C, Nyblade C, Zhou P, Parreño V, Ramesh A, Frazier A, Frazier M, Garrison S, Fantasia-Davis A, Cai R, Huang PW, Xia M, Tan M, Yuan L. Combined Live Oral Priming and Intramuscular Boosting Regimen with Rotarix ® and a Nanoparticle-Based Trivalent Rotavirus Vaccine Evaluated in Gnotobiotic Pig Models of G4P[6] and G1P[8] Human Rotavirus Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:927. [PMID: 37243031 PMCID: PMC10223133 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) is the causative agent of severe dehydrating diarrhea in children under the age of five, resulting in up to 215,000 deaths each year. These deaths almost exclusively occur in low- and middle-income countries where vaccine efficacy is the lowest due to chronic malnutrition, gut dysbiosis, and concurrent enteric viral infection. Parenteral vaccines for HRV are particularly attractive as they avoid many of the concerns associated with currently used live oral vaccines. In this study, a two-dose intramuscular (IM) regimen of the trivalent, nanoparticle-based, nonreplicating HRV vaccine (trivalent S60-VP8*), utilizing the shell (S) domain of the capsid of norovirus as an HRV VP8* antigen display platform, was evaluated for immunogenicity and protective efficacy against P[6] and P[8] HRV using gnotobiotic pig models. A prime-boost strategy using one dose of the oral Rotarix® vaccine, followed by one dose of the IM trivalent nanoparticle vaccine was also evaluated. Both regimens were highly immunogenic in inducing serum virus neutralizing, IgG, and IgA antibodies. The two vaccine regimens failed to confer significant protection against diarrhea; however, the prime-boost regimen significantly shortened the duration of virus shedding in pigs challenged orally with the virulent Wa (G1P[8]) HRV and significantly shortened the mean duration of virus shedding, mean peak titer, and area under the curve of virus shedding after challenge with Arg (G4P[6]) HRV. Prime-boost-vaccinated pigs challenged with P[8] HRV had significantly higher P[8]-specific IgG antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) in the spleen post-challenge. Prime-boost-vaccinated pigs challenged with P[6] HRV had significantly higher numbers of P[6]- and P[8]-specific IgG ASCs in the ileum, as well as significantly higher numbers of P[8]-specific IgA ASCs in the spleen post-challenge. These results suggest the promise of and warrant further investigation into the oral priming and parenteral boosting strategy for future HRV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Hensley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Charlotte Nyblade
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
- INCUINTA, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1033AAE, Argentina
| | - Ashwin Ramesh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Annie Frazier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Maggie Frazier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Sarah Garrison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Ariana Fantasia-Davis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Ruiqing Cai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Peng-Wei Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ming Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
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Bhattacharya M, Chatterjee S, Lee SS, Chakraborty C. Therapeutic applications of nanobodies against SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections: Current update. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:70-80. [PMID: 36586649 PMCID: PMC9797221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the last two years, the world encountered the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is still dominating the population due to the absence of a viable treatment. To eradicate the global pandemic, scientists, doctors, and researchers took an exceptionally significant initiative towards the development of effective therapeutics to save many lifes. This review discusses about the single-domain antibodies (sdAbs), also called nanobodies, their structure, and their types against the infections of dreadful SARS-CoV-2 virus. A precise description highlights the nanobodies and their therapeutic application against the other selected viruses. It aims to focus on the extraordinary features of these antibodies compared to the conventional therapeutics like mAbs, convalescent plasma therapy, and vaccines. The stable structure of these nanobodies along with the suitable mechanism of action also confers greater resistance to the evolving variants with numerous mutations. The nanobodies developed against SARS-CoV-2 and its mutant variants have shown the greater neutralization potential than the primitive ones. Engineering of these specialized antibodies by modern biotechnological approaches will surely be more beneficial in treating this COVID-19 pandemic along with certain other viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manojit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Balasore 756020, Odisha, India
| | - Srijan Chatterjee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopaedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si 24252, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopaedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si 24252, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700126, India.
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Moliner-Morro A, McInerney GM, Hanke L. Nanobodies in the limelight: Multifunctional tools in the fight against viruses. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35579613 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are natural antivirals generated by the vertebrate immune system in response to viral infection or vaccination. Unsurprisingly, they are also key molecules in the virologist's molecular toolbox. With new developments in methods for protein engineering, protein functionalization and application, smaller antibody-derived fragments are moving in focus. Among these, camelid-derived nanobodies play a prominent role. Nanobodies can replace full-sized antibodies in most applications and enable new possible applications for which conventional antibodies are challenging to use. Here we review the versatile nature of nanobodies, discuss their promise as antiviral therapeutics, for diagnostics, and their suitability as research tools to uncover novel aspects of viral infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Moliner-Morro
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerald M McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Development of spirulina for the manufacture and oral delivery of protein therapeutics. Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:956-964. [PMID: 35314813 PMCID: PMC9200632 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01249-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of the edible photosynthetic cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis (spirulina) as a biomanufacturing platform has been limited by a lack of genetic tools. Here we report genetic engineering methods for stable, high-level expression of bioactive proteins in spirulina, including large-scale, indoor cultivation and downstream processing methods. Following targeted integration of exogenous genes into the spirulina chromosome (chr), encoded protein biopharmaceuticals can represent as much as 15% of total biomass, require no purification before oral delivery and are stable without refrigeration and protected during gastric transit when encapsulated within dry spirulina. Oral delivery of a spirulina-expressed antibody targeting campylobacter-a major cause of infant mortality in the developing world-prevents disease in mice, and a phase 1 clinical trial demonstrated safety for human administration. Spirulina provides an advantageous system for the manufacture of orally delivered therapeutic proteins by combining the safety of a food-based production host with the accessible genetic manipulation and high productivity of microbial platforms.
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10
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Caddy S, Papa G, Borodavka A, Desselberger U. Rotavirus research: 2014-2020. Virus Res 2021; 304:198499. [PMID: 34224769 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are major causes of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide and also cause disease in the young of many other mammalian and of avian species. During the recent 5-6 years rotavirus research has benefitted in a major way from the establishment of plasmid only-based reverse genetics systems, the creation of human and other mammalian intestinal enteroids, and from the wide application of structural biology (cryo-electron microscopy, cryo-EM tomography) and complementary biophysical approaches. All of these have permitted to gain new insights into structure-function relationships of rotaviruses and their interactions with the host. This review follows different stages of the viral replication cycle and summarizes highlights of structure-function studies of rotavirus-encoded proteins (both structural and non-structural), molecular mechanisms of viral replication including involvement of cellular proteins and lipids, the spectrum of viral genomic and antigenic diversity, progress in understanding of innate and acquired immune responses, and further developments of prevention of rotavirus-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Caddy
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease Jeffery Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.
| | - Guido Papa
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Alexander Borodavka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK.
| | - Ulrich Desselberger
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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11
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Silva-Pilipich N, Smerdou C, Vanrell L. A Small Virus to Deliver Small Antibodies: New Targeted Therapies Based on AAV Delivery of Nanobodies. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091956. [PMID: 34576851 PMCID: PMC8465657 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanobodies are camelid-derived single-domain antibodies that present some advantages versus conventional antibodies, such as a smaller size, and higher tissue penetrability, stability, and hydrophilicity. Although nanobodies can be delivered as proteins, in vivo expression from adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors represents an attractive strategy. This is due to the fact that AAV vectors, that can provide long-term expression of recombinant genes, have shown an excellent safety profile, and can accommodate genes for one or several nanobodies. In fact, several studies showed that AAV vectors can provide sustained nanobody expression both locally or systemically in preclinical models of human diseases. Some of the pathologies addressed with this technology include cancer, neurological, cardiovascular, infectious, and genetic diseases. Depending on the indication, AAV-delivered nanobodies can be expressed extracellularly or inside cells. Intracellular nanobodies or “intrabodies” carry out their function by interacting with cell proteins involved in disease and have also been designed to help elucidate cellular mechanisms by interfering with normal cell processes. Finally, nanobodies can also be used to retarget AAV vectors, when tethered to viral capsid proteins. This review covers applications in which AAV vectors have been used to deliver nanobodies, with a focus on their therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Silva-Pilipich
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Cristian Smerdou
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (L.V.); Tel.: +34-948194700 (C.S.); +508-29021505 (L.V.); Fax: +34-948194717 (C.S.)
| | - Lucía Vanrell
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad ORT Uruguay, Mercedes 1237, Montevideo 11100, Uruguay
- Nanogrow Biotech, CIE BIO Incubator, Mercedes 1237, Montevideo 11100, Uruguay
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (L.V.); Tel.: +34-948194700 (C.S.); +508-29021505 (L.V.); Fax: +34-948194717 (C.S.)
