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Miyazato P, Noguchi T, Ogawa F, Sugimoto T, Fauzyah Y, Sasaki R, Ebina H. 1mΨ influences the performance of various positive-stranded RNA virus-based replicons. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17634. [PMID: 39085360 PMCID: PMC11292005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68617-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Self-amplifying RNAs (saRNAs) are versatile vaccine platforms that take advantage of a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) to amplify the messenger RNA (mRNA) of an antigen of interest encoded within the backbone of the viral genome once inside the target cell. In recent years, more saRNA vaccines have been clinically tested with the hope of reducing the vaccination dose compared to the conventional mRNA approach. The use of N1-methyl-pseudouridine (1mΨ), which enhances RNA stability and reduces the innate immune response triggered by RNAs, is among the improvements included in the current mRNA vaccines. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of this modified nucleoside on various saRNA platforms based on different viruses. The results showed that different stages of the replication process were affected depending on the backbone virus. For TNCL, an insect virus of the Alphanodavirus genus, replication was impaired by poor recognition of viral RNA by RdRp. In contrast, the translation step was severely abrogated in coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a member of the Picornaviridae family. Finally, the effects of 1mΨ on Semliki forest virus (SFV), were not detrimental in in vitro studies, but no advantages were observed when immunogenicity was tested in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Miyazato
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University (BIKEN), Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Virus Vaccine Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Noguchi
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University (BIKEN), Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Virus Vaccine Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumiyo Ogawa
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University (BIKEN), Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Virus Vaccine Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sugimoto
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University (BIKEN), Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Virus Vaccine Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuzy Fauzyah
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University (BIKEN), Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Virus Vaccine Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Sasaki
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University (BIKEN), Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ebina
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University (BIKEN), Suita, Osaka, Japan.
- Virus Vaccine Group, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS (CAMaD), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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2
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Lampinen V, Gröhn S, Lehmler N, Jartti M, Hytönen VP, Schubert M, Hankaniemi MM. Production of norovirus-, rotavirus-, and enterovirus-like particles in insect cells is simplified by plasmid-based expression. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14874. [PMID: 38937523 PMCID: PMC11211442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65316-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Insect cells have long been the main expression host of many virus-like particles (VLP). VLPs resemble the respective viruses but are non-infectious. They are important in vaccine development and serve as safe model systems in virus research. Commonly, baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) is used for VLP production. Here, we present an alternative, plasmid-based system for VLP expression, which offers distinct advantages: in contrast to BEVS, it avoids contamination by baculoviral particles and proteins, can maintain cell viability over the whole process, production of alphanodaviral particles will not be induced, and optimization of expression vectors and their ratios is simple. We compared the production of noro-, rota- and entero-VLP in the plasmid-based system to the standard process in BEVS. For noro- and entero-VLPs, similar yields could be achieved, whereas production of rota-VLP requires some further optimization. Nevertheless, in all cases, particles were formed, the expression process was simplified compared to BEVS and potential for the plasmid-based system was validated. This study demonstrates that plasmid-based transfection offers a viable option for production of noro-, rota- and entero-VLPs in insect cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vili Lampinen
- Virology and Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Protein Dynamics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Stina Gröhn
- Virology and Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Nina Lehmler
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Minne Jartti
- Virology and Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- Protein Dynamics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Maren Schubert
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Minna M Hankaniemi
- Virology and Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
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Verdonckt TW, Bilsen A, Van Nieuwerburgh F, De Troij L, Santos D, Vanden Broeck J. Identification and Profiling of a Novel Bombyx mori latent virus Variant Acutely Infecting Helicoverpa armigera and Trichoplusia ni. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051183. [PMID: 37243270 DOI: 10.3390/v15051183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect cell expression systems are increasingly being used in the medical industry to develop vaccines against diseases such as COVID-19. However, viral infections are common in these systems, making it necessary to thoroughly characterize the viruses present. One such virus is Bombyx mori latent virus (BmLV), which is known to be specific to Bombyx mori and to have low pathogenicity. However, there has been little research on the tropism and virulence of BmLV. In this study, we examined the genomic diversity of BmLV and identified a variant that persistently infects Trichoplusia ni-derived High Five cells. We also assessed the pathogenicity of this variant and its effects on host responses using both in vivo and in vitro systems. Our results showed that this BmLV variant causes acute infections with strong cytopathic effects in both systems. Furthermore, we characterized the RNAi-based immune response in the T. ni cell line and in Helicoverpa armigera animals by assessing the regulation of RNAi-related genes and profiling the generated viral small RNAs. Overall, our findings shed light on the prevalence and infectious properties of BmLV. We also discuss the potential impact of virus genomic diversity on experimental outcomes, which can help interpret past and future research results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas-Wolf Verdonckt
- Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59 Box 2465, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anton Bilsen
- Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59 Box 2465, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Nieuwerburgh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Loes De Troij
- Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59 Box 2465, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dulce Santos
- Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59 Box 2465, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jozef Vanden Broeck
- Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction Research Group, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59 Box 2465, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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4
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Santos D, Feng M, Kolliopoulou A, Taning CNT, Sun J, Swevers L. What Are the Functional Roles of Piwi Proteins and piRNAs in Insects? INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14020187. [PMID: 36835756 PMCID: PMC9962485 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Research on Piwi proteins and piRNAs in insects has focused on three experimental models: oogenesis and spermatogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster, the antiviral response in Aedes mosquitoes and the molecular analysis of primary and secondary piRNA biogenesis in Bombyx mori-derived BmN4 cells. Significant unique and complementary information has been acquired and has led to a greater appreciation of the complexity of piRNA biogenesis and Piwi protein function. Studies performed in other insect species are emerging and promise to add to the current state of the art on the roles of piRNAs and Piwi proteins. Although the primary role of the piRNA pathway is genome defense against transposons, particularly in the germline, recent findings also indicate an expansion of its functions. In this review, an extensive overview is presented of the knowledge of the piRNA pathway that so far has accumulated in insects. Following a presentation of the three major models, data from other insects were also discussed. Finally, the mechanisms for the expansion of the function of the piRNA pathway from transposon control to gene regulation were considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulce Santos
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Min Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Anna Kolliopoulou
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Aghia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece
| | - Clauvis N. T. Taning
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jingchen Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Aghia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece
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5
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Kajiura H, Tatematsu KI, Nomura T, Miyazawa M, Usami A, Tamura T, Sezutsu H, Fujiyama K. Insights into the quality of recombinant proteins produced by two different Bombyx mori expression systems. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18502. [PMID: 36323753 PMCID: PMC9628610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22565-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The silkworm, Bombyx mori, is an attractive host for recombinant protein production due to its high expression efficiency, quality, and quantity. Two expression systems have been widely used for recombinant protein production in B. mori: baculovirus/silkworm expression system and transgenic silkworm expression system. Both expression systems enable high protein production, but the qualities of the resulting recombinant proteins have not been well evaluated. In this study, we expressed bovine interferon γ (IFN-γ) using the two systems and examined the quality of the resulting proteins in terms of N-glycosylation and protein cleavage. Both expression systems successfully produced IFN-γ as an N-glycoprotein. Although the production in the baculovirus/silkworm expression system was much more efficient than that in the transgenic silkworm expression system, unexpected variants of IFN-γ were also produced in the former system due to the different N-glycosylation and C-terminal truncations. These results indicate that while high protein production could be achieved in the baculovirus/silkworm expression system, unintentional protein modification might occur, and therefore protein expression in the transgenic silkworm expression system is preferable from the point-of-view of N-glycosylation of the recombinant protein and evasion of unexpected attack by a protease in B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kajiura
