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Alchikh M, Conrad TOF, Obermeier PE, Ma X, Schweiger B, Opota O, Rath BA. Disease Burden and Inpatient Management of Children with Acute Respiratory Viral Infections during the Pre-COVID Era in Germany: A Cost-of-Illness Study. Viruses 2024; 16:507. [PMID: 38675850 PMCID: PMC11054359 DOI: 10.3390/v16040507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections (RVIs) are common reasons for healthcare consultations. The inpatient management of RVIs consumes significant resources. From 2009 to 2014, we assessed the costs of RVI management in 4776 hospitalized children aged 0-18 years participating in a quality improvement program, where all ILI patients underwent virologic testing at the National Reference Centre followed by detailed recording of their clinical course. The direct (medical or non-medical) and indirect costs of inpatient management outside the ICU ('non-ICU') versus management requiring ICU care ('ICU') added up to EUR 2767.14 (non-ICU) vs. EUR 29,941.71 (ICU) for influenza, EUR 2713.14 (non-ICU) vs. EUR 16,951.06 (ICU) for RSV infections, and EUR 2767.33 (non-ICU) vs. EUR 14,394.02 (ICU) for human rhinovirus (hRV) infections, respectively. Non-ICU inpatient costs were similar for all eight RVIs studied: influenza, RSV, hRV, adenovirus (hAdV), metapneumovirus (hMPV), parainfluenza virus (hPIV), bocavirus (hBoV), and seasonal coronavirus (hCoV) infections. ICU costs for influenza, however, exceeded all other RVIs. At the time of the study, influenza was the only RVI with antiviral treatment options available for children, but only 9.8% of influenza patients (non-ICU) and 1.5% of ICU patients with influenza received antivirals; only 2.9% were vaccinated. Future studies should investigate the economic impact of treatment and prevention of influenza, COVID-19, and RSV post vaccine introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Alchikh
- Vaccine Safety Initiative, 10437 Berlin, Germany; (M.A.); (P.E.O.)
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France
- ESGREV (ESCMID Respiratory Virus Study Group), 4001 Basel, Switzerland;
| | | | - Patrick E. Obermeier
- Vaccine Safety Initiative, 10437 Berlin, Germany; (M.A.); (P.E.O.)
- ESGREV (ESCMID Respiratory Virus Study Group), 4001 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Xiaolin Ma
- Department of Pulmonology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100005, China;
| | - Brunhilde Schweiger
- Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Reference Centre for Influenza, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Onya Opota
- ESGREV (ESCMID Respiratory Virus Study Group), 4001 Basel, Switzerland;
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Barbara A. Rath
- Vaccine Safety Initiative, 10437 Berlin, Germany; (M.A.); (P.E.O.)
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France
- ESGREV (ESCMID Respiratory Virus Study Group), 4001 Basel, Switzerland;
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Ma S, Zhu F, Xu Y, Wen H, Rao M, Zhang P, Peng W, Cui Y, Yang H, Tan C, Chen J, Pan P. Development of a novel multi-epitope mRNA vaccine candidate to combat HMPV virus. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2293300. [PMID: 38172569 PMCID: PMC10824151 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2293300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is one of the main pathogens causing severe respiratory infections in children, as a common cause of immunodeficiency-related deaths in children and elderly individuals, the prevalence of HMPV has been showing an increasing trend during the last years. However, no vaccines or effective treatment plans are available currently. In this present, based on candidate proteins highly associated with viral virulence and has promising protective potential, we screened for immunodominant cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and Linear B-cell epitopes from the most promising candidate Fusion protein, together with G, SH, M, and M2. All epitopes were predicted to have strong antigenicity by Vaxijen and pose no potential toxicity, allergenicity, or hormonology to human proteins by Toxinpred, Allerpred, and Blast analysis, meanwhile, high conservancy is demanded to cover different subtypes. adjuvants β-defensin II and Pam2Cys was attached with EAAAK linkers to improve vaccine's efficiency. Then, calculation of physicochemical properties proved the protein vaccine as a product can stably exist in the human body. Besides, we assessed the docking between the vaccine and immune receptors to evaluate its ability to stimulate immune responses, and the dynamic simulation further confirmed that the vaccine can tightly bind with immune receptors, which approved that the construction has the potential to induce strong humoral and cellular immune response. Finally, the vaccine was constructed into a multi-epitope mRNA vaccine, the immune simulations suggest that this is a vaccine candidate for controlling HMPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Ma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fei Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yizhong Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haicheng Wen
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mingjun Rao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenzhong Peng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanhui Cui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hang Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Caixia Tan
- Department of Infection Control Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pinhua Pan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Ma F, Chen A, Yao L, Gao H, Zhang Q, Hou W, Zheng L. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of human metapneumovirus virus-like particles produced by a recombinant baculovirus in mice. Virus Res 2023; 336:199215. [PMID: 37657510 PMCID: PMC10491852 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) causes respiratory tract infections among infant, elderly, and immunocompromised patients, with significant mortality. Currently no licensed vaccines or therapeutic agents of HMPV exist. METHODS HMPV virus-like particle (VLP) was constructed by co-expressing fusion protein of HMPV and matrix 1 protein of influenza virus using the baculovirus expression. Mice were immunized with VLP with or without aluminum hydroxide (alum) adjuvant by intramuscular route respectively. Sera were determined for titers of IgG and neutralizing antibody. Splenic lymphocytes were determined by IFN-γ and IL-4 ELISPOT. Mice were challenged with HMPV, and protective efficacy was evaluated. RESULTS We generated HMPV VLP in baculovirus expression system. After three times immunization, IgG antibody titers induced by VLP formulated with or without alum adjuvant group were 273,066 ± 100,331 and 136,533 ± 47,269 respectively, there was no difference (p ˃ 0.05); the neutralizing antibody titers vaccinated with VLP plus with alum adjuvant (266 ± 92) were higher than those of the VLP alone group (106 ± 37). For IFN-γ, mice vaccinated with VLP with or without alum adjuvant are 151 ± 36.4 and 77.0 ± 17.1SFC/106 respectively, there was difference (p = 0.03); For IL-4, they are 261.3 ± 38.7 versus 125.67 ± 29.78SFC/106 respectively, the difference was significant (p = 0.009). After challenge, in pathological analysis, the overall lesion scores in the VLP plus with and without alum adjuvant were 3.25 and 5.6 respectively, those of control group is 8. For immunohistochemical analyses, the average optical density of the lungs in the VLP immunized group containing adjuvant (9.07 ± 1.74) was lower than that in the VLP group without adjuvant (12.83 ± 2.31, p = 0.14). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate that HMPV VLP was successfully prepared in the baculovirus expression system. HMPV VLP could induce specific humoral and cellular immune responses as well as protective efficacy, and aluminum hydroxide may be an effective adjuvant in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenlian Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 100 Ying-Xin St., Xi-Cheng District, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Aijun Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 100 Ying-Xin St., Xi-Cheng District, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Lihong Yao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 100 Ying-Xin St., Xi-Cheng District, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Hanchun Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 100 Ying-Xin St., Xi-Cheng District, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 100 Ying-Xin St., Xi-Cheng District, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Wenzhe Hou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 100 Ying-Xin St., Xi-Cheng District, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Lishu Zheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 100 Ying-Xin St., Xi-Cheng District, Beijing 100052, China.
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Characterization of prefusion-F-specific antibodies elicited by natural infection with human metapneumovirus. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111399. [PMID: 36130517 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a major cause of acute respiratory infections in infants and older adults, for which no vaccines or therapeutics are available. The viral fusion (F) glycoprotein is required for entry and is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies; however, little is known about the humoral immune response generated from natural infection. Here, using prefusion-stabilized F proteins to interrogate memory B cells from two older adults, we obtain over 700 paired non-IgM antibody sequences representing 563 clonotypes, indicative of a highly polyclonal response. Characterization of 136 monoclonal antibodies reveals broad recognition of the protein surface, with potently neutralizing antibodies targeting each antigenic site. Cryo-EM studies further reveal two non-canonical sites and the molecular basis for recognition of the apex of hMPV F by two prefusion-specific neutralizing antibodies. Collectively, these results provide insight into the humoral response to hMPV infection in older adults and will help guide vaccine development.