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12
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Vega CG, Garaicoechea LL, Degiuseppe JI, Bok M, Rivolta AA, Piantanida AP, Asenzo G, Adúriz Guerrero M, Wigdorovitz A, Stupka JA, Parreño V. ROTADIAL: The first nanobody-based immunoassay to detect Group A Rotavirus. J Virol Methods 2021; 298:114279. [PMID: 34499967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
ROTADIAL is a rapid nanobody (Nb)-based ELISA assay able to identify Rotavirus group A (RVA) in feces from pediatric patients. The assay is based on a sandwich of two patented llama-derived Nbs directed to the inner capsid viral protein VP6 from RVA. Nbs are directed to conformational epitopes of VP6 and recognized all human RVA strains tested, representing ideal reagents for their use in immunodiagnostic tests for RVA detection. All the steps are carried out at room temperature, bringing results in less than two hours. This assay, named ROTADIAL, was validated with a reference panel of feces from pediatric patients from Argentina. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the ROTADIAL test, when compared to a commercial test, was 100 % (100/100) and 99 % (99/100) respectively. ROTADIAL presented optimal analytical performance, being capable of detecting RVA regardless of the presence of other common human enteric infectious agents and is the first RVA-diagnostic assay developed using Nbs, worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Vega
- Incuinta, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INTA), Argentina; IVIT, CONICET, Argentina.
| | - L L Garaicoechea
- Incuinta, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INTA), Argentina
| | - J I Degiuseppe
- Argentine Reference Laboratory for Rotavirus and Norovirus of the INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán" (INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán"), Argentina
| | - M Bok
- Incuinta, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INTA), Argentina; IVIT, CONICET, Argentina
| | - A A Rivolta
- Incuinta, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INTA), Argentina
| | - A P Piantanida
- Incuinta, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INTA), Argentina
| | - G Asenzo
- Incuinta, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INTA), Argentina; IVIT, CONICET, Argentina
| | - M Adúriz Guerrero
- Incuinta, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INTA), Argentina; IVIT, CONICET, Argentina
| | - A Wigdorovitz
- Incuinta, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INTA), Argentina; IVIT, CONICET, Argentina
| | - J A Stupka
- Argentine Reference Laboratory for Rotavirus and Norovirus of the INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán" (INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán"), Argentina
| | - V Parreño
- Incuinta, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INTA), Argentina; IVIT, CONICET, Argentina
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13
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Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and other enteropathogens and their association with diarrhea in dairy calves of Buenos Aires province, Argentina. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2021; 24:100567. [PMID: 34024383 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis of neonatal dairy calves causes diarrhea, resulting in important economic losses. In Argentina, prevalence values of Cryptosporidium spp. and other enteropathogens such as group A rotavirus (RVA), bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC, endotoxin STa+), have been independently studied in different regions. However, an integrative epidemiological investigation on large-scale farms has not been carried out. In this study, fecal samples (n = 908) were randomly collected from diarrheic and healthy calves from 42 dairy farms, and analyzed for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp., RVA, BCoV, ETEC (STa+) and Salmonella spp. In all sampled dairy farms, dams had been vaccinated against rotavirus and gram-negative bacteria to protect calves against neonatal diarrhea. The proportion of calves shedding Cryptosporidium spp., RVA, and BCoV in animals younger than 20 days of age were 29.8%, 12.4% and 6.4%, and in calves aged between 21 and 90 days, 5.6%, 3.9%, and 1.8%, respectively. ETEC was absent in the younger, and occurred only sporadically in the older group (0.9%), whereas Salmonella spp. was absent in both. The observed sporadic finding or even absence of bacterial pathogens might be explained by the frequent use of parenteral antibiotics in 25.3% and 6.5% of the younger and the older group of calves, respectively, within 2 days prior to sampling and/or vaccination of dams against gram-negative bacteria. Diarrhea was observed in 28.8% (95% CI, 24.7-32.8%) of the younger calves and 11.7% (95% CI, 9.1-15.5%) of the older calves. Importantly, Cryptosporidium spp. (odds ratio (OR) = 5.7; 95% CI, 3.3-9.9; p < 0.0001) and RVA (OR = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2-5.1; p < 0.05) were both found to be risk factors for diarrhea in calves younger than 20 days old. Based on its high prevalence and OR, our results strongly suggest that Cryptosporidium spp. is the principal causative factor for diarrhea in the group of neonatal calves, whereas RVA seems to play a secondary role in the etiology of diarrhea in the studied farms, with about three-times lower prevalence and a half as high OR. Furthermore, a coinfection rate of Cryptosporidium spp. and RVA of 3.7% was observed in the group of younger calves, which strengthens the assumption that these events are independent. In contrast, due to a low infection rate of enteropathogens in older calves, mixed infection (<< 1%) was virtually absent in this group.
