1
|
Li W, Yuan W, Huang S, Zou L, Zheng K, Xie D. Research progress on the mechanism of Treponema pallidum breaking through placental barrier. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106392. [PMID: 37852552 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Congenital syphilis, a significant cause of fetal mortality worldwide, is a congenital infectious disease instigated by the vertical transmission of Treponema pallidum during pregnancy. Clinical manifestations include preterm delivery, stillbirth, neonatal skin lesions, skeletal abnormalities, and central nervous system aberrations. The ongoing increase in the incidence of congenital syphilis, coupled with complexities in diagnosis, necessitates a detailed understanding of its pathogenesis for the development of improved diagnostic approaches, and to interrupt the route of vertical transmission. Drawing from the broader body of research associated with vertical transmission pathogens, we aim to clarify the potential mechanisms by which Treponema pallidum breaches the placental barrier to infect the fetus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Foshan, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Shaobin Huang
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, Institution of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lin Zou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Foshan, China
| | - Kang Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Central Hospital, Hengyang, China.
| | - Dongde Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Foshan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kon FC, Scheimberg I, Haini M, Cohen MC. Cardiovascular-related death in infancy and childhood: a clinicopathological study of two referral institutions in England. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2023:10.1007/s12024-023-00630-5. [PMID: 37233944 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-023-00630-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To review post-mortem findings among deaths presenting as sudden and/or unexpected deaths in two centers in the UK during a 16-year period in order to identify those related to cardiovascular conditions. The post-mortem databases of two tertiary referral institutions were searched, and all reports were reviewed. Histological features and results of ancillary investigations were noted. All cases of sudden and/or unexpected cardiac deaths (SCD) between 2003 and 2018 were identified. The study was PRISMA compliant and approved by clinical governance. 68/1129 cases of SCD (6.0%) were identified in one center and 83/753 cases (11%) in the other. These 151 cases constituted the study cohort. The mean annual incidence of SCD was 0.3 per 100,000 persons/annum. The three most prevalent groups of cardiac pathology were cardiac malformations (51/151; 33.8%), cardiomyopathies (32/151; 21.2%), and myocarditis (31/151; 20.5%). Mean age at death was 3.4 years. Prematurity was predominantly associated with deaths related to cardiac malformations (p < 0.001). Symptoms had been present for a mean of 3.8, 3.0, and 3.5 days before death for myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, and cardiac malformations/complications post-surgery. This retrospective comparative study represents the largest autopsy series of SCD in infants and children in the UK. Some entities are very infrequent. Several diseases could have been identified earlier in life allowing for the possibility of intervention. Limitation includes the retrospective nature of the study and that, as arrhythmogenic gene mutations are not yet routinely performed in unexplained deaths, the incidence of SCD in infants and children is most likely underestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fu Chuen Kon
- Department of Pathology, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS F.T., University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Irene Scheimberg
- Department of Pathology, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS T., Tower Hamlets, London, UK
| | - Mohammad Haini
- Department of Pathology, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS T., Tower Hamlets, London, UK
| | - Marta C Cohen
- Department of Pathology, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS F.T., University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK.
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang Y, Yao M, Zeng J, Zheng D, Li Q, Ni Y, Xiao X. FYN regulates cell adhesion at the blood-testis barrier and the apical ectoplasmic specialization via its effect on Arp3 in the mouse testis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:915274. [PMID: 36016954 PMCID: PMC9396411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.915274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
FYN is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase of the SRC family that facilitates virus entry across epithelial tight junctions. However, the role of FYN in mammalian testes in maintaining the blood-testis barrier (BTB) integrity and the adhesion of germ cells to Sertoli cells are not well defined. Here, we show that FYN is a component of the BTB and the apical ectoplasmic specialization (ES) at Sertoli-Sertoli and Sertoli-spermatid interfaces, respectively, and is expressed extensively in mouse testes during postnatal development. FYN was shown to be structurally linked to the actin and microtubule-based cytoskeletons. An in vivo model was used to explore the modulatory effect of FYN on BTB and apical ES dynamics within the testes when adult mice were treated intraperitoneally with CdCl2 (3 mg/kg body weight). The CdCl2-induced epithelial restructuring was associated with a transient increase in the interaction between FYN and the actin branching/nucleation protein Arp3, as well as an induction of Arp3 phosphorylation, which possibly lead to actin cytoskeleton remodeling, resulting in BTB damage and germ cell loss in the seminiferous epithelium. Based on the results, we propose a model in which FYN and Arp3 form a protein complex that is responsible for junction reorganization events at the apical ES and the BTB. It is also possible for viruses to break through the BTB and enter the immunoprivileged testicular microenvironment via this mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Center for Reproductive Health, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingxia Yao
- Center for Reproductive Health, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zeng
- Center for Reproductive Health, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongwang Zheng
- Center for Reproductive Health, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, China
| | - Qin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya Ni
- Center for Reproductive Health, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Xiao