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5
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Zoonotic Origins of Human Metapneumovirus: A Journey from Birds to Humans. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040677. [PMID: 35458407 PMCID: PMC9028271 DOI: 10.3390/v14040677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Metapneumoviruses, members of the family Pneumoviridae, have been identified in birds (avian metapneumoviruses; AMPV’s) and humans (human metapneumoviruses; HMPV’s). AMPV and HMPV are closely related viruses with a similar genomic organization and cause respiratory tract illnesses in birds and humans, respectively. AMPV can be classified into four subgroups, A–D, and is the etiological agent of turkey rhinotracheitis and swollen head syndrome in chickens. Epidemiological studies have indicated that AMPV also circulates in wild bird species which may act as reservoir hosts for novel subtypes. HMPV was first discovered in 2001, but retrospective studies have shown that HMPV has been circulating in humans for at least 50 years. AMPV subgroup C is more closely related to HMPV than to any other AMPV subgroup, suggesting that HMPV has evolved from AMPV-C following zoonotic transfer. In this review, we present a historical perspective on the discovery of metapneumoviruses and discuss the host tropism, pathogenicity, and molecular characteristics of the different AMPV and HMPV subgroups to provide increased focus on the necessity to better understand the evolutionary pathways through which HMPV emerged as a seasonal endemic human respiratory virus.
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Miranda-Katz M, Erickson JJ, Lan J, Ecker A, Zhang Y, Joyce S, Williams JV. Novel HLA-B7-restricted human metapneumovirus epitopes enhance viral clearance in mice and are recognized by human CD8 + T cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20769. [PMID: 34675220 PMCID: PMC8531189 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract illness in children and adults. Repeated infections are common and can be severe in young, elderly, and immunocompromised persons due to short-lived protective humoral immunity. In turn, few protective T cell epitopes have been identified in humans. Thus, we infected transgenic mice expressing the common human HLA MHC-I allele B*07:02 (HLA-B7) with HMPV and screened a robust library of overlapping and computationally predicted HLA-B7 binding peptides. Six HLA-B7-restricted CD8+ T cell epitopes were identified using ELISPOT screening in the F, M, and N proteins, with M195-203 (M195) eliciting the strongest responses. MHC-tetramer flow cytometric staining confirmed HLA-B7 epitope-specific CD8+ T cells migrated to lungs and spleen of HMPV-immune mice. Immunization with pooled HLA-B7-restricted peptides reduced viral titer and protected mice from virulent infection. Finally, we confirmed that CD8+ T cells from HLA-B7 positive humans also recognize the identified epitopes. These results enable identification of HMPV-specific CD8+ T cells in humans and help to inform future HMPV vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Miranda-Katz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Ave, Rangos 9122, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - John J Erickson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
| | - Jie Lan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Ave, Rangos 9122, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Alwyn Ecker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Ave, Rangos 9122, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Ave, Rangos 9122, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation (VI4), Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - John V Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Ave, Rangos 9122, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
- Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity in Children (i4Kids), Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
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7
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Structure, Immunogenicity, and Conformation-Dependent Receptor Binding of the Postfusion Human Metapneumovirus F Protein. J Virol 2021; 95:e0059321. [PMID: 34160259 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00593-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is an important cause of acute viral respiratory infection. As the only target of neutralizing antibodies, the hMPV fusion (F) protein has been a major focus for vaccine development and targeting by drugs and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). While X-ray structures of trimeric prefusion and postfusion hMPV F proteins from genotype A, and monomeric prefusion hMPV F protein from genotype B have been determined, structural data for the postfusion conformation for genotype B is lacking. We determined the crystal structure of this protein and compared the structural differences of postfusion hMPV F between hMPV A and B genotypes. We also assessed the receptor binding properties of the hMPV F protein to heparin and heparan sulfate (HS). A library of HS oligomers was used to verify the HS binding activity of hMPV F, and several compounds showed binding to predominantly prefusion hMPV F, but had limited binding to postfusion hMPV F. Furthermore, MAbs to antigenic sites III and the 66-87 intratrimeric epitope block heparin binding. In addition, we evaluated the efficacy of postfusion hMPV B2 F protein as a vaccine candidate in BALB/c mice. Mice immunized with hMPV B2 postfusion F protein showed a balanced Th1/Th2 immune response and generated neutralizing antibodies against both subgroup A2 and B2 hMPV strains, which protected the mice from hMPV challenge. Antibody competition analysis revealed the antibodies generated by immunization target two known antigenic sites (III and IV) on the hMPV F protein. Overall, this study provides new characteristics of the hMPV F protein, which may be informative for vaccine and therapy development. IMPORTANCE Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is an important cause of viral respiratory disease. In this paper, we report the X-ray crystal structure of the hMPV fusion (F) protein in the postfusion conformation from genotype B. We also assessed binding of the hMPV F protein to heparin and heparan sulfate, a previously reported receptor for the hMPV F protein. Furthermore, we determined the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of postfusion hMPV B2 F protein, which is the first study using a homogenous conformation of the protein. Antibodies generated in response to vaccination give a balanced Th1/Th2 response and target two previously discovered neutralizing epitopes.
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Ogonczyk Makowska D, Hamelin MÈ, Boivin G. Engineering of Live Chimeric Vaccines against Human Metapneumovirus. Pathogens 2020; 9:E135. [PMID: 32093057 PMCID: PMC7168645 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an important human pathogen that, along with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), is a major cause of respiratory tract infections in young infants. Development of an effective vaccine against Pneumoviruses has proven to be particularly difficult; despite over 50 years of research in this field, no vaccine against HMPV or RSV is currently available. Recombinant chimeric viruses expressing antigens of other viruses can be generated by reverse genetics and used for simultaneous immunization against more than one pathogen. This approach can result in the development of promising vaccine candidates against HMPV, and several studies have indeed validated viral vectors expressing HMPV antigens. In this review, we summarize current efforts in generating recombinant chimeric vaccines against HMPV, and we discuss their potential optimization based on the correspondence with RSV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guy Boivin
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (D.O.M.); (M.-È.H.)