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14
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Crowell LE, Goodwine C, Holt CS, Rocha L, Vega C, Rodriguez SA, Dalvie NC, Tracey MK, Puntel M, Wigdorovitz A, Parreño V, Love KR, Cramer SM, Love JC. Development of a platform process for the production and purification of single-domain antibodies. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3348-3358. [PMID: 33624832 PMCID: PMC8451865 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Single‐domain antibodies (sdAbs) offer the affinity and therapeutic value of conventional antibodies, with increased stability and solubility. Unlike conventional antibodies, however, sdAbs do not benefit from a platform manufacturing process. While successful production of a variety of sdAbs has been shown in numerous hosts, purification methods are often molecule specific or require affinity tags, which generally cannot be used in clinical manufacturing due to regulatory concerns. Here, we have developed a broadly applicable production and purification process for sdAbs in Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris) and demonstrated the production of eight different sdAbs at a quality appropriate for nonclinical studies. We developed a two‐step, integrated purification process without the use of affinity resins and showed that modification of a single process parameter, pH of the bridging buffer, was required for the successful purification of a variety of sdAbs. Further, we determined that this parameter can be predicted based only on the biophysical characteristics of the target molecule. Using these methods, we produced nonclinical quality sdAbs as few as 5 weeks after identifying the product sequence. Nonclinical studies of three different sdAbs showed that molecules produced using our platform process conferred protection against viral shedding of rotavirus or H1N1 influenza and were equivalent to similar molecules produced in Escherichia coli and purified using affinity tags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Crowell
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chaz Goodwine
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Carla S Holt
- Instituto de Virología, Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucia Rocha
- Instituto de Virología, Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Celina Vega
- Instituto de Virología, Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio A Rodriguez
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neil C Dalvie
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary K Tracey
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mariana Puntel
- Instituto de Virología, Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés Wigdorovitz
- Instituto de Virología, Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Instituto de Virología, Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kerry R Love
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven M Cramer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - J Christopher Love
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Sajna KV, Kamat S. Antibodies at work in the time of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Cytotherapy 2021; 23:101-110. [PMID: 32988772 PMCID: PMC7458058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In view of devastating effects of COVID-19 on human life, there is an urgent need for the licened vaccines or therapeutics for the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Age-old passive immunization with protective antibodies to neutralize the virus is one of the strategies for emergency prophylaxis and therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this review, the authors discuss up-to-date advances in immune-based therapy for COVID-19. The use of convalescent plasma therapy as the first line of defense to treat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been established, with encouraging results. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that bind to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or block the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 RBD and the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor have been found to be very promising as a countermeasure for tackling the SARS-CoV-2 infection, and clinical trials are underway. Considering the counterproductive antibody-dependent enhancement of the virus, mAbs therapy that is safe and efficacious, even in people with underlying conditions, will be a significant breakthrough. In addition, emerging immunotherapeutic interventions using nanobodies and cellular immunotherapy are promising avenues for tackling the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors also discuss the implication of mAbs as mediators of cytokine storm syndrome to modify the immune response of COVID-19 patients, thus reducing the fatality rate of COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siya Kamat
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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16
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Mir MA, Mehraj U, Sheikh BA, Hamdani SS. Nanobodies: The "Magic Bullets" in therapeutics, drug delivery and diagnostics. Hum Antibodies 2020; 28:29-51. [PMID: 31322555 DOI: 10.3233/hab-190390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies represent a well-established class of clinical diagnostics for medical applications as well as essential research and biotechnological tools. Although both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies are indispensable reagents in basic research and diagnostics but both of them have their limitations. Hence, there is urgent need to develop strategies aimed at production of alternative scaffolds and recombinant antibodies of smaller dimensions that could be easily produced, selected and manipulated. Unlike conventional antibodies, members of Camelidae and sharks produce antibodies composed only of heavy chains with small size, high solubility, thermal stability, refolding capacity and good tissue penetration in vivo. The discovery of these naturally occurring antibodies having only heavy-chain in Camelidae family and their further development into small recombinant nanobodies represents an attractive alternative in drug delivery, diagnostics and imaging. Nanobody derivatives are soluble, stable, versatile, have unique refolding capacities, reduced aggregation tendencies and high-target binding capabilities. They can be genetically customized to target enzymes, transmembrane proteins or molecular interactions. Their ability to recognize recessed antigenic sites has been attributed to their smaller size and the ability of the extended CDR3 loop to quickly penetrate into such epitopes. With the advent of molecular engineering and phage display technology, they can be of potential use in molecular imaging, drug delivery and therapeutics for several major diseases. In this review we present the recent advances in nanobodies for modulating immune functions, for targeting cancers, viruses, toxins and microbes as well as their utility as diagnostic and biosensor tools.
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17
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Intracellular neutralisation of rotavirus by VP6-specific IgG. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008732. [PMID: 32750093 PMCID: PMC7428215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is a major cause of gastroenteritis in children, with infection typically inducing high levels of protective antibodies. Antibodies targeting the middle capsid protein VP6 are particularly abundant, and as VP6 is only exposed inside cells, neutralisation must be post-entry. However, while a system of poly immune globulin receptor (pIgR) transcytosis has been proposed for anti-VP6 IgAs, the mechanism by which VP6-specific IgG mediates protection remains less clear. We have developed an intracellular neutralisation assay to examine how antibodies neutralise rotavirus inside cells, enabling comparison between IgG and IgA isotypes. Unexpectedly we found that neutralisation by VP6-specific IgG was much more efficient than by VP6-specific IgA. This observation was highly dependent on the activity of the cytosolic antibody receptor TRIM21 and was confirmed using an in vivo model of murine rotavirus infection. Furthermore, mice deficient in only IgG and not other antibody isotypes had a serious deficit in intracellular antibody-mediated protection. The finding that VP6-specific IgG protect mice against rotavirus infection has important implications for rotavirus vaccination. Current assays determine protection in humans predominantly by measuring rotavirus-specific IgA titres. Measurements of VP6-specific IgG may add to existing mechanistic correlates of protection.
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18
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Novel Lentivirus-Based Method for Rapid Selection of Inhibitory Nanobody against PRRSV. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020229. [PMID: 32092857 PMCID: PMC7077216 DOI: 10.3390/v12020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence and re-emergence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has resulted in huge economic losses for the swine industry. Current vaccines are of limited efficacy against endemic circulating PRRSV variants. New strategies against PRRSV infection are in urgent need. Here, a nanobody library in Marc-145 cells is constructed for antiviral nanobodies. Nanobody encoding sequences from two non-immunized llamas were cloned to generate a pseudotyped lentiviral library. Several candidates were selected from survival cells post-PRRSV inoculation and further characterized. Nb9 was identified with strong antiviral activity. Moreover, Nb9 exerted antiviral activity via its interaction with PRRSV viral proteins, as revealed by immunofluorescence assay and Western blot. Taken together, the novel function-based screen of the lentivirus nanobody library, instead of the conventional affinity-based screen, offers an alternative strategy for antiviral reagents against PRRSV and other pathogens.
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19
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Sanaei M, Setayesh N, Sepehrizadeh Z, Mahdavi M, Yazdi MH. Nanobodies in Human Infections: Prevention, Detection, and Treatment. Immunol Invest 2019; 49:875-896. [PMID: 31856615 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2019.1688828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the existence of vaccination, antibiotic therapy, and antibody therapies, infectious diseases still remain as one of the biggest challenges to human health all over the world. Among the different methods for treatment and prevention of infectious diseases, antibodies are well known but poorly developed. There is a new subclass of antibodies calledheavy-chain antibodies that belong to the IgG isotype. However, they are low in molecular weight and lost the first constant domain (CH1). Their single-domain antigen-binding fragments, identified as nanobodies, have unique characteristics, which make them superior in comparison with the conventional antibodies. Low molecular weight and small size, high stability and solubility, ease of expression, good tissue penetration, and low-cost production make nanobodies an appropriate alternative to use against infectious disease. In this research, we review the properties of nanobodies and their potential applications in controlling human infections and inflammations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Sanaei
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Setayesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Zargham Sepehrizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mahdavi
- Recombinant Vaccine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Yazdi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran.,Recombinant Vaccine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
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20
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The 13th International Double-Stranded RNA Virus Symposium, Houffalize, Belgium, 24 to 28 September 2018. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01964-18. [PMID: 30723139 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01964-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The triennial International Double-Stranded RNA Virus Symposium, this year organized by J. Matthijnssens, J. S. L. Parker, P. Danthi, and P. Van Damme in Belgium, gathered over 200 scientists to discuss novel observations and hypotheses in the field. The keynote lecture on functional interactions of bacteria and viruses in the gut microbiome was presented by Julie Pfeiffer. Workshops were held on viral diversity, molecular epidemiology, molecular virology, immunity and pathogenesis, virus structure, the viral use and abuse of cellular pathways, and applied double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virology. The establishment of a plasmid only-based reverse genetics system for rotaviruses by several Japanese research groups in 2017 has now been reproduced by various other research groups and was discussed in detail. The visualization of dsRNA virus replication steps in living cells received much attention. Mechanisms of the cellular innate immune response to virus infection and of viral pathogenesis were explored. Knowledge of the gut microbiome's influence on specific immune responses has increased rapidly, also due to the availability of relevant animal models of virus infection. The method of cryo-electron microscopic (cryo-EM) tomography has elucidated various asymmetric structures in viral particles. The use of orthoreoviruses for oncolytic virotherapy was critically assessed. The application of llama-derived single chain nanobodies for passive immunotherapy was considered attractive. In a satellite symposium the introduction, impact and further developments of rotavirus vaccines were reviewed. The Jean Cohen Lecturer of this meeting was Harry B. Greenberg, who presented aspects of his research on rotaviruses over a period of more than 40 years. He was also interviewed at the meeting by Vincent Racaniello for the 513th session of This Week in Virology.