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita-Shi, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita-Shi, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Ken-ichiro Tatematsu
- grid.416835.d0000 0001 2222 0432Division of Silk-Producing Insect Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nomura
- grid.419812.70000 0004 1777 4627Sysmex Corporation, 1548 Ooaza Shimookudomi, Sayama, Saitama 350-1332 Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Miyazawa
- grid.416835.d0000 0001 2222 0432Division of Biomaterial Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634 Japan
| | - Akihiro Usami
- grid.419812.70000 0004 1777 4627Sysmex Corporation, 1548 Ooaza Shimookudomi, Sayama, Saitama 350-1332 Japan
| | - Toshiki Tamura
- grid.416629.e0000 0004 0377 2137Silk Science and Technology Research Institute, 1053, Iikura, Ami-Machi, Ibaraki, 300-0324 Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- grid.416835.d0000 0001 2222 0432Division of Silk-Producing Insect Biotechnology, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634 Japan
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita-Shi, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita-Shi, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan ,grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Osaka University Cooperative Research Station in Southeast Asia (OU:CRS), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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6
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Arya SK, Goodman CL, Stanley D, Palli SR. A database of crop pest cell lines. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2022; 58:719-757. [PMID: 35994130 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-022-00710-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an online database describing the known cell lines from Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera that were developed from agricultural pests. Cell line information has been primarily obtained from previous compilations of insect cell lines. We conducted in-depth Internet literature searches and drew on Internet sources such as the Cellosaurus database (https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/), and inventories from cell line depositories. Here, we report on a new database of insect cell lines, which covers 719 cell lines from 86 species. We have not included cell lines developed from Drosophila because they are already known from published databases, such as https://dgrc.bio.indiana.edu/cells/Catalog. We provide the designation, tissue and species of origin, cell line developer, unique characteristics, its use in various applications, publications, and patents, and, when known, insect virus susceptibility. This information has been assembled and organized into a searchable database available at the link https://entomology.ca.uky.edu/aginsectcellsdatabase which will be updated on an ongoing basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surjeet Kumar Arya
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Cynthia L Goodman
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, Missouri, 65203, USA
| | - David Stanley
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, Missouri, 65203, USA
| | - Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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7
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Lu W, Zhao Z, Huang YW, Wang B. Review: A systematic review of virus-like particles of coronavirus: Assembly, generation, chimerism and their application in basic research and in the clinic. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 200:487-497. [PMID: 35065135 PMCID: PMC8769907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are nano-scale particles that are morphologically similar to a live virus but which lack a genetic component. Since the pandemic spread of COVID-19, much focus has been placed on coronavirus (CoV)-related VLPs. CoVs contain four structural proteins, though the minimum requirement for VLP formation differs among virus species. CoV VLPs are commonly produced in mammalian and insect cell systems, sometimes in the form of chimeric VLPs that enable surface display of CoV epitopes. VLPs are an ideal model for virological research and have been applied as vaccines and diagnostic reagents to aid in clinical disease control. This review summarizes and updates the research progress on the characteristics of VLPs from different known CoVs, mainly focusing on assembly, in vitro expression systems for VLP generation, VLP chimerism, protein-based nanoparticles and their applications in basic research and clinical settings, which may aid in development of novel VLP vaccines against emerging coronavirus diseases such as SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Lu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Zhao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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8
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Bai H, Kataoka M, Ami Y, Suzaki Y, Takeda N, Muramatsu M, Li TC. Immunogenicity and Antigenicity of Rabbit Hepatitis E Virus-Like Particles Produced by Recombinant Baculoviruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081573. [PMID: 34452436 PMCID: PMC8402727 DOI: 10.3390/v13081573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbit hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a novel HEV belonging to genotype 3 (HEV-3) in the Orthohepevirus A species of the genus Hepevirus, family Hepeviridae. Rabbit HEV was originally isolated from rabbits and found to cause zoonotic infection. Although rabbit HEV can be successfully grown in culture with several cell lines, including the human carcinoma cell line PLC/PRF/5, it is difficult to obtain the large amounts of viral antigen required for diagnosis and vaccine development. In this study, we expressed N-terminal 13 and 111 aa-truncated rabbit HEV ORF2 proteins using recombinant baculoviruses and obtained two types of virus-like particles (VLPs), RnVLPs and RsVLPs with ~35 and 24 nm diameter, respectively. Anti-rabbit HEV IgG antibodies were induced in high titer by immunizing rabbits with RnVLPs or RsVLPs. The antibody secretion in the serum persisted more than three years. RsVLPs showed stronger antigenic cross-reactivity against HEV-1, HEV-3 and HEV-4 than rat HEV. Moreover, anti-RsVLPs antibodies neutralized not only the cognate virus but also HEV-1, HEV-3 and HEV-4 ex vivo, indicating that rabbit HEV had the same serotype as human HEVs. In contrast, the antibody did not block rat HEV infection, demonstrating that rat HEV belonged to a different serotype. Animal experiments indicated that immunization with either RnVLPs or RsVLPs completely protected the rabbits from challenge by rabbit HEV, suggesting that the VLPs are candidates for rabbit HEV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Bai
- Department of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, China;
| | - Michiyo Kataoka
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan;
| | - Yasushi Ami
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; (Y.A.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yuriko Suzaki
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; (Y.A.); (Y.S.)
| | - Naokazu Takeda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0781, Japan;
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan;
| | - Tian-Cheng Li
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-42-561-0771; Fax: +81-42-565-4729
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McMenamin AJ, Parekh F, Lawrence V, Flenniken ML. Investigating Virus-Host Interactions in Cultured Primary Honey Bee Cells. INSECTS 2021; 12:653. [PMID: 34357313 PMCID: PMC8329929 DOI: 10.3390/insects12070653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Honey bee (Apis mellifera) health is impacted by viral infections at the colony, individual bee, and cellular levels. To investigate honey bee antiviral defense mechanisms at the cellular level we further developed the use of cultured primary cells, derived from either larvae or pupae, and demonstrated that these cells could be infected with a panel of viruses, including common honey bee infecting viruses (i.e., sacbrood virus (SBV) and deformed wing virus (DWV)) and an insect model virus, Flock House virus (FHV). Virus abundances were quantified over the course of infection. The production of infectious virions in cultured honey bee pupal cells was demonstrated by determining that naïve cells became infected after the transfer of deformed wing virus or Flock House virus from infected cell cultures. Initial characterization of the honey bee antiviral immune responses at the cellular level indicated that there were virus-specific responses, which included increased expression of bee antiviral protein-1 (GenBank: MF116383) in SBV-infected pupal cells and increased expression of argonaute-2 and dicer-like in FHV-infected hemocytes and pupal cells. Additional studies are required to further elucidate virus-specific honey bee antiviral defense mechanisms. The continued use of cultured primary honey bee cells for studies that involve multiple viruses will address this knowledge gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. McMenamin
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (A.J.M.); (F.P.); (V.L.)
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- Pollinator Health Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Fenali Parekh
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (A.J.M.); (F.P.); (V.L.)
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- Pollinator Health Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Verena Lawrence
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (A.J.M.); (F.P.); (V.L.)
- Pollinator Health Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Michelle L. Flenniken
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; (A.J.M.); (F.P.); (V.L.)
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- Pollinator Health Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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10
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Structural and Biophysical Characterization of the HCV E1E2 Heterodimer for Vaccine Development. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061027. [PMID: 34072451 PMCID: PMC8227786 DOI: 10.3390/v13061027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An effective vaccine for the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major unmet medical and public health need, and it requires an antigen that elicits immune responses to multiple key conserved epitopes. Decades of research have generated a number of vaccine candidates; based on these data and research through clinical development, a vaccine antigen based on the E1E2 glycoprotein complex appears to be the best choice. One bottleneck in the development of an E1E2-based vaccine is that the antigen is challenging to produce in large quantities and at high levels of purity and antigenic/functional integrity. This review describes the production and characterization of E1E2-based vaccine antigens, both membrane-associated and a novel secreted form of E1E2, with a particular emphasis on the major challenges facing the field and how those challenges can be addressed.