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9
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Pilaev M, Shen Y, Carbonneau J, Venable MC, Rhéaume C, Lavigne S, Couture C, Guarné A, Hamelin MÈ, Boivin G. Evaluation of pre- and post-fusion Human metapneumovirus F proteins as subunit vaccine candidates in mice. Vaccine 2020; 38:2122-2127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Quan FS, Basak S, Chu KB, Kim SS, Kang SM. Progress in the development of virus-like particle vaccines against respiratory viruses. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:11-24. [PMID: 31903811 PMCID: PMC7103727 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1711053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Influenza virus, human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) are important human respiratory pathogens. Recombinant virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines are suggested to be potential promising platforms to protect against these respiratory viruses. This review updates important progress in the development of VLP vaccines against respiratory viruses.Areas Covered: This review summarizes progress in developing VLP and nanoparticle-based vaccines against influenza virus, RSV, and HMPV. The PubMed was mainly used to search for important research articles published since 2010 although earlier key articles were also referenced. The research area covered includes VLP and nanoparticle platform vaccines against seasonal, pandemic, and avian influenza viruses as well as RSV and HMPV respiratory viruses. The production methods, immunogenic properties, and vaccine efficacy of respiratory VLP vaccines in preclinical animal models and clinical studies were reviewed in this article.Expert opinion: Previous and current preclinical and clinical studies suggest that recombinant VLP and nanoparticle vaccines are expected to be developed as promising alternative platforms against respiratory viruses in future. Therefore, continued research efforts are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Shi Quan
- Department of Medical Zoology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Graduate school, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Swarnendu Basak
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Back Chu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Graduate school, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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11
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Soto JA, Gálvez NMS, Rivera CA, Palavecino CE, Céspedes PF, Rey-Jurado E, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Recombinant BCG Vaccines Reduce Pneumovirus-Caused Airway Pathology by Inducing Protective Humoral Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2875. [PMID: 30581437 PMCID: PMC6293239 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) and the Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) are two pneumoviruses that are leading agents causing acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) affecting young infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients worldwide. Since these pathogens were first discovered, many approaches for the licensing of safe and effective vaccines have been explored being unsuccessful to date. We have previously described that immunization with recombinant strains of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (rBCG) expressing the hRSV nucleoprotein (rBCG-N) or the hMPV phosphoprotein (rBCG-P) induced immune protection against each respective virus. These vaccines efficiently promoted viral clearance without significant lung damage, mainly through the induction of a T helper 1 cellular immunity. Here we show that upon viral challenge, rBCG-immunized mice developed a protective humoral immunity, characterized by production of antibodies specific for most hRSV and hMPV proteins. Further, isotype switching from IgG1 to IgG2a was observed in mice immunized with rBCG vaccines and correlated with an increased viral clearance, as compared to unimmunized animals. Finally, sera obtained from animals immunized with rBCG vaccines and infected with their respective viruses exhibited virus neutralizing capacity and protected naïve mice from viral replication and pulmonary disease. These results support the notion that the use of rBCG strains could be considered as an effective vaccination approach against other respiratory viruses with similar biology as hRSV and hMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Soto
- Departamento de Genética Moleculary Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás M S Gálvez
- Departamento de Genética Moleculary Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Rivera
- Departamento de Genética Moleculary Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian E Palavecino
- Departamento de Genética Moleculary Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo F Céspedes
- Departamento de Genética Moleculary Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emma Rey-Jurado
- Departamento de Genética Moleculary Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Departamento de Genética Moleculary Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Moleculary Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Kumar P, Srivastava M. Prophylactic and therapeutic approaches for human metapneumovirus. Virusdisease 2018; 29:434-444. [PMID: 30539045 PMCID: PMC6261883 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-018-0498-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an important pneumovirus which causes acute respiratory disease in human beings. The viral infection leads to mild to severe respiratory symptoms depending on the age and immune status of the infected individual. Several groups across the world are working on the development of immunogens and therapy to manage HMPV infection with promising results under laboratory conditions but till date any virus specific vaccine or therapy has not been approved for clinical use. This minireview gives an overview of the prophylactic and therapeutic approaches to manage HMPV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, U.P. 201301 India
| | - Mansi Srivastava
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, U.P. 201301 India
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13
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Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory infection, particularly in children, immunocompromised patients, and the elderly. HMPV, which is closely related to avian metapneumovirus subtype C, has circulated for at least 65 years, and nearly every child will be infected with HMPV by the age of 5. However, immunity is incomplete, and re-infections occur throughout adult life. Symptoms are similar to those of other respiratory viral infections, ranging from mild (cough, rhinorrhea, and fever) to more severe (bronchiolitis and pneumonia). The preferred method for diagnosis is reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction as HMPV is difficult to culture. Although there have been many advances made in the past 16 years since its discovery, there are still no US Food and Drug Administration-approved antivirals or vaccines available to treat HMPV. Both small animal and non-human primate models have been established for the study of HMPV. This review will focus on the epidemiology, transmission, and clinical manifestations in humans as well as the animal models of HMPV pathogenesis and host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazly Shafagati
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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14
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Olmedillas E, Cano O, Martínez I, Luque D, Terrón MC, McLellan JS, Melero JA, Más V. Chimeric Pneumoviridae fusion proteins as immunogens to induce cross-neutralizing antibody responses. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:175-187. [PMID: 29217660 PMCID: PMC5801496 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV), two members of the Pneumoviridae family, account for the majority of severe lower respiratory tract infections worldwide in very young children. They are also a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly and immunocompromised adults. High levels of neutralizing antibodies, mostly directed against the viral fusion (F) glycoprotein, correlate with protection against either hRSV or hMPV However, no cross-neutralization is observed in polyclonal antibody responses raised after virus infection or immunization with purified F proteins. Based on crystal structures of hRSV F and hMPV F, we designed chimeric F proteins in which certain residues of well-characterized antigenic sites were swapped between the two antigens. The antigenic changes were monitored by ELISA with virus-specific monoclonal antibodies. Inoculation of mice with these chimeras induced polyclonal cross-neutralizing antibody responses, and mice were protected against challenge with the virus used for grafting of the heterologous antigenic site. These results provide a proof of principle for chimeric fusion proteins as single immunogens that can induce cross-neutralizing antibody and protective responses against more than one human pneumovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Olmedillas
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Cano
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidoro Martínez
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Luque
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María C Terrón
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - José A Melero
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Más
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Diaz-Dinamarca DA, Ibañez FJ, Soto DA, Soto JA, Cespedes PF, Muena NA, Garate DS, Kalergis AM, Vasquez AE. Immunization with a Mixture of Nucleoprotein from Human Metapneumovirus and AbISCO-100 Adjuvant Reduces Viral Infection in Mice Model. Viral Immunol 2018; 31:306-314. [PMID: 29373084 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is the second leading cause globally of acute infection of the respiratory tract in children, infecting the upper and lower airways. The hMPV may induce an inappropriate Th2-type immune response, which causes severe pulmonary inflammation, leading to the obstruction of airways. Despite its severe epidemiological relevance, no vaccines are currently available for the prevention of hMPV-induced illness. In this investigation, we demonstrated that immunization of mice with the recombinant hMPV nucleoprotein (hMPV-N) mixed with the AbISCO-100 adjuvant reduced viral replication in lungs following challenge with the virus. We found that immunized mice had reduced weight loss, decreased granulocytes in the lung, an increased level of specific nucleoprotein antibodies of IgG1 and IgG2a-isotypes, and a local profile of Th1/Th17-type cytokines. Our results suggest that immunization with the hMPV-N and the AbISCO-100 adjuvant induces a reduction of viral infection and could be considered for the development of an hMPV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Diaz-Dinamarca
- 1 Sección de Biotecnología, Departamento de Salud Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile , Santiago, Chile .,2 Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco J Ibañez
- 1 Sección de Biotecnología, Departamento de Salud Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile , Santiago, Chile .,2 Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel A Soto
- 1 Sección de Biotecnología, Departamento de Salud Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge A Soto
- 1 Sección de Biotecnología, Departamento de Salud Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile , Santiago, Chile .,2 Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo F Cespedes
- 2 Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás A Muena
- 1 Sección de Biotecnología, Departamento de Salud Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego S Garate
- 1 Sección de Biotecnología, Departamento de Salud Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- 2 Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile .,3 Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Endocrinología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Abel E Vasquez
- 1 Sección de Biotecnología, Departamento de Salud Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile , Santiago, Chile .,4 Universidad San Sebastián , Facultad de Ciencia, Escuela de Bioquímica, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
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16
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Jagušić M, Slović A, Ljubin-Sternak S, Mlinarić-Galinović G, Forčić D. Genetic diversity of human metapneumovirus in hospitalized children with acute respiratory infections in Croatia. J Med Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Jagušić
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology; University of Zagreb; Zagreb Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines; CERVirVac; Croatia
| | - Anamarija Slović
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology; University of Zagreb; Zagreb Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines; CERVirVac; Croatia
| | - Sunčanica Ljubin-Sternak
- Teaching Institute of Public Health “Dr. Andrija Štampar,” Zagreb; Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb; Zagreb Croatia
| | | | - Dubravko Forčić
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology; University of Zagreb; Zagreb Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines; CERVirVac; Croatia
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17
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Russell CJ, Jones BG, Sealy RE, Surman SL, Mason JN, Hayden RT, Tripp RA, Takimoto T, Hurwitz JL. A Sendai virus recombinant vaccine expressing a gene for truncated human metapneumovirus (hMPV) fusion protein protects cotton rats from hMPV challenge. Virology 2017; 509:60-66. [PMID: 28605636 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infections pose a serious health risk to young children, particularly in cases of premature birth. No licensed vaccine exists and there is no standard treatment for hMPV infections apart from supportive hospital care. We describe the production of a Sendai virus (SeV) recombinant that carries a gene for a truncated hMPV fusion (F) protein (SeV-MPV-Ft). The vaccine induces binding and neutralizing antibody responses toward hMPV and protection against challenge with hMPV in a cotton rat system. Results encourage advanced development of SeV-MPV-Ft to prevent the morbidity and mortality caused by hMPV infections in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bart G Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Robert E Sealy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sherri L Surman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John N Mason
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Randall T Hayden
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Julia L Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Globally, as a leading agent of acute respiratory tract infections in children <5 years of age and the elderly, the human metapneumovirus (HMPV) has gained considerable attention. As inferred from studies comparing vaccinated and experimentally infected mice, the acquired immune response elicited by this pathogen fails to efficiently clear the virus from the airways, which leads to an exaggerated inflammatory response and lung damage. Furthermore, after disease resolution, there is a poor development of T and B cell immunological memory, which is believed to promote reinfections and viral spread in the community. In this article, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that shape the interactions of HMPV with host tissues that lead to pulmonary pathology and to the development of adaptive immunity that fails to protect against natural infections by this virus.