- Center for Reproductive Health, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College (Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences), Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Experimental Animal’s & Nonclinical Laboratory Studies, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiang Xiao,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wan J, Zhao X, Liu J, Chen K, Li C. Src kinase mediates coelomocytes phagocytosis via interacting with focal adhesion kinase in Vibrio splendidus challenged Apostichopus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 124:411-420. [PMID: 35462003 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells have many efficient ways to participate in the host immunity, including phagocytosis, which is an important pathway to eliminate pathogens. Only β-integrin-mediated phagocytosis pathways have been confirmed in Apostichopus japonicus. The Src family kinases (SFKs), a class of non-receptor tyrosine kinases plays an important role in the regulation of phagocytic signals in invertebrates. However, the SFK-mediated phagocytic mechanism is largely unknown in A. japonicus. In this study, a novel SFK homologue (AjSrc) with a conservative SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, and a tyrosine kinase domain was identified from A. japonicus. Both gene and protein expression of AjSrc and phosphorylation levels increased under Vibrio splendidus challenged, reaching the highest level at 24 h. Knock-down of AjSrc could depress coelomocytes' phagocytosis by 25% compared to the control group. To better understand the mechanism of AjSrc-mediated phagocytosis, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) was identified by a Co-immunoprecipitation experiment to be verified as an interactive protein of AjSrc. The phagocytosis rates of coelomocytes were decreased by 33% and 37% in AjFAK and AjSrc + AjFAK interference groups compared with the control group, respectively. Furthermore, the phosphorylation level of AjFAK was increased and reached the maximum level at 24 h post V. splendidus infection, as the same as that of AjSrc. Our results suggested that AjSrc could mediate V. splendidus-induced coelomocytes' phagocytosis via interacting with AjFAK and co-phosphorylation. This study enriched the mechanism of phagocytosis in echinoderm and provided the new theoretical foundation for disease control of sea cucumber.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; State-Province Joint Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Xuelin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; State-Province Joint Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
| | - Jiqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; State-Province Joint Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Kaiyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; State-Province Joint Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Chenghua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China; State-Province Joint Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Heydarifard Z, Zadheidar S, Yavarian J, Shatizadeh Malekshahi S, Kalantari S, Mokhtari-Azad T, Shafiei-Jandaghi NZ. Potential role of viral infections in miscarriage and insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2022; 62:54-67. [PMID: 34961973 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine viruses can infect the decidua and placenta and cause adverse effects on the fetus during gestation. This review discusses the contribution of various viral infections to miscarriage and the molecular mechanisms by which viruses can cause devastating effects on healthy fetuses and induce miscarriage. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 as newly emerged coronavirus was considered here, due to the concerns about its role during pregnancy and inducing miscarriage, as well. In this narrative review, an extensive literature search was conducted to find all studies investigating viral infections in miscarriage and their molecular mechanisms published over the past 20 years. The results of various studies investigating the roles of 20 viral infections in miscarriage are presented. Then, the mechanisms of pregnancy loss in viral infections were addressed, including alteration of trophoblast invasion and placental dysfunction, inducing excessive maternal immune response, and inducing apoptosis in the placental tissue. Viruses may cause pregnancy loss through different mechanisms and our knowledge about these mechanisms can be helpful for controlling or preventing viral infections and achieving a successful pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Heydarifard
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sevrin Zadheidar
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jila Yavarian
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shirin Kalantari
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Megli CJ, Coyne CB. Infections at the maternal-fetal interface: an overview of pathogenesis and defence. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 20:67-82. [PMID: 34433930 PMCID: PMC8386341 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-021-00610-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Infections are a major threat to human reproductive health, and infections in pregnancy can cause prematurity or stillbirth, or can be vertically transmitted to the fetus leading to congenital infection and severe disease. The acronym ‘TORCH’ (Toxoplasma gondii, other, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus) refers to pathogens directly associated with the development of congenital disease and includes diverse bacteria, viruses and parasites. The placenta restricts vertical transmission during pregnancy and has evolved robust mechanisms of microbial defence. However, microorganisms that cause congenital disease have likely evolved diverse mechanisms to bypass these defences. In this Review, we discuss how TORCH pathogens access the intra-amniotic space and overcome the placental defences that protect against microbial vertical transmission. Infections during pregnancy can be associated with devastating outcomes for the pregnant mother and developing fetus. In this Review, Megli and Coyne discuss placental defences and provide an overview of how various viral, bacterial and parasitic pathogens traverse the maternal–fetal interface and cause disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Megli
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Reproductive Infectious Disease, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu Z, Li X, Guo D, Li P, Zhang Y, Zou D, Wang X, Xu J, Wu X, Shen Y, Li Y, Yao L, Li L, Xiao L, Song B, Ma J, Liu X, Xu S, Xu X, Zhang H, Zheng L, Cao H. Lipid raft-associated PI3K/Akt/SREBP1 signaling regulates coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) replication. Vet Microbiol 2020; 252:108921. [PMID: 33191001 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) is one of predominant Enterovirus that possesses high pathogenicity. Lipid rafts, as cholesterol - and sphingolipid - enriched membrane nanodomains, are involved into many aspects of the virus life cycle. Our previous study found that lipid rafts integrity was essential for CA16 replication, but how lipid rafts regulate CA16 replication through activating downstream signaling remains largely unknown. Thus, in this study, we revealed that lipid rafts were required for activation of PI3K/Akt signaling at early stage of CA16 infection. Treatment with wortmannin significantly reduced the expression of virus protein, indicating PI3K/Akt signaling was beneficial for early stage of virus infection. In addition, lipid rafts integrity was also indispensable for PI3K/Akt activation during the late stage of CA16 infection, which played critical functions in mediating sterol regulatory element-binding proteins 1 (SREBP1) maturation. Whereas, over-expression of SREBP1 exhibited inhibition on virus replication, suggesting that PI3K/Akt signaling and SREBP1 might positively and negatively influence virus replication in two different stages of infection, respectively. Taken together, our study demonstrates an important role of the lipid raft-associated PI3K/Akt/SREBP1 signaling in modulating CA16 replication, which will deepen our understanding mechanism of CA16 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Wu