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11
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Joshi PRH, Venereo-Sanchez A, Chahal PS, Kamen AA. Advancements in molecular design and bioprocessing of recombinant adeno-associated virus gene delivery vectors using the insect-cell baculovirus expression platform. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2000021. [PMID: 33277815 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite rapid progress in the field, scalable high-yield production of adeno-associated virus (AAV) is still one of the critical bottlenecks the manufacturing sector is facing. The insect cell-baculovirus expression vector system (IC-BEVS) has emerged as a mainstream platform for the scalable production of recombinant proteins with clinically approved products for human use. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the advancements in IC-BEVS for rAAV production. Since the first report of baculovirus-induced production of rAAV vector in insect cells in 2002, this platform has undergone significant improvements, including enhanced stability of Bac-vector expression and a reduced number of baculovirus-coinfections. The latter streamlining strategy led to the eventual development of the Two-Bac, One-Bac, and Mono-Bac systems. The one baculovirus system consisting of an inducible packaging insect cell line was further improved to enhance the AAV vector quality and potency. In parallel, the implementation of advanced manufacturing approaches and control of critical processing parameters have demonstrated promising results with process validation in large-scale bioreactor runs. Moreover, optimization of the molecular design of vectors to enable higher cell-specific yields of functional AAV particles combined with bioprocess intensification strategies may also contribute to addressing current and future manufacturing challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav R H Joshi
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Parminder S Chahal
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amine A Kamen
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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12
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Maghodia AB, Geisler C, Jarvis DL. A new nodavirus-negative Trichoplusia ni cell line for baculovirus-mediated protein production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:3248-3264. [PMID: 32662870 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell lines derived from Trichoplusia ni (Tn) are widely used as hosts in the baculovirus-insect cell system (BICS). One advantage of Tn cell lines is they can produce recombinant proteins at higher levels than cell lines derived from other insects. However, Tn cell lines are persistently infected with an alphanodavirus, Tn5 cell-line virus (TnCLV), which reduces their utility as a host for the BICS. Several groups have isolated TnCLV-negative Tn cell lines, but none were thoroughly characterized and shown to be free of other adventitious viruses. Thus, we isolated and extensively characterized a new TnCLV-negative line, Tn-nodavirus-negative (Tn-NVN). Tn-NVN cells have no detectable TnCLV, no other previously identified viral contaminants of lepidopteran insect cell lines, and no sequences associated with any replicating virus or other viral adventitious agents. Tn-NVN cells tested negative for >60 species of Mycoplasma, Acholeplasma, Spiroplasma, and Ureaplasma. Finally, Tn-NVN cells grow well as a single-cell suspension culture in serum-free medium, produce recombinant proteins at levels similar to High Five™ cells, and do not produce recombinant glycoproteins with immunogenic core α1,3-fucosylation. Thus, Tn-NVN is a new, well-characterized TnCLV-negative cell line with several other features enhancing its utility as a host for the BICS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donald L Jarvis
- GlycoBac, LLC, Laramie, Wyoming.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming
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13
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Puente-Massaguer E, Saccardo P, Ferrer-Miralles N, Lecina M, Gòdia F. Coupling Microscopy and Flow Cytometry for a Comprehensive Characterization of Nanoparticle Production in Insect Cells. Cytometry A 2020; 97:921-932. [PMID: 32515126 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in the field of characterization techniques have broadened the opportunities to deepen into nanoparticle production bioprocesses. Gag-based virus-like particles (VLPs) have shown their potential as candidates for recombinant vaccine development. However, comprehensive characterization of the production process is still a requirement to meet the desired critical quality attributes. In this work, the production process of Gag VLPs by baculovirus (BV) infection in the reference High Five and Sf9 insect cell lines is characterized in detail. To this end, the Gag polyprotein was fused in frame to the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) to favor process evaluation with multiple analytical tools. Tracking of the infection process using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry revealed a pronounced increase in the complexity of High Five over Sf9 cells. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) characterization determined that changes in cell complexity could be attributed to the presence of occlusion-derived BV in High Five cells, whereas Sf9 cells evidenced a larger proportion of the budded virus phenotype (23-fold). Initial evaluation of the VLP production process using spectrofluorometry showed that higher levels of the Gag-eGFP polyprotein were obtained in High Five cells (3.6-fold). However, comparative analysis based on nanoparticle quantification by flow virometry and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) proved that Sf9 cells were 1.7- and 1.5-fold more productive in terms of assembled VLPs, respectively. Finally, analytical ultracentrifugation coupled to flow virometry evidenced a larger sedimentation coefficient of High Five-derived VLPs, indicating a possible interaction with other cellular compounds. Taken together, these results highlight the combined use of microscopy and flow cytometry techniques to improve vaccine development processes using the insect cell/BV expression vector system. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Puente-Massaguer
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Saccardo
- Plataforma de Producción de Proteínas, CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Ferrer-Miralles
- Plataforma de Producción de Proteínas, CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Lecina
- IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramón Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Gòdia
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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González-Domínguez I, Puente-Massaguer E, Cervera L, Gòdia F. Quantification of the HIV-1 virus-like particle production process by super-resolution imaging: From VLP budding to nanoparticle analysis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1929-1945. [PMID: 32242921 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) offer great promise in the field of nanomedicine. Enveloped VLPs are a class of these nanoparticles and their production process occurs by a budding process, which is known to be the most critical step at intracellular level. In this study, we developed a novel imaging method based on super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (SRFM) to assess the generation of VLPs in living cells. This methodology was applied to study the production of Gag VLPs in three animal cell platforms of reference: HEK 293-transient gene expression (TGE), High Five-baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) and Sf9-BEVS. Quantification of the number of VLP assembly sites per cell ranged from 500 to 3,000 in the different systems evaluated. Although the BEVS was superior in terms of Gag polyprotein expression, the HEK 293-TGE platform was more efficient regarding the assembly of Gag as VLPs. This was translated into higher levels of non-assembled Gag monomer in BEVS harvested supernatants. Furthermore, the presence of contaminating nanoparticles was evidenced in all three systems, specifically in High Five cells. The SRFM-based method here developed was also successfully applied to measure the concentration of VLPs in crude supernatants. The lipid membrane of VLPs and the presence of nucleic acids alongside these nanoparticles could also be detected using common staining procedures. Overall, a complete picture of the VLP production process was achieved in these three production platforms. The robustness and sensitivity of this new approach broaden the applicability of SRFM toward the development of new detection, diagnosis and quantification methods based on confocal microscopy in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene González-Domínguez
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Eduard Puente-Massaguer
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laura Cervera
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Francesc Gòdia
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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15
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Guo Y, Goodman CL, Stanley DW, Bonning BC. Cell Lines for Honey Bee Virus Research. Viruses 2020; 12:E236. [PMID: 32093360 PMCID: PMC7077248 DOI: 10.3390/v12020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With ongoing colony losses driven in part by the Varroa mite and the associated exacerbation of the virus load, there is an urgent need to protect honey bees (Apis mellifera) from fatal levels of virus infection and from the non-target effects of insecticides used in agricultural settings. A continuously replicating cell line derived from the honey bee would provide a valuable tool for the study of molecular mechanisms of virus-host interaction, for the screening of antiviral agents for potential use within the hive, and for the assessment of the risk of current and candidate insecticides to the honey bee. However, the establishment of a continuously replicating honey bee cell line has proved challenging. Here, we provide an overview of attempts to establish primary and continuously replicating hymenopteran cell lines, methods (including recent results) of establishing honey bee cell lines, challenges associated with the presence of latent viruses (especially Deformed wing virus) in established cell lines and methods to establish virus-free cell lines. We also describe the potential use of honey bee cell lines in conjunction with infectious clones of honey bee viruses for examination of fundamental virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Guo
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Cynthia L. Goodman
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, MO 65203, USA; (C.L.G.); (D.W.S.)
| | - David W. Stanley
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, MO 65203, USA; (C.L.G.); (D.W.S.)
| | - Bryony C. Bonning
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
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16
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Inhibition of dicer activity in lepidopteran and dipteran cells by baculovirus-mediated expression of Flock House virus B2. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14494. [PMID: 31601846 PMCID: PMC6787241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50851-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies have suggested that insect DNA viruses are negatively affected by dicer-2-mediated RNA interference (RNAi). To examine this further, we utilized an in vitro assay to measure dicer activity in lepidopteran and dipteran cells, combined with baculoviruses expressing the RNAi suppressor B2 from Flock House virus or Aedes aegypti dicer-2 (Aedicer-2) using a constitutive heat shock promoter. Addition of cell lysates containing baculovirus-expressed B2 to lysates from dipteran (S2, Aag2) or lepidopteran (Sf9) cells inhibited endogenous dicer activity in a dose-dependent manner, while expression of Aedicer-2 restored siRNA production in Ae. albopictus C6/36 cells, which are dicer-2 defective. However, B2 expression from the constitutive heat shock promoter had no impact on baculovirus replication or virulence in cell lines or larvae that were either highly permissive (Trichoplusia ni) or less susceptible (Spodoptera frugiperda) to infection. We determined that this constitutive level of B2 expression had little to no ability to suppress dicer activity in cell lysates, but higher expression of B2, following heat shock treatment, inhibited dicer activity in all cells tested. Thus, we cannot rule out the possibility that optimized expression of B2 or other RNAi suppressors may increase baculovirus replication and expression of heterologous proteins by baculoviruses.
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17
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Santos D, Mingels L, Vogel E, Wang L, Christiaens O, Cappelle K, Wynant N, Gansemans Y, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Smagghe G, Swevers L, Vanden Broeck J. Generation of Virus- and dsRNA-Derived siRNAs with Species-Dependent Length in Insects. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080738. [PMID: 31405199 PMCID: PMC6723321 DOI: 10.3390/v11080738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules of viral origin trigger a post-transcriptional gene-silencing mechanism called RNA interference (RNAi). Specifically, virally derived dsRNA is recognized and cleaved by the enzyme Dicer2 into short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which further direct sequence-specific RNA silencing, ultimately silencing replication of the virus. Notably, RNAi can also be artificially triggered by the delivery of gene-specific dsRNA, thereby leading to endogenous gene silencing. This is a widely used technology that holds great potential to contribute to novel pest control strategies. In this regard, research efforts have been set to find methods to efficiently trigger RNAi in the field. In this article, we demonstrate the generation of dsRNA- and/or virus-derived siRNAs—the main RNAi effectors—in six insect species belonging to five economically important orders (Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera). In addition, we describe that the siRNA length distribution is species-dependent. Taken together, our results reveal interspecies variability in the (antiviral) RNAi mechanism in insects and show promise to contribute to future research on (viral-based) RNAi-triggering mechanisms in this class of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulce Santos
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Lina Mingels
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elise Vogel
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luoluo Wang
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Christiaens
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kaat Cappelle
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Niels Wynant
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yannick Gansemans
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Nieuwerburgh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Jozef Vanden Broeck
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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18
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Vogel E, Santos D, Mingels L, Verdonckt TW, Broeck JV. RNA Interference in Insects: Protecting Beneficials and Controlling Pests. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1912. [PMID: 30687124 PMCID: PMC6336832 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects constitute the largest and most diverse group of animals on Earth with an equally diverse virome. The main antiviral immune system of these animals is the post-transcriptional gene-silencing mechanism known as RNA(i) interference. Furthermore, this process can be artificially triggered via delivery of gene-specific double-stranded RNA molecules, leading to specific endogenous gene silencing. This is called RNAi technology and has important applications in several fields. In this paper, we review RNAi mechanisms in insects as well as the potential of RNAi technology to contribute to species-specific insecticidal strategies. Regarding this aspect, we cover the range of strategies considered and investigated so far, as well as their limitations and the most promising approaches to overcome them. Additionally, we discuss patterns of viral infection, specifically persistent and acute insect viral infections. In the latter case, we focus on infections affecting economically relevant species. Within this scope, we review the use of insect-specific viruses as bio-insecticides. Last, we discuss RNAi-based strategies to protect beneficial insects from harmful viral infections and their potential practical application. As a whole, this manuscript stresses the impact of insect viruses and RNAi technology in human life, highlighting clear lines of investigation within an exciting and promising field of research.