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21
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Zhang F, Chen Y, Yang L, Zhu J. Construction and characterization of porcine single-chain fragment variable antibodies that neutralize transmissible gastroenteritis virus in vitro. Arch Virol 2019; 164:983-994. [PMID: 30729994 PMCID: PMC7087081 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infection causes severe diarrhea in piglets and imposes a significant economic burden on pig farms. Single-chain fragment variable (scFv) antibodies effectively inhibit virus infection and could be a potential therapeutic reagent for preventing disease. In this study, a recombinant scFv antibody phage display library was constructed from peripheral blood lymphocytes of piglets infected with TGEV. The library was screened with four rounds of biopanning using purified TGEV antigen, and scFv antibodies that bound to TGEV were obtained. The scFv gene was subcloned into the pET-28a(+), and the constituted plasmid was introduced into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) for protein expression. All three scFv clones identified had neutralizing activity against TGEV. An immunofluorescence assay and western blot analysis demonstrated that two scFv antibodies reacted with the spike protein of TGEV. These results indicate that scFv antibodies provide protection against viral infection in vitro and may be a therapeutic candidate for both prevention and treatment of TGEV infection in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Frontan Animal Health Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201502, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Frontan Animal Health Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201502, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China. .,School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Key Lab of Veterinary Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong university, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
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22
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del Rio B, Redruello B, Fernandez M, Martin MC, Ladero V, Alvarez MA. Lactic Acid Bacteria as a Live Delivery System for the in situ Production of Nanobodies in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract. Front Microbiol 2019. [PMCID: PMC6346216 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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23
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Afchangi A, Jalilvand S, Mohajel N, Marashi SM, Shoja Z. Rotavirus VP6 as a potential vaccine candidate. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2027. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Afchangi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Somayeh Jalilvand
- Virology Department, School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Nasir Mohajel
- Virology Department; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | - Sayed Mahdi Marashi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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24
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Single-Domain Antibodies and Their Formatting to Combat Viral Infections. Antibodies (Basel) 2018; 8:antib8010001. [PMID: 31544807 PMCID: PMC6640686 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery in the 1990s, single-domain antibodies (VHHs), also known as Nanobodies®, have changed the landscape of affinity reagents. The outstanding solubility, stability, and specificity of VHHs, as well as their small size, ease of production and formatting flexibility favor VHHs over conventional antibody formats for many applications. The exceptional ease by which it is possible to fuse VHHs with different molecular modules has been particularly explored in the context of viral infections. In this review, we focus on VHH formats that have been developed to combat viruses including influenza viruses, human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), and human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Such formats may significantly increase the affinity, half-life, breadth of protection of an antiviral VHH and reduce the risk of viral escape. In addition, VHHs can be equipped with effector functions, for example to guide components of the immune system with high precision to sites of viral infection.
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25
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Linero F, Sepúlveda C, Christopoulou I, Hulpiau P, Scolaro L, Saelens X. Neutralization of Junín virus by single domain antibodies targeted against the nucleoprotein. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11451. [PMID: 30061671 PMCID: PMC6065417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The syndrome viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) designates a broad range of diseases that are caused by different viruses including members of the family Arenaviridae. Prophylaxis for Argentine Haemorrhagic Fever (AHF), caused by the arenavirus Junín (JUNV), has been achieved by the use of a live attenuated vaccine, named Candid#1. The standard treatment of AHF is transfusion of convalescent human plasma. Our aim was to develop an alternative and safer treatment for AHF based on the use of virus-neutralizing single domain antibodies (VHHs). We describe the first reported VHHs directed against an arenavirus. These VHHs could neutralize Candid#1 by altering virion binding/fusion. Surprisingly, the neutralizing VHHs appeared to be specific for the viral nucleoprotein (N) that is not known to be involved in arenavirus entry. Candid#1 VHH-escape viruses had acquired a predicted N-glycosylation site in the surface glycoprotein GP1 that is present in highly pathogenic JUNV strains. Accordingly, the Candid#1-neutralizing VHHs could not neutralize pathogenic JUNV strains, but they could still bind to cells infected with a pathogenic strain or the escape mutant viruses. These results show that the attenuated strains of JUNV can be potently neutralized by nucleoprotein-specific VHHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Linero
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Claudia Sepúlveda
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Caba, Argentina
| | - Ioanna Christopoulou
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Paco Hulpiau
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium.,VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Luis Scolaro
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Caba, Argentina
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium.
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26
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Carossino M, Barrandeguy ME, Li Y, Parreño V, Janes J, Loynachan AT, Balasuriya UBR. Detection, molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of G3P[12] and G14P[12] equine rotavirus strains co-circulating in central Kentucky. Virus Res 2018; 255:39-54. [PMID: 29864502 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Equine rotavirus A (ERVA) is the leading cause of diarrhea in neonatal foals and a major health problem to the equine breeding industry worldwide. The G3P[12] and G14P[12] ERVA genotypes are the most prevalent in foals with diarrhea. Control and prevention strategies include vaccination of pregnant mares with an inactivated vaccine containing a prototype ERVA G3P[12] strain with limited and controversial field efficacy. Here, we performed the molecular characterization of ERVA strains circulating in central Kentucky using fecal samples collected during the 2017 foaling season. The data indicated for the first time that the G14P[12] genotype is predominant in this region in contrast to a previous serotyping study where only G3 genotype strains were reported. Overall, analysis of antigenic sites in the VP7 protein demonstrated the presence of several amino acid substitutions in the epitopes exposed on the surface including a non-conserved N-linked glycosylation site (D123N) in G14P[12] strains, while changes in antigenic sites of VP8* were minor. Also, we report the successful isolation of three ERVA G14P[12] strains which presented a high identity with other G14 strains from around the world. These may constitute ideal reference strains to comparatively study the molecular biology of G3 and G14 strains and perform vaccine efficacy studies following heterologous challenge in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Carossino
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador, Champagnat 1599, Ruta Panamericana km54.5 (B1630AHU), Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria E Barrandeguy
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA. Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, 1712, Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador, Champagnat 1599, Ruta Panamericana km54.5 (B1630AHU), Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yanqiu Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA. Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, 1712, Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jennifer Janes
- University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Alan T Loynachan
- University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Udeni B R Balasuriya
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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27
