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Cafaro A, Schietroma I, Sernicola L, Belli R, Campagna M, Mancini F, Farcomeni S, Pavone-Cossut MR, Borsetti A, Monini P, Ensoli B. Role of HIV-1 Tat Protein Interactions with Host Receptors in HIV Infection and Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1704. [PMID: 38338977 PMCID: PMC10855115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Each time the virus starts a new round of expression/replication, even under effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), the transactivator of viral transcription Tat is one of the first HIV-1 protein to be produced, as it is strictly required for HIV replication and spreading. At this stage, most of the Tat protein exits infected cells, accumulates in the extracellular matrix and exerts profound effects on both the virus and neighbor cells, mostly of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Through these effects, extracellular Tat contributes to the acquisition of infection, spreading and progression to AIDS in untreated patients, or to non-AIDS co-morbidities in ART-treated individuals, who experience inflammation and immune activation despite virus suppression. Here, we review the role of extracellular Tat in both the virus life cycle and on cells of the innate and adaptive immune system, and we provide epidemiological and experimental evidence of the importance of targeting Tat to block residual HIV expression and replication. Finally, we briefly review vaccine studies showing that a therapeutic Tat vaccine intensifies ART, while its inclusion in a preventative vaccine may blunt escape from neutralizing antibodies and block early events in HIV acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Cafaro
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (I.S.); (L.S.); (R.B.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.F.); (M.R.P.-C.); (A.B.); (P.M.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Barbara Ensoli
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (I.S.); (L.S.); (R.B.); (M.C.); (F.M.); (S.F.); (M.R.P.-C.); (A.B.); (P.M.)
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2
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Nguyen HO, Tiberio L, Facchinetti F, Ripari G, Violi V, Villetti G, Salvi V, Bosisio D. Modulation of Human Dendritic Cell Functions by Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors: Potential Relevance for the Treatment of Respiratory Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2254. [PMID: 37765223 PMCID: PMC10535230 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) are small-molecule drugs that, by increasing the intracellular levels of cAMP in immune cells, elicit a broad spectrum of anti-inflammatory effects. As such, PDE4 inhibitors are actively studied as therapeutic options in a variety of human diseases characterized by an underlying inflammatory pathogenesis. Dendritic cells (DCs) are checkpoints of the inflammatory and immune responses, being responsible for both activation and dampening depending on their activation status. This review shows evidence that PDE4 inhibitors modulate inflammatory DC activation by decreasing the secretion of inflammatory and Th1/Th17-polarizing cytokines, although preserving the expression of costimulatory molecules and the CD4+ T cell-activating potential. In addition, DCs activated in the presence of PDE4 inhibitors induce a preferential Th2 skewing of effector T cells, retain the secretion of Th2-attracting chemokines and increase the production of T cell regulatory mediators, such as IDO1, TSP-1, VEGF-A and Amphiregulin. Finally, PDE4 inhibitors selectively induce the expression of the surface molecule CD141/Thrombomodulin/BDCA-3. The result of such fine-tuning is immunomodulatory DCs that are distinct from those induced by classical anti-inflammatory drugs, such as corticosteroids. The possible implications for the treatment of respiratory disorders (such as COPD, asthma and COVID-19) by PDE4 inhibitors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Oanh Nguyen
- ImmunoConcEpT, CNRS UMR 5164, University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Laura Tiberio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (L.T.); (G.R.); (V.V.)
| | - Fabrizio Facchinetti
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Translational Science, Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., 43122 Parma, Italy; (F.F.); (G.V.)
| | - Giulia Ripari
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (L.T.); (G.R.); (V.V.)
| | - Valentina Violi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (L.T.); (G.R.); (V.V.)
| | - Gino Villetti
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Translational Science, Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., 43122 Parma, Italy; (F.F.); (G.V.)
| | - Valentina Salvi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (L.T.); (G.R.); (V.V.)
| | - Daniela Bosisio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (L.T.); (G.R.); (V.V.)
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3
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Chan YT, Cheong HC, Tang TF, Rajasuriar R, Cheng KK, Looi CY, Wong WF, Kamarulzaman A. Immune Checkpoint Molecules and Glucose Metabolism in HIV-Induced T Cell Exhaustion. Biomedicines 2022; 10:0. [PMID: 36359329 PMCID: PMC9687279 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive decline of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients due to infection-triggered cell exhaustion and cell death is significantly correlated with disease severity and progression into the life-threatening acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) stage. T cell exhaustion is a condition of cell dysfunction despite antigen engagement, characterized by augmented surface expression of immune checkpoint molecules such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), which suppress T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and negatively impact the proliferative and effector activities of T cells. T cell function is tightly modulated by cellular glucose metabolism, which produces adequate energy to support a robust reaction when battling pathogen infection. The transition of the T cells from an active to an exhausted state following pathogen persistence involves a drastic change in metabolic activity. This review highlights the interplay between immune checkpoint molecules and glucose metabolism that contributes to T cell exhaustion in the context of chronic HIV infection, which could deliver an insight into the rational design of a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Teng Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.T.C.); (H.C.C.); (T.F.T.)
| | - Heng Choon Cheong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.T.C.); (H.C.C.); (T.F.T.)
| | - Ting Fang Tang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.T.C.); (H.C.C.); (T.F.T.)
| | - Reena Rajasuriar
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (R.R.); (A.K.)
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Kian-Kai Cheng
- Innovation Centre in Agritechnology (ICA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Pagoh 84600, Malaysia;
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Bioscience, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.T.C.); (H.C.C.); (T.F.T.)
| | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (R.R.); (A.K.)
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Sun L, Sun Z, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Jia Z. Role of nuclear receptor PXR in immune cells and inflammatory diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:969399. [PMID: 36119030 PMCID: PMC9481241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.969399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2), a prototypical member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, has been implicated in various processes including metabolism, immune response, and inflammation. The immune system is made up of many interdependent parts, including lymphoid organs, cells, and cytokines, which play important roles in identifying, repelling, and eliminating pathogens and other foreign chemicals. An impaired immune system could contribute to various physical dysfunction, including severe infections, allergic diseases, autoimmune disorders, and other inflammatory diseases. Recent studies revealed the involvement of PXR in the pathogenesis of immune disorders and inflammatory responses. Thus, the aim of this work is to review and discuss the advances in research associated with PXR on immunity and inflammatory diseases and to provide insights into the development of therapeutic interventions of immune disorders and inflammatory diseases by targeting PXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Sun
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Sun
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yue Zhang, ; Zhanjun Jia,
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yue Zhang, ; Zhanjun Jia,
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Bautista-Olivier CD, Elizondo G. PXR as the tipping point between innate immune response, microbial infections, and drug metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115147. [PMID: 35714683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a xenosensor that acts as a transcription factor in the cell nucleus to protect cells from toxic insults. In response to exposure to several chemical agents, PXR induces the expression of enzymes and drug transporters that biotransform xenobiotic and endobiotic and eliminate metabolites. Recently, PXR has been shown to have immunomodulatory effects that involve cross-communication with molecular pathways in innate immunity cells. Conversely, several inflammatory factors regulate PXR signaling. This review examines the crosstalk between PXR and nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and inflammasome components. Discussions of the consequences of these interactions on immune responses to infections caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites are included together with a review of the effects of microorganisms on PXR-associated drug metabolism. This paper aims to encourage researchers to pursue studies that will better elucidate the relationship between PXR and the immune system and thus inform treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillermo Elizondo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, C.P. 07360, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Nguyen HO, Salvi V, Tiberio L, Facchinetti F, Govoni M, Villetti G, Civelli M, Barbazza I, Gaudenzi C, Passari M, Schioppa T, Sozio F, Del Prete A, Sozzani S, Bosisio D. The PDE4 inhibitor tanimilast shows distinct immunomodulatory properties associated with a type 2 endotype and CD141 upregulation. J Transl Med 2022; 20:203. [PMID: 35538539 PMCID: PMC9092691 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tanimilast is a novel and selective inhaled inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-4 in advanced clinical development for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Tanimilast is known to exert prominent anti-inflammatory activity when tested in preclinical experimental models as well as in human clinical studies. Recently, we have demonstrated that it also finely tunes, rather than suppressing, the cytokine network secreted by activated dendritic cells (DCs). This study was designed to characterize the effects of tanimilast on T-cell polarizing properties of DCs and to investigate additional functional and phenotypical features induced by tanimilast. Methods DCs at day 6 of culture were stimulated with LPS in the presence or absence of tanimilast or the control drug budesonide. After 24 h, DCs were analyzed for the expression of surface markers of maturation and activation by flow cytometry and cocultured with T cells to investigate cell proliferation and activation/polarization. The regulation of type 2-skewing mediators was investigated by real-time PCR in DCs and compared to results obtained in vivo in a randomized placebo-controlled trial on COPD patients treated with tanimilast. Results Our results show that both tanimilast and budesonide reduced the production of the immunostimulatory cytokine IFN-γ by CD4+ T cells. However, the two drugs acted at different levels since budesonide mainly blocked T cell proliferation, while tanimilast skewed T cells towards a Th2 phenotype without affecting cell proliferation. In addition, only DCs matured in the presence of tanimilast displayed increased CD86/CD80 ratio and CD141 expression, which correlated with Th2 T cell induction and dead cell uptake respectively. These cells also upregulated cAMP-dependent immunosuppressive molecules such as IDO1, TSP1, VEGF-A and Amphiregulin. Notably, the translational value of these data was confirmed by the finding that these same genes were upregulated also in sputum cells of COPD patients treated with tanimilast as add-on to inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators. Conclusion Taken together, these findings demonstrate distinct immunomodulatory properties of tanimilast associated with a type 2 endotype and CD141 upregulation in DCs and provide a mechanistic rationale for the administration of tanimilast on top of inhaled corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Oanh Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Valentina Salvi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Tiberio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Facchinetti
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Translational Science, Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy
| | - Mirco Govoni
- Global Clinical Development, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy
| | - Gino Villetti
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Translational Science, Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy
| | - Maurizio Civelli
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Translational Science, Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barbazza
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carolina Gaudenzi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mauro Passari
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Tiziana Schioppa
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Sozio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Del Prete
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvano Sozzani
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. .,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
| | - Daniela Bosisio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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SARS-CoV-2 Envelope (E) Protein Binds and Activates TLR2 Pathway: A Novel Molecular Target for COVID-19 Interventions. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050999. [PMID: 35632741 PMCID: PMC9146335 DOI: 10.3390/v14050999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a molecular characterization of the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 envelope (E) protein and TLR2. We demonstrated that the E protein, both as a recombinant soluble protein and as a native membrane protein associated with SARS-CoV-2 viral particles, interacts physically with the TLR2 receptor in a specific and dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we showed that the specific interaction with the TLR2 pathway activates the NF-κB transcription factor and stimulates the production of the CXCL8 inflammatory chemokine. In agreement with the importance of NF-κB in the TLR signaling pathway, we showed that the chemical inhibition of this transcription factor leads to significant inhibition of CXCL8 production, while the blockade of the P38 and ERK1/2 MAP kinases only results in partial CXCL8 inhibition. Overall, our findings propose the envelope (E) protein as a novel molecular target for COVID-19 interventions: either (i) by exploring the therapeutic effect of anti-E blocking/neutralizing antibodies in symptomatic COVID-19 patients, or (ii) as a promising non-spike SARS-CoV-2 antigen candidate for inclusion in the development of next-generation prophylactic vaccines against COVID-19 infection and disease.