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xingzhi Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Dexuan Guo
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yating Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Dehua Zou
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xianhe Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jiaxin Xu
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xuening Wu
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yujiang Shen
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yuchang Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Lili Yao
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Liyang Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Lijie Xiao
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Baifen Song
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xinyang Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Shuyan Xu
- College of Science, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of HeiLongJiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar 161005, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
| | - Liang Zheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
| | - Hongwei Cao
- College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; Biotechnology Center, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bokun V, Moore JJ, Moore R, Smallcombe CC, Harford TJ, Rezaee F, Esper F, Piedimonte G. Respiratory syncytial virus exhibits differential tropism for distinct human placental cell types with Hofbauer cells acting as a permissive reservoir for infection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225767. [PMID: 31790466 PMCID: PMC6886783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is capable of transient viremia and extrapulmonary dissemination. Recently, this virus has been identified in fetal cord blood, suggesting the possibility of in utero acquisition in humans. Here, we assess permissivity and kinetics of RSV replication in primary human placental cells, examine their potential to transfer this infection to neighboring cells, and measure the inflammatory response evoked by the virus. METHODS AND FINDINGS Human placental villus tissue was collected immediately upon delivery and processed for isolation of placental cytotrophoblast, fibroblast, and macrophage (Hofbauer) cells. Isolated cells were infected with a recombinant RSV-A2 strain (rrRSV) expressing red fluorescent protein (RFP) and analyzed by fluorescence microscopy, Western blot, and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Based on RFP expression, rrRSV exhibited differential tropism for the three major placental cell types. Placental fibroblasts and Hofbauer cells were permissive and supported productive rrRSV replication. While infected cytotrophoblast cells expressed viral glycoprotein (G protein), only limited RSV replication was detected. Importantly, qPCR and fluorescence-focused unit assay revealed that the viral progeny remains trapped within infected Hofbauer cells for up to 30 days, with no release into surrounding media. Yet, Hofbauer cells passed the infection onto overlaid naïve 16HBE cells, suggesting contact-dependent trans-infection. Lastly, a significant increase in proinflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma was measured in the supernatant of infected Hofbauer cells by multiplex cytokine assay and conventional ELISA. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that RSV can replicate in human placenta, exhibits differential tropism for distinct placental cell types, can be stored and transferred to neighboring cells by Hofbauer cells, and elicits an inflammatory response. It also supports the hypothesis that this respiratory virus can be vertically transferred to the fetus and potentially affect its development and the outcome of pregnancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Bokun
- Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John J Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robert Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Carrie C Smallcombe
- Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Terri J Harford
- Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Fariba Rezaee
- Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Frank Esper
- Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Giovanni Piedimonte
- Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Slow Infection due to Lowering the Amount of Intact versus Empty Particles Is a Characteristic Feature of Coxsackievirus B5 Dictated by the Structural Proteins. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01130-19. [PMID: 31375587 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01130-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus B species typically cause a rapid cytolytic infection leading to efficient release of progeny viruses. However, they are also capable of persistent infections in tissues, which are suggested to contribute to severe chronic states such as myocardial inflammation and type 1 diabetes. In order to understand the factors contributing to differential infection strategies, we constructed a chimera by combining the capsid proteins from fast-cytolysis-causing echovirus 1 (EV1) with nonstructural proteins from coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5), which shows persistent infection in RD cells. The results showed that the chimera behaved similarly to parental EV1, leading to efficient cytolysis in both permissive A549 and semipermissive RD cells. In contrast to EV1 and the chimera, CVB5 replicated slowly in permissive cells and showed persistent infection in semipermissive cells. However, there was no difference in the efficiency of uptake of CVB5 in A549 or RD cells in comparison to the chimera or EV1. CVB5 batches constantly contained significant amounts of empty capsids, also in comparison to CVB5's close relative CVB3. During successive passaging of batches containing only intact CVB5, increasing amounts of empty and decreasing amounts of infective capsids were produced. Our results demonstrate that the increase in the amount of empty particles and the lowering of the amount of infective particles are dictated by the CVB5 structural proteins, leading to slowing down of the infection between passages. Furthermore, the key factor for persistent infection is the small amount of infective particles produced, not the high number of empty particles that accumulate.IMPORTANCE Enteroviruses cause several severe diseases, with lytic infections that lead to rapid cell death but also persistent infections that are more silent and lead to chronic states of infection. Our study compared a cytolytic echovirus 1 infection to persistent coxsackievirus B5 infection by making a chimera with the structural proteins of echovirus 1 and the nonstructural proteins of coxsackievirus B5. Coxsackievirus B5 infection was found to lead to the production of a high number of empty viruses (empty capsids) that do not contain genetic material and are unable to continue the infection. Coinciding with the high number of empty capsids, the amount of infective virions decreased. This characteristic property was not observed in the constructed chimera virus, suggesting that structural proteins are in charge of these phenomena. These results shed light on the mechanisms that may cause persistent infections. Understanding events leading to efficient or inefficient infections is essential in understanding virus-caused pathologies.