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19
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Whole-Genome Sequence of Sphingomonas sp. Strain FARSPH, a Novel Sf9 Insect Cell Culture Contaminant. Microbiol Resour Announc 2018; 7:MRA01128-18. [PMID: 30533768 PMCID: PMC6256503 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01128-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the whole-genome sequence of Sphingomonas sp. strain FARSPH, isolated from an insect cell line as a contaminant. FARSPH shared high identity with Sphingomonas melonis and Sphingomonas aquatilis strains. Due to this finding, we recommend taking this genus into consideration for cell culture quality control.
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Geisler C. A new approach for detecting adventitious viruses shows Sf-rhabdovirus-negative Sf-RVN cells are suitable for safe biologicals production. BMC Biotechnol 2018; 18:8. [PMID: 29415704 PMCID: PMC5803895 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adventitious viral contamination in cell substrates used for biologicals production is a major safety concern. A powerful new approach that can be used to identify adventitious viruses is a combination of bioinformatics tools with massively parallel sequencing technology. Typically, this involves mapping or BLASTN searching individual reads against viral nucleotide databases. Although extremely sensitive for known viruses, this approach can easily miss viruses that are too dissimilar to viruses in the database. Moreover, it is computationally intensive and requires reference cell genome databases. To avoid these drawbacks, we set out to develop an alternative approach. We reasoned that searching genome and transcriptome assemblies for adventitious viral contaminants using TBLASTN with a compact viral protein database covering extant viral diversity as the query could be fast and sensitive without a requirement for high performance computing hardware. Results We tested our approach on Spodoptera frugiperda Sf-RVN, a recently isolated insect cell line, to determine if it was contaminated with one or more adventitious viruses. We used Illumina reads to assemble the Sf-RVN genome and transcriptome and searched them for adventitious viral contaminants using TBLASTN with our viral protein database. We found no evidence of viral contamination, which was substantiated by the fact that our searches otherwise identified diverse sequences encoding virus-like proteins. These sequences included Maverick, R1 LINE, and errantivirus transposons, all of which are common in insect genomes. We also identified previously described as well as novel endogenous viral elements similar to ORFs encoded by diverse insect viruses. Conclusions Our results demonstrate TBLASTN searching massively parallel sequencing (MPS) assemblies with a compact, manually curated viral protein database is more sensitive for adventitious virus detection than BLASTN, as we identified various sequences that encoded virus-like proteins, but had no similarity to viral sequences at the nucleotide level. Moreover, searches were fast without requiring high performance computing hardware. Our study also documents the enhanced biosafety profile of Sf-RVN as compared to other Sf cell lines, and supports the notion that Sf-RVN is highly suitable for the production of safe biologicals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: 10.1186/s12896-017-0412-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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21
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Santos D, Wynant N, Van den Brande S, Verdonckt TW, Mingels L, Peeters P, Kolliopoulou A, Swevers L, Vanden Broeck J. Insights into RNAi-based antiviral immunity in Lepidoptera: acute and persistent infections in Bombyx mori and Trichoplusia ni cell lines. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2423. [PMID: 29403066 PMCID: PMC5799340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of viral infections in insects is a current issue of major concern and RNA interference (RNAi) is considered the main antiviral immune response in this group of animals. Here we demonstrate that overexpression of key RNAi factors can help to protect insect cells against viral infections. In particular, we show that overexpression of Dicer2 and Argonaute2 in lepidopteran cells leads to improved defense against the acute infection of the Cricket Paralysis Virus (CrPV). We also demonstrate an important role of RNAi in the control of persistent viral infections, as the one caused by the Macula-like Latent Virus (MLV). Specifically, a direct interaction between Argonaute2 and virus-specific small RNAs is shown. Yet, while knocking down Dicer2 and Argonaute2 resulted in higher transcript levels of the persistently infecting MLV in the lepidopteran cells under investigation, overexpression of these proteins could not further reduce these levels. Taken together, our data provide deep insight into the RNAi-based interactions between insects and their viruses. In addition, our results suggest the potential use of an RNAi gain-of-function approach as an alternative strategy to obtain reduced viral-induced mortality in Lepidoptera, an insect order that encompasses multiple species of relevant economic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulce Santos
- Research group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, box 02465, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Niels Wynant
- Research group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, box 02465, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stijn Van den Brande
- Research group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, box 02465, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas-Wolf Verdonckt
- Research group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, box 02465, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lina Mingels
- Research group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, box 02465, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paulien Peeters
- Research group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, box 02465, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Kolliopoulou
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", 153 10, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", 153 10, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - Jozef Vanden Broeck
- Research group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, box 02465, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Fu Y, Yang Y, Zhang H, Farley G, Wang J, Quarles KA, Weng Z, Zamore PD. The genome of the Hi5 germ cell line from Trichoplusia ni, an agricultural pest and novel model for small RNA biology. eLife 2018; 7:31628. [PMID: 29376823 PMCID: PMC5844692 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a draft assembly of the genome of Hi5 cells from the lepidopteran insect pest, Trichoplusia ni, assigning 90.6% of bases to one of 28 chromosomes and predicting 14,037 protein-coding genes. Chemoreception and detoxification gene families reveal T. ni-specific gene expansions that may explain its widespread distribution and rapid adaptation to insecticides. Transcriptome and small RNA data from thorax, ovary, testis, and the germline-derived Hi5 cell line show distinct expression profiles for 295 microRNA- and >393 piRNA-producing loci, as well as 39 genes encoding small RNA pathway proteins. Nearly all of the W chromosome is devoted to piRNA production, and T. ni siRNAs are not 2´-O-methylated. To enable use of Hi5 cells as a model system, we have established genome editing and single-cell cloning protocols. The T. ni genome provides insights into pest control and allows Hi5 cells to become a new tool for studying small RNAs ex vivo. A common moth called the cabbage looper is becoming increasingly relevant to the scientific community. Its caterpillars are a serious threat to cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower crops, and they have started to resist the pesticides normally used to control them. Moreover, the insect’s germline cells – the ones that will produce sperm and eggs – are used in laboratories as ‘factories’ to artificially produce proteins of interest. The germline cells also host a group of genetic mechanisms called RNA silencing. One of these processes is known as piRNA, and it protects the genome against ‘jumping genes’. These genetic elements can cause mutations by moving from place to place in the DNA: in germline cells, piRNA suppresses them before the genetic information is transmitted to the next generation. Not all germline cells grow equally well under experimental conditions, or are easy to use to examine piRNA mechanisms in a laboratory. The germline cells from the cabbage looper, on the other hand, have certain characteristics that would make them ideal to study piRNA in insects. However, the genome of the moth had not yet been fully resolved. This hinders research on new ways of controlling the pest, on how to use the germline cells to produce more useful proteins, or on piRNA. Decoding a genome requires several steps. First, the entire genetic information is broken in short sections that can then be deciphered. Next, these segments need to be ‘assembled’ – put together, and in the right order, to reconstitute the entire genome. Certain portions of the genome, which are formed of repeats of the same sections, can be difficult to assemble. Finally, the genome must be annotated: the different regions – such as the genes – need to be identified and labeled. Here, Fu et al. assembled and annotated the genome of the cabbage looper, and in the process developed strategies that could be used for other species with a lot of repeated sequences in their genomes. Having access to the looper’s full genetic information makes it possible to use their germline cells to produce new types of proteins, for example for pharmaceutical purposes. Fu et al. went on to make working with these cells even easier by refining protocols so that modern research techniques, such as the gene-editing technology CRISPR-Cas9, can be used on the looper germline cells. The mapping of the genome also revealed that the genes involved in removing toxins from the insects’ bodies are rapidly evolving, which may explain why the moths readily become resistant to insecticides. This knowledge could help finding new ways of controlling the pest. Finally, the genes involved in RNA silencing were labeled: results show that an entire chromosome is the source of piRNAs. Combined with the new protocols developed by Fu et al., this could make cabbage looper germline cells the default option for any research into the piRNA mechanism. How piRNA works in the moth could inform work on human piRNA, as these processes are highly similar across the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, United States.,Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Yujing Yang
- RNA Therapeutics Institute and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Han Zhang
- RNA Therapeutics Institute and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Gwen Farley
- RNA Therapeutics Institute and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Junling Wang
- RNA Therapeutics Institute and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Kaycee A Quarles
- RNA Therapeutics Institute and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Phillip D Zamore
- RNA Therapeutics Institute and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
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23
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Geisler C, Jarvis DL. Adventitious viruses in insect cell lines used for recombinant protein expression. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 144:25-32. [PMID: 29133148 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Insect cells are widely used for recombinant protein expression, typically as hosts for recombinant baculovirus vectors, but also for plasmid-mediated transient transfection or stable genetic transformation. Insect cells are used to express proteins for research, as well as to manufacture biologicals for human and veterinary medicine. Recently, several insect cell lines used for recombinant protein expression were found to be persistently infected with adventitious viruses. This has raised questions about how these infections might affect research performed using those cell lines. Furthermore, these findings raised serious concerns about the safety of biologicals produced using those cell lines. In response, new insect cell lines lacking adventitious viruses have been isolated for use as improved research tools and safer biological manufacturing platforms. Here, we review the scientific and patent literature on adventitious viruses found in insect cell lines, affected cell lines, and new virus-free cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donald L Jarvis
- GlycoBac LLC, 1938 Harney Street, Laramie, WY 82072, USA; University of Wyoming, Department of Molecular Biology, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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24
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Kolliopoulou A, Taning CNT, Smagghe G, Swevers L. Viral Delivery of dsRNA for Control of Insect Agricultural Pests and Vectors of Human Disease: Prospects and Challenges. Front Physiol 2017; 8:399. [PMID: 28659820 PMCID: PMC5469917 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RNAi is applied as a new and safe method for pest control in agriculture but efficiency and specificity of delivery of dsRNA trigger remains a critical issue. Various agents have been proposed to augment dsRNA delivery, such as engineered micro-organisms and synthetic nanoparticles, but the use of viruses has received relatively little attention. Here we present a critical view of the potential of the use of recombinant viruses for efficient and specific delivery of dsRNA. First of all, it requires the availability of plasmid-based reverse genetics systems for virus production, of which an overview is presented. For RNA viruses, their application seems to be straightforward since dsRNA is produced as an intermediate molecule during viral replication, but DNA viruses also have potential through the production of RNA hairpins after transcription. However, application of recombinant virus for dsRNA delivery may not be straightforward in many cases, since viruses can encode RNAi suppressors, and virus-induced silencing effects can be determined by the properties of the encoded RNAi suppressor. An alternative is virus-like particles that retain the efficiency and specificity determinants of natural virions but have encapsidated non-replicating RNA. Finally, the use of viruses raises important safety issues which need to be addressed before application can proceed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kolliopoulou
