1
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Bub T, Hargest V, Tan S, Smith M, Vazquez-Pagan A, Flerlage T, Brigleb P, Meliopoulos V, Lindenbach B, Ramanathan HN, Cortez V, Crawford JC, Schultz-Cherry S. Astrovirus replication is dependent on induction of double-membrane vesicles through a PI3K-dependent, LC3-independent pathway. J Virol 2023; 97:e0102523. [PMID: 37668367 PMCID: PMC10537808 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01025-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human astrovirus is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Astrovirus infection causes gastrointestinal symptoms and can lead to encephalitis in immunocompromised patients. Positive-strand RNA viruses typically utilize host intracellular membranes to form replication organelles, which are potential antiviral targets. Many of these replication organelles are double-membrane vesicles (DMVs). Here, we show that astrovirus infection leads to an increase in DMV formation through a replication-dependent mechanism that requires some early components of the autophagy machinery. Results indicate that the upstream class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) complex, but not LC3 conjugation machinery, is utilized in DMV formation. Both chemical and genetic inhibition of the PI3K complex lead to significant reduction in DMVs, as well as viral replication. Elucidating the role of autophagy machinery in DMV formation during astrovirus infection reveals a potential target for therapeutic intervention for immunocompromised patients. IMPORTANCE These studies provide critical new evidence that astrovirus replication requires formation of double-membrane vesicles, which utilize class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), but not LC3 conjugation autophagy machinery, for biogenesis. These results are consistent with replication mechanisms for other positive-sense RNA viruses suggesting that targeting PI3K could be a promising therapeutic option for not only astrovirus, but other positive-sense RNA virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Bub
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Integrated Program of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Virginia Hargest
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shaoyuan Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Maria Smith
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ana Vazquez-Pagan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tim Flerlage
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Pamela Brigleb
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Victoria Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Brett Lindenbach
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Harish N. Ramanathan
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Valerie Cortez
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Jeremy Chase Crawford
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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2
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Porto PS, Rivera A, Moonrinta R, Wobus CE. Entry and egress of human astroviruses. Adv Virus Res 2023; 117:81-119. [PMID: 37832992 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Astroviruses encapsidate a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome into ∼30nm icosahedral particles that infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species, but their biology is not well understood. Human astroviruses (HAstV) are divided into three clades: classical HAstV serotypes 1-8, and novel or non-classical HAstV of the MLB and VA clades. These viruses are part of two genogroups and phylogenetically cluster with other mammalian astroviruses, highlighting their zoonotic potential. HAstV are a highly prevalent cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis, primarily in children, the elderly and immunocompromised. Additionally, asymptomatic infections and extraintestinal disease (e.g., encephalitis), are also observed, mostly in immunocompetent or immunocompromised individuals, respectively. While these viruses are highly prevalent, no approved vaccines or antivirals are available to prevent or treat infections. This is in large part due to their understudied nature and the limited understanding of even very basic features of their life cycle and pathogenesis at the cellular and organismal level. This review will summarize molecular features of human astrovirus biology, pathogenesis, and tropism, and then focus on two stages of the viral life cycle, namely entry and egress, since these are proven targets for therapeutic interventions. We will further highlight gaps in knowledge in hopes of stimulating future research into these understudied viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Soares Porto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United states
| | - Andres Rivera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United states
| | - Rootjikarn Moonrinta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United states
| | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United states.