Collapse
|
10
|
Good C, Wells AI, Coyne CB. Type III interferon signaling restricts enterovirus 71 infection of goblet cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau4255. [PMID: 30854425 PMCID: PMC6402847 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau4255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent worldwide outbreaks of enterovirus 71 (EV71) have caused major epidemics of hand, foot, and mouth disease with severe neurological complications, including acute flaccid paralysis. EV71 is transmitted by the enteral route, but little is known about the mechanisms it uses to cross the human gastrointestinal tract. Using primary human intestinal epithelial monolayers, we show that EV71 infects the epithelium from the apical surface, where it preferentially infects goblet cells. We found that EV71 infection did not alter epithelial barrier function but did reduce the expression of goblet cell-derived mucins, suggesting that it alters goblet cell function. We also show that the intestinal epithelium responds to EV71 infection through the selective induction of type III interferons (IFNs), which restrict EV71 replication. Collectively, these findings define the early events associated with EV71 infections of the human intestinal epithelium and show that host IFN signaling controls replication in an IFN-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Good
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alexandra I. Wells
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Carolyn B. Coyne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Richard K. Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Corresponding author. ,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
The BeWo cell line derived from a human placental choriocarcinoma is permissive for respiratory syncytial virus infection. Virus Genes 2019; 55:406-410. [PMID: 30758769 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main pathogen associated with upper respiratory tract infections during early childhood. Vertical transmission of this virus has been suggested in humans, based on observations recorded during animal studies that revealed an association of RSV with persistent structural and functional changes in the developing lungs of the offspring. However, human placentas have not yet been evaluated for susceptibility to RSV infection. In this study, we examined the capacity of RSV to infect a human trophoblast model, the BeWo cell line. Our results suggest that BeWo cells are susceptible to RSV infection since they allow RNA viral replication, viral protein translation, leading to the production of infectious RSV particles. In this report, we demonstrate that a human placenta model system, consisting of BeWo cells, is permissive to RSV infection. Thus, the BeWo cell line may represent a useful model for studies that aim to characterize the events of a possible RSV infection at the human maternal-fetal interface.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang Y, Zhu L, Cao G, Sahib Zar M, Hu X, Wei Y, Xue R, Gong C. Cell entry of BmCPV can be promoted by tyrosine-protein kinase Src64B-like protein. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 121:1-7. [PMID: 30554639 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV) is a non-enveloped dsRNA virus, which specifically infect the midgut epithelium of B. mori. BmCPV enters permissive cells via clathrin-dependent endocytosis employing β1 integrin mediated internalization. Until now, the cell entry mechanism of BmCPV has not been known clearly. Here, we investigated whether tyrosine-protein kinase Src64B-like is involved in the cell entry of BmCPV. The Src64B-like gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli), and the recombinant protein Src64B-like was used to immunize mouse for preparation of anti-Src64B-like polyclonal antibody (pAb). After Src64B-like gene was silenced by RNAi, the infection of BmCPV was reduced by 59.48% ± 2.18% and 92.22% ± 1.12% in vitro and in vivo autonomously. Contrary to it, BmCPV infection could be enhanced by increasing the expression of Src64B-like. In addition, immunofluorescence assay showed that Src64B-like protein did not co-localize with BmCPV in the cultured BmN cells during viral infection. These results indicate that Src64B-like protein participates and plays an important role in the cell entry of BmCPV, but not contacting directly with BmCPV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Zhang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212018, China
| | - Liyuan Zhu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Guangli Cao
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Mian Sahib Zar
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Institute of Synthetic Biology (iSynBio), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xuevuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yuhong Wei
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Renyu Xue
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chengliang Gong
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Delorme-Axford E, Abernathy E, Lennemann NJ, Bernard A, Ariosa A, Coyne CB, Kirkegaard K, Klionsky DJ. The exoribonuclease Xrn1 is a post-transcriptional negative regulator of autophagy. Autophagy 2018; 14:898-912. [PMID: 29465287 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1441648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a conserved catabolic process that promotes survival during stress. Autophagic dysfunction is associated with pathologies such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, autophagy must be strictly modulated at multiple levels (transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational) to prevent deregulation. Relatively little is known about the post-transcriptional control of autophagy. Here we report that the exoribonuclease Xrn1/XRN1 functions as a negative autophagy factor in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in mammalian cells. In yeast, chromosomal deletion of XRN1 enhances autophagy and the frequency of autophagosome formation. Loss of Xrn1 results in the upregulation of autophagy-related (ATG) transcripts under nutrient-replete conditions, and this effect is dependent on the ribonuclease activity of Xrn1. Xrn1 expression is regulated by the yeast transcription factor Ash1 in rich conditions. In mammalian cells, siRNA depletion of XRN1 enhances autophagy and the replication of 2 picornaviruses. This work provides insight into the role of the RNA decay factor Xrn1/XRN1 as a post-transcriptional regulator of autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Abernathy
- b Department of Genetics , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
| | | | - Amélie Bernard
- a Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Aileen Ariosa
- a Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- c Department of Pediatrics , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Karla Kirkegaard