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, NCSR “Demokritos,”Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Clauvis N. T. Taning
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, NCSR “Demokritos,”Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
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25
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Hashimoto Y, Macri D, Srivastava I, McPherson C, Felberbaum R, Post P, Cox M. Complete study demonstrating the absence of rhabdovirus in a distinct Sf9 cell line. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175633. [PMID: 28423032 PMCID: PMC5397025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A putative novel rhabdovirus (SfRV) was previously identified in a Spodoptera frugiperda cell line (Sf9 cells [ATCC CRL-1711 lot 58078522]) by next generation sequencing and extensive bioinformatic analysis. We performed an extensive analysis of our Sf9 cell bank (ATCC CRL-1711 lot 5814 [Sf9L5814]) to determine whether this virus was already present in cells obtained from ATCC in 1987. Inverse PCR of DNA isolated from Sf9 L5814 cellular DNA revealed integration of SfRV sequences in the cellular genome. RT-PCR of total RNA showed a deletion of 320 nucleotides in the SfRV RNA that includes the transcriptional motifs for genes X and L. Concentrated cell culture supernatant was analyzed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and revealed a single band at a density of 1.14 g/ml. This fraction was further analysed by electron microscopy and showed amorphous and particulate debris that did not resemble a rhabdovirus in morphology or size. SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed that the protein composition did not contain the typical five rhabdovirus structural proteins and LC-MS/MS analysis revealed primarily of exosomal marker proteins, the SfRV N protein, and truncated forms of SfRV N, P, and G proteins. The SfRV L gene fragment RNA sequence was recovered from the supernatant after ultracentrifugation of the 1.14 g/ml fraction treated with diethyl ether suggesting that the SfRV L gene fragment sequence is not associated with a diethyl ether resistant nucleocapsid. Interestingly, the 1.14 g/ml fraction was able to transfer baculovirus DNA into Sf9L5814 cells, consistent with the presence of functional exosomes. Our results demonstrate the absence of viral particles in ATCC CRL-1711 lot 5814 Sf9 cells in contrast to a previous study that suggested the presence of infectious rhabdoviral particles in Sf9 cells from a different lot. This study highlights how cell lines with different lineages may present different virosomes and therefore no general conclusions can be drawn across Sf9 cells from different laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Hashimoto
- Protein Sciences Corporation, Meriden, Connecticut, Unites States of America
| | - Daniel Macri
- Protein Sciences Corporation, Meriden, Connecticut, Unites States of America
| | - Indresh Srivastava
- Protein Sciences Corporation, Meriden, Connecticut, Unites States of America
| | - Clifton McPherson
- Protein Sciences Corporation, Meriden, Connecticut, Unites States of America
| | - Rachael Felberbaum
- Protein Sciences Corporation, Meriden, Connecticut, Unites States of America
| | - Penny Post
- Protein Sciences Corporation, Meriden, Connecticut, Unites States of America
| | - Manon Cox
- Protein Sciences Corporation, Meriden, Connecticut, Unites States of America
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26
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Carvalho SB, Freire JM, Moleirinho MG, Monteiro F, Gaspar D, Castanho MARB, Carrondo MJT, Alves PM, Bernardes GJL, Peixoto C. Bioorthogonal Strategy for Bioprocessing of Specific-Site-Functionalized Enveloped Influenza-Virus-Like Particles. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2386-2399. [PMID: 27652605 PMCID: PMC5080633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Virus-like
particles (VLPs) constitute a promising platform in
vaccine development and targeted drug delivery. To date, most applications
use simple nonenveloped VLPs as human papillomavirus or hepatitis
B vaccines, even though the envelope is known to be critical to retain
the native protein folding and biological function. Here, we present
tagged enveloped VLPs (TagE-VLPs) as a valuable strategy for the downstream
processing and monitoring of the in vivo production of specific-site-functionalized
enveloped influenza VLPs. This two-step procedure allows bioorthogonal
functionalization of azide-tagged nascent influenza type A hemagglutinin
proteins in the envelope of VLPs through a strain-promoted [3 + 2]
alkyne–azide cycloaddition reaction. Importantly, labeling
does not influence VLP production and allows for construction of functionalized
VLPs without deleterious effects on their biological function. Refined
discrimination and separation between VLP and baculovirus, the major
impurity of the process, is achieved when this technique is combined
with flow cytometry analysis, as demonstrated by atomic force microscopy.
TagE-VLPs is a versatile tool broadly applicable to the production,
monitoring, and purification of functionalized enveloped VLPs for
vaccine design trial runs, targeted drug delivery, and molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia B Carvalho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.,iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica , Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - João M Freire
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mafalda G Moleirinho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.,iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica , Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Francisca Monteiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.,iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica , Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Diana Gaspar
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel A R B Castanho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuel J T Carrondo
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica , Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal.,Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal
| | - Paula M Alves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.,iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica , Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Peixoto
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.,iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica , Apartado 12, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal
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27
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Swevers L, Ioannidis K, Kolovou M, Zografidis A, Labropoulou V, Santos D, Wynant N, Broeck JV, Wang L, Cappelle K, Smagghe G. Persistent RNA virus infection of lepidopteran cell lines: Interactions with the RNAi machinery. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 93-94:81-93. [PMID: 27595655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RNAi is broadly used as a technique for specific gene silencing in insects but few studies have investigated the factors that can affect its efficiency. Viral infections have the potential to interfere with RNAi through their production of viral suppressors of RNAi (VSRs) and the production of viral small RNAs that can saturate and inactivate the RNAi machinery. In this study, the impact of persistent infection of the RNA viruses Flock house virus (FHV) and Macula-like virus (MLV) on RNAi efficiency was investigated in selected lepidopteran cell lines. Lepidopteran cell lines were found to be readily infected by both viruses without any apparent pathogenic effects, with the exception of Bombyx-derived Bm5 and BmN4 cells, which could not be infected by FHV. Because Sf21 cells were free from both FHV and MLV and Hi5-SF were free from FHV and only contained low levels of MLV, they were tested to evaluate the impact of the presence of the virus. Two types of RNAi reporter assays however did not detect a significant interference with gene silencing in infected Sf21 and Hi5-SF cells when compared to virus-free cells. In Hi5 cells, the presence of FHV could be easily cleared through the expression of an RNA hairpin that targets its VSR gene, confirming that the RNAi mechanism was not inhibited. Sequencing indicated that the B2 RNAi inhibitor gene of FHV and a putative VSR gene from MLV were intact in persistently infected cell lines, indicating that protection against RNAi remains essential for virus survival. It is proposed that infection levels of persistent viruses in the cell lines are too low to have an impact on RNAi efficiency in the lepidopteran cell lines and that encoded VSRs act locally at the sites of viral replication (mitochondrial membranes) without affecting the rest of the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Ioannidis
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - Marianna Kolovou
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - Aris Zografidis
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Labropoulou
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - Dulce Santos
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Niels Wynant
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jozef Vanden Broeck
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luoluo Wang
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kaat Cappelle
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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28
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Kwang TW, Zeng X, Wang S. Manufacturing of AcMNPV baculovirus vectors to enable gene therapy trials. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2016; 3:15050. [PMID: 26858963 PMCID: PMC4729316 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2015.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, baculoviruses have become workhorse research tools for transient transgene expression. Although they have not yet been used directly as a gene therapy vector in the clinical setting, numerous preclinical studies have suggested the highly promising potential of baculovirus as a delivery vector for a variety of therapeutic applications including vaccination, tissue engineering, and cancer treatment. As such, there is growing interest in using baculoviruses as human gene therapy vectors, which has led to advances in baculovirus bioprocessing methods. This review provides an overview of the current approaches for scaled-up amplification, concentration, purification, and formulation of AcMNPV baculoviruses, and highlights the key regulatory requirements that must be met before gene therapy clinical trials can be initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shu Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore
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29
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Viral Small-RNA Analysis of Bombyx mori Larval Midgut during Persistent and Pathogenic Cytoplasmic Polyhedrosis Virus Infection. J Virol 2015; 89:11473-86. [PMID: 26339065 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01695-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The lepidopteran innate immune response against RNA viruses remains poorly understood, while in other insects several studies have highlighted an essential role for the exo-RNAi pathway in combating viral infection. Here, by using deep-sequencing technology for viral small-RNA (vsRNA) assessment, we provide evidence that exo-RNAi is operative in the silkworm Bombyx mori against both persistent and pathogenic infection of B. mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV) which is characterized by a segmented double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genome. Further, we show that Dicer-2 predominantly targets viral dsRNA and produces 20-nucleotide (nt) vsRNAs, whereas an additional pathway is responsive to viral mRNA derived from segment 10. Importantly, vsRNA distributions, which define specific hot and cold spot profiles for each viral segment, to a considerable degree overlap between Dicer-2-related (19 to 21 nt) and Dicer-2-unrelated vsRNAs, suggesting a common origin for these profiles. We found a degenerate motif significantly enriched at the cut sites of vsRNAs of various lengths which link an unknown RNase to the origins of vsRNAs biogenesis and distribution. Accordingly, the indicated RNase activity may be an important early factor for the host's antiviral defense in Lepidoptera. IMPORTANCE This work contributes to the elucidation of the lepidopteran antiviral response against infection of segmented double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus (CPV; Reoviridae) and highlights the importance of viral small-RNA (vsRNA) analysis for getting insights into host-pathogen interactions. Three vsRNA pathways are implicated in antiviral defense. For dsRNA, two pathways are proposed, either based on Dicer-2 cleavage to generate 20-nucleotide vsRNAs or based on the activity of an uncharacterized endo-RNase that cleaves the viral RNA substrate at a degenerate motif. The analysis also indicates the existence of a degradation pathway that targets the positive strand of segment 10.