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19
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Márquez-Escobar VA. Current developments and prospects on human metapneumovirus vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:419-431. [PMID: 28116910 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1283223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) has become one of the major pathogens causing acute respiratory infections (ARI) mainly affecting young children, immunocompromised patients, and the elderly. Currently there are no licensed vaccines against this virus. Areas covered: Since the discovery of hMPV in 2001, many groups have focused on developing vaccines against this pathogen. This review presents the outcomes and perspectives derived from preclinical studies performed in cell cultures and animals as well as the only candidate that has reached evaluation in a clinical trial. Limitations of the current vaccine candidates are discussed and perspectives for the development of plant-based vaccines are analyzed. Expert commentary: Several hMPV vaccine candidates are under development with the potential to progress into clinical trials. In parallel, the molecular farming field offers new opportunities to generate innovative vaccines that will offer several advantages in the fight against hMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Araceli Márquez-Escobar
- a Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, San Luis Potosí 78210 , SLP , Mexico
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20
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Más V, Rodriguez L, Olmedillas E, Cano O, Palomo C, Terrón MC, Luque D, Melero JA, McLellan JS. Engineering, Structure and Immunogenicity of the Human Metapneumovirus F Protein in the Postfusion Conformation. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005859. [PMID: 27611367 PMCID: PMC5017722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a paramyxovirus that is a common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children less than five years of age. The hMPV fusion (F) glycoprotein is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies and is thus a critical vaccine antigen. To facilitate structure-based vaccine design, we stabilized the ectodomain of the hMPV F protein in the postfusion conformation and determined its structure to a resolution of 3.3 Å by X-ray crystallography. The structure resembles an elongated cone and is very similar to the postfusion F protein from the related human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV). In contrast, significant differences were apparent with the postfusion F proteins from other paramyxoviruses, such as human parainfluenza type 3 (hPIV3) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The high similarity of hMPV and hRSV postfusion F in two antigenic sites targeted by neutralizing antibodies prompted us to test for antibody cross-reactivity. The widely used monoclonal antibody 101F, which binds to antigenic site IV of hRSV F, was found to cross-react with hMPV postfusion F and neutralize both hRSV and hMPV. Despite the cross-reactivity of 101F and the reported cross-reactivity of two other antibodies, 54G10 and MPE8, we found no detectable cross-reactivity in the polyclonal antibody responses raised in mice against the postfusion forms of either hMPV or hRSV F. The postfusion-stabilized hMPV F protein did, however, elicit high titers of hMPV-neutralizing activity, suggesting that it could serve as an effective subunit vaccine. Structural insights from these studies should be useful for designing novel immunogens able to induce wider cross-reactive antibody responses. Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a frequent cause of severe lower respiratory tract infections in very young children and a vaccine is not yet available. Protection against hMPV infection is afforded mainly by neutralizing antibodies directed against the fusion (F) glycoprotein. After iterative rounds of protein engineering, we generated a soluble form of the hMPV F protein in the postfusion conformation and determined its crystal structure. The structure is similar to that of the related human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) F glycoprotein, and two neutralizing epitopes are particularly well conserved, thus providing a structural basis for the cross-neutralizing activity of several monoclonal antibodies. Immunization of mice with the engineered hMPV F postfusion protein elicited high hMPV-neutralizing antibody titers, suggesting that this protein could be an attractive subunit vaccine antigen. These results also open the possibility of designing novel cross-protective immunogens.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Cross Reactions
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Female
- Genetic Engineering
- Humans
- Metapneumovirus/genetics
- Metapneumovirus/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Conformation
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
- Sequence Alignment
- Viral Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Más
- Unidad de Biología Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Rodriguez
- Unidad de Biología Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Olmedillas
- Unidad de Biología Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Cano
- Unidad de Biología Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Palomo
- Unidad de Biología Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - María C. Terrón
- Unidad de Microscopía Electrónica y Confocal, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Luque
- Unidad de Microscopía Electrónica y Confocal, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Melero
- Unidad de Biología Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (JAM); (JSM)
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JAM); (JSM)
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21
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Davis CR, Stockmann C, Pavia AT, Byington CL, Blaschke AJ, Hersh AL, Thorell EA, Korgenski K, Daly J, Ampofo K. Incidence, Morbidity, and Costs of Human Metapneumovirus Infection in Hospitalized Children. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2016; 5:303-11. [PMID: 26407261 PMCID: PMC5125451 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piv027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) causes acute respiratory tract infections in infants and children. We sought to measure the clinical and economic burden of HMPV infection in hospitalized children. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study from 2007 to 2013 at Primary Children's Hospital in Salt Lake City, Utah. Children <18 years of age with laboratory-confirmed HMPV infection were included. Demographic, clinical, and financial data were abstracted from the electronic medical record. RESULTS During the study period, 815 children were hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed HMPV infection: 16% <6 months, 50% 6-23 months, 23% 2-4 years, and 11% 5-17 years of age. A complex chronic condition was identified in 453 (56%) children hospitalized with HMPV infection; this proportion increased with increasing age (P < .001). There was marked variation in annual HMPV hospitalization rates, ranging from 9 of 100 000 person-years in 2012-2013 to 79 of 100 000 in 2009-2010. Hospitalization rates were highest among children <2 years (200 of 100 000 person-years) and lowest among children 5-17 years of age (5 of 100 000). Of hospitalized children, 18% were treated in the intensive care unit and 6% required mechanical ventilation. The median length of stay was 2.8 days (interquartile range [IQR], 1.8-4.6) and did not vary by age. The median total hospital cost per patient was $5513 (IQR, $3850-$9946) with significantly higher costs for patients with chronic medical conditions (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Human metapneumovirus infection results in a large number of hospitalizations with substantial morbidity, resource utilization, and costs. The development of a safe and effective vaccine could reduce the clinical and economic burden of HMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly R. Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City
| | - Chris Stockmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City
| | - Andrew T. Pavia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City
| | - Carrie L. Byington
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City
| | - Anne J. Blaschke
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City
| | - Adam L. Hersh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City
| | - Emily A. Thorell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City
| | - Kent Korgenski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City,Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Judy Daly
- Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Krow Ampofo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City
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22
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Hastings AK, Gilchuk P, Joyce S, Williams JV. Novel HLA-A2-restricted human metapneumovirus epitopes reduce viral titers in mice and are recognized by human T cells. Vaccine 2016; 34:2663-70. [PMID: 27105560 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality from acute lower respiratory tract illness, with most individuals seropositive by age five. Despite the presence of neutralizing antibodies, secondary infections are common and can be severe in young, elderly, and immunocompromised persons. Preclinical vaccine studies for HMPV have suggested a need for a balanced antibody and T cell immune response to enhance protection and avoid lung immunopathology. We infected transgenic mice expressing human HLA-A*0201 with HMPV and used ELISPOT to screen overlapping and predicted epitope peptides. We identified six novel HLA-A2 restricted CD8(+) T cell (TCD8) epitopes, with M39-47 (M39) immunodominant. Tetramer staining detected M39-specific TCD8 in lungs and spleen of HMPV-immune mice. Immunization with adjuvant-formulated M39 peptide reduced lung virus titers upon challenge. Finally, we show that TCD8 from HLA-A*0201 positive humans recognize M39 by IFNγ ELISPOT and tetramer staining. These results will facilitate HMPV vaccine development and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Hastings
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37332, USA
| | - John V Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, USA.