- b Department of Genetics , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- a Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Human Placental Syncytiotrophoblasts Restrict Toxoplasma gondii Attachment and Replication and Respond to Infection by Producing Immunomodulatory Chemokines. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.01678-17. [PMID: 29317509 PMCID: PMC5760739 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01678-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a major source of congenital disease worldwide, but the cellular and molecular factors associated with its vertical transmission are largely unknown. In humans, the placenta forms the key interface between the maternal and fetal compartments and forms the primary barrier that restricts the hematogenous spread of microorganisms. Here, we utilized primary human trophoblast (PHT) cells isolated from full-term placentas and human midgestation chorionic villous explants to determine the mechanisms by which human trophoblasts restrict and respond to T. gondii infection. We show that placental syncytiotrophoblasts, multinucleated cells that are in direct contact with maternal blood, restrict T. gondii infection at two distinct stages of the parasite lytic cycle—at the time of attachment and also during intracellular replication. Utilizing comparative transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) transcriptional profiling, we also show that human placental trophoblasts from both the second and third trimesters respond uniquely to T. gondii infection compared to trophoblast cell lines, typified by the upregulation of several immunity-related genes. One of the most differentially induced genes was the chemokine CCL22, which relies on the secretion of a parasite effector(s) either during or after invasion for its induction. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms by which the human placenta restricts the vertical transmission of T. gondii at early and late stages of human pregnancy and demonstrate the existence of at least two interferon-independent pathways that restrict T. gondii access to the fetal compartment. Toxoplasma gondii is a major source of congenital disease worldwide and must breach the placental barrier to be transmitted from maternal blood to the developing fetus. The events associated with the vertical transmission of T. gondii are largely unknown. Here, we show that primary human syncytiotrophoblasts, the fetus-derived cells that comprise the primary placental barrier, restrict T. gondii infection at two distinct stages of the parasite life cycle and respond to infection by inducing a unique immunomodulatory transcriptional profile. Collectively, our findings provide important insights into the mechanisms by which human syncytiotrophoblasts restrict T. gondii infection at early and late stages of human pregnancy, identify both permissive and resistant human placental cell types, and identify the placenta-enriched signaling pathways induced in response to infection.
Collapse
|
15
|
León-Juárez M, Martínez–Castillo M, González-García LD, Helguera-Repetto AC, Zaga-Clavellina V, García-Cordero J, Flores-Pliego A, Herrera-Salazar A, Vázquez-Martínez ER, Reyes-Muñoz E. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of viral infection in the human placenta. Pathog Dis 2017; 75:4056146. [PMID: 28903546 PMCID: PMC7108519 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta is a highly specialized organ that is formed during human gestation for conferring protection and generating an optimal microenvironment to maintain the equilibrium between immunological and biochemical factors for fetal development. Diverse pathogens, including viruses, can infect several cellular components of the placenta, such as trophoblasts, syncytiotrophoblasts and other hematopoietic cells. Viral infections during pregnancy have been associated with fetal malformation and pregnancy complications such as preterm labor. In this minireview, we describe the most recent findings regarding virus-host interactions at the placental interface and investigate the mechanisms through which viruses may access trophoblasts and the pathogenic processes involved in viral dissemination at the maternal-fetal interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moises León-Juárez
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología “Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes”, Montes Urales 800, Col. Lomas Virreyes, CP 11000, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Macario Martínez–Castillo
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología “Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes”, Montes Urales 800, Col. Lomas Virreyes, CP 11000, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luis Didier González-García
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología “Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes”, Montes Urales 800, Col. Lomas Virreyes, CP 11000, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Addy Cecilia Helguera-Repetto
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología “Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes”, Montes Urales 800, Col. Lomas Virreyes, CP 11000, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Verónica Zaga-Clavellina
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología “Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes”, Montes Urales 800, Col. Lomas Virreyes, CP 11000, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Julio García-Cordero
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. Av. I.P.N 2508 Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Arturo Flores-Pliego
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología “Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes”, Montes Urales 800, Col. Lomas Virreyes, CP 11000, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alma Herrera-Salazar
- Departamento de Infectología e Inmunología Instituto Nacional de Perinatología “Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes”, Montes Urales #800, Col. Lomas Virreyes, CP 11000. Ciudad de México, México
| | - Edgar Ricardo Vázquez-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química UNAM, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Enrique Reyes-Muñoz
- Coordinación de Endocrinología, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología “Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes”, Montes Urales #800, Col. Lomas Virreyes, CP 11000. Ciudad de México. México
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yao D, Ruan L, Xu J, Shi H, Xu X. Characterization of a novel non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src from Litopenaeus vannamei and its response to white spot syndrome virus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:377-385. [PMID: 28743627 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Src family kinases (SFKs), a class of non-receptor tyrosine kinases, mediate a wide aspect of cellular signaling pathways that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, motility and survival. In this study, we identified and characterized for the first time a novel SFK homologue from Litopenaeus vannamei (designated as LvSrc). Sequence analysis showed that LvSrc had a high homology with the identified SFKs, especially those from invertebrates. LvSrc contained the conserved SH3, SH2 and tyrosine kinase domains, as well as the potential phosphorylation and lipid modification sites. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that LvSrc was mostly localized at the plasma membrane and partly resided in the perinuclear vesicle and nucleus or whole cell. Infection with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) could up-regulate the transcription and expression levels of LvSrc and further induced its phosphorylation, suggesting that LvSrc was implicated in WSSV infection. Furthermore, our co-immunoprecipitation result confirmed the interaction between Src and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in shrimp, while the phosphorylation of FAK was markedly enhanced by co-expression with LvSrc. In sum, our studies suggested that LvSrc might act in the FAK-regulated signaling pathway during WSSV infection, which would give us a better insight in understanding the role of SKFs in host-virus interactions in crustaceans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Defu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China; Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingwei Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingxiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shah M, Bourner L, Ali S, Al-Enazy S, Rytting E. Cytotoxicity of Endocytosis and Efflux Inhibitors in the BeWo Cell Line. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 17. [PMID: 29214230 PMCID: PMC5714556 DOI: 10.9734/jpri/2017/34606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Aims The purpose of this study was to determine the cell viability and cytotoxicity of various endocytosis and efflux inhibitors which can be used to determine transport and uptake mechanisms in the BeWo (b30 clone) human placental trophoblast cell line. Ethanol and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were also studied since they are often used as cosolvents for administration of these inhibitors. Methodology The water-soluble tetrazolium-1 (WST-1) assay was used to quantify cell viability and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay was used to determine cytotoxicity. Results By the WST-1 assay, reduced cell viability was observed following 4 hours of exposure to chlorpromazine (10 μg/mL), colchicine (1 mM), filipin (3 μg/mL), gentamicin (2 mM), GF120918 (1 μM), methyl-β-cyclodextrin (5 mM), and verapamil (100 μM). By the LDH assay, however, no cytotoxicity was observed after 4 hours of exposure to the aforementioned compounds. Amiloride (500 μM), ethanol (up to 0.1% v/v), and DMSO (up to 0.1% v/v) did not reduce cell viability nor induce cytotoxicity. Conclusion This information is valuable when selecting potential inhibitors of endocytosis and efflux and the selection of time points for mechanistic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Shah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Luke Bourner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Shariq Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Sanaalarab Al-Enazy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Erik Rytting