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Iezzi ME, Policastro L, Werbajh S, Podhajcer O, Canziani GA. Single-Domain Antibodies and the Promise of Modular Targeting in Cancer Imaging and Treatment. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29520274 PMCID: PMC5827546 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies and their fragments have significantly changed the outcome of cancer in the clinic, effectively inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, triggering antibody-dependent immune effector cell activation and complement mediated cell death. Along with a continued expansion in number, diversity, and complexity of validated tumor targets there is an increasing focus on engineering recombinant antibody fragments for lead development. Single-domain antibodies (sdAbs), in particular those engineered from the variable heavy-chain fragment (VHH gene) found in Camelidae heavy-chain antibodies (or IgG2 and IgG3), are the smallest fragments that retain the full antigen-binding capacity of the antibody with advantageous properties as drugs. For similar reasons, growing attention is being paid to the yet smaller variable heavy chain new antigen receptor (VNAR) fragments found in Squalidae. sdAbs have been selected, mostly from immune VHH libraries, to inhibit or modulate enzyme activity, bind soluble factors, internalize cell membrane receptors, or block cytoplasmic targets. This succinct review is a compilation of recent data documenting the application of engineered, recombinant sdAb in the clinic as epitope recognition “modules” to build monomeric, dimeric and multimeric ligands that target, tag and stall solid tumor growth in vivo. Size, affinity, specificity, and the development profile of sdAbs drugs are seemingly consistent with desirable clinical efficacy and safety requirements. But the hepatotoxicity of the tetrameric anti-DR5-VHH drug in patients with pre-existing anti-drug antibodies halted the phase I clinical trial and called for a thorough pre-screening of the immune and poly-specific reactivities of the sdAb leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Iezzi
- Laboratorio de Terapia Molecular y Celular, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía Policastro
- Laboratorio de Terapia Molecular y Celular, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio Nanomedicina, Gerencia de Desarrollo Tecnológico y Proyectos Especiales, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Werbajh
- Laboratorio de Terapia Molecular y Celular, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Podhajcer
- Laboratorio de Terapia Molecular y Celular, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Alicia Canziani
- Laboratorio de Terapia Molecular y Celular, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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28
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Castells M, Schild C, Caffarena D, Bok M, Giannitti F, Armendano J, Riet-Correa F, Victoria M, Parreño V, Colina R. Prevalence and viability of group A rotavirus in dairy farm water sources. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:922-929. [PMID: 29316065 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To analyse group A rotavirus (RVA) environmental contamination in waters used for calves' consumption and to assess viral viability in dairy farm water sources. METHODS AND RESULTS We analysed 202 samples of water used for calves' consumption and RVA was detected by RT-qPCR in 35·1% (95% CI: 28·9-42·0%). A marked pattern of seasonality was observed with higher frequency of detection in colder than warmer months (P = 0·002). There was no association between viral load and season or between the number of milking cows in the herd and the detection of RVA in the farm. The viability of the RVA particles detected was confirmed by isolation of RVA in cell culture from 5 of 10 water samples. Furthermore, an RVA waterborne outbreak of neonatal calf diarrhoea was described. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that RVA is frequent in dairy farm waters, and that the virus is infectious and capable of generating a diarrhoea outbreak. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Neonatal diarrhoea syndrome leads to economic losses to the livestock industry worldwide. To determine transmission routes is essential to take action in this regard and reduce the impact that this syndrome has for the livestock production. The results obtained in this work alert the dairy industry and highlight that mitigation strategies are crucial to improve the microbiological quality of this water.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Castells
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CENUR Litoral Norte, Centro Universitario de Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - C Schild
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - D Caffarena
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - M Bok
- Sección de Virus Gastroentéricos, Instituto de Virología, CICV y A, INTA Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F Giannitti
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay.,Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - J Armendano
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F Riet-Correa
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - M Victoria
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CENUR Litoral Norte, Centro Universitario de Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - V Parreño
- Sección de Virus Gastroentéricos, Instituto de Virología, CICV y A, INTA Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Colina
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CENUR Litoral Norte, Centro Universitario de Salto, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
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29
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Wu Y, Jiang S, Ying T. Single-Domain Antibodies As Therapeutics against Human Viral Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1802. [PMID: 29326699 PMCID: PMC5733491 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In full-size formats, monoclonal antibodies have been highly successful as therapeutics against cancer and immune diseases. However, their large size leads to inaccessibility of some epitopes and relatively high production costs. As an alternative, single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) offer special advantages compared to full-size antibodies, including smaller size, larger number of accessible epitopes, relatively low production costs and improved robustness. Currently, sdAbs are being developed against a number of viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), influenza viruses, hepatitis C virus (HCV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and enteric viruses. Although sdAbs are very potent inhibitors of viral infections, no sdAbs have been approved for clinical use against virial infection or any other diseases. In this review, we discuss the current state of research on sdAbs against viruses and their potential as therapeutics against human viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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30
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Matsushita T, Arai H, Koyama T, Hatano K, Nemoto N, Matsuoka K. Iodoacetyl-functionalized pullulan: A supplemental enhancer for single-domain antibody-polyclonal antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of survivin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4844-4848. [PMID: 28974337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Survivin, an inhibitor of the apoptosis protein family, is a potent tumor marker for diagnosis and prognosis. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is one of the methods that has been used for detection of survivin. However, ELISA has several disadvantages caused by the use of conventional antibodies, and we have therefore been trying to develop a novel ELISA system using camelid single-domain antibodies (VHHs) as advantageous replacements. Here we report a supplemental approach to improve the VHH-polyclonal antibody sandwich ELISA for survivin detection. Iodoacetyl-functionalized pullulan was synthesized, and its thiol reactivity was characterized by a model reaction with l-cysteine. The thiophilic pullulan was applied to an immunoassay asan additive upon coating of standard assay plates with an anti-survivin VHH fusion protein with C-terminal cysteine. The results showed that the mole ratio of the additive to VHH had a significant effect on the consequent response. Mole ratios of 0.07, 0.7, and 7 led to 90% lower, 15% higher, and 69% lower responses, respectively, than the response of a positive control in which no additive was used. The background levels observed in any additive conditions were as low as that of a negative control lacking both VHH and the additive. These results indicate the applicability of the thiol-reactive pullulan as a response enhancer to VHH-based ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Matsushita
- Area for Molecular Function, Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; Medical Innovation Research Unit (MiU), Advanced Institute of Innovative Technology (AIIT), Saitama University, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Hidenao Arai
- Epsilon Molecular Engineering (EME) Inc., Saitama University Comprehensive Open Innovation Center #303, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Koyama
- Area for Molecular Function, Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ken Hatano
- Area for Molecular Function, Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; Medical Innovation Research Unit (MiU), Advanced Institute of Innovative Technology (AIIT), Saitama University, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Naoto Nemoto