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Jafarzadeh A, Kumar S, Bodhale N, Jafarzadeh S, Nemati M, Sharifi I, Sarkar A, Saha B. The expression of PD-1 and its ligands increases in Leishmania infection and its blockade reduces the parasite burden. Cytokine 2022; 153:155839. [PMID: 35276636 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The expression of programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and its ligands- PD-L1 and PD-L2- on T cells and macrophages', respectively, increases in Leishmania infection. The PD-1/PD-L1 interaction induces T cell anergy, T cell apoptosis and exhaustion, diversion of T cells toward TH2 and T-reg cells but inhibits M1 macrophage activities by suppression of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. These changes exacerbate Leishmania infection. As PD-L1-deficient, but not PD-L2-deficient, mice were protected againstL. mexicanainfection, differential roles have been proposed for PD-L1 and PD-L2 in mouse models of leishmaniasis. Blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 interaction in various in vitro and Leishmania-infected mouse, hamster and dog models enhanced IFN-γ and NO production, reduced IL-10 and TGF-β generation, promoted T cell proliferation and reduced parasite burden. Therefore, PD-1/PD-L1 blockade is being considered as a potential therapeutic strategy to restore protective immunity during leishmaniasis, particularly, in drug-resistant cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Sunil Kumar
- National Centre For Cell Science, Pune 411007, India
| | | | - Sara Jafarzadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Haematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Arup Sarkar
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre For Cell Science, Pune 411007, India; Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, India.
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Brocca-Cofano E, Sgadari C, Picconi O, Palladino C, Caputo A, Ensoli B. Kaposi’s Sarcoma Lesion Progression in BKV-Tat Transgenic Mice Is Increased by Inflammatory Cytokines and Blocked by Treatment with Anti-Tat Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042081. [PMID: 35216197 PMCID: PMC8874961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is an angioproliferative tumor showing an increased frequency and aggressiveness in HIV-infected subjects (AIDS-KS), due to the combined effects of inflammatory cytokines (IC), angiogenic factors, and the HIV-1 Tat protein. While the introduction of effective combined antiretroviral regimens greatly improved AIDS-KS incidence and course, it continues to be an incurable disease and the development of new rational targeted therapies is warranted. We used the BKV/Tat transgenic mouse model to evaluate the effects of IC and anti-Tat antibodies (Abs) treatment on KS-like lesions arising in BKV/Tat mice. We demonstrated here that IC-treatment increases the severity and delays the regression of KS-like lesions. Further, anti-Tat Abs reduced KS-like lesion severity developing in IC-treated mice when anti-Tat Abs were administered at an early-stage of lesion development as compared to more advanced lesions. Early anti-Tat Abs treatment also accelerated KS-like lesion regression and reduced the rate of severe-grade lesions. This effect was more evident in the first weeks after Ab treatment, suggesting that a longer treatment with anti-Tat Abs might be even more effective, particularly if administered just after lesion development. Although preliminary, these results are encouraging, and the approach deserves further studies for the development of anti-Tat Ab-based therapies for AIDS-KS. Clinical studies specifically addressing the effect of anti-Tat antibodies in treating AIDS-KS are not yet available. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of anti-Tat antibodies in controlling HIV/AIDS progression, likely due to the neutralization of extracellular Tat activities, is suggested by several cross-sectional and longitudinal clinical studies, indicating that anti-Tat Ab treatment or Tat-based vaccines may be effective to treat AIDS-KS patients or prevent the tumor in individuals at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egidio Brocca-Cofano
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 64B, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- BlueSphereBio, University of Pittsburgh, 350 Technology Drive, Suite 520, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Cecilia Sgadari
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.S.); (O.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Orietta Picconi
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.S.); (O.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Clelia Palladino
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.S.); (O.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Antonella Caputo
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 64B, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (B.E.)
| | - Barbara Ensoli
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.S.); (O.P.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (B.E.)
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10
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Awadasseid A, Yin Q, Wu Y, Zhang W. Potential protective role of the anti-PD-1 blockade against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:111957. [PMID: 34339917 PMCID: PMC8315943 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and its global dissemination became the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020. In patients undergoing immunotherapy, the effect and path of viral infection remain uncertain. In addition, viral-infected mice and humans show T-cell exhaustion, which is identified after infection with SARS-CoV-2. Notably, they regain their T-cell competence and effectively prevent viral infection when treated with anti-PD-1 antibodies. Four clinical trials are officially open to evaluate anti-PD-1 antibody administration's effectiveness for cancer and non-cancer individuals influenced by COVID-19 based on these findings. The findings may demonstrate the hypothesis that a winning strategy to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection could be the restoration of exhausted T-cells. In this review, we outline the potential protective function of the anti-PD-1 blockade against SARS-CoV-2 infection with the aim to develop SARS-CoV-2 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annoor Awadasseid
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Department of Biochemistry & Food Sciences, University of Kordofan, El-Obeid 51111, Sudan
| | - Qiang Yin
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yanling Wu
- Lab of Molecular Immunology, Virus Inspection Department, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China.
| | - Wen Zhang
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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11
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Ali A, Mishra R, Kaur H, Chandra Banerjea A. HIV-1 Tat: An update on transcriptional and non-transcriptional functions. Biochimie 2021; 190:24-35. [PMID: 34242726 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, much have been learned about HIV-1 virus and its molecular strategies for pathogenesis. However, HIV-1 still remains an enigmatic virus, particularly because of its unique proteins. Establishment of latency and reactivation is still a puzzling question and various temporal and spatial dynamics between HIV-1 proteins itself have given us new way of thinking about its pathogenesis. HIV-1 replication depends on Tat which is a small unstructured protein and subjected to various post-translational modifications for its myriad of functions. HIV-1 Tat protein modulates the functions of various strategic cellular pathways like proteasomal machinery and inflammatory pathways to aid in HIV-1 pathogenesis. Many of the recent findings have shown that Tat is associated with exosomes, cleared from HIV-1 infected cells through its degradation by diverse routes ranging from lysosomal to proteasomal pathways. HIV-1 Tat was also found to be associated with other HIV-1 proteins including Vpr, Nef, Nucleocapsid (NC) and Rev. Interaction of Tat with Vpr and Nef increases its transactivation function, whereas, interaction of Tat with NC or Rev leads to Tat protein degradation and hence suppression of Tat functions. Research in the recent years has established that Tat is not only important for HIV-1 promoter transactivation and virus replication but also modulating multiple cellular and molecular functions leading to HIV-1 pathogenicity. In this review we discussed various transcriptional and non-transcriptional HIV-1 Tat functions which modulate host cell metabolism during HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- Virology Lab, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India; Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| | - Ritu Mishra
- Virology Lab, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Harsimrut Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India.
| | - Akhil Chandra Banerjea
- Virology Lab, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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12
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Bailly C, Thuru X, Quesnel B. Soluble Programmed Death Ligand-1 (sPD-L1): A Pool of Circulating Proteins Implicated in Health and Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3034. [PMID: 34204509 PMCID: PMC8233757 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon T-cell receptor stimulation, the Programmed cell Death-1 receptor (PD-1) expressed on T-cells can interact with its ligand PD-L1 expressed at the surface of cancer cells or antigen-presenting cells. Monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 are routinely used for the treatment of cancers, but their clinical efficacy varies largely across the variety of tumor types. A part of the variability is linked to the existence of several forms of PD-L1, either expressed on the plasma membrane (mPD-L1), at the surface of secreted cellular exosomes (exoPD-L1), in cell nuclei (nPD-L1), or as a circulating, soluble protein (sPD-L1). Here, we have reviewed the different origins and roles of sPD-L1 in humans to highlight the biochemical and functional heterogeneity of the soluble protein. sPD-L1 isoforms can be generated essentially by two non-exclusive processes: (i) proteolysis of m/exoPD-L1 by metalloproteases, such as metalloproteinases (MMP) and A disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAM), which are capable of shedding membrane PD-L1 to release an active soluble form, and (ii) the alternative splicing of PD-L1 pre-mRNA, leading in some cases to the release of sPD-L1 protein isoforms lacking the transmembrane domain. The expression and secretion of sPD-L1 have been observed in a large variety of pathologies, well beyond cancer, notably in different pulmonary diseases, chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, and viral diseases. The expression and role of sPD-L1 during pregnancy are also evoked. The structural heterogeneity of sPD-L1 proteins, and associated functional/cellular plurality, should be kept in mind when considering sPD-L1 as a biomarker or as a drug target. The membrane, exosomal and soluble forms of PD-L1 are all integral parts of the highly dynamic PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway, essential for immune-tolerance or immune-escape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xavier Thuru
- Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, UMR9020-UMR1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, CHU Lille, Inserm, CNRS, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (X.T.); (B.Q.)
| | - Bruno Quesnel
- Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, UMR9020-UMR1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, CHU Lille, Inserm, CNRS, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (X.T.); (B.Q.)
