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Onkhonova G, Gudymo A, Kosenko M, Marchenko V, Ryzhikov A. Quantitative measurement of influenza virus transmission in animal model: an overview of current state. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:1359-1366. [PMID: 37975001 PMCID: PMC10643727 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus transmission is a crucial factor in understanding the spread of the virus within populations and developing effective control strategies. Studying the transmission patterns of influenza virus allows for better risk assessment and prediction of disease outbreaks. By monitoring the spread of the virus and identifying high-risk populations and geographic areas, it is possible to allocate resources more effectively, implement timely interventions, and provide targeted healthcare interventions to diminish the burden of influenza virus on vulnerable populations. Theoretical models of virus transmission are used to study and simulate of influenza virus spread within populations. These models aim to capture the complex dynamics of transmission, including factors such as population size, contact patterns, infectiousness, and susceptibility. Animal models serve as valuable tools for studying the dynamics of influenza virus transmission. This article presents a brief overview of existing research on the qualitative and quantitative study of influenza virus transmission in animal models. We discuss the methodologies employed, key insights gained from these studies, and their relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Onkhonova
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Andrei Gudymo
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Maksim Kosenko
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Vasiliy Marchenko
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Alexander Ryzhikov
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
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2
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Dong Z, Ma J, Qiu J, Ren Q, Shan Q, Duan X, Li G, Zuo YY, Qi Y, Liu Y, Liu G, Lynch I, Fang M, Liu S. Airborne fine particles drive H1N1 viruses deep into the lower respiratory tract and distant organs. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf2165. [PMID: 37294770 PMCID: PMC10256160 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mounting data suggest that environmental pollution due to airborne fine particles (AFPs) increases the occurrence and severity of respiratory virus infection in humans. However, it is unclear whether and how interactions with AFPs alter viral infection and distribution. We report synergetic effects between various AFPs and the H1N1 virus, regulated by physicochemical properties of the AFPs. Unlike infection caused by virus alone, AFPs facilitated the internalization of virus through a receptor-independent pathway. Moreover, AFPs promoted the budding and dispersal of progeny virions, likely mediated by lipid rafts in the host plasma membrane. Infected animal models demonstrated that AFPs favored penetration of the H1N1 virus into the distal lung, and its translocation into extrapulmonary organs including the liver, spleen, and kidney, thus causing severe local and systemic disorders. Our findings revealed a key role of AFPs in driving viral infection throughout the respiratory tract and beyond. These insights entail stronger air quality management and air pollution reduction policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiahuang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Quanzhong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qing’e Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Xuefeng Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guangle Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Yi Y. Zuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Yu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Guoliang Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Centre for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Min Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
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3
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Taylor MK, Williams EP, Xue Y, Jenjaroenpun P, Wongsurawat T, Smith AP, Smith AM, Parvathareddy J, Kong Y, Vogel P, Cao X, Reichard W, Spruill-Harrell B, Samarasinghe AE, Nookaew I, Fitzpatrick EA, Smith MD, Aranha M, Smith JC, Jonsson CB. Dissecting Phenotype from Genotype with Clinical Isolates of SARS-CoV-2 First Wave Variants. Viruses 2023; 15:611. [PMID: 36992320 PMCID: PMC10059853 DOI: 10.3390/v15030611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence and availability of closely related clinical isolates of SARS-CoV-2 offers a unique opportunity to identify novel nonsynonymous mutations that may impact phenotype. Global sequencing efforts show that SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged and then been replaced since the beginning of the pandemic, yet we have limited information regarding the breadth of variant-specific host responses. Using primary cell cultures and the K18-hACE2 mouse, we investigated the replication, innate immune response, and pathology of closely related, clinical variants circulating during the first wave of the pandemic. Mathematical modeling of the lung viral replication of four clinical isolates showed a dichotomy between two B.1. isolates with significantly faster and slower infected cell clearance rates, respectively. While isolates induced several common immune host responses to infection, one B.1 isolate was unique in the promotion of eosinophil-associated proteins IL-5 and CCL11. Moreover, its mortality rate was significantly slower. Lung microscopic histopathology suggested further phenotypic divergence among the five isolates showing three distinct sets of phenotypes: (i) consolidation, alveolar hemorrhage, and inflammation, (ii) interstitial inflammation/septal thickening and peribronchiolar/perivascular lymphoid cells, and (iii) consolidation, alveolar involvement, and endothelial hypertrophy/margination. Together these findings show divergence in the phenotypic outcomes of these clinical isolates and reveal the potential importance of nonsynonymous mutations in nsp2 and ORF8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah K. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Evan P. Williams
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Yi Xue