- Area for Molecular Function, Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; Medical Innovation Research Unit (MiU), Advanced Institute of Innovative Technology (AIIT), Saitama University, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; Epsilon Molecular Engineering (EME) Inc., Saitama University Comprehensive Open Innovation Center #303, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Koji Matsuoka
- Area for Molecular Function, Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; Medical Innovation Research Unit (MiU), Advanced Institute of Innovative Technology (AIIT), Saitama University, Sakura, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
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31
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Blazevic V, Malm M, Arinobu D, Lappalainen S, Vesikari T. Rotavirus capsid VP6 protein acts as an adjuvant in vivo for norovirus virus-like particles in a combination vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 12:740-8. [PMID: 26467630 PMCID: PMC4964741 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1099772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) and norovirus (NoV) are the 2 leading causes of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. We have developed a non-live NoV and RV vaccine candidate consisting of NoV virus-like particles (VLPs) and recombinant polymeric RV VP6 protein produced in baculovirus-insect cell expression system. Both components have been shown to induce strong potentially protective immune responses. As VP6 nanotubes are highly immunogenic, we investigated here a possible adjuvant effect of these structures on NoV-specific immune responses in vivo. BALB/c mice were immunized intramuscularly with a suboptimal dose (0.3 μg) of GII.4 or GI.3 VLPs either alone or in a combination with 10 μg dose of VP6 and induction of NoV-specific antibodies in sera of experimental animals were measured. Blocking assay using human saliva or synthetic histo-blood group antigens was employed to test NoV blocking antibodies. Suboptimal doses of the VLPs alone did not induce substantial anti-NoV antibodies. When co-administered with the VP6, considerable titers of not only type-specific but also cross-reactive IgG antibodies against NoV VLP genotypes not included in the vaccine composition were induced. Most importantly, NoV-specific blocking antibodies, a surrogate for neutralizing antibodies, were generated. Our results show that RV VP6 protein has an in vivo adjuvant effect on NoV-specific antibody responses and support the use of VP6 protein as a part of the NoV-RV combination vaccine, especially when addition of external adjuvants is not desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Blazevic
- a Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere Medical School , Tampere , Finland
| | - Maria Malm
- a Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere Medical School , Tampere , Finland
| | - Daisuke Arinobu
- b R&D Project Office, UMN Pharma Inc. , Yokohama , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Suvi Lappalainen
- a Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere Medical School , Tampere , Finland
| | - Timo Vesikari
- a Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere Medical School , Tampere , Finland
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32
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Ju MS, Min SW, Lee SM, Kwon HS, Park JC, Lee JC, Jung ST. A synthetic library for rapid isolation of humanized single-domain antibodies. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-017-0082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Nakayama H, Murakami A, Yoshida M, Muraoka J, Wakai J, Kenjyou N, Ito Y. Characterization and Selection of 3-(1-Naphthoyl)-Indole Derivative-Specific Alpaca VHH Antibodies Using a Phage Display Library. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2017; 35:231-4. [PMID: 27556911 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2016.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new alpaca VHH antibody library against 3-(1-naphthoyl)-indole derivatives was developed from alpaca immunized with 7-(3-(1-naphthoyl)-1H-indol-1-yl)-heptanoic acid-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (Hep-KLH) protein conjugates as the immunogen. From this library, two 3-(1-naphthoyl)-indole derivative-specific clones, named NN01 and NN02, were isolated using biopanning technology. The binding specificity of these clones was confirmed using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). Based on the results of c-ELISA, a median inhibitory concentration (IC50) of these two VHH antibodies, NN01 and NN02, in the case of 7-(3-(1-naphthoyl)-1H-indol-1-yl)-heptanoic acid (Hep; one of 3-(1-naphthoyl)-indole derivatives) as an inhibitor exhibited an approximate 3 × 10(-7) M and 6 × 10(-7) M, respectively. Thus, VHH antibodies produced in this study could be considered a useful tool for the detection of 3-(1-naphthoyl)-indole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nakayama
- 1 Device Research Laboratory, Advanced Research Division, Panasonic Co., Ltd. , Soraku-gun, Japan .,2 Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University , Soraku-gun, Japan
| | - Akikazu Murakami
- 3 Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus , Nishihara, Japan
| | - Maiko Yoshida
- 4 Antibody Engineering Research Center, Inc. , Noda, Japan
| | - Jin Muraoka
- 1 Device Research Laboratory, Advanced Research Division, Panasonic Co., Ltd. , Soraku-gun, Japan
| | - Junko Wakai
- 1 Device Research Laboratory, Advanced Research Division, Panasonic Co., Ltd. , Soraku-gun, Japan
| | - Noriko Kenjyou
- 1 Device Research Laboratory, Advanced Research Division, Panasonic Co., Ltd. , Soraku-gun, Japan
| | - Yuji Ito
- 2 Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University , Soraku-gun, Japan
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34
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Pan XX, Zhao BX, Teng YM, Xia WY, Wang J, Li XF, Liao GY, Yang C, Chen YD. Immunoreactivity of chimeric proteins carrying poliovirus epitopes on the VP6 of rotavirus as a vector. Mol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893316030092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Maffey L, Vega CG, Miño S, Garaicoechea L, Parreño V. Anti-VP6 VHH: An Experimental Treatment for Rotavirus A-Associated Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162351. [PMID: 27603013 PMCID: PMC5014449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Species A Rotaviruses (RVA) remain a leading cause of mortality in children under 5 years of age. Current treatment options are limited. We assessed the efficacy of two VP6-specific llama-derived heavy chain antibody fragments (VHH) -2KD1 and 3B2- as an oral prophylactic and therapeutic treatment against RVA-induced diarrhea in a neonatal mouse model inoculated with virulent murine RVA (ECw, G16P[16]I7). Joint therapeutic administration of 2KD1+3B2 (200 μg/dose) successfully reduced diarrhea duration, RVA infection severity and virus shedding in feces. While the same dose of 2KD1 or 3B2 (200 μg) significantly reduced duration of RVA-induced diarrhea, 2KD1 was more effective in diminishing the severity of intestinal infection and RVA shedding in feces, perhaps because 2KD1 presented higher binding affinity for RVA particles than 3B2. Neither prophylactic nor therapeutic administration of the VHH interfered with the host's humoral immune response against RVA. When 2KD1 (200 μg) was administered after diarrhea development, it also significantly reduced RVA intestinal infection and fecal shedding. Host antibody responses against the oral VHH treatment were not detected, nor did viral escape mutants. Our findings show that oral administration of anti-VP6 VHH constitute, not only an effective prophylactic treatment against RVA-associated diarrhea, but also a safe therapeutic tool against RVA infection, even once diarrhea is present. Anti-VP6 VHH could be used complementary to ongoing vaccination, especially in populations that have shown lower immunization efficacy. These VHH could also be scaled-up to develop pediatric medication or functional food like infant milk formulas that might help treat RVA diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Maffey
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, INTA Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Celina G. Vega
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, INTA Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Samuel Miño
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, INTA Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena Garaicoechea
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, INTA Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, INTA Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Fusion of the mouse IgG1 Fc domain to the VHH fragment (ARP1) enhances protection in a mouse model of rotavirus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30171. [PMID: 27439689 PMCID: PMC4954977 DOI: 10.1038/srep30171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A variable fragment of a heavy chain antibody (VHH) directed against rotavirus, also referred to as anti-rotavirus protein 1 (ARP1), was shown to confer protection against rotavirus induced diarrhea in infant mouse model of rotavirus induced diarrhea. In this study, we have fused the mouse IgG1 Fc to ARP1 to improve the protective capacity of ARP1 by inducing an Fc-mediated effector function. We have shown that the Fc-ARP1 fusion protein confers significantly increased protection against rotavirus in a neonatal mouse model of rotavirus-induced diarrhea by reducing the prevalence, duration and severity of diarrhea and the viral load in the small intestines, suggesting that the Fc part of immunoglobulins may be engaged in Fc-mediated neutralization of rotavirus. Engineered conventional-like antibodies, by fusion of the Fc part of immunoglobulins to antigen-specific heavy-chain only VHH fragments, might be applied to novel antibody-based therapeutic approaches to enhance elimination of pathogens by activation of distinct effector signaling pathways.