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13
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Aghbash PS, Eslami N, Shamekh A, Entezari-Maleki T, Baghi HB. SARS-CoV-2 infection: The role of PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 axis. Life Sci 2021; 270:119124. [PMID: 33508291 PMCID: PMC7838580 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan of China in December 2019 and its worldwide spread has turned into the COVID-19 pandemic. Respiratory disorders, lymphopenia, cytokine cascades, and the immune responses provoked by this virus play a major and fundamental role in the severity of the symptoms and the immunogenicity which it causes. Owing to the decrease in the inflammatory responses' regulation in the immune system and the sudden increase in the secretion of cytokines, it seems that an investigation of inhibitory immune checkpoints can influence theories regarding this disease's treatment methods. Acquired cell-mediated immune defense's T-cells have a key major contribution in clearing viral infections thus reducing the severity of COVID-19's symptoms. The most important diagnostic feature in individuals with COVID-19 is lymphocyte depletion, most importantly, T-cells. Due to the induction of interferon-γ (INF-γ) production by neutrophils and monocytes, which are abundantly present in the peripheral blood of the individuals with COVID-19, the expression of inhibitory immune checkpoints including, PD-1 (programmed death), PD-L1 and CTLA4 on the T-cells' surface is enhanced. The purpose of this review is to discuss the functions of these checkpoints and their effects on the dysfunction and exhaustion of T-cells, making them almost ineffective in individuals with COVID-19, especially in the cases with extreme symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Shiri Aghbash
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Narges Eslami
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Shamekh
- Drug Applied Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Taher Entezari-Maleki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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14
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Parackova Z, Zentsova I, Bloomfield M, Vrabcova P, Smetanova J, Klocperk A, Mesežnikov G, Casas Mendez LF, Vymazal T, Sediva A. Disharmonic Inflammatory Signatures in COVID-19: Augmented Neutrophils' but Impaired Monocytes' and Dendritic Cells' Responsiveness. Cells 2020; 9:E2206. [PMID: 33003471 PMCID: PMC7600406 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, emerged as a pandemic disease posing a severe threat to global health. To date, sporadic studies have demonstrated that innate immune mechanisms, specifically neutrophilia, NETosis, and neutrophil-associated cytokine responses, are involved in COVID-19 pathogenesis; however, our understanding of the exact nature of this aspect of host-pathogen interaction is limited. Here, we present a detailed dissection of the features and functional profiles of neutrophils, dendritic cells, and monocytes in COVID-19. We portray the crucial role of neutrophils as drivers of hyperinflammation associated with COVID-19 disease via the shift towards their immature forms, enhanced degranulation, cytokine production, and augmented interferon responses. We demonstrate the impaired functionality of COVID-19 dendritic cells and monocytes, particularly their low expression of maturation markers, increased PD-L1 levels, and their inability to upregulate phenotype upon stimulation. In summary, our work highlights important data that prompt further research, as therapeutic targeting of neutrophils and their associated products may hold the potential to reduce the severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Parackova
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital in Motol, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.Z.); (M.B.); (P.V.); (J.S.); (A.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Irena Zentsova
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital in Motol, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.Z.); (M.B.); (P.V.); (J.S.); (A.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Marketa Bloomfield
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital in Motol, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.Z.); (M.B.); (P.V.); (J.S.); (A.K.); (A.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Thomayer’s Hospital, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Vrabcova
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital in Motol, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.Z.); (M.B.); (P.V.); (J.S.); (A.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Jitka Smetanova
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital in Motol, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.Z.); (M.B.); (P.V.); (J.S.); (A.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Adam Klocperk
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital in Motol, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.Z.); (M.B.); (P.V.); (J.S.); (A.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Grigorij Mesežnikov
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital in Motol, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Luis Fernando Casas Mendez
- Department of Pneumology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital in Motol, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Tomas Vymazal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital in Motol, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Anna Sediva
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital in Motol, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.Z.); (M.B.); (P.V.); (J.S.); (A.K.); (A.S.)
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15
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Zhang XW, Bi XW, Liu PP, Liu ZL, Nie M, Yang H, Lei DX, Xia Y, Jiang WQ, Zeng WA. Expression of PD-L1 on Monocytes Is a Novel Predictor of Prognosis in Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1360. [PMID: 32850435 PMCID: PMC7424071 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL) is a highly aggressive lymphoma with a dismal prognosis, and novel therapeutic targets are urgently needed. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has become a promising therapeutic target for various cancers, but most of the studies have focused on expression of PD-L1 on tumor cells. Expression of PD-L1 on tumor-infiltrating non-malignant cells, especially monocytes, has not been studied in NKTCL, and its prognostic value remains unknown. Materials and Methods: Expression of PD-L1 on tumor-infiltrating stromal cells was measured in NKTert and HS5 cells when cultured alone or co-cultured with NKTCL cell lines. Clinical samples were collected from 42 patients with newly diagnosed NKTCL. Expression of PD-L1 on monocytes was analyzed in patients' peripheral blood and tumor tissues using flow cytometry and immunofluorescent staining, respectively. Survival data were retrospectively collected and the prognostic significance of PD-L1 expression on monocytes was analyzed. Results: PD-L1 expression on tumor-infiltrating stromal cells was remarkably elevated when co-cultured with NKTCL cells. The percentage of PD-L1+ monocytes among all monocytes in peripheral blood was significantly higher in NKTCL patients than that in healthy individuals. Among NKTCL patients, percentage of PD-L1+ monocytes in blood positively correlated with that in tumor tissues. Patients with a higher percentage (≥78.2%) of PD-L1+ monocytes in blood or with a higher percentage (≥24.2%) of PD-L1+ monocytes in tumor tissues exhibited a significantly inferior survival, compared with their counterparts. A higher percentage of PD-L1+ monocytes in blood or tumor tissues was an independent adverse prognostic factor. Conclusions: Expression of PD-L1 on monocytes is up-regulated and has significant prognostic value in patients with NKTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Wen Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan-Pan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Long Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Interventional Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Man Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - De-Xin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Qi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-An Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Bailly C, Vergoten G. Proposed mechanisms for the extracellular release of PD-L1 by the anticancer saponin platycodin D. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 85:106675. [PMID: 32531711 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Platycodin D (PTD) is an oleanane-type terpenoid saponin, isolated from the plant Platycodon grandiflorus. PTD displays multiple pharmacological effects, notably significant anticancer activities in vitro and in vivo. Recently, PTD was shown to trigger the extracellular release of the immunologic checkpoint glycoprotein PD-L1. The reduction of PD-L1 expression at the surface of cancer cells leads to interleukin-2 secretion and T cells activation. In the present review, we have analyzed the potential origin of this atypical PTD-induced PD-L1 release to propose a mechanistic explanation. For that, we considered all published scientific information, as well as the physicochemical characteristics of the natural product (a modeling analysis of PTD and the related saponin β -escin is provided). On this basis, we raise the hypothesis that the capacity of PTD to induce PD-L1 extracellular release derives from two main mechanisms: (i) a drug-promoted shedding of membrane PD-L1 by metalloproteases or more likely, (ii) a cholesterol binding-related effect, that would lead to perturbation of membrane raft domains, limiting the recruitment of proteins like TLR4. The drug-induced membrane effects (frequently observed with saponin drugs), associated with a production of interferon-γ,can favor the release of proteins like PD-L1 into membrane vesicles. Our analysis supports the hypothesis that PTD is a cholesterol-dependent lipid raft-modulating agent able to promote the formation of PD-L1 containing extracellular vesicles. The anticancer potential of PTD and its capacity to modulate the functioning of the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint should be further considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gérard Vergoten
- University of Lille, Inserm, U995 - LIRIC - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, ICPAL, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP-83, F-59006 Lille, France
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17
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Bahraoui E, Serrero M, Planès R. HIV-1 Tat - TLR4/MD2 interaction drives the expression of IDO-1 in monocytes derived dendritic cells through NF-κB dependent pathway. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8177. [PMID: 32424165 PMCID: PMC7235218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64847-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we showed that HIV-1 Tat protein stimulated the expression of Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) -1 in human monocytes derived dendritic cells (MoDC) but not IDO-2 by acting directly at the cell membrane level. This induction of IDO-1 is dependent on the secondary structure of Tat protein, since stimulation with a chemically oxidized Tat protein loses its capacity to induce the production of IDO-1. Among the variety of candidate receptors described for Tat, we demonstrated that Tat protein interacted physically with TLR4/MD2 complex. Strikingly, blockade of Tat-TLR4 interaction by anti-TLR4 antibodies (clone HTA125), LPS-RS, a known TLR4 antagonist, or by soluble recombinant TLR4/MD2 complex inhibited strongly or totally the capacity of Tat to induce IDO-1 in MoDC while such treatments had no effect on IFN-γ-induced IDO-1. Furthermore, we showed that the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB by Tat is essential for the production of IDO-1 by human MoDC. Indeed, Tat activated NF-κB pathway in MoDC as demonstrated by the phosphorylation of p65 in Tat-treated MoDC. Further, we demonstrate that the stimulation of IDO-1 by Tat or by IFN-γ was totally or partially inhibited in the presence of NF-κB inhibitor respectively. These results suggest that Tat and IFN-γ act probably by two distinct mechanisms to induce the production of IDO-1. Our results clearly demonstrated that, although TLR4 pathway is necessary for Tat-induced IDO-1 in MoDC, it seems not to be sufficient since stable transfection of a functional TLR4/MD2 pathway in HEK or HeLa cell lines which are endogenously defectives for TLR4, did not restore the capacity of Tat to induce IDO-1 while IFN-γ treatment induces IDO-1 in HeLa cells independently of TLR4 pathway. These results suggest the involvement of additional stimuli in addition to TLR4 pathway which remain to be identified. Altogether our results demonstrated that, in human MoDC, HIV-1 Tat protein induced IDO-1 expression and activity in a NF-κB dependent-manner by recruiting TLR4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmostafa Bahraoui
- INSERM, U1043, CPTP, CHU purpan, Toulouse, France. .,CNRS, U5282 CPTP, CHU purpan, Toulouse, France. .,Université Paul Sabatier, CPTP, CHU purpan, Toulouse, France.