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Piroon Jenjaroenpun
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Thidathip Wongsurawat
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Amanda P. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Amber M. Smith
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
- Institute for the Study of Host-Pathogen Systems, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Jyothi Parvathareddy
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Ying Kong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Veterinary Pathology Core Laboratory, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Xueyuan Cao
- Department of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Walter Reichard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Briana Spruill-Harrell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Amali E. Samarasinghe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Intawat Nookaew
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Fitzpatrick
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Institute for the Study of Host-Pathogen Systems, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Micholas Dean Smith
- Center for Molecular Biophysics, University of Tennessee-Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee- Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Michelle Aranha
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee- Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Jeremy C. Smith
- Center for Molecular Biophysics, University of Tennessee-Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Tennessee- Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Colleen B. Jonsson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Institute for the Study of Host-Pathogen Systems, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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4
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Zhang Y, Yang J, Liu P, Zhang RJ, Li JD, Bi YH, Li Y. Regulatory role of ncRNAs in pulmonary epithelial and endothelial barriers: Molecular therapy clues of influenza-induced acute lung injury. Pharmacol Res 2022; 185:106509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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5
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Herman JD, Wang C, Loos C, Yoon H, Rivera J, Eugenia Dieterle M, Haslwanter D, Jangra RK, Bortz RH, Bar KJ, Julg B, Chandran K, Lauffenburger D, Pirofski LA, Alter G. Functional convalescent plasma antibodies and pre-infusion titers shape the early severe COVID-19 immune response. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6853. [PMID: 34824251 PMCID: PMC8617042 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Transfer of convalescent plasma (CP) had been proposed early during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic as an accessible therapy, yet trial results worldwide have been mixed, potentially due to the heterogeneous nature of CP. Here we perform deep profiling of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody titer, Fc-receptor binding, and Fc-mediated functional assays in CP units, as well as in plasma from hospitalized COVID-19 patients before and after CP administration. The profiling results show that, although all recipients exhibit expanded SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral immune responses, CP units contain more functional antibodies than recipient plasma. Meanwhile, CP functional profiles influence the evolution of recipient humoral immunity in conjuncture with the recipient's pre-existing SARS-CoV2-specific antibody titers: CP-derived SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid-specific antibody functions are associated with muted humoral immune evolution in patients with high titer anti-spike IgG. Our data thus provide insights into the unexpected impact of CP-derived functional anti-spike and anti-nucleocapsid antibodies on the evolution of SARS-CoV-2-specific response following severe infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Herman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chuangqi Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carolin Loos
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hyunah Yoon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Johanna Rivera
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - M Eugenia Dieterle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Denise Haslwanter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Rohit K Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Robert H Bortz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Boris Julg
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Douglas Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Liise-Anne Pirofski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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6
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Johansson C, Kirsebom FCM. Neutrophils in respiratory viral infections. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:815-827. [PMID: 33758367 PMCID: PMC7985581 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Viral respiratory infections are a common cause of severe disease, especially in infants, people who are immunocompromised, and in the elderly. Neutrophils, an important innate immune cell, infiltrate the lungs rapidly after an inflammatory insult. The most well-characterized effector mechanisms by which neutrophils contribute to host defense are largely extracellular and the involvement of neutrophils in protection from numerous bacterial and fungal infections is well established. However, the role of neutrophils in responses to viruses, which replicate intracellularly, has been less studied. It remains unclear whether and, by which underlying immunological mechanisms, neutrophils contribute to viral control or confer protection against an intracellular pathogen. Furthermore, neutrophils need to be tightly regulated to avoid bystander damage to host tissues. This is especially relevant in the lung where damage to delicate alveolar structures can compromise gas exchange with life-threatening consequences. It is inherently less clear how neutrophils can contribute to host immunity to viruses without causing immunopathology and/or exacerbating disease severity. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current understanding of how neutrophils in the lung direct immune responses to viruses, control viral replication and spread, and cause pathology during respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Johansson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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7