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3
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Wildi N, Seuberlich T. The Roles of the 5' and 3' Untranslated Regions in Human Astrovirus Replication. Viruses 2023; 15:1402. [PMID: 37376701 DOI: 10.3390/v15061402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses are small nonenveloped single-stranded RNA viruses with a positive sense genome. They are known to cause gastrointestinal disease in a broad spectrum of species. Although astroviruses are distributed worldwide, a gap in knowledge of their biology and disease pathogenesis persists. Many positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses show conserved and functionally important structures in their 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs). However, not much is known about the role of the 5' and 3' UTRs in the viral replication of HAstV-1. We analyzed the UTRs of HAstV-1 for secondary RNA structures and mutated them, resulting in partial or total UTR deletion. We used a reverse genetic system to study the production of infectious viral particles and to quantify protein expression in the 5' and 3' UTR mutants, and we established an HAstV-1 replicon system containing two reporter cassettes in open reading frames 1a and 2, respectively. Our data show that 3' UTR deletions almost completely abolished viral protein expression and that 5' UTR deletions led to a reduction in infectious virus particles in infection experiments. This indicates that the presence of the UTRs is essential for the life cycle of HAstV-1 and opens avenues for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wildi
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Torsten Seuberlich
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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4
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Gebert JT, Scribano F, Engevik KA, Perry JL, Hyser JM. Gastrointestinal organoids in the study of viral infections. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 324:G51-G59. [PMID: 36414538 PMCID: PMC9799139 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00152.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are among the most prevalent enteric pathogens. Although virologists historically relied on cell lines and animal models, human intestinal organoids (HIOs) continue to grow in popularity. HIOs are nontransformed, stem cell-derived, ex vivo cell cultures that maintain the cell type diversity of the intestinal epithelium. They offer higher throughput than standard animal models while more accurately mimicking the native tissue of infection than transformed cell lines. Here, we review recent literature that highlights virological advances facilitated by HIOs. We discuss the variations and limitations of HIOs, how HIOs have allowed for the cultivation of previously uncultivatable viruses, and how they have offered insight into tropism, entry, replication kinetics, and host-pathogen interactions. In each case, we discuss exemplary viruses and archetypal studies. We discuss how the speed and flexibility of HIO-based studies contributed to our knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 and antiviral therapeutics. Finally, we discuss the current limitations of HIOs and future directions to overcome these.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thomas Gebert
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Francesca Scribano
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Kristen A Engevik
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jacob L Perry
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Joseph M Hyser
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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5
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Delgado-Cunningham K, López T, Khatib F, Arias CF, DuBois RM. Structure of the divergent human astrovirus MLB capsid spike. Structure 2022; 30:1573-1581.e3. [PMID: 36417907 PMCID: PMC9722636 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite their worldwide prevalence and association with human disease, the molecular bases of human astrovirus (HAstV) infection and evolution remain poorly characterized. Here, we report the structure of the capsid protein spike of the divergent HAstV MLB clade (HAstV MLB). While the structure shares a similar folding topology with that of classical-clade HAstV spikes, it is otherwise strikingly different. We find no evidence of a conserved receptor-binding site between the MLB and classical HAstV spikes, suggesting that MLB and classical HAstVs utilize different receptors for host-cell attachment. We provide evidence for this hypothesis using a novel HAstV infection competition assay. Comparisons of the HAstV MLB spike structure with structures predicted from its sequence reveal poor matches, but template-based predictions were surprisingly accurate relative to machine-learning-based predictions. Our data provide a foundation for understanding the mechanisms of infection by diverse HAstVs and can support structure determination in similarly unstudied systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Delgado-Cunningham
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Tomás López
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Firas Khatib
- Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
| | - Carlos F Arias
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Rebecca M DuBois
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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6
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Matias Ferreyra F, Harmon K, Bradner L, Burrough E, Derscheid R, Magstadt DR, Michael A, de Almeida MN, Schumacher L, Siepker C, Sitthicharoenchai P, Stevenson G, Arruda B. Comparative Analysis of Novel Strains of Porcine Astrovirus Type 3 in the USA. Viruses 2021; 13:1859. [PMID: 34578440 PMCID: PMC8472076 DOI: 10.3390/v13091859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine astrovirus type 3 (PoAstV3) has been previously identified as a cause of polioencephalomyelitis in swine and continues to cause disease in the US swine industry. Herein, we describe the characterization of both untranslated regions, frameshifting signal, putative genome-linked virus protein (VPg) and conserved antigenic epitopes of several novel PoAstV3 genomes. Twenty complete coding sequences (CDS) were obtained from 32 diagnostic cases originating from 11 individual farms/systems sharing a nucleotide (amino acid) percent identity of 89.74-100% (94.79-100%), 91.9-100% (96.3-100%) and 90.71-100% (93.51-100%) for ORF1a, ORF1ab and ORF2, respectively. Our results indicate that the 5'UTR of PoAstV3 is highly conserved highlighting the importance of this region in translation initiation while their 3'UTR is moderately conserved among strains, presenting alternative configurations including multiple putative protein binding sites and pseudoknots. Moreover, two predicted conserved antigenic epitopes were identified matching the 3' termini of VP27 of PoAstV3 USA strains. These epitopes may aid in the design and development of vaccine components and diagnostic assays useful to control outbreaks of PoAstV3-associated CNS disease. In conclusion, this is the first analysis predicting the structure of important regulatory motifs of neurotropic mamastroviruses, which differ from those previously described in human astroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bailey Arruda
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA; (F.M.F.); (K.H.); (L.B.); (E.B.); (R.D.); (D.R.M.); (A.M.); (M.N.d.A.); (L.S.); (C.S.); (P.S.); (G.S.)