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Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), a paramyxovirus identified in 2001, is a leading cause of respiratory tract infections in both children and adults. Seroprevalence studies demonstrate that the primary infection occurs before the age of 5 years, and humans are reinfected throughout life. The four subgroups of HMPV occur with year-to-year variability, and infection with one subgroup confers some serologic cross-protection. Experimental vaccines elicit a humoral response in both animal and human models and have been used to identify antigenic determinants. The main target of protective antibodies is the fusion (F) protein, although many of the remaining eight proteins are immunogenic. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the F protein are both protective and therapeutic in animal models. Most recently, the identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies against HMPV and respiratory syncytial virus demonstrates that common epitopes are present between the two viruses. Broadly neutralizing mAbs have significant clinical implications for prophylaxis and treatment of high-risk hosts as well as vaccine development.
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Bates JT, Pickens JA, Schuster JE, Johnson M, Tollefson SJ, Williams JV, Davis NL, Johnston RE, Schultz-Darken N, Slaughter JC, Smith-House F, Crowe JE. Immunogenicity and efficacy of alphavirus-derived replicon vaccines for respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus in nonhuman primates. Vaccine 2016; 34:950-6. [PMID: 26772634 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are major causes of illness among children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. No vaccine has been licensed for protection against either of these viruses. We tested the ability of two Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-based viral replicon particle (VEE-VRP) vaccines that express the hRSV or hMPV fusion (F) protein to confer protection against hRSV or hMPV in African green monkeys. Animals immunized with VEE-VRP vaccines developed RSV or MPV F-specific antibodies and serum neutralizing activity. Compared to control animals, immunized animals were better able to control viral load in the respiratory mucosa following challenge and had lower levels of viral genome in nasopharyngeal and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. The high level of immunogenicity and protective efficacy induced by these vaccine candidates in nonhuman primates suggest that they hold promise for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Bates
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jennifer A Pickens
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jennifer E Schuster
- The Department of Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Monika Johnson
- The Department of Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sharon J Tollefson
- The Department of Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John V Williams
- The Department of Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nancy L Davis
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Nancy Schultz-Darken
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - James C Slaughter
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Department of Biostatistics of Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Frances Smith-House
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Department of Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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New Approaches for Immunization and Therapy against Human Metapneumovirus. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:858-66. [PMID: 26063237 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00230-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a paramyxovirus discovered in 2001 in the Netherlands. Studies have identified HMPV as an important causative agent of acute respiratory disease in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Clinical signs of infection range from mild upper respiratory illness to more serious lower respiratory illness, including bronchiolitis and pneumonia. There are currently no licensed therapeutics or vaccines against HMPV. However, several research groups have tested vaccine candidates and monoclonal antibodies in various animal models. Several of these approaches have shown promise in animal models. This minireview summarizes the current therapies used to treat HMPV infection as well as different approaches for immunization.
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Lung CD8+ T Cell Impairment Occurs during Human Metapneumovirus Infection despite Virus-Like Particle Induction of Functional CD8+ T Cells. J Virol 2015; 89:8713-26. [PMID: 26063431 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00670-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a major cause of respiratory disease in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals worldwide. There is currently no licensed HMPV vaccine. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are an attractive vaccine candidate because they are noninfectious and elicit a neutralizing antibody response. However, studies show that serum neutralizing antibodies are insufficient for complete protection against reinfection and that adaptive T cell immunity is important for viral clearance. HMPV and other respiratory viruses induce lung CD8(+) T cell (TCD8) impairment, mediated by programmed death 1 (PD-1). In this study, we generated HMPV VLPs by expressing the fusion and matrix proteins in mammalian cells and tested whether VLP immunization induces functional HMPV-specific TCD8 responses in mice. C57BL/6 mice vaccinated twice with VLPs and subsequently challenged with HMPV were protected from lung viral replication for at least 20 weeks postimmunization. A single VLP dose elicited F- and M-specific lung TCD8s with higher function and lower expression of PD-1 and other inhibitory receptors than TCD8s from HMPV-infected mice. However, after HMPV challenge, lung TCD8s from VLP-vaccinated mice exhibited inhibitory receptor expression and functional impairment similar to those of mice experiencing secondary infection. HMPV challenge of VLP-immunized μMT mice also elicited a large percentage of impaired lung TCD8s, similar to mice experiencing secondary infection. Together, these results indicate that VLPs are a promising vaccine candidate but do not prevent lung TCD8 impairment upon HMPV challenge. IMPORTANCE Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory disease for which there is no licensed vaccine. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are an attractive vaccine candidate and induce antibodies, but T cell responses are less defined. Moreover, HMPV and other respiratory viruses induce lung CD8(+) T cell (TCD8) impairment mediated by programmed death 1 (PD-1). In this study, HMPV VLPs containing viral fusion and matrix proteins elicited epitope-specific TCD8s that were functional with low PD-1 expression. Two VLP doses conferred sterilizing immunity in C57BL/6 mice and facilitated HMPV clearance in antibody-deficient μMT mice without enhancing lung pathology. However, regardless of whether responding lung TCD8s had previously encountered HMPV antigens in the context of VLPs or virus, similar proportions were impaired and expressed comparable levels of PD-1 upon viral challenge. These results suggest that VLPs are a promising vaccine candidate but do not prevent lung TCD8 impairment upon HMPV challenge.