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Herman JD, Wang C, Loos C, Yoon H, Rivera J, Dieterle ME, Haslwanter D, Jangra RK, Bortz RH, Bar KJ, Julg B, Chandran K, Lauffenburger D, Pirofski LA, Alter G. Functional Antibodies in COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.03.08.21253157. [PMID: 33758875 PMCID: PMC7987034 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.08.21253157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of an effective vaccine or monoclonal therapeutic, transfer of convalescent plasma (CCP) was proposed early in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic as an easily accessible therapy. However, despite the global excitement around this historically valuable therapeutic approach, results from CCP trials have been mixed and highly debated. Unlike other therapeutic interventions, CCP represents a heterogeneous drug. Each CCP unit is unique and collected from an individual recovered COVID-19 patient, making the interpretation of therapeutic benefit more complicated. While the prevailing view in the field would suggest that it is administration of neutralizing antibodies via CCP that centrally provides therapeutic benefit to newly infected COVID-19 patients, many hospitalized COVID-19 patients already possess neutralizing antibodies. Importantly, the therapeutic benefit of antibodies can extend far beyond their simple ability to bind and block infection, especially related to their ability to interact with the innate immune system. In our work we deeply profiled the SARS-CoV-2-specific Fc-response in CCP donors, along with the recipients prior to and after CCP transfer, revealing striking SARS-CoV-2 specific Fc-heterogeneity across CCP units and their recipients. However, CCP units possessed more functional antibodies than acute COVID-19 patients, that shaped the evolution of COVID-19 patient humoral profiles via distinct immunomodulatory effects that varied by pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S)-specific IgG titers in the patients. Our analysis identified surprising influence of both S and Nucleocapsid (N) specific antibody functions not only in direct antiviral activity but also in anti-inflammatory effects. These findings offer insights for more comprehensive interpretation of correlates of immunity in ongoing large scale CCP trials and for the design of next generation therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Herman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chuangqi Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carolin Loos
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hyunah Yoon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine. Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY,USA
| | - Johanna Rivera
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine. Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY,USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - M. Eugenia Dieterle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Denise Haslwanter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Rohit K. Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Robert H. Bortz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Katharine J. Bar
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Boris Julg
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Douglas Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Liise-anne Pirofski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine. Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY,USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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8
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Khorramdelazad H, Kazemi MH, Najafi A, Keykhaee M, Zolfaghari Emameh R, Falak R. Immunopathological similarities between COVID-19 and influenza: Investigating the consequences of Co-infection. Microb Pathog 2021; 152:104554. [PMID: 33157216 PMCID: PMC7607235 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a global public health emergency since December 2019, and so far, more than 980,000 people (until September 24, 2020) around the world have died. SARS-CoV-2 mimics the influenza virus regarding methods and modes of transmission, clinical features, related immune responses, and seasonal coincidence. Accordingly, co-infection by these viruses is imaginable because some studies have reported several cases with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus co-infection. Given the importance of the mentioned co-infection and the coming influenza season, it is essential to recognize the similarities and differences between the symptoms, immunopathogenesis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus. Therefore, we reviewed the virology, clinical features, and immunopathogenesis of both influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 and evaluated outcomes in cases with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Kazemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Najafi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Keykhaee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), 14965/161, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Falak
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Abstract
Influenza continues to baffle humans by its constantly changing nature. The twenty-first century has witnessed considerable advances in the understanding of the influenza viral pathogenesis, its synergy with bacterial infections and diagnostic methods. However, challenges continue: to find a less expensive and more reliable point-of-care test for use in developing countries, to produce more efficacious antiviral drugs, to explore ways to combat emerging antiviral resistance and to develop vaccines that can either be produced in a shorter production time or can overcome the need for annual matching with the circulating influenza strains. Most importantly for India, as a nation that suffered the highest mortality in the influenza pandemic 1918, there is an urgent need to gear up our existing preparedness for the next pandemic which is capable to hit at any moment in time.