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Moreno LY, Guerrero CA, Acosta O. Interacciones de las proteínas disulfuro isomerasa y de choque térmico Hsc70 con proteínas estructurales recombinantes purificadas de rotavirus. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE BIOTECNOLOGÍA 2016. [DOI: 10.15446/rev.colomb.biote.v18n1.57714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
<p>Introducción. La entrada de rotavirus a las células parece estar mediado por interacciones secuenciales entre las proteínas estructurales virales y algunas moléculas de la superficie celular. Sin embargo, los mecanismos por los cuales el rotavirus infecta la célula diana aún no se comprenden bien. Existe alguna evidencia que muestra que las proteínas estructurales de rotavirus VP5* y VP8* interactúan con algunas moléculas de la superficie celular. La disponibilidad de las proteínas estructurales de rotavirus recombinantes en cantidad suficiente se ha convertido en un aspecto importante para la identificación de las interacciones específicas de los receptores virus-célula durante los eventos tempranos del proceso infeccioso. Objetivo. El propósito del presente trabajo es realizar un análisis de las interacciones entre las proteínas estructurales de rotavirus recombinante VP5*, VP8* y VP6, y las proteínas celulares Hsc70 y PDI utilizando sus versiones recombinantes purificadas. Materiales y métodos. Las proteínas recombinantes de rotavirus VP5* y VP8* y las proteínas recombinantes celulares Hsc70 y PDI se expresaron en E. BL21 (DE3), mientras que VP6 se expresó en células MA104 con virus vaccinia recombinante transfectada. La interacción entre el rotavirus y las proteínas celulares se estudió mediante ELISA, co-inmunoprecipitación y SDS-PAGE/ Western. Resultados. Las condiciones óptimas para la expresión de proteínas recombinantes se determinaron y se generaron anticuerpos contra ellas. Los resultados sugirieron que las proteínas virales rVP5* y rVP6 interactúan con Hsc70 y PDI in vitro. También se encontró que éstas proteínas virales recombinantes interactúan con Hsc70 en las balsas lipídicas (“Rafts”) en un cultivo celular. El tratamiento de las células, ya sea con DLP o rVP6 produjo significativamente la inhibición de la infección por rotavirus. Conclusión. Los resultados permiten concluir que rVP5 * y rVP6 interactúan con Hsc70 y PDI durante el proceso de la infección por rotavirus.</p>
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Lappalainen S, Pastor AR, Tamminen K, López-Guerrero V, Esquivel-Guadarrama F, Palomares LA, Vesikari T, Blazevic V. Immune responses elicited against rotavirus middle layer protein VP6 inhibit viral replication in vitro and in vivo. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 10:2039-47. [PMID: 25424814 PMCID: PMC4186038 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is a common cause of severe gastroenteritis (GE) in children worldwide. Live oral RV vaccines protect against severe RVGE, but the immune correlates of protection are not yet clearly defined. Inner capsid VP6 protein is a highly conserved, abundant, and immunogenic RV protein, and VP6-specific mucosal antibodies, especially IgA, have been implicated to protect against viral challenge in mice. In the present study systemic and mucosal IgG and IgA responses were induced by immunizing BALB/c mice intranasally with a combination of recombinant RV VP6 protein (subgroup II [SGII]) and norovirus (NoV) virus-like particles (VLPs) used in a candidate vaccine. Following immunization mice were challenged orally with murine RV strain EDIMwt (SG non-I-non-II, G3P10[16]). In order to determine neutralizing activity of fecal samples, sera, and vaginal washes (VW) against human Wa RV (SGII, G1P1A[8]) and rhesus RV (SGI, G3P5B[3]), the RV antigen production was measured with an ELISA-based antigen reduction neutralization assay. Only VWs of immunized mice inhibited replication of both RVs, indicating heterotypic protection of induced antibodies. IgA antibody depletion and blocking experiments using recombinant VP6 confirmed that neutralization was mediated by anti-VP6 IgA antibodies. Most importantly, after the RV challenge significant reduction in viral shedding was observed in feces of immunized mice. These results suggest a significant role for mucosal RV VP6-specific IgA for the inhibition of RV replication in vitro and in vivo. In addition, these results underline the importance of non-serotype-specific immunity induced by the conserved subgroup-specific RV antigen VP6 in clearance of RV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Lappalainen
- a Vaccine Research Center; School of Medicine; University of Tampere; Tampere, Finland
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Controlling Rotavirus-associated diarrhea: Could single-domain antibody fragments make the difference? Rev Argent Microbiol 2015; 47:368-79. [PMID: 26654700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Rotavirus (RVA) remains a leading cause of severe diarrhea and child mortality. The variable domain of camelid heavy chain antibodies (VHH) display potent antigen-binding capacity, have low production costs and are suitable for oral therapies. Two sets of anti-RVA VHHs have been developed: ARP1-ARP3; 2KD1-3B2. Here, we explore the potential of both sets as a prevention strategy complementary to vaccination and a treatment option against RVA-associated diarrhea in endangered populations. Both sets have been expressed in multiple production systems, showing extensive neutralizing capacity against strains of RVA in vitro. They were also tested in the neonatal mouse model with various degrees of success in preventing or treating RVA-induced diarrhea. Interestingly, mitigation of the symptoms was also achieved with freeze-dried ARP1, so that it could be applied in areas where cold chains are difficult to maintain. 3B2 was tested in a pre-clinical trial involving gnotobiotic piglets where it conferred complete protection against RVA-induced diarrhea. ARP1 was used in the first clinical trial for anti-RVA VHHs, successfully reducing stool output in infants with RVA diarrhea, with no detected side effects.
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Zhao B, Pan X, Teng Y, Xia W, Wang J, Wen Y, Chen Y. Rotavirus VP7 epitope chimeric proteins elicit cross-immunoreactivity in guinea pigs. Virol Sin 2015; 30:363-70. [PMID: 26459269 PMCID: PMC8200902 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-015-3620-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
VP7 of group A rotavirus (RVA) contains major neutralizing epitopes. Using the antigenic protein VP6 as the vector, chimeric proteins carrying foreign epitopes have been shown to possess good immunoreactivity and immunogenicity. In the present study, using modified VP6 as the vector, three chimeric proteins carrying epitopes derived from VP7 of RVA were constructed. The results showed that the chimeric proteins reacted with anti-VP6 and with SA11 and Wa virus strains. Antibodies from guinea pigs inoculated with the chimeric proteins recognized VP6 and VP7 of RVA and protected mammalian cells from SA11 and Wa infection in vitro. The neutralizing activities of the antibodies against the chimeric proteins were significantly higher than those against the vector protein VP6F. Thus, development of chimeric vaccines carrying VP7 epitopes using VP6 as a vector could be a promising alternative to enhance immunization against RVAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Xiaoxia Pan
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yumei Teng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Wenyue Xia
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Yuling Wen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Yuanding Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China.
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Abstract
Rotaviruses (RV) are ubiquitous, highly infectious, segmented double-stranded RNA genome viruses of importance in public health because of the severe acute gastroenteritis they cause in young children and many animal species. They are very well adapted to their host, with symptomatic and asymptomatic reinfections being virtually universal during the first 3 years of life. Antibodies are the major arm of the immune system responsible for protecting infants from RV reinfection. The relationship between the virus and the B cells (Bc) that produce these antibodies is complex and incompletely understood: most blood-circulating Bc that express RV-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) on their surface (RV-Ig) are naive Bc and recognize the intermediate capsid viral protein VP6 with low affinity. When compared to non-antigen-specific Bc, RV-Bc are enriched in CD27+ memory Bc (mBc) that express IgM. The Ig genes used by naive RV-Bc are different than those expressed by RV-mBc, suggesting that the latter do not primarily develop from the former. Although RV predominantly infects mature villus enterocytes, an acute systemic viremia also occurs and RV-Bc can be thought of as belonging to either the intestinal or systemic immune compartments. Serotype-specific or heterotypic RV antibodies appear to mediate protection by multiple mechanisms, including intracellular and extracellular homotypic and heterotypic neutralization. Passive administration of RV-Ig can be used either prophylactically or therapeutically. A better understanding of the Bc response generated against RV will improve our capacity to identify improved correlates of protection for RV vaccines.