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7
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Beyond the Gastrointestinal Tract: The Emerging and Diverse Tissue Tropisms of Astroviruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050732. [PMID: 33922259 PMCID: PMC8145421 DOI: 10.3390/v13050732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses are single stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that have been historically associated with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract of vertebrates, including humans. However, there is now a multitude of evidence demonstrating the capacity of these viruses to cause extraintestinal diseases. The most striking causal relationship is neurological diseases in humans, cattle, pigs, and other mammals, caused by astrovirus infection. Astroviruses have also been associated with disseminated infections, localized disease of the liver or kidneys, and there is increasing evidence suggesting a potential tropism to the respiratory tract. This review will discuss the current understanding of the tissue tropisms for astroviruses and their emerging capacity to cause disease in multiple organ systems.
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8
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Huang D, Wang Z, Zhang F, Wang T, Zhang G, Sai L. Molecular and clinical epidemiological features of human astrovirus infections in children with acute gastroenteritis in Shandong province, China. J Med Virol 2021; 93:4883-4890. [PMID: 33811682 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human astrovirus (HAstV) is one of the most common causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in children with an infection rate estimated to range from 2% to 9% worldwide. This study was aimed at investigating the molecular and clinical epidemiological features of human astrovirus infections in children under 5 years old with acute gastroenteritis in Shandong province, China from July 2017 to June 2018. In total, 376 fecal samples and the corresponding clinical information were collected and analyzed. HAstV infections were detected in all age groups with an overall positive rate of 8.51%. In addition to acute diarrhea, the main clinical manifestations were fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, and dehydration, in which fever was the most common complication. Infections could be seen throughout the year with a peak in the colder season. Four genotypes were detected in which HAstV-1 was the most prevalent genotype with a prevalence of 78.12%, followed by HAstV-5 (9.38%), MLB-1 (9.38%), and MLB-2 (3.12%). HAstV-1 strains were classified as lineage 1a, 1b, and 1d, in which lineage 1a strains were the most prevalent followed by lineage 1b and lineage 1d strains. All HAstV-5 strains were classified as lineage 5b and no other lineages were detected. The results showed that HAstV infection was an important cause of acute gastroenteritis among children under 5 years old in Shandong province. Given that their disease spectrum had been broadened, HAstVs should be paid more attention, not only as a causative agent of acute gastroenteritis but also as a potential pathogen of unexpected diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyu Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Fengjuan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guanyou Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Lintao Sai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
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9
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Enteric Viral Co-Infections: Pathogenesis and Perspective. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080904. [PMID: 32824880 PMCID: PMC7472086 DOI: 10.3390/v12080904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric viral co-infections, infections involving more than one virus, have been reported for a diverse group of etiological agents, including rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus, adenovirus, and enteroviruses. These pathogens are causative agents for acute gastroenteritis and diarrheal disease in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals of all ages globally. Despite virus–virus co-infection events in the intestine being increasingly detected, little is known about their impact on disease outcomes or human health. Here, we review what is currently known about the clinical prevalence of virus–virus co-infections and how co-infections may influence vaccine responses. While experimental investigations into enteric virus co-infections have been limited, we highlight in vivo and in vitro models with exciting potential to investigate viral co-infections. Many features of virus–virus co-infection mechanisms in the intestine remain unclear, and further research will be critical.