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10
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Neumann A, Brogden G, von Köckritz-Blickwede M. Extracellular Traps: An Ancient Weapon of Multiple Kingdoms. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9020034. [PMID: 32085405 PMCID: PMC7168307 DOI: 10.3390/biology9020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The discovery, in 2004, of extracellular traps released by neutrophils has extended our understanding of the mode of action of various innate immune cells. This fascinating discovery demonstrated the extracellular trapping and killing of various pathogens by neutrophils. During the last decade, evidence has accumulated showing that extracellular traps play a crucial role in the defence mechanisms of various cell types present in vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants. The aim of this review is to summarise the relevant literature on the evolutionary history of extracellular traps used as a weapon in various kingdoms of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Neumann
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Baravägen 27, 22184 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Graham Brogden
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-953-8787
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11
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Kim Y, Abafogi AT, Tran BM, Kim J, Lee J, Chen Z, Bae PK, Park K, Shin YB, van Noort D, Lee NY, Park S. Integrated Microfluidic Preconcentration and Nucleic Amplification System for Detection of Influenza A Virus H1N1 in Saliva. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E203. [PMID: 32079062 PMCID: PMC7074655 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are often present in environmental and clinical samples at concentrations below the limit of detection (LOD) of molecular diagnostics. Here we report an integrated microfluidic preconcentration and nucleic amplification system (μFPNAS) which enables both preconcentration of influenza A virus H1N1 (H1N1) and amplification of its viral RNA, thereby lowering LOD for H1N1. H1N1 virus particles were first magnetically preconcentrated using magnetic nanoparticles conjugated with an antibody specific for the virus. Their isolated RNA was amplified to cDNA through thermocycling in a trapezoidal chamber of the μFPNAS. A detection limit as low as 100 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infective dose) in saliva can be obtained within 2 hours. These results suggest that the LOD of molecular diagnostics for virus can be lowered by systematically combining immunomagnetic separation and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in one microfluidic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghee Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (Y.K.); (A.T.A.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Abdurhaman Teyib Abafogi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (Y.K.); (A.T.A.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Buu Minh Tran
- Department of BioNano Technology, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (B.M.T.); (N.Y.L.)
| | - Jaewon Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (Y.K.); (A.T.A.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Jinyeop Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (Y.K.); (A.T.A.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zhenzhong Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (Y.K.); (A.T.A.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Pan Kee Bae
- BioNano Health Guard Research Center (H-GUARD), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (P.K.B.); (K.P.); (Y.-B.S.)
| | - Kyoungsook Park
- BioNano Health Guard Research Center (H-GUARD), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (P.K.B.); (K.P.); (Y.-B.S.)
| | - Yong-Beom Shin
- BioNano Health Guard Research Center (H-GUARD), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (P.K.B.); (K.P.); (Y.-B.S.)
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of bioengineering, KRIBB School, University of science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Danny van Noort
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Chair of Micro Process Engineering and Technology (COMPETE), University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Centro de Investigación en Bioingeniería -BIO, Universidad de Ingenieria y Tecnologia—UTEC, Barranco 15036, Peru
| | - Nae Yoon Lee
- Department of BioNano Technology, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (B.M.T.); (N.Y.L.)
| | - Sungsu Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (Y.K.); (A.T.A.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (Z.C.)