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Heller DS, Tellier R, Pabbaraju K, Wong S, Faye-Petersen OM, Muehlenbachs A, Goldsmith C, Denison A, Zaki SR. Placental Massive Perivillous Fibrinoid Deposition Associated with Coxsackievirus A16-Report of a Case, and Review of the Literature. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2017; 19:421-423. [PMID: 26555408 DOI: 10.2350/15-10-1726-cr.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Massive placental perivillous fibrinoid deposition in the placenta is thought to be an immune-related condition associated with poor perinatal outcomes, including growth restriction and intrauterine fetal demise, with a high risk of recurrence. Rare cases have been associated with Coxsackievirus infection. We present such a case and review the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debra S Heller
- 1 Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UH/E158, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Raymond Tellier
- 2 Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Calgary, AB, Canada.,3 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kanti Pabbaraju
- 2 Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sallene Wong
- 2 Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Atis Muehlenbachs
- 5 Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology NCEZID, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cynthia Goldsmith
- 5 Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology NCEZID, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amy Denison
- 5 Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology NCEZID, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sherif R Zaki
- 5 Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology NCEZID, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Throughout pregnancy, the placenta acts as a physical and immunological barrier against the hematogenous transmission of viruses from mother to fetus. Despite this, very little is known regarding the specific mechanisms by which the placenta shields the developing fetus from viral infections or about the strategies utilized by select viruses to bypass and/or weaken the placental barrier. In this review, we summarize studies regarding virus-host interactions at the placental interface and explore key areas for future investigation. We focus our review on placental trophoblasts, which form the barrier between maternal and fetal circulations and thus govern the cross talk between the maternal and fetal microenvironments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Delorme-Axford
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219;
| | - Yoel Sadovsky
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219; .,Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219; .,Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
McConkey CA, Delorme-Axford E, Nickerson CA, Kim KS, Sadovsky Y, Boyle JP, Coyne CB. A three-dimensional culture system recapitulates placental syncytiotrophoblast development and microbial resistance. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501462. [PMID: 26973875 PMCID: PMC4783126 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In eutherians, the placenta acts as a barrier and conduit at the maternal-fetal interface. Syncytiotrophoblasts, the multinucleated cells that cover the placental villous tree surfaces of the human placenta, are directly bathed in maternal blood and are formed by the fusion of progenitor cytotrophoblasts that underlie them. Despite their crucial role in fetal protection, many of the events that govern trophoblast fusion and protection from microbial infection are unknown. We describe a three-dimensional (3D)-based culture model using human JEG-3 trophoblast cells that develop syncytiotrophoblast phenotypes when cocultured with human microvascular endothelial cells. JEG-3 cells cultured in this system exhibit enhanced fusogenic activity and morphological and secretory activities strikingly similar to those of primary human syncytiotrophoblasts. RNASeq analyses extend the observed functional similarities to the transcriptome, where we observed significant overlap between syncytiotrophoblast-specific genes and 3D JEG-3 cultures. Furthermore, JEG-3 cells cultured in 3D are resistant to infection by viruses and Toxoplasma gondii, which mimics the high resistance of syncytiotrophoblasts to microbial infections in vivo. Given that this system is genetically manipulatable, it provides a new platform to dissect the mechanisms involved in syncytiotrophoblast development and microbial resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron A. McConkey
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Elizabeth Delorme-Axford
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Cheryl A. Nickerson
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Kwang Sik Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Yoel Sadovsky
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jon P. Boyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Carolyn B. Coyne
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Marjomäki V, Turkki P, Huttunen M. Infectious Entry Pathway of Enterovirus B Species. Viruses 2015; 7:6387-99. [PMID: 26690201 PMCID: PMC4690868 DOI: 10.3390/v7122945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus B species (EV-B) are responsible for a vast number of mild and serious acute infections. They are also suspected of remaining in the body, where they cause persistent infections contributing to chronic diseases such as type I diabetes. Recent studies of the infectious entry pathway of these viruses revealed remarkable similarities, including non-clathrin entry of large endosomes originating from the plasma membrane invaginations. Many cellular factors regulating the efficient entry have recently been associated with macropinocytic uptake, such as Rac1, serine/threonine p21-activated kinase (Pak1), actin, Na/H exchanger, phospholipace C (PLC) and protein kinase Cα (PKCα). Another characteristic feature is the entry of these viruses to neutral endosomes, independence of endosomal acidification and low association with acidic lysosomes. The biogenesis of neutral multivesicular bodies is crucial for their infection, at least for echovirus 1 (E1) and coxsackievirus A9 (CVA9). These pathways are triggered by the virus binding to their receptors on the plasma membrane, and they are not efficiently recycled like other cellular pathways used by circulating receptors. Therefore, the best “markers” of these pathways may be the viruses and often their receptors. A deeper understanding of this pathway and associated endosomes is crucial in elucidating the mechanisms of enterovirus uncoating and genome release from the endosomes to start efficient replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varpu Marjomäki
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland.