| | - Manutea Serrero
- INSERM, U1043, CPTP, CHU purpan, Toulouse, France.,CNRS, U5282 CPTP, CHU purpan, Toulouse, France.,Université Paul Sabatier, CPTP, CHU purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Rémi Planès
- INSERM, U1043, CPTP, CHU purpan, Toulouse, France. .,CNRS, U5282 CPTP, CHU purpan, Toulouse, France. .,Université Paul Sabatier, CPTP, CHU purpan, Toulouse, France.
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18
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Humanized Mice as an Effective Evaluation System for Peptide Vaccines and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246337. [PMID: 31888191 PMCID: PMC6940818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide vaccination was developed for the prevention and therapy of acute and chronic infectious diseases and cancer. However, vaccine development is challenging, because the patient immune system requires the appropriate human leukocyte antigen (HLA) recognition with the peptide. Moreover, antigens sometimes induce a low response, even if the peptide is presented by antigen-presenting cells and T cells recognize it. This is because the patient immunity is dampened or restricted by environmental factors. Even if the immune system responds appropriately, newly-developed immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which are used to increase the immune response against cancer, make the immune environment more complex. The ICIs may activate T cells, although the ratio of responsive patients is not high. However, the vaccine may induce some immune adverse effects in the presence of ICIs. Therefore, a system is needed to predict such risks. Humanized mouse systems possessing human immune cells have been developed to examine human immunity in vivo. One of the systems which uses transplanted human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) may become a new diagnosis strategy. Various humanized mouse systems are being developed and will become good tools for the prediction of antibody response and immune adverse effects.
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19
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Ma M, Yin X, Zhao X, Guo C, Zhu X, Liu T, Yang M, Zhang Z, Fu Y, Liu J, Xu J, Ding H, Han X, Chu Z, Shang H, Jiang Y. CD56 - CD16 + NK cells from HIV-infected individuals negatively regulate IFN-γ production by autologous CD8 + T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1313-1323. [PMID: 31483071 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0819-171rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The percentage of human CD56- CD16+ NK cells increases during chronic infection with human HIV; however, the biologic role of CD56- CD16+ NK cells in HIV infection is unclear. Our results demonstrate that the percentage of CD56- CD16+ NK cells producing IL-10 and TGF-β was higher than CD56dim CD16+ NK cells. CD56- CD16+ NK cells could inhibit IFN-γ production by autologous CD8+ T cells, and this inhibition could be partially reversed by anti-IL-10, anti-TGF-β, or anti-PD-L1 mAbs. CD56- CD16+ NK cells are potential targets for the development of novel immune therapies against HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichen Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowan Yin
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenxi Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mei Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zining Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yajing Fu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Ding
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenxing Chu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Shang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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20
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Shen X, Zhang L, Li J, Li Y, Wang Y, Xu ZX. Recent Findings in the Regulation of Programmed Death Ligand 1 Expression. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1337. [PMID: 31258527 PMCID: PMC6587331 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With the recent approvals for the application of monoclonal antibodies that target the well-characterized immune checkpoints, immune therapy shows great potential against both solid and hematologic tumors. The use of these therapeutic monoclonal antibodies elicits inspiring clinical results with durable objective responses and improvements in overall survival. Agents targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1; also known as PDCD1) and its ligand (PD-L1) achieve a great success in immune checkpoints therapy. However, the majority of patients fail to respond to PD-1/PD-L1 axis inhibitors. Expression of PD-L1 on the membrane of tumor and immune cells has been shown to be associated with enhanced objective response rates to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition. Thus, an improved understanding of how PD-L1 expression is regulated will enable us to better define its role as a predictive marker. In this review, we summarize recent findings in the regulation of PD-L1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Shen
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jicheng Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yulin Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yishu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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21
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Schönrich G, Raftery MJ. The PD-1/PD-L1 Axis and Virus Infections: A Delicate Balance. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:207. [PMID: 31263684 PMCID: PMC6584848 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein (PD-1) and its ligands play a fundamental role in the evasion of tumor cells from antitumor immunity. Less well appreciated is the fact that the PD-1/PD-L1 axis also regulates antiviral immune responses and is therefore modulated by a number of viruses. Upregulation of PD-1 and its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 is observed during acute virus infection and after infection with persistent viruses including important human pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Experimental evidence suggests that insufficient signaling through the PD-1 pathway promotes immunopathology during acute infection by exaggerating primary T cell responses. If chronic infection is established, however, high levels of PD-1 expression can have unfavorable immunological consequences. Exhaustion and suppression of antiviral immune responses can result in viral immune evasion. The role of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis during viral infections is further complicated by evidence that PD-L1 also mediates inflammatory effects in the acute phase of an immune response. In this review, we discuss the intricate interplay between viruses and the PD-1/PD-L1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Schönrich
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Jiang X, Wang J, Deng X, Xiong F, Ge J, Xiang B, Wu X, Ma J, Zhou M, Li X, Li Y, Li G, Xiong W, Guo C, Zeng Z. Role of the tumor microenvironment in PD-L1/PD-1-mediated tumor immune escape. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:10. [PMID: 30646912 PMCID: PMC6332843 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0928-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 803] [Impact Index Per Article: 160.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor immune escape is an important strategy of tumor survival. There are many mechanisms of tumor immune escape, including immunosuppression, which has become a research hotspot in recent years. The programmed death ligand-1/programmed death-1 (PD-L1/PD-1) signaling pathway is an important component of tumor immunosuppression, which can inhibit the activation of T lymphocytes and enhance the immune tolerance of tumor cells, thereby achieving tumor immune escape. Therefore, targeting the PD-L1/PD-1 pathway is an attractive strategy for cancer treatment; however, the therapeutic effectiveness of PD-L1/PD-1 remains poor. This situation requires gaining a deeper understanding of the complex and varied molecular mechanisms and factors driving the expression and activation of the PD-L1/PD-1 signaling pathway. In this review, we summarize the regulation mechanisms of the PD-L1/PD-1 signaling pathway in the tumor microenvironment and their roles in mediating tumor escape. Overall, the evidence accumulated to date suggests that induction of PD-L1 by inflammatory factors in the tumor microenvironment may be one of the most important factors affecting the therapeutic efficiency of PD-L1/PD-1 blocking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjie Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Xiangying Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Fang Xiong
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Junshang Ge
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Bo Xiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 58202, USA
| | - Jian Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.,Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Guiyuan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Can Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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23
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Wang X, Wu M, Cao Y, Zhang Z, Guo F, Li X, Zhang Y. Exploring the role of programmed cell death protein 1 and its ligand 1 in eye diseases. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2019; 56:18-32. [PMID: 30602320 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2018.1522292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) and its ligand, PD-L1, as negative co-stimulatory molecules, are indispensable for regulating both physiological and pathological immune responses. The PD-1/PD-L1-mediated signaling pathway has been studied extensively in cancer research and has become a hotspot for biopharmaceuticals and immunotherapy. Furthermore, monoclonal antibodies to PD-1 have just been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to treat certain types of malignancies. Recent research has unveiled a close association between the PD-1/PD-L1 system and eye diseases. This review describes the expression and physiological functions of PD-1 and its ligand in ocular tissues and summarizes the pathogenic, regulatory, and therapeutic roles of PD-1/PD-L1 system in eye diseases, including uveal melanoma, autoimmune uveitis, autoimmune dry eye, sympathetic ophthalmia, Graves' ophthalmopathy, diabetic retinopathy, herpes simplex keratitis, and trachoma, with the intent of highlighting the potential of PD-1/PD-L1 as novel therapeutic targets or biomarkers for these ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Wang
- a Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital , Tianjin Medical University Eye Institute, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Mianmian Wu
- a Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital , Tianjin Medical University Eye Institute, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Yunshan Cao
- b Department of Cardiology , Gansu Provincial Hospital , Lanzhou , China.,c Department of Heart Failure, Shanghai East Hospital , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,d Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- a Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital , Tianjin Medical University Eye Institute, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Fang Guo
- a Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital , Tianjin Medical University Eye Institute, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- a Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital , Tianjin Medical University Eye Institute, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
| | - Yan Zhang
- a Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital , Tianjin Medical University Eye Institute, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , China
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24
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Raftery MJ, Abdelaziz MO, Hofmann J, Schönrich G. Hantavirus-Driven PD-L1/PD-L2 Upregulation: An Imperfect Viral Immune Evasion Mechanism. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2560. [PMID: 30559738 PMCID: PMC6287426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses often subvert antiviral immune responses by taking advantage of inhibitory immune signaling. We investigated if hantaviruses use this strategy. Hantaviruses cause viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) which is associated with strong immune activation resulting in vigorous CD8+ T cell responses. Surprisingly, we observed that hantaviruses strongly upregulate PD-L1 and PD-L2, the ligands of checkpoint inhibitor programmed death-1 (PD-1). We detected high amounts of soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) and soluble PD-L2 (sPD-L2) in sera from hantavirus-infected patients. In addition, we observed hantavirus-induced PD-L1 upregulation in mice with a humanized immune system. The two major target cells of hantaviruses, endothelial cells and monocyte-derived dendritic cells, strongly increased PD-L1 and PD-L2 surface expression upon hantavirus infection in vitro. As an underlying mechanism, we found increased transcript levels whereas membrane trafficking of PD-L1 was not affected. Further analysis revealed that hantavirus-associated inflammatory signals and hantaviral nucleocapsid (N) protein enhance PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression. Cell numbers were strongly reduced when hantavirus-infected endothelial cells were mixed with T cells in the presence of an exogenous proliferation signal compared to uninfected cells. This is compatible with the concept that virus-induced PD-L1 and PD-L2 upregulation contributes to viral immune escape. Intriguingly, however, we observed hantavirus-induced CD8+ T cell bystander activation despite strongly upregulated PD-L1 and PD-L2. This result indicates that hantavirus-induced CD8+ T cell bystander activation bypasses checkpoint inhibition allowing an early antiviral immune response upon virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Raftery
