2
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Minang JT, Trivett MT, Barsov EV, Del Prete GQ, Trubey CM, Thomas JA, Gorelick RJ, Piatak M, Ott DE, Ohlen C. TCR triggering transcriptionally downregulates CCR5 expression on rhesus macaque CD4(+) T-cells with no measurable effect on susceptibility to SIV infection. Virology 2011; 409:132-40. [PMID: 21035160 PMCID: PMC3001627 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies using transformed human cell lines suggest that most SIV strains use CCR5 as co-receptor. Our analysis of primary rhesus macaque CD4(+) T-cell clones revealed marked differences in susceptibility to SIV(mac)239 infection. We investigated whether different levels of CCR5 expression account for clonal differences in SIV(mac)239 susceptibility. Macaque CD4(+) T-cells showed significant CCR5 downregulation 1-2days following CD3 mAb stimulation, which gradually recovered at resting state, 7-10days after activation. Exposure of clones to SIV(mac)239 during their CCR5(low) or CCR5(high) expression states revealed differences in SIV susceptibility independent of surface CCR5 levels. Furthermore, a CCR5 antagonist similarly reduced SIV(mac)239 infection of clones during their CCR5(low) or CCR5(high) expression states. Our data suggest a model where i) very low levels of CCR5 are sufficient for efficient SIV infection, ii) CCR5 levels above this threshold do not enhance infection, and iii) low level infection can occur in the absence of CCR5.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- CCR5 Receptor Antagonists
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Line
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Down-Regulation
- Female
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Gene Products, gag/metabolism
- Humans
- Macaca mulatta
- Male
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR5/genetics
- Receptors, CCR5/metabolism
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/pathogenicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T. Minang
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Matthew T. Trivett
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Eugene V Barsov
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Gregory Q. Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Charles M. Trubey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - James A. Thomas
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Robert J. Gorelick
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - David E. Ott
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Claes Ohlen
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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3
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Alpert MD, Rahmberg AR, Neidermyer W, Ng SK, Carville A, Camp JV, Wilson RL, Piatak M, Mansfield KG, Li W, Miller CJ, Lifson JD, Kozlowski PA, Evans DT. Envelope-modified single-cycle simian immunodeficiency virus selectively enhances antibody responses and partially protects against repeated, low-dose vaginal challenge. J Virol 2010; 84:10748-64. [PMID: 20702641 PMCID: PMC2950576 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00945-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization of rhesus macaques with strains of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that are limited to a single cycle of infection elicits T-cell responses to multiple viral gene products and antibodies capable of neutralizing lab-adapted SIV, but not neutralization-resistant primary isolates of SIV. In an effort to improve upon the antibody responses, we immunized rhesus macaques with three strains of single-cycle SIV (scSIV) that express envelope glycoproteins modified to lack structural features thought to interfere with the development of neutralizing antibodies. These envelope-modified strains of scSIV lacked either five potential N-linked glycosylation sites in gp120, three potential N-linked glycosylation sites in gp41, or 100 amino acids in the V1V2 region of gp120. Three doses consisting of a mixture of the three envelope-modified strains of scSIV were administered on weeks 0, 6, and 12, followed by two booster inoculations with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) G trans-complemented scSIV on weeks 18 and 24. Although this immunization regimen did not elicit antibodies capable of detectably neutralizing SIV(mac)239 or SIV(mac)251(UCD), neutralizing antibody titers to the envelope-modified strains were selectively enhanced. Virus-specific antibodies and T cells were observed in the vaginal mucosa. After 20 weeks of repeated, low-dose vaginal challenge with SIV(mac)251(UCD), six of eight immunized animals versus six of six naïve controls became infected. Although immunization did not significantly reduce the likelihood of acquiring immunodeficiency virus infection, statistically significant reductions in peak and set point viral loads were observed in the immunized animals relative to the naïve control animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Alpert
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Andrew R. Rahmberg
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - William Neidermyer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Sharon K. Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Angela Carville
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Jeremy V. Camp
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Robert L. Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Michael Piatak
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Keith G. Mansfield
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Christopher J. Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - David T. Evans
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772-9102, Gene Therapy Program and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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6
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Jia B, Ng SK, DeGottardi MQ, Piatak M, Yuste E, Carville A, Mansfield KG, Li W, Richardson BA, Lifson JD, Evans DT. Immunization with single-cycle SIV significantly reduces viral loads after an intravenous challenge with SIV(mac)239. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000272. [PMID: 19165322 PMCID: PMC2621341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Strains of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that are limited to a single cycle of infection were evaluated for the ability to elicit protective immunity against wild-type SIVmac239 infection of rhesus macaques by two different vaccine regimens. Six animals were inoculated at 8-week intervals with 6 identical doses consisting of a mixture of three different envelope variants of single-cycle SIV (scSIV). Six additional animals were primed with a mixture of cytoplasmic domain-truncated envelope variants of scSIV and boosted with two doses of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV G) trans-complemented scSIV. While both regimens elicited detectable virus-specific T cell responses, SIV-specific T cell frequencies were more than 10-fold higher after boosting with VSV G trans-complemented scSIV (VSV G scSIV). Broad T cell recognition of multiple viral antigens and Gag-specific CD4+ T cell responses were also observed after boosting with VSV G scSIV. With the exception of a single animal in the repeated immunization group, all of the animals became infected following an intravenous challenge with SIVmac239. However, significantly lower viral loads and higher memory CD4+ T cell counts were observed in both immunized groups relative to an unvaccinated control group. Indeed, both scSIV immunization regimens resulted in containment of SIVmac239 replication after challenge that was as good as, if not better than, what has been achieved by other non-persisting vaccine vectors that have been evaluated in this challenge model. Nevertheless, the extent of protection afforded by scSIV was not as good as typically conferred by persistent infection with live, attenuated SIV. These observations have potentially important implications to the design of an effective AIDS vaccine, since they suggest that ongoing stimulation of virus-specific immune responses may be essential to achieving the degree of protection afforded by live, attenuated SIV. AIDS vaccine candidates based on recombinant DNA and/or viral vectors stimulate potent cellular immune responses. However, the extent of protection achieved by these vaccines has so far been disappointing. While live, attenuated strains of SIV afford more reliable protection in animal models, there are justifiable safety concerns with the use of live, attenuated HIV-1 in humans. As an experimental vaccine approach designed to uncouple immune activation from ongoing virus replication, we developed a genetic system for producing strains of SIV that are limited to a single cycle of infection. We compared repeated versus prime-boost vaccine regimens with single-cycle SIV for the ability to elicit protective immunity in rhesus macaques against a strain of SIV that is notoriously difficult to control by vaccination. Both vaccine regimens afforded significant containment of virus replication after challenge. Nevertheless, the extent of protection achieved by immunization with single-cycle SIV was not as good as the protection typically provided by persistent infection of animals with live, attenuated SIV. These observations have important implications for the design of an effective AIDS vaccine, since they suggest that ongoing stimulation of virus-specific immune responses may ultimately be necessary for achieving the robust protection afforded by live, attenuated SIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jia
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sharon K. Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - M. Quinn DeGottardi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eloísa Yuste
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Angela Carville
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Keith G. Mansfield
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wenjun Li
- Biostatistics Research Group, Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Barbra A. Richardson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David T. Evans
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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