| | - Paula Turkki
- Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland.
| | - Moona Huttunen
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
A Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Model To Study Enterovirus Infection of Polarized Intestinal Epithelial Cells. mSphere 2015; 1:mSphere00030-15. [PMID: 27303677 PMCID: PMC4863623 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00030-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite serving as the primary entry portal for coxsackievirus B (CVB), little is known about CVB infection of the intestinal epithelium, owing at least in part to the lack of suitable in vivo models and the inability of cultured cells to recapitulate the complexity and structure associated with the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Here, we report on the development of a three-dimensional (3-D) organotypic cell culture model of Caco-2 cells to model CVB infection of the gastrointestinal epithelium. We show that Caco-2 cells grown in 3-D using the rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor recapitulate many of the properties of the intestinal epithelium, including the formation of well-developed tight junctions, apical-basolateral polarity, brush borders, and multicellular complexity. In addition, transcriptome analyses using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) revealed the induction of a number of genes associated with intestinal epithelial differentiation and/or intestinal processes in vivo when Caco-2 cells were cultured in 3-D. Applying this model to CVB infection, we found that although the levels of intracellular virus production were similar in two-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D Caco-2 cell cultures, the release of infectious CVB was enhanced in 3-D cultures at early stages of infection. Unlike CVB, the replication of poliovirus (PV) was significantly reduced in 3-D Caco-2 cell cultures. Collectively, our studies show that Caco-2 cells grown in 3-D using the RWV bioreactor provide a cell culture model that structurally and transcriptionally represents key aspects of cells in the human GI tract and can thus be used to expand our understanding of enterovirus-host interactions in intestinal epithelial cells. IMPORTANCE Coxsackievirus B (CVB), a member of the enterovirus family of RNA viruses, is associated with meningitis, pericarditis, diabetes, dilated cardiomyopathy, and myocarditis, among other pathologies. CVB is transmitted via the fecal-oral route and encounters the epithelium lining the gastrointestinal tract early in infection. The lack of suitable in vivo and in vitro models to study CVB infection of the gastrointestinal epithelium has limited our understanding of the events that surround infection of these specialized cells. Here, we report on the development of a three-dimensional (3-D) organotypic cell culture model of human intestinal epithelial cells that better models the gastrointestinal epithelium in vivo. By applying this 3-D model, which recapitulates many aspects of the gastrointestinal epithelium in vivo, to the study of CVB infection, our work provides a new cell system to model the mechanisms by which CVB infects the intestinal epithelium, which may have a profound impact on CVB pathogenesis. Podcast: A podcast concerning this article is available.
Collapse
|
23
|
ADAP2 Is an Interferon Stimulated Gene That Restricts RNA Virus Entry. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005150. [PMID: 26372645 PMCID: PMC4570769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) target viruses at various stages of their infectious life cycles, including at the earliest stage of viral entry. Here we identify ArfGAP with dual pleckstrin homology (PH) domains 2 (ADAP2) as a gene upregulated by type I IFN treatment in a STAT1-dependent manner. ADAP2 functions as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for Arf6 and binds to phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3) and PI(3,4)P2. We show that overexpression of ADAP2 suppresses dengue virus (DENV) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection in an Arf6 GAP activity-dependent manner, while exerting no effect on coxsackievirus B (CVB) or Sendai virus (SeV) replication. We further show that ADAP2 expression induces macropinocytosis and that ADAP2 strongly associates with actin-enriched membrane ruffles and with Rab8a- and LAMP1-, but not EEA1- or Rab7-, positive vesicles. Utilizing two techniques--light-sensitive neutral red (NR)-containing DENV and fluorescence assays for virus internalization--we show that ADAP2 primarily restricts DENV infection at the stage of virion entry and/or intracellular trafficking and that incoming DENV and VSV particles associate with ADAP2 during their entry. Taken together, this study identifies ADAP2 as an ISG that exerts antiviral effects against RNA viruses by altering Arf6-mediated trafficking to disrupt viral entry.