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohammed O Abdelaziz
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Günther Schönrich
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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25
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HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins Induce the Production of TNF-α and IL-10 in Human Monocytes by Activating Calcium Pathway. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17215. [PMID: 30464243 PMCID: PMC6249280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35478-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human HIV-1 infection leads inevitably to a chronic hyper-immune-activation. However, the nature of the targeted receptors and the pathways involved remain to be fully elucidated. We demonstrate that X4-tropic gp120 induced the production of TNF-α and IL-10 by monocytes through activation of a cell membrane receptor, distinct from the CD4, CXCR4, and MR receptors. Gp120 failed to stimulate IL-10 and TNF-α production by monocytes in Ca2+ free medium. This failure was total for IL-10 and partial for TNF-α. However, IL-10 and TNF-α production was fully restored following the addition of exogenous calcium. Accordingly, addition of BAPTA-AM and cyclosporine-A, fully and partially inhibited IL-10 and TNF-α respectively. The PKA pathway was crucial for IL-10 production but only partially involved in gp120-induced TNF-α. The PLC pathway was partially and equivalently involved in gp120-induced TNF-α and IL-10. Moreover, the inhibition of PI3K, ERK1/2, p38 MAP-kinases and NF-κB pathways totally abolished the production of both cytokines. In conclusion, this study revealed the crucial calcium signaling pathway triggered by HIV-1 gp120 to control the production of these two cytokines: TNF-α and IL-10. The finding could help in the development of a new therapeutic strategy to alleviate the chronic hyper-immune-activation observed in HIV-1 infected patients.
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26
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León-Flores A, Del Río Estrada PM, Álvarez-García LX, Piten-Isidro E, Reyes-Terán G. Increased levels of soluble co-stimulatory molecule PD-L1 (B7-H1) in the plasma of viraemic HIV-1 + individuals. Immunol Lett 2018; 203:70-79. [PMID: 30236481 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has revealed that PD-L1 is expressed in two functional forms, namely, a membrane-bound form (mPD-L1) and a soluble form (sPD-L1). The identification of the soluble form of PD-L1 represents the discovery of a new potential mechanism for the activation of the PD-1 pathway that may mediate a physiological apoptotic mechanism through a cell-cell signalling-independent pathway and may also favour T cell dysfunction during HIV infection. Since the presence of sPD-L1 has not been well established in the scenario of chronic viral infection, we investigated the presence of sPD-L1 in the plasma of viraemic HIV+ individuals and the potential mechanism that promotes its production. We report the following: 1) the level of the soluble form of PD-L1 is increased in the plasma of viraemic HIV+ individuals, 2) the level of the soluble form of PD-L1 in viraemic HIV+ individuals correlates with markers of microbial product translocation and inflammation, 3) the expression of the membrane-bound form of PD-L1 on conventional dendritic cells from viraemic HIV+ individuals correlates with the levels of soluble PD-L1 and MMP-2, and 4) monocyte-derived dendritic cells not only increase their expression of mPD-L1 and MMP-2 but also produce sPD-L1 after LPS and TNF-α stimulation, as demonstrated by functional in vitro experiments, which provides insight into the potential source of sPD-L1 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A León-Flores
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - P M Del Río Estrada
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
| | - L X Álvarez-García
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - E Piten-Isidro
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - G Reyes-Terán
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
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27
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Sperk M, Domselaar RV, Neogi U. Immune Checkpoints as the Immune System Regulators and Potential Biomarkers in HIV-1 Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072000. [PMID: 29987244 PMCID: PMC6073446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoints are several co-stimulatory and inhibitory pathways that regulate T cell immune responses. Most of the discoveries about immune checkpoints were made in cancer research where inhibitory immune checkpoints cause immune exhaustion and down-regulate anti-tumor responses. In addition to cancer, immune checkpoints are exploited in chronic infectious diseases. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the immune checkpoint molecule called programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) has been determined as being a major regulatory factor for T cell exhaustion. Recent studies with antibodies blocking either PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) or PD-1 show not only promising results in the enhancement of HIV-specific immune responses but even in reducing the latent HIV reservoir. Apart from the therapeutic target for a functional cure of HIV-1, immune checkpoint molecules might be used as biomarkers for monitoring disease progression and therapeutic response. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules PD-1, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3), and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain-containing-3 (TIM3) as well as the co-stimulatory molecules CD40L and CD70, including their role in immunity, with a particular focus on HIV infection, and being potential targets for a functional HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Sperk
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Robert van Domselaar
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ujjwal Neogi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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28
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Planchais C, Hocqueloux L, Ibanez C, Gallien S, Copie C, Surenaud M, Kök A, Lorin V, Fusaro M, Delfau-Larue MH, Lefrou L, Prazuck T, Lévy M, Seddiki N, Lelièvre JD, Mouquet H, Lévy Y, Hüe S. Early Antiretroviral Therapy Preserves Functional Follicular Helper T and HIV-Specific B Cells in the Gut Mucosa of HIV-1-Infected Individuals. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3519-3529. [PMID: 29632141 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection is associated with B cell dysregulation and dysfunction. In HIV-1-infected patients, we previously reported preservation of intestinal lymphoid structures and dendritic cell maturation pathways after early combination antiretroviral therapy (e-ART), started during the acute phase of the infection, compared with late combination antiretroviral therapy started during the chronic phase. In this study, we investigated whether the timing of combination antiretroviral therapy initiation was associated with the development of the HIV-1-specific humoral response in the gut. The results showed that e-ART was associated with higher frequencies of functional resting memory B cells in the gut. These frequencies correlated strongly with those of follicular Th cells in the gut. Importantly, frequencies of HIV-1 Env gp140-reactive B cells were higher in patients given e-ART, in whom gp140-reactive IgG production by mucosal B cells increased after stimulation. Moreover, IL-21 release by PBMCs stimulated with HIV-1 peptide pools was greater with e-ART than with late combination antiretroviral therapy. Thus, early treatment initiation helps to maintain HIV-1-reactive memory B cells in the gut as well as follicular Th cells, whose role is crucial in the development of potent affinity-matured and broadly neutralizing Abs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Planchais
- INSERM U955, équipe 16, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil F-94010, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil F-94010, France
| | - Laurent Hocqueloux
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans-La Source, Orléans F-45000, France
| | - Clara Ibanez
- INSERM U955, équipe 16, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil F-94010, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil F-94010, France
| | - Sébastien Gallien
- Vaccine Research Institute, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil F-94010, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d'Immunologie Clinique, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Créteil F-94010, France
| | - Christiane Copie
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Pathologie, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Créteil F-94010, France.,INSERM U955, équipe 9, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil F-94010, France
| | - Mathieu Surenaud
- INSERM U955, équipe 16, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil F-94010, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil F-94010, France
| | - Ayrin Kök
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute, Paris 75015, France.,INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Valérie Lorin
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute, Paris 75015, France.,INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Mathieu Fusaro
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Créteil F-94010, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Delfau-Larue
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Créteil F-94010, France
| | - Laurent Lefrou
- Service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans-La Source, Orléans F-45000, France; and
| | - Thierry Prazuck
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans-La Source, Orléans F-45000, France
| | - Michael Lévy
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Créteil F-94010, France
| | - Nabila Seddiki
- INSERM U955, équipe 16, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil F-94010, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil F-94010, France
| | - Jean-Daniel Lelièvre
- INSERM U955, équipe 16, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil F-94010, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil F-94010, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d'Immunologie Clinique, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Créteil F-94010, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Vaccine Research Institute, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil F-94010, France.,Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute, Paris 75015, France.,INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Yves Lévy
- INSERM U955, équipe 16, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil F-94010, France; .,Vaccine Research Institute, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil F-94010, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d'Immunologie Clinique, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Créteil F-94010, France
| | - Sophie Hüe
- INSERM U955, équipe 16, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil F-94010, France; .,Vaccine Research Institute, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil F-94010, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Créteil F-94010, France
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PKC-δ isoform plays a crucial role in Tat-TLR4 signalling pathway to activate NF-κB and CXCL8 production. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2384. [PMID: 28539656 PMCID: PMC5443767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 Tat protein induces the production of CXCL8 chemokine in a TLR4/MD2 and PKC dependent manner. The objective of this study was to understand whether these two pathways were distinct or constituted a single common pathway, and to determine the nature of the PKC isoforms involved and their interrelation with the activation of NF-κB and CXCL8 gene product expression. Here, we show that Tat-induced CXCL8 production is essentially dependent on the activation of PKC delta isoform, as shown a) by the capacity of PKC delta dominant negative (DN), and Rottlerin, a selective PKC delta pharmacological inhibitor, to inhibit Tat-induced CXCL8 production and b) by the ability of the constitutively active (CAT) isoform of PKC delta to induce CXCL8 production in a HEK cell line in the absence of Tat stimulation. The finding that comparable amounts of CXCL8 were produced following stimulation with either Tat protein, PKC-delta CAT transfection, or both, argue for the implication of one common pathway where PKC delta is activated downstream of TLR4 recruitment and leads to the activation of NF-κB. Altogether, our results underline the crucial role of PKC delta isoform in activating gene expression of CXCL8, a cytokine largely implicated in the physiopathology of HIV-1 infection.