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Šantak M, Örvell C, Gulija TK. Identification of conformational neutralization sites on the fusion protein of mumps virus. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:982-990. [PMID: 25614584 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the success of the mumps vaccination, recent mumps outbreaks have been reported even among individuals with a history of mumps vaccination. For a better understanding of why the vaccination failed in cases of vaccinees who fell ill during recent mumps outbreaks, the immunological events during infection and/or vaccination should be better defined. In the work presented here we sought to identify new neutralization sites on the mumps virus surface glycoproteins. By using anti-mumps mAbs, three amino acid positions at residues 221, 323 and 373 in the F protein of mumps virus were shown to be located in at least two conformational neutralization epitopes. mAbs that specifically target these sites effectively neutralized mumps virus in vitro. The newly acquired glycosylation site at position 373 or loss of the existing one at position 323 was identified as the mechanism behind the escape from the specific mAbs. Based on the findings of this study, we suggest that the influence of the antigenic structure of the F protein should not be ignored in a thorough investigation of the underlying mechanism of the mumps vaccine failure or when making a strategy for development of a new vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Šantak
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Rockefellerova 10, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia
| | - Claes Örvell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm 14 186, Sweden
| | - Tanja Košutić Gulija
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Rockefellerova 10, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia
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Aerts L, Rhéaume C, Carbonneau J, Lavigne S, Couture C, Hamelin MÈ, Boivin G. Adjuvant effect of the human metapneumovirus (HMPV) matrix protein in HMPV subunit vaccines. J Gen Virol 2014; 96:767-774. [PMID: 25519171 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human metapneumovirus (HMPV) fusion (F) protein is the most immunodominant protein, yet subunit vaccines containing only this protein do not confer complete protection. The HMPV matrix (M) protein induces the maturation of antigen-presenting cells in vitro. The inclusion of the M protein into an F protein subunit vaccine might therefore provide an adjuvant effect. We administered the F protein twice intramuscularly, adjuvanted with alum, the M protein or both, to BALB/c mice at 3 week intervals. Three weeks after the boost, mice were infected with HMPV and monitored for 14 days. At day 5 post-challenge, pulmonary viral titres, histopathology and cytokine levels were analysed. Mice immunized with F+alum and F+M+alum generated significantly more neutralizing antibodies than mice immunized with F only [titres of 47 ± 7 (P<0.01) and 147 ± 13 (P<0.001) versus 17 ± 2]. Unlike F only [1.6 ± 0.5 × 10(3) TCID50 (g lung)(-1)], pulmonary viral titres in mice immunized with F+M and F+M+alum were undetectable. Mice immunized with F+M presented the most important reduction in pulmonary inflammation and the lowest T-helper Th2/Th1 cytokine ratio. In conclusion, addition of the HMPV-M protein to an F protein-based vaccine modulated both humoral and cellular immune responses to subsequent infection, thereby increasing the protection conferred by the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Aerts
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Chantal Rhéaume
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Julie Carbonneau
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Sophie Lavigne
- Department of Anatomo-pathology, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Christian Couture
- Department of Anatomo-pathology, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Hamelin
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
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Simon A, Manoha C, Müller A, Schildgen O. Human Metapneumovirus and Its Role in Childhood Respiratory Infections. CURRENT PEDIATRICS REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40124-014-0048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Small Animal Models for Human Metapneumovirus: Cotton Rat is More Permissive than Hamster and Mouse. Pathogens 2014; 3:633-55. [PMID: 25438015 PMCID: PMC4243432 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens3030633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is the second most prevalent causative agent of pediatric respiratory infections worldwide. Currently, there are no vaccines or antiviral drugs against this virus. One of the major hurdles in hMPV research is the difficulty to identify a robust small animal model to accurately evaluate the efficacy and safety of vaccines and therapeutics. In this study, we compared the replication and pathogenesis of hMPV in BALB/c mice, Syrian golden hamsters, and cotton rats. It was found that BALB/c mice are not permissive for hMPV infection despite the use of a high dose (6.5 log10 PFU) of virus for intranasal inoculation. In hamsters, hMPV replicated efficiently in nasal turbinates but demonstrated only limited replication in lungs. In cotton rats, hMPV replicated efficiently in both nasal turbinate and lung when intranasally administered with three different doses (4, 5, and 6 log10 PFU) of hMPV. Lungs of cotton rats infected by hMPV developed interstitial pneumonia with mononuclear cells infiltrates and increased lumen exudation. By immunohistochemistry, viral antigens were detected at the luminal surfaces of the bronchial epithelial cells in lungs. Vaccination of cotton rats with hMPV completely protected upper and lower respiratory tract from wildtype challenge. The immunization also elicited elevated serum neutralizing antibody. Collectively, these results demonstrated that cotton rat is a robust small animal model for hMPV infection.
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Schuster JE, Cox RG, Hastings AK, Boyd KL, Wadia J, Chen Z, Burton DR, Williamson RA, Williams JV. A broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody exhibits in vivo efficacy against both human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:216-25. [PMID: 24864121 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory tract infection, with significant morbidity and mortality. No licensed vaccines or therapeutic agents exist. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are effective at preventing other infectious diseases and could be used against HMPV in high-risk hosts. METHODS In vitro assays were performed to assess the neutralizing activity and affinity kinetics of human mAb 54G10. A new mouse model was developed to assess prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in vivo. The epitope of 54G10 was identified by generating mAb-resistant mutants (MARMs). RESULTS At low concentrations, 54G10 neutralized all 4 subgroups of HMPV in vitro and had subnanomolar affinity for the fusion protein. DBA/2 mice were permissive for all 4 HMPV subgroups, and 54G10 was effective both prophylactically and therapeutically against HMPV in vivo. Sequencing of HMPV MARMs identified the 54G10 epitope, which was similar to an antigenic site on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). 54G10 also exhibited in vitro neutralizing activity and in vivo protective and therapeutic efficacy against RSV. CONCLUSIONS Human mAb 54G10 has broad neutralizing activity against HMPV and could have prophylactic and therapeutic utility clinically. The conserved epitope could represent a structural vaccine target for HMPV and RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reagan G Cox
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Andrew K Hastings
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kelli L Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jay Wadia
- Crucell Vaccine Institute, San Diego
| | - Zhifeng Chen
- Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | | | - John V Williams
- Department of Pediatrics Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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Panda S, Mohakud NK, Pena L, Kumar S. Human metapneumovirus: review of an important respiratory pathogen. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 25:45-52. [PMID: 24841931 PMCID: PMC7110553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.03.1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV), discovered in 2001, most commonly causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections in young children, but is also a concern for elderly subjects and immune-compromised patients. hMPV is the major etiological agent responsible for about 5% to 10% of hospitalizations of children suffering from acute respiratory tract infections. hMPV infection can cause severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children, and its symptoms are indistinguishable from those caused by human respiratory syncytial virus. Initial infection with hMPV usually occurs during early childhood, but re-infections are common throughout life. Due to the slow growth of the virus in cell culture, molecular methods (such as reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR)) are the preferred diagnostic modality for detecting hMPV. A few vaccine candidates have been shown to be effective in preventing clinical disease, but none are yet commercially available. Our understanding of hMPV has undergone major changes in recent years and in this article we will review the currently available information on the molecular biology and epidemiology of hMPV. We will also review the current therapeutic interventions and strategies being used to control hMPV infection, with an emphasis on possible approaches that could be used to develop an effective vaccine against hMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagatika Panda
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus XI, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, Orissa, India
| | - Nirmal Kumar Mohakud
- Department of Paediatrics, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
| | - Lindomar Pena
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Centre for Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Subrat Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus XI, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, Orissa, India.
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Human metapneumovirus virus-like particles induce protective B and T cell responses in a mouse model. J Virol 2014; 88:6368-79. [PMID: 24672031 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00332-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of respiratory disease in infants, children, and the elderly worldwide, yet no licensed vaccines exist. Live-attenuated vaccines present safety challenges, and protein subunit vaccines induce primarily antibody responses. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are an attractive alternative vaccine approach because of reduced safety concerns compared with live vaccines. We generated HMPV VLPs by expressing viral proteins in suspension-adapted human embryonic kidney epithelial (293-F) cells and found that the viral matrix (M) and fusion (F) proteins were sufficient to form VLPs. We previously reported that the VLPs resemble virus morphology and incorporate fusion-competent F protein (R. G. Cox, S. B. Livesay, M. Johnson, M. D. Ohi, and J. V. Williams, J. Virol. 86:12148-12160, 2012), which we hypothesized would elicit F-specific antibody and T cell responses. In this study, we tested whether VLP immunization could induce protective immunity to HMPV by using a mouse model. C57BL/6 mice were injected twice intraperitoneally with VLPs alone or with adjuvant and subsequently challenged with HMPV. Mice were euthanized 5 days postinfection, and virus titers, levels of neutralizing antibodies, and numbers of CD3(+) T cells were quantified. Mice immunized with VLPs mounted an F-specific antibody response and generated CD8(+) T cells recognizing an F protein-derived epitope. VLP immunization induced a neutralizing-antibody response that was enhanced by the addition of either TiterMax Gold or α-galactosylceramide adjuvant, though adjuvant reduced cellular immune responses. Two doses of VLPs conferred complete protection from HMPV replication in the lungs of mice and were not associated with a Th2-skewed cytokine response. These results suggest that nonreplicating VLPs are a promising vaccine candidate for HMPV. IMPORTANCE Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory infection in infants, children, and the elderly worldwide, yet no licensed vaccines exist. Live-attenuated vaccines present safety challenges, and protein subunit vaccines induce primarily antibody responses. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are an attractive alternative vaccine approach. We generated HMPV VLPs by expressing the viral matrix (M) and fusion (F) proteins in mammalian cells. We found that mice immunized with VLPs mounted an F-specific antibody response and generated CD8(+) T cells recognizing an F protein-derived epitope. VLP immunization induced a neutralizing-antibody response that was enhanced by the addition of either TiterMax Gold or α-galactosylceramide adjuvant. Two doses of VLPs conferred complete protection against HMPV replication in the lungs of mice and were not associated with a Th2-skewed cytokine response. These results suggest that nonreplicating VLPs are a promising vaccine candidate for HMPV.