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30
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Zhou X, Kataoka M, Liu Z, Takeda N, Wakita T, Li TC. Characterization of self-assembled virus-like particles of dromedary camel hepatitis e virus generated by recombinant baculoviruses. Virus Res 2015; 210:8-17. [PMID: 26160190 PMCID: PMC7114528 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dromedary camel hepatitis E virus (DcHEV), a novel hepatitis E virus, has been identified in dromedary camels in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The antigenicity, pathogenicity and epidemiology of this virus have been unclear. Here we first used a recombinant baculovirus expression system to express the 13 and 111 N-terminus amino-acid-truncated DcHEV ORF2 protein in insect Tn5 cells, and we obtained two types of virus-like particles (VLPs) with densities of 1.300 g/cm(3) and 1.285 g/cm(3), respectively. The small VLPs (Dc4sVLPs) were estimated to be 24 nm in diameter, and were assembled by a protein with the molecular mass 53 kDa. The large VLPs (Dc3nVLPs and Dc4nVLPs) were 35 nm in diameter, and were assembled by a 64-kDa protein. An antigenic analysis demonstrated that DcHEV was cross-reactive with G1, G3-G6, ferret and rat HEVs, and DcHEV showed a stronger cross-reactivity to G1 G3-G6 HEV than it did to rat and ferret HEV. In addition, the antibody against DcHEV-LPs neutralized G1 and G3 HEV in a cell culture system, suggesting that the serotypes of these HEVs are identical. We also found that the amino acid residue Met-358 affects the small DcHEV-LPs assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Michiyo Kataoka
- Departments of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, NY, NY 10032, USA
| | - Naokazu Takeda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0781, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Departments of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tian-Cheng Li
- Departments of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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31
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Felberbaum RS. The baculovirus expression vector system: A commercial manufacturing platform for viral vaccines and gene therapy vectors. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:702-14. [PMID: 25800821 PMCID: PMC7159335 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) platform has become an established manufacturing platform for the production of viral vaccines and gene therapy vectors. Nine BEVS-derived products have been approved - four for human use (Cervarix(®), Provenge(®), Glybera(®) and Flublok(®)) and five for veterinary use (Porcilis(®) Pesti, BAYOVAC CSF E2(®), Circumvent(®) PCV, Ingelvac CircoFLEX(®) and Porcilis(®) PCV). The BEVS platform offers many advantages, including manufacturing speed, flexible product design, inherent safety and scalability. This combination of features and product approvals has previously attracted interest from academic researchers, and more recently from industry leaders, to utilize BEVS to develop next generation vaccines, vectors for gene therapy, and other biopharmaceutical complex proteins. In this review, we explore the BEVS platform, detailing how it works, platform features and limitations and important considerations for manufacturing and regulatory approval. To underscore the growth in opportunities for BEVS-derived products, we discuss the latest product developments in the gene therapy and influenza vaccine fields that follow in the wake of the recent product approvals of Glybera(®) and Flublok(®), respectively. We anticipate that the utility of the platform will expand even further as new BEVS-derived products attain licensure. Finally, we touch on some of the areas where new BEVS-derived products are likely to emerge.
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32
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Li TC, Kataoka M, Takahashi K, Yoshizaki S, Kato T, Ishii K, Takeda N, Mishiro S, Wakita T. Generation of hepatitis E virus-like particles of two new genotypes G5 and G6 and comparison of antigenic properties with those of known genotypes. Vet Microbiol 2015; 178:150-7. [PMID: 25934534 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the four major genotypes (G1 through G4) known for human hepatitis E virus (HEV), two new genotypes (G5 and G6) were suggested, based on unique viral nucleotide sequences derived from wild boars in Japan. It has been unknown whether the virus of these new genotypes can cause hepatitis in humans; neither G5 nor G6 HEV has been found in patients to date. To study the antigenic properties of G5 and G6 HEV, we expressed N-terminus-truncated HEV ORF2 protein by a recombinant baculovirus system, and we obtained virus-like particles (VLPs) for both G5 and G6. The VLPs showed antigenic cross-reactivity against G1, G3 and G4 HEV more strongly than against ferret or rat HEV. Moreover, both anti-G5 and anti-G6 VLPs antibodies could neutralize G3 HEV's ability to infect PLC/PRF/5 cells, suggesting that G5 and G6 HEV have the same serotype as human HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Cheng Li
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Michiyo Kataoka
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takahashi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Toshiba General Hospital, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo 140-8522, Japan
| | - Sayaka Yoshizaki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takanobu Kato
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Koji Ishii
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Naokazu Takeda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0781, Japan
| | - Shunji Mishiro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Toshiba General Hospital, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo 140-8522, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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Carrillo-Tripp J, Bonning BC, Miller WA. Challenges associated with research on RNA viruses of insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 8:62-68. [PMID: 32846681 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dicistroviridae and Iflaviridae (part of the group formerly identified as picorna-like viruses) are rapidly growing families within the order Picornavirales. Work on these emerging groups of arthropod viruses offers a unique and exciting opportunity for virologist, but this task comes with particular challenges. The lack of cell culture systems and infectious clones has imposed limitations on the advancement of study of these viruses. Here we discuss the goals and challenges regarding the establishment of controlled systems as well as some issues associated with insect RNA virology at the organismal level. These concerns apply to RNA viruses affecting other organisms for which basic research tools are limited. A list of pitfalls associated with RNA virus research along with recommendations is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Carrillo-Tripp
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
| | - Bryony C Bonning
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - W Allen Miller
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
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McClenahan SD, Uhlenhaut C, Krause PR. Evaluation of cells and biological reagents for adventitious agents using degenerate primer PCR and massively parallel sequencing. Vaccine 2014; 32:7115-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Carrillo-Tripp J, Krueger EN, Harrison RL, Toth AL, Miller WA, Bonning BC. Lymantria dispar iflavirus 1 (LdIV1), a new model to study iflaviral persistence in lepidopterans. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2285-2296. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.067710-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell line IPLB-LD-652Y, derived from the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.), is routinely used to study interactions between viruses and insect hosts. Here we report the full genome sequence and biological characteristics of a small RNA virus, designated Lymantria dispar iflavirus 1 (LdIV1), that was discovered to persistently infect IPLB-LD-652Y. LdIV1 belongs to the genus Iflavirus. LdIV1 formed icosahedral particles of approx. 30 nm in diameter and contained a 10 044 nt polyadenylated, positive-sense RNA genome encoding a predicted polyprotein of 2980 aa. LdIV1 was induced by a viral suppressor of RNA silencing, suggesting that acute infection is restricted by RNA interference (RNAi). We detected LdIV1 in all tested tissues of gypsy-moth larvae and adults, but the virus was absent from other L. dispar-derived cell lines. We confirmed LdIV1 infectivity in two of these cell lines (IPLB-LD-652 and IPLB-LdFB). Our results provide a novel system to explore persistent infections in lepidopterans and a new model for the study of iflaviruses, a rapidly expanding group of viruses, many of which covertly infect their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Carrillo-Tripp
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Elizabeth N. Krueger
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Robert L. Harrison
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Amy L. Toth
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - W. Allen Miller
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Bryony C. Bonning