Collapse
|
24
|
Harris KG, Morosky SA, Drummond CG, Patel M, Kim C, Stolz DB, Bergelson JM, Cherry S, Coyne CB. RIP3 Regulates Autophagy and Promotes Coxsackievirus B3 Infection of Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 18:221-32. [PMID: 26269957 PMCID: PMC4562276 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Receptor interacting protein kinase-3 (RIP3) is an essential kinase for necroptotic cell death signaling and has been implicated in antiviral cell death signaling upon DNA virus infection. Here, we performed high-throughput RNAi screening and identified RIP3 as a positive regulator of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB) replication in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). RIP3 regulates autophagy, a process utilized by CVB for viral replication factory assembly, and depletion of RIP3 inhibits autophagic flux and leads to the accumulation of autophagosomes and amphisomes. Additionally, later in infection, RIP3 is cleaved by the CVB-encoded cysteine protease 3C(pro), which serves to abrogate RIP3-mediated necrotic signaling and induce a nonnecrotic form of cell death. Taken together, our results show that temporal targeting of RIP3 allows CVB to benefit from its roles in regulating autophagy while inhibiting the induction of necroptotic cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharine G Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Stefanie A Morosky
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Coyne G Drummond
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Maulik Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Chonsaeng Kim
- Virus Research and Testing Group, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Bergelson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Blood group antigens represent polymorphic traits inherited among individuals and populations. At present, there are 34 recognized human blood groups and hundreds of individual blood group antigens and alleles. Differences in blood group antigen expression can increase or decrease host susceptibility to many infections. Blood groups can play a direct role in infection by serving as receptors and/or coreceptors for microorganisms, parasites, and viruses. In addition, many blood group antigens facilitate intracellular uptake, signal transduction, or adhesion through the organization of membrane microdomains. Several blood groups can modify the innate immune response to infection. Several distinct phenotypes associated with increased host resistance to malaria are overrepresented in populations living in areas where malaria is endemic, as a result of evolutionary pressures. Microorganisms can also stimulate antibodies against blood group antigens, including ABO, T, and Kell. Finally, there is a symbiotic relationship between blood group expression and maturation of the gastrointestinal microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cooling
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Muehlenbachs A, Bhatnagar J, Zaki SR. Tissue tropism, pathology and pathogenesis of enterovirus infection. J Pathol 2015; 235:217-28. [PMID: 25211036 DOI: 10.1002/path.4438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Enteroviruses are very common and cause infections with a diverse array of clinical features. Enteroviruses are most frequently considered by practising pathologists in cases of aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis and disseminated infections in neonates and infants. Congenital infections have been reported and transplacental transmission is thought to occur. Although skin biopsies during hand, foot and mouth disease are infrequently obtained, characteristic dermatopathological findings can be seen. Enteroviruses have been implicated in lower respiratory tract infections. This review highlights histopathological features of enterovirus infection and discusses diagnostic modalities for formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues and their associated pitfalls. Immunohistochemistry can detect enterovirus antigen within cells of affected tissues; however, assays can be non-specific and detect other viruses. Molecular methods are increasingly relied upon but, due to the high frequency of asymptomatic enteroviral infections, clinical-pathological correlation is needed to determine significance. Of note, diagnostic assays on central nervous system or cardiac tissues from immunocompetent patients with prolonged disease courses are most often negative. Histopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular studies performed on clinical specimens also provide insight into enteroviral tissue tropism and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atis Muehlenbachs
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
BPIFB3 regulates autophagy and coxsackievirus B replication through a noncanonical pathway independent of the core initiation machinery. mBio 2014; 5:e02147. [PMID: 25491355 PMCID: PMC4324245 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02147-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses require autophagy to facilitate the formation of autophagosome (AP)-like double-membrane vesicles that provide the scaffolding for RNA replication. Here, we identify bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) fold-containing family B, member 3 (BPIFB3) as a gene whose silencing greatly enhances coxsackievirus B (CVB) replication and induces dramatic alterations in the morphology of CVB-induced replication organelles. We show that BPIFB3 is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and its silencing by RNA interference enhances basal levels of autophagy and promotes increased autophagy during CVB replication. Conversely, overexpression of BPIFB3 inhibits CVB replication, dramatically alters the morphology of LC3B-positive vesicles, and suppresses autophagy in response to rapamaycin. In addition, we found that, whereas silencing of core autophagy components associated with the initiation of APs in control cells suppressed CVB replication, silencing of these same components had no effect on CVB-induced autophagy or viral replication in cells transfected with BPIFB3 small interfering RNA. Based on these results, taken together, this study reports on a previously uncharacterized regulator of enterovirus infection that controls replication through a noncanonical pathway independent from the core autophagy initiation machinery. Coxsackievirus B (CVB) infections are commonly associated with dilated cardiomyopathy, a condition that accounts for nearly half of all heart transplants annually. During infection, CVB co-opts a cellular pathway, termed autophagy, to provide the membranes necessary for its replication. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process by which cells ingest damaged organelles as a means of maintaining cell homeostasis. Here, we report on a novel regulator of autophagy, bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) fold-containing family B, member 3 (BPIFB3), whose expression functions to restrict CVB replication by suppressing key steps in the authophagic process. We show that loss of BPIFB3 expression greatly enhances CVB replication while having no effect on replication of poliovirus, a closely related virus. Our results thus identify a novel host cell therapeutic target whose function could be targeted to alter CVB replication.
Collapse
|