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Principi N, Esposito S. Paediatric human metapneumovirus infection: Epidemiology, prevention and therapy. J Clin Virol 2014; 59:141-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fraire AE, Woda BA, Welsh RM, Kradin RL. Human Metapneumovirus. VIRUSES AND THE LUNG 2014. [PMCID: PMC7122877 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-40605-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Name of Virus: Human metapneumovirus
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando E. Fraire
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts USA
| | - Bruce A. Woda
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts USA
| | - Raymond M. Welsh
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts USA
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Palavecino CE, Céspedes PF, Gómez RS, Kalergis AM, Bueno SM. Immunization with a recombinant bacillus Calmette-Guerin strain confers protective Th1 immunity against the human metapneumovirus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:214-23. [PMID: 24319265 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Along with the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), the human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is one of the leading causes of childhood hospitalization and a major health burden worldwide. Unfortunately, owing to an inefficient immunological memory, hMPV infection provides limited immune protection against reinfection. Furthermore, hMPV can induce an inadequate Th2 type immune response that causes severe lung inflammation, leading to airway obstruction. Similar to hRSV, it is likely that an effective clearance of hMPV would require a balanced Th1 type immunity by the host, involving the activation of IFN-γ-secreting T cells. A recognized inducer of Th1 immunity is Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), which has been used in newborns for many decades and in several countries as a tuberculosis vaccine. We have previously shown that immunization with BCG strains expressing hRSV Ags can induce an efficient immune response that protects against this virus. In this study, we show that immunization with rBCG strains expressing the phosphoprotein from hMPV also can induce protective Th1 immunity. Mice immunized with rBCG were protected against weight loss, airway inflammation, and viral replication in the lungs after hMPV infection. Our rBCG vaccine also induced the activation of hMPV-specific T cells producing IFN-γ and IL-2, which could protect from hMPV infection when transferred to recipient mice. These data strongly support the notion that rBCG induces protective Th1 immunity and could be considered as an efficient vaccine against hMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Palavecino
- Instituto Milenio en Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330025, Chile
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Green MG, Huey D, Niewiesk S. The cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) as an animal model for respiratory tract infections with human pathogens. Lab Anim (NY) 2013; 42:170-6. [PMID: 23604159 DOI: 10.1038/laban.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infection is a great human health concern, resulting in disease, death and economic losses. Cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) have been particularly useful in the study of the pathogenesis of human respiratory virus infections, including the development and testing of antiviral compounds and vaccines. In this article, the authors outline the advantages of the cotton rat compared with the mouse as a model for infection with measles virus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, human parainfluenza virus and human metapneumovirus. From the literature and their own experience, the authors summarize guidelines for handling, maintaining and breeding cotton rats. In addition, they offer technical tips for carrying out infection experiments and provide information about the large array of immunological assays and reagents available for the study of immune responses (macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, B cells, antibodies, chemokines and cytokines) in cotton rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gia Green
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Seroepidemiologies of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in young children, determined with a new recombinant fusion protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:1654-6. [PMID: 23945161 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00750-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We compared antibodies against human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in children. The antibody nadirs for both viruses were at 3 to 5 months, and the majority of children were seropositive for both by 2 years. There was no significant difference in the kinetics of maternal antibody decline or seroconversion relative to the two viruses.
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A live attenuated human metapneumovirus vaccine strain provides complete protection against homologous viral infection and cross-protection against heterologous viral infection in BALB/c mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:1246-54. [PMID: 23761661 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00145-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A live attenuated vaccine candidate strain (M2) of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) was generated by removing the N-linked carbohydrate at amino acid 172 in the fusion (F) protein. Previously, replication of M2 in mouse lungs could be detected by molecular assays but not by viral titration. In the present study, the protective effects of M2 against infection by homologous or heterologous viruses were evaluated in BALB/c mice. Immunization with M2 produced a high titer of serum virus-neutralizing antibodies in BALB/c mice at 4 and 8 weeks postimmunization, with the titers against the homologous virus being higher than those against the heterologous virus. Challenges at 4 and 8 weeks postinoculation with M2 or wild-type virus led to no replication when mice were challenged with a homologous virus and extremely reduced replication when mice were challenged with a heterologous virus, as determined by the detection of viral genomic RNA copies in the lungs, as well as significantly milder pulmonary pathology. Thus, M2, with only one N-linked carbohydrate removed in the F protein, provides complete protection from homologous virus infection and substantial cross-protection from heterologous virus infection for at least 56 days after inoculation. This vaccine strain may therefore be a candidate for further preclinical study. Furthermore, this attenuating strategy (changing the glycosylation of a major viral protein) may be useful in the development of other viral vaccines.
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Lévy C, Aerts L, Hamelin MÈ, Granier C, Szécsi J, Lavillette D, Boivin G, Cosset FL. Virus-like particle vaccine induces cross-protection against human metapneumovirus infections in mice. Vaccine 2013; 31:2778-85. [PMID: 23583815 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a paramyxovirus that causes acute respiratory-tract infections in children and adults worldwide. A safe and effective vaccine could decrease the burden of disease associated with this novel pathogen. We engineered HMPV viral-like particles (HMPV-VLPs) derived from retroviral core particles that mimic the properties of the viral surface of two HMPV viruses of either lineage A or B. These VLPs functionally display F and G HMPV surface glycoproteins. When injected in mice, HMPV-VLPs induce strong humoral immune response against both homologous and heterologous strains. Moreover, the induced neutralizing antibodies prevented mortality upon subsequent infection of the lungs with both homologous and heterologous viruses. Upon challenge, viral titers in the lungs of immunized animals were significantly reduced as compared to those of control animals. In conclusion, a HMPV-VLP vaccine that induces cross-protective immunity in mice is a promising approach to prevent HMPV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Lévy
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, EVIR Team, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Haas LEM, Thijsen SFT, van Elden L, Heemstra KA. Human metapneumovirus in adults. Viruses 2013; 5:87-110. [PMID: 23299785 PMCID: PMC3564111 DOI: 10.3390/v5010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a relative newly described virus. It was first isolated in 2001 and currently appears to be one of the most significant and common human viral infections. Retrospective serologic studies demonstrated the presence of HMPV antibodies in humans more than 50 years earlier. Although the virus was primarily known as causative agent of respiratory tract infections in children, HMPV is an important cause of respiratory infections in adults as well. Almost all children are infected by HMPV below the age of five; the repeated infections throughout life indicate transient immunity. HMPV infections usually are mild and self-limiting, but in the frail elderly and the immunocompromised patients, the clinical course can be complicated. Since culturing the virus is relatively difficult, diagnosis is mostly based on a nucleic acid amplification test, such as reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. To date, no vaccine is available and treatment is supportive. However, ongoing research shows encouraging results. The aim of this paper is to review the current literature concerning HMPV infections in adults, and discuss recent development in treatment and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenneke E. M. Haas
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, 3582 KE, The Netherlands
| | - Steven F. T. Thijsen
- Department of Microbiology, Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, 3582 KE, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (S.F.T.T.); (K.A.H.)
| | - Leontine van Elden
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, 3582 KE, The Netherlands; E-Mail:
| | - Karen A. Heemstra
- Department of Microbiology, Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, 3582 KE, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (S.F.T.T.); (K.A.H.)
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The human metapneumovirus fusion protein mediates entry via an interaction with RGD-binding integrins. J Virol 2012; 86:12148-60. [PMID: 22933271 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01133-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses use a specialized fusion protein to merge the viral envelope with cell membranes and initiate infection. Most paramyxoviruses require the interaction of two viral proteins to enter cells; an attachment protein binds cell surface receptors, leading to the activation of a fusion (F) protein that fuses the viral envelope and host cell plasma membrane. In contrast, human metapneumovirus (HMPV) expressing only the F protein is replication competent, suggesting a primary role for HMPV F in attachment and fusion. We previously identified an invariant arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) motif in the HMPV F protein and showed that the RGD-binding integrin αVβ1-promoted HMPV infection. Here we show that both HMPV F-mediated binding and virus entry depend upon multiple RGD-binding integrins and that HMPV F can mediate binding and fusion in the absence of the viral attachment (G) protein. The invariant F-RGD motif is critical for infection, as an F-RAE virus was profoundly impaired. Further, F-integrin binding is required for productive viral RNA transcription, indicating that RGD-binding integrins serve as receptors for the HMPV fusion protein. Thus, HMPV F is triggered to induce virus-cell fusion by interactions with cellular receptors in a manner that is independent of the viral G protein. These results suggest a stepwise mechanism of HMPV entry mediated by the F protein through its interactions with cellular receptors, including RGD-binding integrins.