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
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Grudzinska FS, Brodlie M, Scholefield BR, Jackson T, Scott A, Thickett DR, Sapey E. Neutrophils in community-acquired pneumonia: parallels in dysfunction at the extremes of age. Thorax 2019; 75:164-171. [PMID: 31732687 PMCID: PMC7029227 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
"Science means constantly walking a tight rope" Heinrich Rohrer, physicist, 1933. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the leading cause of death from infectious disease worldwide and disproportionately affects older adults and children. In high-income countries, pneumonia is one of the most common reasons for hospitalisation and (when recurrent) is associated with a risk of developing chronic pulmonary conditions in adulthood. Pneumococcal pneumonia is particularly prevalent in older adults, and here, pneumonia is still associated with significant mortality despite the widespread use of pneumococcal vaccination in middleand high-income countries and a low prevalence of resistant organisms. In older adults, 11% of pneumonia survivors are readmitted within months of discharge, often with a further pneumonia episode and with worse outcomes. In children, recurrent pneumonia occurs in approximately 10% of survivors and therefore is a significant cause of healthcare use. Current antibiotic trials focus on short-term outcomes and increasingly shorter courses of antibiotic therapy. However, the high requirement for further treatment for recurrent pneumonia questions the effectiveness of current strategies, and there is increasing global concern about our reliance on antibiotics to treat infections. Novel therapeutic targets and approaches are needed to improve outcomes. Neutrophils are the most abundant immune cell and among the first responders to infection. Appropriate neutrophil responses are crucial to host defence, as evidenced by the poor outcomes seen in neutropenia. Neutrophils from older adults appear to be dysfunctional, displaying a reduced ability to target infected or inflamed tissue, poor phagocytic responses and a reduced capacity to release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs); this occurs in health, but responses are further diminished during infection and particularly during sepsis, where a reduced response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) inhibits the release of immature neutrophils from the bone marrow. Of note, neutrophil responses are similar in preterm infants. Here, the storage pool is decreased, neutrophils are less able to degranulate, have a reduced migratory capacity and are less able to release NETs. Less is known about neutrophil function from older children, but theoretically, impaired functions might increase susceptibility to infections. Targeting these blunted responses may offer a new paradigm for treating CAP, but modifying neutrophil behaviour is challenging; reducing their numbers or inhibiting their function is associated with poor clinical outcomes from infection. Uncontrolled activation and degranulation can cause significant host tissue damage. Any neutrophil-based intervention must walk the tightrope described by Heinrich Rohrer, facilitating necessary phagocytic functions while preventing bystander host damage, and this is a significant challenge which this review will explore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Susanna Grudzinska
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Malcolm Brodlie
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Barnaby R Scholefield
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas Jackson
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Aaron Scott
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - David R Thickett
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth Sapey
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK
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13
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Belser JA, Eckert AM, Huynh T, Gary JM, Ritter JM, Tumpey TM, Maines TR. A Guide for the Use of the Ferret Model for Influenza Virus Infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 190:11-24. [PMID: 31654637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
As influenza viruses continue to jump species barriers to cause human infection, assessments of disease severity and viral replication kinetics in vivo provide crucial information for public health professionals. The ferret model is a valuable resource for evaluating influenza virus pathogenicity; thus, understanding the most effective techniques for sample collection and usage, as well as the full spectrum of attainable data after experimental inoculation in this species, is paramount. This is especially true for scheduled necropsy of virus-infected ferrets, a standard component in evaluation of influenza virus pathogenicity, as necropsy findings can provide important information regarding disease severity and pathogenicity that is not otherwise available from the live animal. In this review, we describe the range of influenza viruses assessed in ferrets, the measures of experimental disease severity in this model, and optimal sample collection during necropsy of virus-infected ferrets. Collectively, this information is critical for assessing systemic involvement after influenza virus infection in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Belser
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Alissa M Eckert
- Division of Communication Services, Office of the Associate Director for Communication, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Thanhthao Huynh
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joy M Gary
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jana M Ritter
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Terrence M Tumpey
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Taronna R Maines
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia
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14