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Garaicoechea L, Aguilar A, Parra GI, Bok M, Sosnovtsev SV, Canziani G, Green KY, Bok K, Parreño V. Llama nanoantibodies with therapeutic potential against human norovirus diarrhea. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133665. [PMID: 26267898 PMCID: PMC4534396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis, but no vaccines or therapeutic drugs are available. Llama-derived single chain antibody fragments (also called VHH) are small, recombinant monoclonal antibodies of 15 kDa with several advantages over conventional antibodies. The aim of this study was to generate recombinant monoclonal VHH specific for the two major norovirus (NoV) genogroups (GI and GII) in order to investigate their potential as immunotherapy for the treatment of NoV diarrhea. To accomplish this objective, two llamas were immunized with either GI.1 (Norwalk-1968) or GII.4 (MD2004) VLPs. After immunization, peripheral blood lymphocytes were collected and used to generate two VHH libraries. Using phage display technology, 10 VHH clones specific for GI.1, and 8 specific for GII.4 were selected for further characterization. All VHH recognized conformational epitopes in the P domain of the immunizing VP1 capsid protein, with the exception of one GII.4 VHH that recognized a linear P domain epitope. The GI.1 VHHs were highly specific for the immunizing GI.1 genotype, with only one VHH cross-reacting with GI.3 genotype. The GII.4 VHHs reacted with the immunizing GII.4 strain and showed a varying reactivity profile among different GII genotypes. One VHH specific for GI.1 and three specific for GII.4 could block the binding of homologous VLPs to synthetic HBGA carbohydrates, saliva, and pig gastric mucin, and in addition, could inhibit the hemagglutination of red blood cells by homologous VLPs. The ability of Nov-specific VHHs to perform well in these surrogate neutralization assays supports their further development as immunotherapy for NoV treatment and immunoprophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Aguilar
- Instituto de Virología, INTA, Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel I. Parra
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marina Bok
- Instituto de Virología, INTA, Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Stanislav V. Sosnovtsev
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Kim Y. Green
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karin Bok
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Instituto de Virología, INTA, Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Jafarpour S, Ayat H, Ahadi AM. Design and Antigenic Epitopes Prediction of a New Trial Recombinant Multiepitopic Rotaviral Vaccine: In Silico Analyses. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:325-30. [PMID: 25965449 PMCID: PMC4507124 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2014.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the major etiologic factor of severe diarrheal disease. Natural infection provides protection against subsequent rotavirus infection and diarrhea. This research presents a new vaccine designed based on computational models. In this study, three types of epitopes are considered-linear, conformational, and combinational-in a proposed model protein. Several studies on rotavirus vaccines have shown that VP6 and VP4 proteins are good candidates for vaccine production. In the present study, a fusion protein was designed as a new generation of rotavirus vaccines by bioinformatics analyses. This model-based study using ABCpred, BCPREDS, Bcepred, and Ellipro web servers showed that the peptide presented in this article has the necessary properties to act as a vaccine. Prediction of linear B-cell epitopes of peptides is helpful to investigate whether these peptides are able to activate humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Jafarpour
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University , Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hoda Ayat
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University , Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Ahadi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University , Shahrekord, Iran
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An Exopolysaccharide-Deficient Mutant of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Efficiently Displays a Protective Llama Antibody Fragment against Rotavirus on Its Surface. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:5784-93. [PMID: 26092449 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00945-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the leading cause of infantile diarrhea in developing countries, where it causes a high number of deaths among infants. Two vaccines are available, being highly effective in developed countries although markedly less efficient in developing countries. As a complementary treatment to the vaccines, a Lactobacillus strain producing an anti-rotavirus antibody fragment in the gastrointestinal tract could potentially be used. In order to develop such an alternative therapy, the effectiveness of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG to produce and display a VHH antibody fragment (referred to as anti-rotavirus protein 1 [ARP1]) on the surface was investigated. L. rhamnosus GG is one of the best-characterized probiotic bacteria and has intrinsic antirotavirus activity. Among four L. rhamnosus GG strains [GG (CMC), GG (ATCC 53103), GG (NCC 3003), and GG (UT)] originating from different sources, only GG (UT) was able to display ARP1 on the bacterial surface. The genomic analysis of strain GG (UT) showed that the genes welE and welF of the EPS cluster are inactivated, which causes a defect in exopolysaccharide (EPS) production, allowing efficient display of ARP1 on its surface. Finally, GG (UT) seemed to confer a level of protection against rotavirus-induced diarrhea similar to that of wild-type GG (NCC 3003) in a mouse pup model, indicating that the EPS may not be involved in the intrinsic antirotavirus activity. Most important, GG (EM233), a derivative of GG (UT) producing ARP1, was significantly more protective than the control strain L. casei BL23.
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45
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Jalilvand S, Marashi SM, Shoja Z. Rotavirus VP6 preparations as a non-replicating vaccine candidates. Vaccine 2015; 33:3281-7. [PMID: 26021725 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) structural proteins VP4 and VP7, located on the surface of viral particles, elicit neutralizing antibodies (Abs) and are therefore considered to be important components of RV vaccines. However, despite inducing neutralizing Abs, limits of cross-neutralizing activity and lack of full correlation with protection limit the usefulness of these proteins as protective agents against RV disease. VP6 protein, which forms the middle layer of RV particles, is discussed as an alternative vaccine candidate since it can induce cross-protective immune responses against different RV strains although the Ab raised is not neutralizing. This report reviews different functions of VP6 that can lead to considering it as an alternative vaccine against RV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Jalilvand
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Mahdi Marashi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Dhama K, Saminathan M, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Shabbir MZ, Kumar N, Malik YS, Singh RK. Avian rotavirus enteritis - an updated review. Vet Q 2015; 35:142-58. [PMID: 25917772 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2015.1046014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are among the leading causes of enteritis and diarrhea in a number of mammalian and avian species, and impose colossal loss to livestock and poultry industry globally. Subsequent to detection of rotavirus in mammalian hosts in 1973, avian rotavirus (AvRV) was first reported in turkey poults in USA during 1977 and since then RVs of group A (RVA), D (RVD), F (RVF) and G (RVG) have been identified around the globe. Besides RVA, other AvRV groups (RVD, RVF and RVG) may also contribute to disease. However, their significance has yet to be unraveled. Under field conditions, co-infection of AvRVs occurs with other infectious agents such as astroviruses, enteroviruses, reoviruses, paramyxovirus, adenovirus, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, cryptosporidium and Eimeria species prospering severity of disease outcome. Birds surviving to RV disease predominantly succumb to secondary bacterial infections, mostly E. coli and Salmonella spp. Recent developments in molecular tools including state-of-the-art diagnostics and vaccine development have led to advances in our understanding towards AvRVs. Development of new generation vaccines using immunogenic antigens of AvRV has to be explored and given due importance. Till now, no effective vaccines are available. Although specific as well as sensitive approaches are available to identify and characterize AvRVs, there is still need to have point-of-care detection assays to review disease burden, contemplate new directions for adopting vaccination and follow improvements in public health measures. This review discusses AvRVs, their epidemiology, pathology and pathogenesis, immunity, recent trends in diagnostics, vaccines, therapeutics as well as appropriate prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- a Division of Pathology , Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , Bareilly 243122 , India
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Miyazaki N, Kiyose N, Akazawa Y, Takashima M, Hagihara Y, Inoue N, Matsuda T, Ogawa R, Inoue S, Ito Y. Isolation and characterization of antigen-specific alpaca (Lama pacos) VHH antibodies by biopanning followed by high-throughput sequencing. J Biochem 2015; 158:205-15. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Hodgins DC, Chattha K, Vlasova A, Parreño V, Corbeil LB, Renukaradhya GJ, Saif LJ. Mucosal Veterinary Vaccines. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [PMCID: PMC7149859 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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49
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Ramani S, Atmar RL. Acute Gastroenteritis Viruses. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Yan J, Li G, Hu Y, Ou W, Wan Y. Construction of a synthetic phage-displayed Nanobody library with CDR3 regions randomized by trinucleotide cassettes for diagnostic applications. J Transl Med 2014; 12:343. [PMID: 25496223 PMCID: PMC4269866 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0343-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nanobodies (Nbs) have proved their great value as therapeutic molecules and clinical diagnostic tools. Although the routine procedure to obtain Nbs is to immunize camels with antigens, it is unavailable to immunize a camel when the antigens are highly toxic, pathogenic or nonimmunogenic. A synthetic phage display library is an alternative to generate Nbs against such targets, besides all the other ones. Methods We constructed a large and diverse synthetic phage display Nanobody (Nb) library based on the conserved camel single-domain antibody fragment (VHH) framework of cAbBCII10. Diversity was introduced in the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) by means of randomization of synthetic oligonucleotides. Then human prealbumin (PA) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) were used to select specific Nbs from this library. Furthermore, a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect PA based on horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-PA Nb isolated from this study and another biotinylated anti-PA Nb obtained from an immune library, in our previous study. Results A large and diverse synthetic phage display Nb library with CDR3 regions randomized by trinucleotide cassettes was constructed. The library size was 1.65 × 109 CFU/mL and the correct insertion ratio was nearly 100%. A Nb against human PA and against NGAL was successfully isolated from the synthetic library. The obtained anti-PA Nb was effectively used to develop a sandwich ELISA for PA detection and it demonstrated a working range from 50 to 1000 ng/mL, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 27.1 ng/mL. Conclusion This proposed novel synthetic library was a good source for obtaining some antigen-specific Nbs. This approach could provide crucial support to an immune library and a naïve library in the acquisition of specific Nbs, potentially functioning as a great resource for medical diagnostic applications. In addition, we have successfully developed a novel sandwich ELISA to detect PA, which could provide great assistance for clinical PA detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrong Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China.
| | - Guanghui Li
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China.
| | - Yonghong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Weijun Ou
- Jiangsu Nanobody Engineering and Research Center, Nantong, 226010, PR China.
| | - Yakun Wan
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China. .,Jiangsu Nanobody Engineering and Research Center, Nantong, 226010, PR China.
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