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Bayon JCL, Lina B, Rosa-Calatrava M, Boivin G. Recent developments with live-attenuated recombinant paramyxovirus vaccines. Rev Med Virol 2012; 23:15-34. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Le Bayon
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, VirPath EMR 4610/Equipe VirCell, Université de Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Hospices Civils de Lyon, Faculté de médecine RTH Laennec; Lyon France
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases; CHUQ-CHUL and Université Laval; Québec City QC Canada
| | - Bruno Lina
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, VirPath EMR 4610/Equipe VirCell, Université de Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Hospices Civils de Lyon, Faculté de médecine RTH Laennec; Lyon France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Lyon Bron Cedex France
| | - Manuel Rosa-Calatrava
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, VirPath EMR 4610/Equipe VirCell, Université de Lyon; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Hospices Civils de Lyon, Faculté de médecine RTH Laennec; Lyon France
| | - Guy Boivin
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases; CHUQ-CHUL and Université Laval; Québec City QC Canada
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Abstract
It has been 10 years since human metapneumovirus (HMPV) was identified as a causative agent of respiratory illness in humans. Since then, numerous studies have contributed to a substantial body of knowledge on many aspects of HMPV. This review summarizes our current knowledge on HMPV, HMPV disease pathogenesis, and disease intervention strategies and identifies a number of areas with key questions to be addressed in the future.
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Feuillet F, Lina B, Rosa-Calatrava M, Boivin G. Ten years of human metapneumovirus research. J Clin Virol 2011; 53:97-105. [PMID: 22074934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Described for the first time in 2001, human metapneumovirus (hMPV) has become one of the main viral pathogens responsible for acute respiratory tract infections in children but also in the elderly and immuno-compromised patients. The pathogen most closely related to hMPV is human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in young children. hMPV has been classified into two main viral groups A and B and has a seasonal distribution in temperate countries with most cases occurring in winter and spring. Given the difficulties encountered in culturing hMPV in vitro, diagnosis is generally achieved using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Like other Paramyxoviridae, hMPV has a negative-sense single-stranded RNA genome that includes 8 genes coding for 9 different proteins. The genomic organization and functions of surface attachment and fusion glycoproteins are relatively similar to those of hRSV. Although many groups have studied the viral life cycle of hMPV, many questions remain unanswered concerning the exact roles of the viral proteins in the attachment, fusion and replication of hMPV. To date, there remains no approved modality to combat hMPV infections. The majority of treatments that have been tested on hMPV have already demonstrated activity against hRSV infections. Some innovative approaches based on RNA interference and on fusion inhibitors have shown efficacy in vitro and in animal studies and could be beneficial in treating human hMPV disease. Difficulties faced inducing a durable immune response represent the biggest challenge in the development of an effective hMPV vaccine. Several strategies, such as the use of live-attenuated viruses generated by reverse genetics or recombinant proteins, have been tested in animals with encouraging results.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Feuillet
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine (VirPath), EMR 4610, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1- Hospices civils de Lyon, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, 7, rue Guillaume Paradin, Lyon 69372, France
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Genomic analysis of four human metapneumovirus prototypes. Virus Res 2011; 160:200-5. [PMID: 21740936 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an important cause of acute respiratory illness in children. We determined the complete genome sequence of four strains of HMPV representing each of the four lineages. These sequences were compared with published HMPV genome sequences. Most genes were conserved between the genetic lineages (79.5-99.6%), though nucleotide diversity was greater than amino acid diversity, suggesting functional constraints on mutation. However, the SH and G open reading frames were more variable (mean 76.4% and 59.0% aa identity, respectively), with mostly nonsynonymous changes, suggesting selective pressure on the SH and G proteins. Gene-start regions were largely conserved between genes and viruses, while gene-end sequences were conserved between viruses but not between genes. The SH-G and G-L intergenic regions were extremely long (∼200 nt) and have no defined function, yet were highly conserved within major groups. These findings highlight broadly conserved regions of the HMPV genome and suggest unidentified biological roles for SH and G.
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Ryder AB, Tollefson SJ, Podsiad AB, Johnson JE, Williams JV. Soluble recombinant human metapneumovirus G protein is immunogenic but not protective. Vaccine 2010; 28:4145-52. [PMID: 20417260 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) expresses the major surface glycoproteins F and G. We evaluated the protective efficacy of immunization with G. We generated a recombinant form of G ectodomain (GDeltaTM) that was secreted from mammalian cells and purified by affinity chromatography. We tested the immunogenicity of GDeltaTM in cotton rats. Animals were immunized with PBS, GDeltaTM alone or adjuvanted, or were infected once with HMPV, and challenged with live HMPV at 28 days. Animals vaccinated with adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted GDeltaTM developed high levels of serum antibodies to both recombinant and native G protein; however, vaccinated animals did not develop neutralizing antibodies and were not protected against virus challenge. Unlike the analogous non-fusion glycoproteins of other human paramyxoviruses, HMPV G does not appear to be a protective antigen. This represents an unusual feature of HMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex B Ryder
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2581, USA
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Yang CF, Wang CK, Tollefson SJ, Piyaratna R, Lintao LD, Chu M, Liem A, Mark M, Spaete RR, Crowe JE, Williams JV. Genetic diversity and evolution of human metapneumovirus fusion protein over twenty years. Virol J 2009; 6:138. [PMID: 19740442 PMCID: PMC2753315 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an important cause of acute respiratory illness in children. We examined the diversity and molecular evolution of HMPV using 85 full-length F (fusion) gene sequences collected over a 20-year period. RESULTS The F gene sequences fell into two major groups, each with two subgroups, which exhibited a mean of 96% identity by predicted amino acid sequences. Amino acid identity within and between subgroups was higher than nucleotide identity, suggesting structural or functional constraints on F protein diversity. There was minimal progressive drift over time, and the genetic lineages were stable over the 20-year period. Several canonical amino acid differences discriminated between major subgroups, and polymorphic variations tended to cluster in discrete regions. The estimated rate of mutation was 7.12 x 10(-4) substitutions/site/year and the estimated time to most recent common HMPV ancestor was 97 years (95% likelihood range 66-194 years). Analysis suggested that HMPV diverged from avian metapneumovirus type C (AMPV-C) 269 years ago (95% likelihood range 106-382 years). CONCLUSION HMPV F protein remains conserved over decades. HMPV appears to have diverged from AMPV-C fairly recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Fen Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a recently described paramyxovirus that causes lower respiratory infections in children and adults worldwide. The hMPV fusion (F) protein is a membrane-anchored glycoprotein and major protective antigen. All hMPV F protein sequences determined to date contain an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence, suggesting that F engages RGD-binding integrins to mediate cell entry. The divalent cation chelator EDTA, which disrupts heterodimeric integrin interactions, inhibits infectivity of hMPV but not the closely related respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which lacks an RGD motif. Function-blocking antibodies specific for alphavbeta1 integrin inhibit infectivity of hMPV but not RSV. Transfection of nonpermissive cells with alphav or beta1 cDNAs confers hMPV infectivity, whereas reduction of alphav and beta1 integrin expression by siRNA inhibits hMPV infection. Recombinant hMPV F protein binds to cells, whereas Arg-Gly-Glu (RGE)-mutant F protein does not. These data suggest that alphavbeta1 integrin is a functional receptor for hMPV.
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