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Turianová L, Lachová V, Svetlíkova D, Kostrábová A, Betáková T. Comparison of cytokine profiles induced by nonlethal and lethal doses of influenza A virus in mice. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:4397-4405. [PMID: 31777543 PMCID: PMC6862669 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are among the most common human pathogens and are responsible for causing extensive seasonal morbidity and mortality. To investigate the immunological factors associated with severe influenza infection, the immune responses in mice infected with nonlethal (LD0) doses of A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) influenza virus were compared with those of mice infected with a lethal dose (LD100) of the virus. The virus titer and activation of retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptor signaling pathways were similar in the mice infected with LD0 and LD100 at 2 days post-infection; however, mice infected with LD100 exhibited a greater abundance of cytokines and a more diverse cytokine profile. Infection with LD100 induced the expression of the following factors: Interleukins (ILs), IL-4, IL-7, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12p40, IL-13 and IL-15; inflammatory chemokines, C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)2, CCL3/4, CCL12, CCL17, CCL19; and lung injury-associated cytokines, leptin, leukaemia inhibitory factor, macrophage colony stimulating factor, pentraxin (PTX)2 and PTX3, WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 1, matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)-2, MMP-3, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain. Switching in macrophage polarization from M1 to M2 was evidenced by the increase in M2 markers, including arginase-1 (Arg1) and early growth response protein 2 (Egr2), in the lungs of mice infected with LD100. Since IL-12 and interferon-γ are the major T helper (Th)1 cytokines, increased expression of interferon regulatory factor 4, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 promoted the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into Th2 cells. In conclusion, the present study identified key cytokines involved in the pathogenicity of influenza infection, and demonstrated that lethal influenza virus infection induces a mixed Th1/Th2 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Turianová
- Biomedical Research Center-Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, 84505 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Veronika Lachová
- Biomedical Research Center-Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, 84505 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Darina Svetlíkova
- Biomedical Research Center-Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, 84505 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Anna Kostrábová
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 84215 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Tatiana Betáková
- Biomedical Research Center-Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, 84505 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 84215 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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15
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Bissel SJ, Carter CE, Wang G, Johnson SK, Lashua LP, Kelvin AA, Wiley CA, Ghedin E, Ross TM. Age-Related Pathology Associated with H1N1 A/California/07/2009 Influenza Virus Infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:2389-2399. [PMID: 31585069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus infection causes a spectrum of diseases, ranging from mild upper respiratory tract infection to severe lower respiratory tract infection, that can lead to diffuse alveolar damage, interstitial and airspace inflammation, or acute respiratory failure. Mechanisms instructing disease severity are not completely understood, but host, viral, and bacterial factors influence disease outcome. With age being one host factor associated with a higher risk of severe influenza, we investigated regional pulmonary distribution and severity of pneumonia after 2009 H1N1 influenza virus infection in newly weaned, adult, and aged ferrets to better understand age-dependent susceptibility and pathology. Aged ferrets exhibited greater weight loss and higher rates of mortality than adult ferrets, whereas most newly weaned ferrets did not lose weight but had a lack of weight gain. Newly weaned ferrets exhibited minimal pneumonia, whereas adult and aged ferrets had a spectrum of pneumonia severity. Influenza virus-induced pneumonia peaked earliest in adult ferrets, whereas aged ferrets had delayed presentation. Bronchial severity differed among groups, but bronchial pathology was comparable among all cohorts. Alveolar infection was strikingly different among groups. Newly weaned ferrets had little alveolar cell infection. Adult and aged ferrets had alveolar infection, but aged ferrets were unable to clear infection. These different age-related pneumonia and infection patterns suggest therapeutic strategies to treat influenza should be tailored contingent on age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Bissel
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Chalise E Carter
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Guoji Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott K Johnson
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Lauren P Lashua
- Center for Genomics & Systems Biology, Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Alyson A Kelvin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Canadian Centre for Vaccinology, Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Clayton A Wiley
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elodie Ghedin
- Center for Genomics & Systems Biology, Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, New York University, New York, New York; Department of Epidemiology, College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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16