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30
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Increased expression of negative regulators of cytokine signaling during chronic HIV disease cause functionally exhausted state of dendritic cells. Cytokine 2017; 91:118-123. [PMID: 28056393 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of functional impairment of dendritic cells (DCs) during chronic HIV-1 infection are not well understood. In order to understand this phenomenon, we aimed to study the expression of negative regulators of cytokine signaling and correlate with DC exhaustion during chronic HIV-1 disease. Monocyte-derived DCs (mo-DCs) from 27 HIV-1 infected patients (CD4+ T-cell counts: 429±44 cells/μL, plasma viral load: Log103.9±1.0copies/ml) and 19 healthy controls (HCs) were stimulated ex vivo with TLR4 agonist, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 2days to evaluate their functional fitness. The expression of a set of genes associated with cytokine signaling was evaluated in a custom designed PCR array by Real-Time PCR. The mo-DCs from HIV-1 infected patients depicted functional exhaustion as evident by decreased allo-stimulation index (mean±SD: 10±6 vs. 24±16) (p<0.05), decreased cytokine production (pg/ml) (IL-12: 4.6±16 vs. 25±85; TNF-α: 128±279 vs. 286±544; IL-10: 6±12 vs. 13±20; IL-8: 10,688±11,748 vs. 17,470±125,049) and retained endocytosis (1.1±0.3 vs. 1.0±0.29) (p<0.05) even after LPS-stimulation, as compared to HCs. Significantly upregulated expression of SOCS-1 (mean±SD fold change: 2.2±2vs.0.8±0.6), SOCS-3 (6.3±7.4vs.1.4±0.4), PIAS-1 (1.6±0.1vs.1.0±0.3) and SHP-1 (0.8±0.4vs.0.4±0.2) correlated positively with PD-L1 expression in these DCs (Spearman's coefficient, SOCS-1: 0.63, SOCS-3: 1.0 and PIAS-1: 0.7) (p<0.05). The expression of these molecules trended positively with plasma viral load and negatively with CD4+ T-cell counts. These findings suggest that the upregulation of negative regulatory factors during chronic HIV disease have profound down-modulatory effects on DC functions and establishment of an overall exhausted state. Understanding mechanisms causing upregulation of these factors may lead to the design of new generation therapeutics based on silencing of their gene expression.
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31
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Zhen A, Rezek V, Youn C, Lam B, Chang N, Rick J, Carrillo M, Martin H, Kasparian S, Syed P, Rice N, Brooks DG, Kitchen SG. Targeting type I interferon-mediated activation restores immune function in chronic HIV infection. J Clin Invest 2016; 127:260-268. [PMID: 27941243 DOI: 10.1172/jci89488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic immune activation, immunosuppression, and T cell exhaustion are hallmarks of HIV infection, yet the mechanisms driving these processes are unclear. Chronic activation can be a driving force in immune exhaustion, and type I interferons (IFN-I) are emerging as critical components underlying ongoing activation in HIV infection. Here, we have tested the effect of blocking IFN-I signaling on T cell responses and virus replication in a murine model of chronic HIV infection. Using HIV-infected humanized mice, we demonstrated that in vivo blockade of IFN-I signaling during chronic HIV infection diminished HIV-driven immune activation, decreased T cell exhaustion marker expression, restored HIV-specific CD8 T cell function, and led to decreased viral replication. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) in combination with IFN-I blockade accelerated viral suppression, further decreased viral loads, and reduced the persistently infected HIV reservoir compared with ART treatment alone. Our data suggest that blocking IFN-I signaling in conjunction with ART treatment can restore immune function and may reduce viral reservoirs during chronic HIV infection, providing validation for IFN-I blockade as a potential therapy for HIV infection.
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32
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Mitsuki YY, Tuen M, Hioe CE. Differential effects of HIV transmission from monocyte-derived dendritic cells vs. monocytes to IL-17+CD4+ T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 101:339-350. [PMID: 27531931 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0516-216r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection leads to CD4 helper T cell (Th) loss, but not all Th cells are equally depleted. The contribution of other immune cells in the Th depletion also remains unclear. This study investigates HIV transmission from monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) vs. monocytes to Th17 and Th1 cells using an allogeneic coculture model. The addition of HIV to MDDCs increased the expression of the negative regulatory molecule PD-L1 and decreased the expression of the activation markers HLA-DR and CD86, whereas the virus up-regulated HLA-DR and CD86, but not PD-L1, on monocytes. Coculturing of CD4+ T cells with MDDCs pretreated with HIV led to the decline of Th17, but not Th1, responses. In contrast, pretreatment of monocytes with HIV increased Th17 without affecting Th1 responses. The enhanced Th17 responses in the cocultures with HIV-treated monocytes were also accompanied by high numbers of virus-infected CD4+ T cells. The Th17 expansion arose from memory CD4+ T cells with minimal contribution from naïve CD4+ T cells. The Th17-enhancing activity was mediated by the HIV envelope and did not require productive virus infection. Comparison of MDDCs and monocytes further showed that, although HIV-treated MDDCs reduced Th proliferation and increased the activation of the apoptosis mediator caspase-3, HIV-treated monocytes enhanced Th proliferation without increasing the active caspase-3 levels. This study indicates the potential role of distinct myeloid cell populations in shaping Th17 responses during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ya Mitsuki
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Tuen
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; and
| | - Catarina E Hioe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; .,James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
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33
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HIV-1 Tat Protein Activates both the MyD88 and TRIF Pathways To Induce Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Interleukin-10 in Human Monocytes. J Virol 2016; 90:5886-5898. [PMID: 27053552 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00262-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In this study, we show that the HIV-1 Tat protein interacts with rapid kinetics to engage the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway, leading to the production of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The pretreatment of human monocytes with Tat protein for 10 to 30 min suffices to irreversibly engage the activation of the TLR4 pathway, leading to the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), two cytokines strongly implicated in the chronic activation and dysregulation of the immune system during HIV-1 infection. Therefore, this study analyzed whether the HIV-1 Tat protein is able to activate these two pathways separately or simultaneously. Using three complementary approaches, including mice deficient in the MyD88, TIRAP/MAL, or TRIF adaptor, biochemical analysis, and the use of specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), we demonstrated (i) that Tat was able to activate both the MyD88 and TRIF pathways, (ii) the capacity of Tat to induce TIRAP/MAL degradation, (iii) the crucial role of the MyD88 pathway in the production of Tat-induced TNF-α and IL-10, (iv) a reduction but not abrogation of IL-10 and TNF-α by Tat-stimulated macrophages from mice deficient in TIRAP/MAL, and (v) the crucial role of the TRIF pathway in Tat-induced IL-10 production. Further, we showed that downstream of the MyD88 and TRIF pathways, the Tat protein activated the protein kinase C (PKC) βII isoform, the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and NF-κB in a TLR4-dependent manner. Collectively, our data show that by recruiting the TLR4 pathway with rapid kinetics, the HIV-1 Tat protein leads to the engagement of both the MyD88 and TRIF pathways and to the activation of PKC, MAP kinase, and NF-κB signaling to induce the production of TNF-α and IL-10. IMPORTANCE In this study, we demonstrate that by recruiting the TLR4 pathway with rapid kinetics, the HIV-1 Tat protein leads to the engagement of both the MyD88 and TRIF pathways and to the activation of PKC-βII, MAP kinase, and NF-κB signaling to induce the production of TNF-α and IL-10, two cytokines strongly implicated in the chronic activation and dysregulation of the immune system during HIV-1 infection. Thus, it may be interesting to target Tat as a pathogenic factor early after HIV-1 infection. This could be achieved either by vaccination approaches including Tat as an immunogen in potential candidate vaccines or by developing molecules capable of neutralizing the effect of the Tat protein.