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Transcriptome responses of the host Trichoplusia ni to infection by the baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus. J Virol 2014; 88:13781-97. [PMID: 25231311 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02243-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Productive infection of Trichoplusia ni cells by the baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) leads to expression of ~156 viral genes and results in dramatic cell remodeling. How the cell transcriptome responds to viral infection was unknown due to the lack of a reference genome and transcriptome for T. ni. We used an ~60-Gb RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data set from infected and uninfected T. ni cells to generate and annotate a de novo transcriptome assembly of approximately 70,322 T. ni unigenes (assembled transcripts), representing the 48-h infection cycle. Using differential gene expression analysis, we found that the majority of host transcripts were downregulated after 6 h postinfection (p.i.) and throughout the remainder of the infection. In contrast, 5.7% (4,028) of the T. ni unigenes were upregulated during the early period (0 to 6 h p.i.), followed by a decrease through the remainder of the infection cycle. Also, a small subset of genes related to metabolism and stress response showed a significant elevation of transcript levels at 18 and 24 h p.i. but a decrease thereafter. We also examined the responses of genes belonging to a number of specific pathways of interest, including stress responses, apoptosis, immunity, and protein trafficking. We identified specific pathway members that were upregulated during the early phase of the infection. Combined with the parallel analysis of AcMNPV expression, these results provide both a broad and a detailed view of how baculovirus infection impacts the host cell transcriptome to evade cellular defensive responses, to modify cellular biosynthetic pathways, and to remodel cell structure. IMPORTANCE Baculoviruses are insect-specific DNA viruses that are highly pathogenic to their insect hosts. In addition to their use for biological control of certain insects, baculoviruses also serve as viral vectors for numerous biotechnological applications, such as mammalian cell transduction and protein expression for vaccine production. While there is considerable information regarding viral gene expression in infected cells, little is known regarding responses of the host cell to baculovirus infection. In these studies, we assembled a cell transcriptome from the host Trichoplusia ni and used that transcriptome to analyze changes in host cell gene expression throughout the infection cycle. The study was performed in parallel with a prior study of changes in viral gene expression. Combined, these studies provide an unprecedented new level of detail and an overview of events in the infection cycle, and they will stimulate new experimental approaches to understand, modify, and utilize baculoviruses for a variety of applications.
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Cremer H, Bechtold I, Mahnke M, Assenberg R. Efficient processes for protein expression using recombinant baculovirus particles. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1104:395-417. [PMID: 24297428 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-733-4_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of baculoviruses has become a standard approach in many labs for recombinant protein production. In addition to giving a broad and practical overview of the technology, this chapter focuses in particular on two recent developments in the field and how these can be efficiently exploited for protein production: the use of baculovirus-infected insect cells and in vivo recombination-mediated production of recombinant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Cremer
- NIBR Biologics Center, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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Swevers L, Kolliopoulou A, Li Z, Daskalaki M, Verret F, Kalantidis K, Smagghe G, Sun J. Transfection of BmCPV genomic dsRNA in silkmoth-derived Bm5 cells: stability and interactions with the core RNAi machinery. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 64:21-9. [PMID: 24636911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
While several studies have been conducted to investigate the stability of dsRNA in the extracellular medium (hemolymph, gut content, saliva), little is known regarding the persistence of dsRNA once it has been introduced into the cell. Here, we investigate the stability of Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV) genomic dsRNA fragments after transfection into Bombyx-derived Bm5 cells. Using RT-PCR as a detection method, we found that dsRNA could persist for long periods (up to 8 days) in the intracellular environment. While the BmCPV genomic dsRNA was processed by the RNAi machinery, its presence had no effects on other RNAi processes, such as the silencing of a luciferase reporter by dsLuc. We also found that transfection of BmCPV genomic dsRNA could not establish a viral infection in the Bm5 cells, even when co-transfections were carried out with dsRNAs targeting Dicer and Argonaute genes, suggesting that the neutralization by RNAi does not play a role in the establishment of an in vitro culture system. The mechanism of the dsRNA stability in Bm5 cells is discussed, as well as the implications for the establishment for an in vitro culture system for BmCPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", P. Grigoriou & Neapoleos Str, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, 153 42 Athens, Greece.
| | - Anna Kolliopoulou
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", P. Grigoriou & Neapoleos Str, Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, 153 42 Athens, Greece
| | - Zheng Li
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Subtropical Sericulture and Mulberry Resources Protection and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Maria Daskalaki
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Frederic Verret
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Kriton Kalantidis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Voutes University Campus, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jingchen Sun
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Subtropical Sericulture and Mulberry Resources Protection and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China.
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39
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Matrix and backstage: cellular substrates for viral vaccines. Viruses 2014; 6:1672-700. [PMID: 24732259 PMCID: PMC4014716 DOI: 10.3390/v6041672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are complex products that are manufactured in highly dynamic processes. Cellular substrates are one critical component that can have an enormous impact on reactogenicity of the final preparation, level of attenuation of a live virus, yield of infectious units or antigens, and cost per vaccine dose. Such parameters contribute to feasibility and affordability of vaccine programs both in industrialized countries and developing regions. This review summarizes the diversity of cellular substrates for propagation of viral vaccines from primary tissue explants and embryonated chicken eggs to designed continuous cell lines of human and avian origin.
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40
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Zheng GL, Zhou HX, Li CY. Serumfree culture of the suspension cell line QB-Tn9-4s of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, is highly productive for virus replication and recombinant protein expression. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:24. [PMID: 25373171 PMCID: PMC4199540 DOI: 10.1093/jis/14.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Serumfree cultures of insect cells play an important role in the fields of protein engineering, medicine, and biology. In this paper, the suspension cell line QB-Tn9-4s of Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was successfully adapted to serumfree Sf-900 III medium and passaged for 52 generations. The adapted QB-Tn9-4s cells grew faster. Their population doubling time shortened from 27.4 hr in serum-containing medium to 24.1 hr, and their maximal density increased by 1.83-fold, reaching 3.50 ×10(6) cells/mL in serumfree culture in T-flasks. The cells readily adapted to spinner culture, with maximum cell density of 4.40 × 10(6) cells/mL in a spinner flask. Although the infection rate of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus and production of occlusion bodies (OBs) of the adapted QB-Tn9-4s cells were 91.0% and 85.4 OBs/cell, respectively, similar to those of QB-Tn9-4s cells cultured in serum-containing medium and control BTI-Tn5B1-4 cells, their budded virus titer was 4.97 ×10(7) TCID50/mL, significantly higher than those of the latter two. In addition, the expression levels of β-galactosidase at six days postinfection and secreted alkaline phosphatase at seven days postinfection in the adapted QB-Tn9-4s cells reached 2.98 ± 0.15×10(4) IU/mL and 3.34 ± 0.13 IU/mL, respectively, significantly higher than those of QB-Tn9-4s and control BTI-Tn5B1-4 cultured in serum-containing media. The above findings establish a foundation for industrial production of virus and recombinant proteins in QB-Tn9-4s serumfree culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Ling Zheng
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao Shandong 266109, China
| | - Hong-Xu Zhou
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao Shandong 266109, China
| | - Chang-You Li
- Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao Shandong 266109, China
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41
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Optimization of virus detection in cells using massively parallel sequencing. Biologicals 2013; 42:34-41. [PMID: 24309095 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Massively parallel sequencing (MPS)-based virus detection has potential regulatory applications. We studied the ability of one of these approaches, based on degenerate oligonucleotide primer (DOP)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), to detect viral sequences in cell lines known to express viral genes or particles. DOP-PCR was highly sensitive for the detection of small quantities of isolated viral sequences. Detected viral sequences included nodavirus, bracovirus, and endogenous retroviruses in High Five cells, porcine circovirus type 1 and porcine endogenous retrovirus in PK15 cells, human T-cell leukemia virus 1 in MJ cells, human papillomavirus 18 in HeLa cells, human herpesvirus 8 in BCBL-1 cells, and Epstein-Barr Virus in Raji cells. Illumina sequencing (for which primers were most efficiently added using PCR) provided greater sensitivity for virus detection than Roche 454 sequencing. Analyzing nucleic acids extracted both directly from samples and from capsid-enriched preparations provided useful information. Although there are limitations of these methods, these results indicate significant promise for the combination of nonspecific PCR and MPS in identifying contaminants in clinical and biological samples, including cell lines and reagents used to produce vaccines and therapeutic products.