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Li X, Li Q, Wang X, Lu M, Shen J, Meng Q. Pidotimod in the treatment of pediatric recurrent respiratory tract infection. Pak J Med Sci 2019; 35:981-986. [PMID: 31372128 PMCID: PMC6659081 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.35.4.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy of pidotimod in the treatment of recurrent respiratory tract infection in children. Methods: One hundred thirty-two patients with recurrent respiratory tract infection who received treatment in Tianan City Central Hospital were selected and divided into an observation group and a control group using random number table, 66 in each group. Patients in the control group were given conventional treatment, while patients in the observation group were given conventional treatment and pidotimod treatment; the clinical efficacy of the two therapies was compared. The levels of IgG and IgM were measured after treatment. Results: The vital signs and the content of inflammatory mediator and Th1/Th2 in serum before and after treatment were compared, and the clinical efficacy of the two groups was evaluated. The fever, pulmonary rale, cough and antiadoncus of patients in the observation group disappeared earlier than those in the control group (P<0.05). The onset duration of respiratory tract infection and days of antibiotic application of the observation group were shorter than those of the control group after treatment (P<0.05). The times of infection of the observation group were less than that of the control group (P<0.05). Before treatment, the two groups had no significant difference in the content of inflammatory mediators and Th1/Th2 in the serum (P>0.05). The serum content of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-4 of the two groups one week after treatment was lower than that before treatment, and the content of interferon (IFN)-γ and IFN-γ/IL-4 were higher than that before treatment; moreover the observation group had lower serum content of TFN-α and IL-4 and lower content of IFN-γ and IFN-γ/IL-4 compared to the control group (P<0.05). The overall response rate of the observation group was 92.4%, much higher than 81.8% in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Pidotimod has a remarkable efficacy in the treatment of pediatric recurrent respiratory tract infection because it can effectively inhibit the infection and optimize Th1/Th2 immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Xia Li, Department of Pediatric, Taian City Central Hospital, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Qingfang Li
- Qingfang Li, Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Taian City Central Hospital, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Xudong Wang, Department of Pediatric, Taian City Central Hospital, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Man Lu
- Man Lu, Department of Pediatric, Taian City Central Hospital, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Jingjing Shen
- Jingjing Shen, Department of Pediatric, Taian City Central Hospital, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Qingmei Meng
- Qingmei Meng, Department of Pediatric, Taian City Central Hospital, Shandong, 271000, China
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17
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Zhang Y, Zou P, Gao H, Yang M, Yi P, Gan J, Shen Y, Wang W, Zhang W, Li J, Liu P, Li L. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as an early new marker in AIV-H7N9-infected patients: a retrospective study. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2019; 15:911-919. [PMID: 31413580 PMCID: PMC6661995 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s206930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Avian AIV-H7N9 influenza progresses rapidly and has a high fatality rate. However, it lacks an early effective biomarker to predict disease severity and fatal outcomes successfully. Our study aimed to explore whether the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) taken within 24 h after admission can predict disease severity and fatality in AIV-H7N9-infected patients. Methods: We retrospectively studied 237 AIV-H7N9-infected patients from multiple centers from 2013 to 2015. We used univariate analysis and multivariate analysis to compare clinical variables between the survival and fatal groups to evaluate the prognostic value. Results: The NLR taken within 24 h after admission in the fatal group was significantly higher than that in the survival group (P<0.01). Our study found that NLR was independently associated with fatality. The area under the curve (AUC) of the NLR was 0.70, and moreover, when the NLR =19.94, the specificity was 100%, and the sensitivity was 28.4%. The fatality in the NLR ≥19.94 group was significantly increased relative to the patients with an NLR <19.94 (P<0.05). Conclusion: The NLR is potentially a predictive prognostic biomarker in patients infected with the AIV-H7N9 influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Zou
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shulan Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hainv Gao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shulan Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Meifang Yang
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yi
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhe Gan
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinzhong Shen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihong Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Central Hospital of Huzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Jiangsu Province People's Hospital, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
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18
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Redox Biology of Respiratory Viral Infections. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080392. [PMID: 30049972 PMCID: PMC6115776 DOI: 10.3390/v10080392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses cause infections of the upper or lower respiratory tract and they are responsible for the common cold—the most prevalent disease in the world. In many cases the common cold results in severe illness due to complications, such as fever or pneumonia. Children, old people, and immunosuppressed patients are at the highest risk and require fast diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. However, the availability and efficiencies of existing therapeutic approaches vary depending on the virus. Investigation of the pathologies that are associated with infection by respiratory viruses will be paramount for diagnosis, treatment modalities, and the development of new therapies. Changes in redox homeostasis in infected cells are one of the key events that is linked to infection with respiratory viruses and linked to inflammation and subsequent tissue damage. Our review summarizes current knowledge on changes to redox homeostasis, as induced by the different respiratory viruses.