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Ensoli B, Nchabeleng M, Ensoli F, Tripiciano A, Bellino S, Picconi O, Sgadari C, Longo O, Tavoschi L, Joffe D, Cafaro A, Francavilla V, Moretti S, Pavone Cossut MR, Collacchi B, Arancio A, Paniccia G, Casabianca A, Magnani M, Buttò S, Levendal E, Ndimande JV, Asia B, Pillay Y, Garaci E, Monini P. HIV-Tat immunization induces cross-clade neutralizing antibodies and CD4(+) T cell increases in antiretroviral-treated South African volunteers: a randomized phase II clinical trial. Retrovirology 2016; 13:34. [PMID: 27277839 PMCID: PMC4899930 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0261-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has saved millions of lives, it is incapable of full immune reconstitution and virus eradication. The transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein is a key human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) virulence factor required for virus replication and transmission. Tat is expressed and released extracellularly by infected cells also under cART and in this form induces immune dysregulation, and promotes virus reactivation, entry and spreading. Of note, anti-Tat antibodies are rare in natural infection and, when present, correlate with asymptomatic state and reduced disease progression. This suggested that induction of anti-Tat antibodies represents a pathogenesis-driven intervention to block progression and to intensify cART. Indeed Tat-based vaccination was safe, immunogenic and capable of immune restoration in an open-label, randomized phase II clinical trial conducted in 168 cART-treated volunteers in Italy. To assess whether B-clade Tat immunization would be effective also in patients with different genetic background and infecting virus, a phase II trial was conducted in South Africa. METHODS The ISS T-003 was a 48-week randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate immunogenicity (primary endpoint) and safety (secondary endpoint) of B-clade Tat (30 μg) given intradermally, three times at 4-week intervals, in 200 HIV-infected adults on effective cART (randomised 1:1) with CD4(+) T-cell counts ≥200 cells/µL. Study outcomes also included cross-clade anti-Tat antibodies, neutralization, CD4(+) T-cell counts and therapy compliance. RESULTS Immunization was safe and well-tolerated and induced durable, high titers anti-Tat B-clade antibodies in 97 % vaccinees. Anti-Tat antibodies were cross-clade (all vaccinees tested) and neutralized Tat-mediated entry of oligomeric B-clade and C-clade envelope in dendritic cells (24 participants tested). Anti-Tat antibody titers correlated positively with neutralization. Tat vaccination increased CD4(+) T-cell numbers (all participants tested), particularly when baseline levels were still low after years of therapy, and this had a positive correlation with HIV neutralization. Finally, in cART non-compliant patients (24 participants), vaccination contained viral load rebound and maintained CD4(+) T-cell numbers over study entry levels as compared to placebo. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that Tat vaccination can restore the immune system and induces cross-clade neutralizing anti-Tat antibodies in patients with different genetic backgrounds and infecting viruses, supporting the conduct of phase III studies in South Africa. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01513135, 01/23/2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ensoli
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Fabrizio Ensoli
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Tripiciano
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Bellino
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,National Center for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Orietta Picconi
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Sgadari
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Olimpia Longo
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Italian Medicines Agency, Rome, Italy
| | - Lara Tavoschi
- Head Office, National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Cape Town, South Africa.,European Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Joffe
- Head Office, National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Aurelio Cafaro
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Francavilla
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Moretti
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Angela Arancio
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Paniccia
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Institute, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Casabianca
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Stefano Buttò
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elise Levendal
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.,Health Systems Trust, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Bennett Asia
- National Department of Health, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Yogan Pillay
- National Department of Health, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Enrico Garaci
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Monini
- Head Office, National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Cape Town, South Africa
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35
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Lymph nodes from HIV-infected individuals harbor mature dendritic cells and increased numbers of PD-L1+ conventional dendritic cells. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:584-93. [PMID: 27221659 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The immune response induced by dendritic cells (DC) during the HIV infection has been of remarkable interest because of the therapeutic potential of DC for vaccine development. However, their beneficial or detrimental contribution in HIV infection remains unclear. The activation state of DC in lymph nodes (LN) is essential to induce T cell responses against HIV. In the present study, we characterized the immunophenotype and function of conventional (cDC) and plasmacytoid (pDC) dendritic cells from peripheral blood (PB) and LN of HIV(+) individuals. We observed that the frequency of PB pDC was decreased and exhibited an immature phenotype; whereas in the LN, activated pDC accumulated (CD40(+) and CD83(+)). In addition, the frequency of PB cDC from HIV(+) individuals was decreased and exhibited an immature phenotype, whereas LN harbored activated and mature cDC (CD40(+), CD83(+), CD80(+) and CD86(+)). However, an increased number of PD-L1(+) cDC was also observed in the LN. Moreover, pDC and cDC were able to produce inflammatory cytokines (IFN-α, TNF-α and IL-12) after TLR stimulation. These findings suggests that LN cDC expressing PD-L1 from HIV(+) individuals may negatively impact the generation of HIV-specific T cells and that DC might be contributing to tissue chronic immune activation.
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36
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Beyer M, Abdullah Z, Chemnitz JM, Maisel D, Sander J, Lehmann C, Thabet Y, Shinde PV, Schmidleithner L, Köhne M, Trebicka J, Schierwagen R, Hofmann A, Popov A, Lang KS, Oxenius A, Buch T, Kurts C, Heikenwalder M, Fätkenheuer G, Lang PA, Hartmann P, Knolle PA, Schultze JL. Tumor-necrosis factor impairs CD4(+) T cell-mediated immunological control in chronic viral infection. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:593-603. [PMID: 26950238 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Persistent viral infections are characterized by the simultaneous presence of chronic inflammation and T cell dysfunction. In prototypic models of chronicity--infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)--we used transcriptome-based modeling to reveal that CD4(+) T cells were co-exposed not only to multiple inhibitory signals but also to tumor-necrosis factor (TNF). Blockade of TNF during chronic infection with LCMV abrogated the inhibitory gene-expression signature in CD4(+) T cells, including reduced expression of the inhibitory receptor PD-1, and reconstituted virus-specific immunity, which led to control of infection. Preventing signaling via the TNF receptor selectively in T cells sufficed to induce these effects. Targeted immunological interventions to disrupt the TNF-mediated link between chronic inflammation and T cell dysfunction might therefore lead to therapies to overcome persistent viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Beyer
- Life and Medical Sciences Bonn, Genomics &Immunoregulation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Zeinab Abdullah
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens M Chemnitz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniela Maisel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jil Sander
- Life and Medical Sciences Bonn, Genomics &Immunoregulation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Clara Lehmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yasser Thabet
- Life and Medical Sciences Bonn, Genomics &Immunoregulation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Prashant V Shinde
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lisa Schmidleithner
- Life and Medical Sciences Bonn, Genomics &Immunoregulation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maren Köhne
- Life and Medical Sciences Bonn, Genomics &Immunoregulation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Robert Schierwagen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea Hofmann
- Life and Medical Sciences Bonn, Genomics &Immunoregulation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Genomics, Life &Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexey Popov
- Life and Medical Sciences Bonn, Genomics &Immunoregulation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Buch
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zürich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität/Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany.,Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerd Fätkenheuer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Molecular Medicine II, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Pia Hartmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Percy A Knolle
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Immunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Joachim L Schultze
- Life and Medical Sciences Bonn, Genomics &Immunoregulation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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37
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Kasi PM, Block MS, Ansell SM. Treatment of HIV/AIDS associated cancers with immunotherapy targeting PD-1/PD-L1 instead of chemotherapy. Med Hypotheses 2015; 86:129-31. [PMID: 26559886 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of immunodeficiency in the pathogenesis of both AIDS-defining and non-AIDS defining cancers cannot be over-emphasized. Multiple studies and meta-analyses show that risk of these malignancies exponentially rises as the CD4 cell counts fall. Furthermore, treatment of these cancers in patients who have HIV/AIDS is complex and challenging due to the underlying immunosuppression and risk for infections. Often, the diagnosis of some of these malignancies is made at the same time as the diagnosis of HIV/AIDS, which further complicates treatment decisions, especially when CD4 counts are extremely low. The risks of giving chemotherapy in the setting of severe immunosuppression warrants a paradigm shift in how we should be treating malignancies in patients with HIV/AIDS. We hypothesize and propose that alongside combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), some patients with HIV/AIDS associated malignancies should be treated with immunotherapy targeting PD-1/PD-L1 pathway rather than chemotherapy. The rationale and basis for the new approach is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pashtoon Murtaza Kasi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
| | - Matthew S Block
- Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Stephen M Ansell
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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De Pablo-Bernal RS, Ramos R, Genebat M, Cañizares J, Rafii-El-Idrissi Benhnia M, Muñoz-Fernández MA, Pacheco YM, Galvá MI, Leal M, Ruiz-Mateos E. Phenotype and Polyfunctional Deregulation Involving Interleukin 6 (IL-6)- and IL-10-Producing Monocytes in HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Differ From Those in Healthy Older Individuals. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:999-1007. [PMID: 26518043 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the relevance of monocytes as promoters of the inflammatory response, whether human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection induces premature age-related changes to the phenotype and function of monocytes or whether these alterations are different and/or specifically driven by HIV remains to be mechanistically determined. METHODS We assayed the activation phenotype and the responsiveness in vitro to Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists in classical, intermediate, and nonclassical subsets of monocytes by assessing intracellular interleukin 1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin 10 (IL-10) production in 20 HIV-infected patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and 2 groups of uninfected controls (20 age-matched young individuals and 20 older individuals aged >65 years). RESULTS HIV-infected patients showed a more activated phenotype of monocytes than older controls. Regarding functionality, under unstimulated conditions HIV-infected patients showed a higher percentage of classical monocytes producing IL-6 and IL-10 than control subjects. The percentage of cells with production of multiple cytokines (polyfunctionality), including IL-10, in response to TLR agonists was greater among HIV-infected patients than among control subjects. CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory alterations associated with monocytes during HIV infection are different from those in aging individuals. This monocyte dysfunction, mainly characterized by high levels of IL-6- and IL-10-producing monocytes, may have clinical implications in HIV-infected patients that are different from those in aging individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S De Pablo-Bernal