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42
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Routh A, Ordoukhanian P, Johnson JE. Nucleotide-resolution profiling of RNA recombination in the encapsidated genome of a eukaryotic RNA virus by next-generation sequencing. J Mol Biol 2012; 424:257-69. [PMID: 23069247 PMCID: PMC3502730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing has been used in numerous investigations to characterize and quantify the genetic diversity of a virus sample through the mapping of polymorphisms and measurement of mutation frequencies. Next-generation sequencing has also been employed to identify recombination events occurring within the genomes of higher organisms, for example, detecting alternative RNA splicing events and oncogenic chromosomal rearrangements. Here, we combine these two approaches to profile RNA recombination within the encapsidated genome of a eukaryotic RNA virus, flock house virus. We detect hundreds of thousands of recombination events, with single-nucleotide resolution, which result in diversity in the encapsidated genome rivaling that due to mismatch mutation. We detect previously identified defective RNAs as well as many other abundant and novel defective RNAs. Our approach is exceptionally sensitive and unbiased and requires no prior knowledge beyond the virus genome sequence. RNA recombination is a powerful driving force behind the evolution and adaptation of RNA viruses. The strategy implemented here is widely applicable and provides a highly detailed description of the complex mutational landscape of the transmissible viral genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Routh
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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43
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Hashimoto Y, Zhang S, Zhang S, Chen YR, Blissard GW. Correction: BTI-Tnao38, a new cell line derived from Trichoplusia ni, is permissive for AcMNPV infection and produces high levels of recombinant proteins. BMC Biotechnol 2012; 12:12. [PMID: 22531032 PMCID: PMC3376038 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-12-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
After publication we discovered an error in the identification of the origin of the cell line reported in our article in BMC Biotechnology (2010, 10:50), entitled "Ao38, a new cell line from eggs of the black witch moth, Ascalapha odorata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is permissive for AcMNPV infection and produces high levels of recombinant proteins". Upon analysis of primary A. odorata cultures, we found that they were contaminated with cells of Trichoplusia ni origin. The origin of the Ao38 cell line was determined as T. ni using three marker genes and the Ao38 cell line was renamed BTI-Tnao38. References to the origin of the cell line as Ascalapha odorata should be replaced with "a cell line of Trichoplusia ni origin". The absence of TNCL virus detection in the BTI-Tnao38 (Ao38) cell line was confirmed using a highly sensitive RT-PCR protocol capable of detecting TNCL virus RNA at approximately 0.018 copies/cell. Because of these observations, we have revised the title of the original article to "Correction: BTI-Tnao38, a new cell line derived from Trichoplusia ni, is permissive for AcMNPV infection and produces high levels of recombinant proteins" and two additional authors were added to reflect their contributions to the analysis of this cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshi Hashimoto
- Boyce Thompson Institute at Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shiying Zhang
- Boyce Thompson Institute at Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yun-Ru Chen
- Boyce Thompson Institute at Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Gary W Blissard
- Boyce Thompson Institute at Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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44
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Ransangan J, Manin BO. Genome analysis of Betanodavirus from cultured marine fish species in Malaysia. Vet Microbiol 2012; 156:16-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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45
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Host RNAs, including transposons, are encapsidated by a eukaryotic single-stranded RNA virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:1907-12. [PMID: 22308402 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1116168109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing is a valuable tool in our growing understanding of the genetic diversity of viral populations. Using this technology, we have investigated the RNA content of a purified nonenveloped single-stranded RNA virus, flock house virus (FHV). We have also investigated the RNA content of virus-like particles (VLPs) of FHV and the related Nudaurelia capensis omega virus. VLPs predominantly package ribosomal RNA and transcripts of their baculoviral expression vectors. In addition, we find that 5.3% of the packaged RNAs are transposable elements derived from the Sf21 genome. This observation may be important when considering the therapeutic use of VLPs. We find that authentic FHV virions also package a variety of host RNAs, accounting for 1% of the packaged nucleic acid. Significant quantities of host messenger RNAs, ribosomal RNA, noncoding RNAs, and transposable elements are readily detected. The packaging of these host RNAs elicits the possibility of horizontal gene transfer between eukaryotic hosts that share a viral pathogen. We conclude that the genetic content of nonenveloped RNA viruses is variable, not just by genome mutation, but also in the diversity of RNA transcripts that are packaged.
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46
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A fast track influenza virus vaccine produced in insect cells. J Invertebr Pathol 2011; 107 Suppl:S31-41. [PMID: 21784229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The viral surface protein hemagglutinin (HA) has been recognized as a key antigen in the host response to influenza virus in both natural infection and vaccination because neutralizing antibodies directed against HA can mitigate or prevent infection. The baculovirus-insect cell system can be used for the production of recombinant HA molecules and is suitable for influenza vaccine production where annual adjustment of the vaccine is required. This expression system is generally considered safe with minimal potential for growth of human pathogens. Extensive characterization of this novel cell substrate has been performed, none of which has revealed the presence of adventitious agents. Multiple clinical studies have demonstrated that the vaccine is safe, well-tolerated and immunogenic. The baculovirus-insect cell system could, therefore, be used for the expedited production of a safe and efficacious influenza vaccine. As a result, this technology should provide a fast track worldwide solution for newly emerging influenza strains or pandemic preparedness within a few years.
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47
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Shan M, Zhang SY, Jiang L, Ma M, Li GX. Susceptibility to AcMNPV and expression of recombinant proteins by a novel cell clone derived from a Trichoplusia ni QAU-BTI-Tn9-4s cell line. Virol Sin 2011; 26:297-305. [PMID: 21979569 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-011-3201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that Tn5B1-4 (commercially known as the High Five) cell line is highly susceptible to baculovirus and provides superior production of recombinant proteins when compared to other insect cell lines. But the characteristics of the cell line do not always remain stable and may change upon continuous passage. Recently an alphanodavirus, named Tn5 Cell Line Virus (or TNCL Virus), was identified in High Five cells in particular. Therefore, we established a new cell line, QB-Tn9-4s, from Trichoplusia ni, which was determined to be free of TNCL virus by RT-PCR analysis. In this paper, we describe the development of a novel cell clone, QB-CL-B, from a low passage QB-Tn9-4s cell line and report its susceptibility to AcMNPV, and the level of recombinant protein production. This cell clone was similar to its parental cells QB-Tn9-4s and Tn5B1-4 cells in morphology and growth rate; although it also showed approximately the same responses to AcMNPV infection and production of occlusion bodies, there were higher levels of recombinant protein production in comparison to QB-Tn9-4s (parental cells) and High5 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Shan
- A Center for Advanced Invertebrate Cell Engineering Collaborated Between Boyce Thompson Institute, China
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48
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Zhang F, Thiem SM. The Trichoplusia ni cell line MSU-TnT4 does not harbor a latent nodavirus. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2011; 46:1-6. [PMID: 19911241 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-009-9241-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
MSU-TnT4 (TnT4) cells, a newly established Trichoplusia ni cell line, was examined for the presence of a latent nodavirus, as had been described for another T. ni cell line, BTI-TN-5B1-4 (Hi5) cells. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction using nodavirus-specific primers did not detect virus genomic RNA in TnT4 cells. Transmission electron microscopy of recombinant baculovirus-infected TnT4 cells showed no evidence of latent nodavirus activation. Nodavirus particles were not detected in density gradients of baculovirus-infected TnT4 cell lysates or cell supernatants. The same methods confirmed the presence of a latent nodavirus in Hi5 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengrui Zhang
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Lesch HP, Makkonen KE, Laitinen A, Määttä AM, Närvänen O, Airenne KJ, Ylä-Herttuala S. Requirements for baculoviruses for clinical gene therapy applications. J Invertebr Pathol 2011; 107 Suppl:S106-12. [PMID: 21784225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna P Lesch
- AI Virtanen Institute Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland/Kuopio, Finland
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Bai H, Wang Y, Li X, Mao H, Li Y, Han S, Shi Z, Chen X. Isolation and characterization of a novel alphanodavirus. Virol J 2011; 8:311. [PMID: 21682922 PMCID: PMC3141682 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nodaviridae is a family of non-enveloped isometric viruses with bipartite positive-sense RNA genomes. The Nodaviridae family consists of two genera: alpha- and beta-nodavirus. Alphanodaviruses usually infect insect cells. Some commercially available insect cell lines have been latently infected by Alphanodaviruses. RESULTS A non-enveloped small virus of approximately 30 nm in diameter was discovered co-existing with a recombinant Helicoverpa armigera single nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) in Hz-AM1 cells. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic assays indicate that this novel virus belongs to the genus of alphanodavirus in the family Nodaviridae and was designated HzNV. HzNV possesses a RNA genome that contains two segments. RNA1 is 3038 nt long and encodes a 110 kDa viral protein termed protein A. The 1404 nt long RNA2 encodes a 44 kDa protein, which exhibits a high homology with coat protein precursors of other alphanodaviruses. HzNV virions were located in the cytoplasm, in association with cytoplasmic membrane structures. The host susceptibility test demonstrated that HzNV was able to infect various cell lines ranging from insect cells to mammalian cells. However, only Hz-AM1 appeared to be fully permissive for HzNV, as the mature viral coat protein essential for HzNV particle formation was limited to Hz-AM1 cells. CONCLUSION A novel alphanodavirus, which is 30 nm in diameter and with a limited host range, was discovered in Hz-AM1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Bai
- State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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