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19
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Camp JV, Jonsson CB. A Role for Neutrophils in Viral Respiratory Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:550. [PMID: 28553293 PMCID: PMC5427094 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are immune cells that are well known to be present during many types of lung diseases associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and may contribute to acute lung injury. Neutrophils are poorly studied with respect to viral infection, and specifically to respiratory viral disease. Influenza A virus (IAV) infection is the cause of a respiratory disease that poses a significant global public health concern. Influenza disease presents as a relatively mild and self-limiting although highly pathogenic forms exist. Neutrophils increase in the respiratory tract during infection with mild seasonal IAV, moderate and severe epidemic IAV infection, and emerging highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). During severe influenza pneumonia and HPAI infection, the number of neutrophils in the lower respiratory tract is correlated with disease severity. Thus, comparative analyses of the relationship between IAV infection and neutrophils provide insights into the relative contribution of host and viral factors that contribute to disease severity. Herein, we review the contribution of neutrophils to IAV disease pathogenesis and to other respiratory virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy V Camp
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine at Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Colleen B Jonsson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
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20
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Nasal Infection of Enterovirus D68 Leading to Lower Respiratory Tract Pathogenesis in Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). Viruses 2017; 9:v9050104. [PMID: 28489053 PMCID: PMC5454417 DOI: 10.3390/v9050104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from EV-D68-infected patients demonstrate that pathological changes in the lower respiratory tract are principally characterized by severe respiratory illness in children and acute flaccid myelitis. However, lack of a suitable animal model for EV-D68 infection has limited the study on the pathogenesis of this critical pathogen, and the development of a vaccine. Ferrets have been widely used to evaluate respiratory virus infections. In the current study, we used EV-D68-infected ferrets as a potential animal to identify impersonal indices, involving clinical features and histopathological changes in the upper and lower respiratory tract (URT and LRT). The research results demonstrate that the EV-D68 virus leads to minimal clinical symptoms in ferrets. According to the viral load detection in the feces, nasal, and respiratory tracts, the infection and shedding of EV-D68 in the ferret model was confirmed, and these results were supported by the EV-D68 VP1 immunofluorescence confocal imaging with α2,6-linked sialic acid (SA) in lung tissues. Furthermore, we detected the inflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression level, which implied high expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1a, IL-8, IL-5, IL-12, IL-13, and IL-17a in the lungs. These data indicate that systemic observation of responses following infection with EV-D68 in ferrets could be used as a model for EV-D68 infection and pathogenesis.
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21
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Zhang Y, Liu H, Yao J, Huang Y, Qin S, Sun Z, Xu Y, Wan S, Cheng H, Li C, Zhang X, Ke Y. Manipulating the air-filled zebrafish swim bladder as a neutrophilic inflammation model for acute lung injury. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2470. [PMID: 27831560 PMCID: PMC5260887 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and its more severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), are life-threatening diseases that are associated with high mortality rates due to treatment limitations. Neutrophils play key roles in the pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS by promoting the inflammation and injury of the alveolar microenvironment. To date, in vivo functional approaches have been limited by the inaccessibility to the alveolar sacs, which are located at the anatomical terminal of the respiratory duct in mammals. We are the first to characterize the swim bladder of the zebrafish larva, which is similar to the mammalian lung, as a real-time in vivo model for examining pulmonary neutrophil infiltration during ALI. We observed that the delivery of exogenous materials, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Poly IC and silica nanoparticles, by microinjection triggered significant time- and dose-dependent neutrophil recruitment into the swim bladder. Neutrophils infiltrated the LPS-injected swim bladder through the blood capillaries around the pneumatic duct or a site near the pronephric duct. An increase in the post-LPS inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels coincided with the in vivo neutrophil aggregation in the swim bladder. Microscopic examinations of the LPS-injected swim bladders further revealed in situ injuries, including epithelial distortion, endoplasmic reticulum swelling and mitochondrial injuries. Inhibitor screening assays with this model showed a reduction in neutrophil migration into the LPS-injected swim bladder in response to Shp2 inhibition. Moreover, the pharmacological suppression and targeted disruption of Shp2 in myeloid cells alleviated pulmonary inflammation in the LPS-induced ALI mouse model. Additionally, we used this model to assess pneumonia-induced neutrophil recruitment by microinjecting bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients into swim bladders; this injection enhanced neutrophil aggregation relative to the control. In conclusion, our findings highlight the swim bladder as a promising and powerful model for mechanistic and drug screening studies of alveolar injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefei Zhang
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hongcui Liu
- Hunter Biotechnology Corporation, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Junlin Yao
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanfeng Huang
- Hunter Biotechnology Corporation, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Shenlu Qin
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zheng Sun
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yingchun Xu
- Department of Pulmonology, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Shu Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 1st Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Hongqiang Cheng
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Chunqi Li
- Hunter Biotechnology Corporation, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yuehai Ke
- Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
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