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville
| | | | - M Genebat
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville
| | | | - M Rafii-El-Idrissi Benhnia
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Seville
| | - M A Muñoz-Fernández
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunobiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Y M Pacheco
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville
| | | | - M Leal
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville
| | - E Ruiz-Mateos
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology, and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville
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Akhmetzyanova I, Drabczyk M, Neff CP, Gibbert K, Dietze KK, Werner T, Liu J, Chen L, Lang KS, Palmer BE, Dittmer U, Zelinskyy G. PD-L1 Expression on Retrovirus-Infected Cells Mediates Immune Escape from CD8+ T Cell Killing. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005224. [PMID: 26484769 PMCID: PMC4617866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8+ T Lymphocytes (CTL) efficiently control acute virus infections but can become exhausted when a chronic infection develops. Signaling of the inhibitory receptor PD-1 is an important mechanism for the development of virus-specific CD8+ T cell dysfunction. However, it has recently been shown that during the initial phase of infection virus-specific CD8+ T cells express high levels of PD-1, but are fully competent in producing cytokines and killing virus-infected target cells. To better understand the role of the PD-1 signaling pathway in CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity during acute viral infections we analyzed the expression of the ligand on retrovirus-infected cells targeted by CTLs. We observed increased levels of PD-L1 expression after infection of cells with the murine Friend retrovirus (FV) or with HIV. In FV infected mice, virus-specific CTLs efficiently eliminated infected target cells that expressed low levels of PD-L1 or that were deficient for PD-L1 but the population of PD-L1high cells escaped elimination and formed a reservoir for chronic FV replication. Infected cells with high PD-L1 expression mediated a negative feedback on CD8+ T cells and inhibited their expansion and cytotoxic functions. These findings provide evidence for a novel immune escape mechanism during acute retroviral infection based on PD-L1 expression levels on virus infected target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilseyar Akhmetzyanova
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Drabczyk
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - C. Preston Neff
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kathrin Gibbert
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kirsten K. Dietze
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tanja Werner
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital of Tonji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Lieping Chen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Karl S. Lang
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Brent E. Palmer
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gennadiy Zelinskyy
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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40
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De Paoli P, Carbone A. Microenvironmental abnormalities induced by viral cooperation: Impact on lymphomagenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 34:70-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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41
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Donninelli G, Gessani S, Del Cornò M. Interplay between HIV-1 and Toll-like receptors in human myeloid cells: friend or foe in HIV-1 pathogenesis? J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:97-105. [PMID: 26307548 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4vmr0415-160r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Toll-like receptors are the first line of the host response to pathogens, representing an essential component of the innate and adaptive immune response. They recognize different pathogens and trigger responses directed at eliminating the invader and at developing immunologic long-term memory, ultimately affecting viral pathogenesis. In viral infections, sensing of nucleic acids and/or viral structural proteins generally induces a protective immune response. Thus, it is not surprising that many viruses have developed strategies to evade or counteract signaling through the Toll-like receptor pathways, to survive the host defense machinery and ensure propagation. Thus, Toll-like receptor engagement can also be part of viral pathogenic mechanisms. Evidence for a direct interaction of Toll-like receptors with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) structures has started to be achieved, and alterations of their expression and function have been described in HIV-1-positive subjects. Furthermore, Toll-like receptor triggering by bacterial and viral ligands have been described to modulate HIV-1 replication and host response, leading to protective or detrimental effects. This review covers major advances in the field of HIV-1 interplay with Toll-like receptors, focusing on human myeloid cells (e.g., monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells). The role of this interaction in the dysregulation of myeloid cell function and in dictating aspects of the multifaceted pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Donninelli
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra Gessani
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Del Cornò
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Ben Haij N, Planès R, Leghmari K, Serrero M, Delobel P, Izopet J, BenMohamed L, Bahraoui E. HIV-1 Tat Protein Induces Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines by Human Dendritic Cells and Monocytes/Macrophages through Engagement of TLR4-MD2-CD14 Complex and Activation of NF-κB Pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129425. [PMID: 26090662 PMCID: PMC4474861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) Tat protein induced the expression of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) on dendritic cells (DCs) through a TLR4 pathway. However, the underlying mechanisms by which HIV-1 Tat protein induces the abnormal hyper-activation of the immune system seen in HIV-1 infected patients remain to be fully elucidated. In the present study, we report that HIV-1 Tat protein induced the production of significant amounts of the pro-inflammatory IL-6 and IL-8 cytokines by DCs and monocytes from both healthy and HIV-1 infected patients. Such production was abrogated in the presence of anti-TLR4 blocking antibodies or soluble recombinant TLR4-MD2 as a decoy receptor, suggesting TLR4 was recruited by Tat protein. Tat-induced murine IL-6 and CXCL1/KC a functional homologue of human IL-8 was abolished in peritoneal macrophages derived from TLR4 KO but not from Wt mice, confirming the involvement of the TLR4 pathway. Furthermore, the recruitment of TLR4-MD2-CD14 complex by Tat protein was demonstrated by the activation of TLR4 downstream pathways including NF-κB and SOCS-1 and by down-modulation of cell surface TLR4 by endocytosis in dynamin and lipid-raft-dependent manners. Collectively, these findings demonstrate, for the first time, that HIV-1 Tat interacts with TLR4-MD2-CD14 complex and activates the NF-κB pathway, leading to overproduction of IL-6 and IL-8 pro-inflammatory cytokines by myeloid cells from both healthy and HIV-1 infected patients. This study reveals a novel mechanism by which HIV-1, via its early expressed Tat protein, hijacks the TLR4 pathway, hence establishing abnormal hyper-activation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Ben Haij
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France, CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Rémi Planès
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France, CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Kaoutar Leghmari
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France, CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Manutea Serrero
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France, CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Delobel
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France, CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France, CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America
- Institute for Immunology, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America
| | - Elmostafa Bahraoui
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France, CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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Hertoghs N, van der Aar AMG, Setiawan LC, Kootstra NA, Gringhuis SI, Geijtenbeek TBH. SAMHD1 degradation enhances active suppression of dendritic cell maturation by HIV-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4431-7. [PMID: 25825449 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of HIV-1 infection is the lack of sterilizing immunity. Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial in the induction of immunity, and lack of DC activation might underlie the absence of an effective anti-HIV-1 response. We have investigated how HIV-1 infection affects maturation of DCs. Our data show that even though DCs are productively infected by HIV-1, infection does not induce DC maturation. HIV-1 infection actively suppresses DC maturation, as HIV-1 infection inhibited TLR-induced maturation of DCs and thereby decreased the immune stimulatory capacity of DCs. Interfering with SAMHD1 restriction further increased infection of DCs, but did not lead to DC maturation. Notably, higher infection observed with SAMHD1 depletion correlated with a stronger suppression of maturation. Furthermore, blocking reverse transcription rescued TLR-induced maturation. These data strongly indicate that HIV-1 replication does not trigger immune activation in DCs, but that HIV-1 escapes immune surveillance by actively suppressing DC maturation independent of SAMHD1. Elucidation of the mechanism of suppression can lead to promising targets for therapy or vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hertoghs
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Angelic M G van der Aar
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Laurentia C Setiawan
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Laboratory of Viral Immune Pathogenesis, Department of Experimental Immunology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Laboratory of Viral Immune Pathogenesis, Department of Experimental Immunology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sonja I Gringhuis
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Teunis B H Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
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Velu V, Shetty RD, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Role of PD-1 co-inhibitory pathway in HIV infection and potential therapeutic options. Retrovirology 2015; 12:14. [PMID: 25756928 PMCID: PMC4340294 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-specific CD8+ T cells play an important role in controlling viral infections including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, during chronic HIV infection, virus-specific CD8+ T cells undergo functional exhaustion, lose effector functions and fail to control viral infection. HIV-specific CD8 T cells expressing high levels of co-inhibitory molecule programmed death-1 (PD-1) during the chronic infection and are characterized by lower proliferation, cytokine production, and cytotoxic abilities. Although, antiretroviral therapy has resulted in dramatic decline in HIV replication, there is no effective treatment currently available to eradicate viral reservoirs or restore virus-specific T or B-cell functions that may complement ART in order to eliminate the virus. In recent years, studies in mice and non-human primate models of HIV infection demonstrated the functional exhaustion of virus-specific T and B cells could be reversed by blockade of interaction between PD-1 and its cognate ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2). In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of PD-1 pathway in HIV/SIV infection and discuss the beneficial effects of PD-1 blockade during chronic HIV/SIV infection and its potential role as immunotherapy for HIV/AIDS.
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