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10
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Owusu IA, Mirabelli C, Kolawole AO. Intestinal Enteroid Culture for Human Astroviruses. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3687. [PMID: 33659357 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human astroviruses (HAstV) are non-enveloped, positive-sense single stranded RNA viruses that typically cause gastroenteritis in children, the elderly and among immunocompromised individuals. Some HAstV species have also been implicated in neurological diseases. It is important to study these viruses to understand the pathogenesis and develop therapeutics. Here we describe HAstV infection in epithelium-only human intestinal enteroids (HIE) isolated from biopsy-derived intestinal crypts. Although different HAstV clades have been propagated in transformed immortalized cell lines such as A549, Caco-2, HEK293T and Huh7.5, we chose HIE because they better mimic the human intestine and thus are more physiologically relevant. Additionally, HIE support the replication of all HAstV clades including clinical samples, thus making HIE a valuable potential universal model to study HAstV biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene A Owusu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Carmen Mirabelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Abimbola O Kolawole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
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11
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Sandoval-Jaime C. Astrovirus reverse genetics systems, a story of success. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:57-65. [PMID: 32683123 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Astroviruses are one of the main causes of gastroenteritis of medical and veterinary relevance worldwide. Recently, these viruses were associated with neurological disease in mammals, including humans. Reverse genetics systems are the most powerful tool to improve our understanding of the virus replication, and eventually to develop safe vaccine candidates. In the present review, it is summarized the current knowledge on the different strategies used to develop reverse genetics systems for mamastroviruses and avastroviruses, and some of the biological answers that have provided are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sandoval-Jaime
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico.
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12
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Kolawole AO, Mirabelli C, Hill DR, Svoboda SA, Janowski AB, Passalacqua KD, Rodriguez BN, Dame MK, Freiden P, Berger RP, Vu DL, Hosmillo M, O'Riordan MXD, Schultz-Cherry S, Guix S, Spence JR, Wang D, Wobus CE. Astrovirus replication in human intestinal enteroids reveals multi-cellular tropism and an intricate host innate immune landscape. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008057. [PMID: 31671153 PMCID: PMC6957189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human astroviruses (HAstV) are understudied positive-strand RNA viruses that cause gastroenteritis mostly in children and the elderly. Three clades of astroviruses, classic, MLB-type and VA-type have been reported in humans. One limitation towards a better understanding of these viruses has been the lack of a physiologically relevant cell culture model that supports growth of all clades of HAstV. Herein, we demonstrate infection of HAstV strains belonging to all three clades in epithelium-only human intestinal enteroids (HIE) isolated from biopsy-derived intestinal crypts. A detailed investigation of infection of VA1, a member of the non-canonical HAstV-VA/HMO clade, showed robust replication in HIE derived from different patients and from different intestinal regions independent of the cellular differentiation status. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence analysis revealed that VA1 infects several cell types, including intestinal progenitor cells and mature enterocytes, in HIE cultures. RNA profiling of VA1-infected HIE uncovered that the host response to infection is dominated by interferon (IFN)-mediated innate immune responses. A comparison of the antiviral host response in non-transformed HIE and transformed human colon carcinoma Caco-2 cells highlighted significant differences between these cells, including an increased magnitude of the response in HIE. Additional studies confirmed the sensitivity of VA1 to exogenous IFNs, and indicated that the endogenous IFN response of HIE to curtail the growth of strains from all three clades. Genotypic variation in the permissiveness of different HIE lines to HAstV could be overcome by pharmacologic inhibition of JAK/STAT signaling. Collectively, our data identify HIE as a universal infection model for HAstV and an improved model of the intestinal epithelium to investigate enteric virus-host interactions. Human astroviruses (HAstV) are understudied positive-strand RNA viruses that typically cause gastroenteritis mostly in children and the elderly, but more recent studies also implicate them in neurological disease in immunocompromised patients. To better understand these viruses, a physiologically relevant cell culture model that supports growth of all clades of HAstV would be highly beneficial. Herein, we demonstrated robust infection of HAstV strains belonging to all three clades in epithelium-only human intestinal enteroids (HIE) isolated from biopsy-derived intestinal crypts from different patients and intestinal regions, making HIE a valuable model to study HAstV biology. Using this system, we identify for the first time that VA1 infects several cell types, including intestinal progenitor cells and mature enterocytes. Analysis of the antiviral host response to infection demonstrated that HIE respond to infection with a type I and III interferon response. This response reduced HAstV replication and when blocked resulted in increased infection. Establishment of the HIE system for HAstV research lays the foundation for future basic and translational discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abimbola O Kolawole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Carmen Mirabelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David R Hill
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sophia A Svoboda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Andrew B Janowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Karla D Passalacqua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Benancio N Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael K Dame
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Pamela Freiden
- St. Jude Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ryan P Berger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Diem-Lan Vu
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Myra Hosmillo
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mary X D O'Riordan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | | | - Susana Guix
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jason R Spence
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David Wang
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology, and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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