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Stempel M, Maier O, Mhlekude B, Drakesmith H, Brinkmann MM. Novel role of bone morphogenetic protein 9 in innate host responses to HCMV infection. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:1106-1129. [PMID: 38308064 PMCID: PMC10933439 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses modulate immune control to secure lifelong infection. The mechanisms Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) employs in this regard can reveal unanticipated aspects of cellular signaling involved in antiviral immunity. Here, we describe a novel relationship between the TGF-β family cytokine BMP9 and HCMV infection. We identify a cross-talk between BMP9-induced and IFN receptor-mediated signaling, showing that BMP9 boosts the transcriptional response to and antiviral activity of IFNβ, thereby enhancing viral restriction. We also show that BMP9 is secreted by human fibroblasts upon HCMV infection. However, HCMV infection impairs BMP9-induced enhancement of the IFNβ response, indicating that this signaling role of BMP9 is actively targeted by HCMV. Indeed, transmembrane proteins US18 and US20, which downregulate type I BMP receptors, are necessary and sufficient to cause inhibition of BMP9-mediated boosting of the antiviral response to IFNβ. HCMV lacking US18 and US20 is more sensitive to IFNβ. Thus, HCMV has a mutually antagonistic relationship with BMP9, which extends the growing body of evidence that BMP signaling is an underappreciated modulator of innate immunity in response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Stempel
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Virology and Innate Immunity Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Oliver Maier
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Baxolele Mhlekude
- Virology and Innate Immunity Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Melanie M Brinkmann
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
- Virology and Innate Immunity Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
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2
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Naigeon M, Roulleaux Dugage M, Danlos FX, Boselli L, Jouniaux JM, de Oliveira C, Ferrara R, Duchemann B, Berthot C, Girard L, Flippot R, Albiges L, Farhane S, Saulnier P, Lacroix L, Griscelli F, Roman G, Hulett T, Marabelle A, Cassard L, Besse B, Chaput N. Human virome profiling identified CMV as the major viral driver of a high accumulation of senescent CD8 + T cells in patients with advanced NSCLC. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh0708. [PMID: 37939189 PMCID: PMC10631735 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh0708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Circulating senescent CD8+ T (T8sen) cells are characterized by a lack of proliferative capacities but retain cytotoxic activity and have been associated to resistance to immunotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC). We aimed to better characterize T8sen and to determine which factors were associated with their accumulation in patients with aNSCLC. Circulating T8sen cells were characterized by a higher expression of SA-βgal and the transcription factor T-bet, confirming their senescent status. Using whole virome profiling, cytomegalovirus (CMV) was the only virus associated with T8sen. CMV was necessary but not sufficient to explain high accumulation of T8sen (T8senhigh status). In CMV+ patients, the proportion of T8sen cells increased with cancer progression. Last, CMV-induced T8senhigh phenotype but not CMV seropositivity itself was associated with worse progression-free and overall survival in patients treated with anti-PD-(L)1 therapy but not with chemotherapy. Overall, CMV is the unique viral driver of T8sen-driven resistance to anti-PD-(L)1 antibodies in patients with aNSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Naigeon
- Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, INSERM US23, CNRS UMS 3655, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Matthieu Roulleaux Dugage
- Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, INSERM US23, CNRS UMS 3655, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Service d’Oncologie Médicale, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Département d’Innovation Thérapeutique et d’Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - François-Xavier Danlos
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Département d’Innovation Thérapeutique et d’Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche Translationnelle en Immunothérapie (LRTI), INSERM U1015 and Centre d’Investigation Clinique BIOTHERIS, INSERM CIC1428, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Lisa Boselli
- Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, INSERM US23, CNRS UMS 3655, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Mehdi Jouniaux
- Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, INSERM US23, CNRS UMS 3655, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Caroline de Oliveira
- Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, INSERM US23, CNRS UMS 3655, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Roberto Ferrara
- Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, INSERM US23, CNRS UMS 3655, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Boris Duchemann
- Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, INSERM US23, CNRS UMS 3655, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Département d’oncologie thoracique et médicale, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Seine-Saint-Denis, Hôpital Avicenne, AP-HP, Bobigny, France
| | - Caroline Berthot
- Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, INSERM US23, CNRS UMS 3655, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Lou Girard
- Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, INSERM US23, CNRS UMS 3655, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Ronan Flippot
- Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, INSERM US23, CNRS UMS 3655, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Laurence Albiges
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Siham Farhane
- Département d’Innovation Thérapeutique et d’Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche Translationnelle en Immunothérapie (LRTI), INSERM U1015 and Centre d’Investigation Clinique BIOTHERIS, INSERM CIC1428, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Ludovic Lacroix
- AMMICa, UAR 3655/US23, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Département de Biologie Médicale et Pathologie Médicales, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Frank Griscelli
- Département de Biologie Médicale et Pathologie Médicales, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Gabriel Roman
- CDI Laboratories Inc., 1 N. Haven Street, Suite B001, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Tyler Hulett
- CDI Laboratories Inc., 1 N. Haven Street, Suite B001, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Aurélien Marabelle
- Département d’Innovation Thérapeutique et d’Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche Translationnelle en Immunothérapie (LRTI), INSERM U1015 and Centre d’Investigation Clinique BIOTHERIS, INSERM CIC1428, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Lydie Cassard
- Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, INSERM US23, CNRS UMS 3655, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Benjamin Besse
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Nathalie Chaput
- Laboratoire d'Immunomonitoring en Oncologie, INSERM US23, CNRS UMS 3655, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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Luganini A, Serra V, Scarpellino G, Bhat SM, Munaron L, Fiorio Pla A, Gribaudo G. The US21 viroporin of human cytomegalovirus stimulates cell migration and adhesion. mBio 2023; 14:e0074923. [PMID: 37477430 PMCID: PMC10470750 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00749-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) US12 gene family contributes to virus-host interactions by regulating the virus' cell tropism and its evasion of host innate immune responses. US21, one of the 10 US12 genes (US12-US21), is a descendant of a captured cellular transmembrane BAX inhibitor motif-containing gene. It encodes a 7TMD endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident viroporin (pUS21) capable of reducing the Ca2+ content of ER stores, which, in turn, protects cells against apoptosis. Since regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis affects a broad range of cellular responses, including cell motility, we investigated whether pUS21 might also interfere with this cytobiological consequence of Ca2+ signaling. Indeed, deletion of the US21 gene impaired the ability of HCMV-infected cells to migrate, whereas expression of US21 protein stimulated cell migration and adhesion, as well as focal adhesion (FA) dynamics, in a way that depended on its ability to manipulate ER Ca2+ content. Mechanistic studies revealed pUS21-mediated cell migration to involve calpain 2 activation since its inhibition prevented the viroporin's effects on cell motility. Pertinently, pUS21 expression stimulated a store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) mechanism that may determine the activation of calpain 2 by promoting Ca2+ entry. Furthermore, pUS21 was observed to interact with talin-1, a calpain 2 substrate, and crucial protein component of FA complexes. A functional consequence of this interaction was confirmed by talin-1 knockdown, which abrogated the pUS21-mediated increase in cell migration. Together, these results indicate the US21-encoded viroporin to be a viral regulator of cell adhesion and migration in the context of HCMV infection. IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an opportunistic pathogen that owes part of its success to the capture, duplication, and tuning of cellular genes to generate modern viral proteins which promote infection and persistence in the host by interfering with many cell biochemical and physiological pathways. The US21 viral protein provides an example of this evolutionary strategy: it is a cellular-derived calcium channel that manipulates intracellular calcium homeostasis to confer edges to HCMV replication. Here, we report on the characterization of a novel function of the US21 protein as a viral regulator of cell migration and adhesion through mechanisms involving its calcium channel activity. Characterization of HCMV multifunctional regulatory proteins, like US21, supports the better understanding of viral pathogenesis and may open avenues for the design of new antiviral strategies that exploit their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Luganini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Serra
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgia Scarpellino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Shree Madhu Bhat
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Munaron
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fiorio Pla
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gribaudo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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4
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Zeng J, Cao D, Yang S, Jaijyan DK, Liu X, Wu S, Cruz-Cosme R, Tang Q, Zhu H. Insights into the Transcriptome of Human Cytomegalovirus: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2023; 15:1703. [PMID: 37632045 PMCID: PMC10458407 DOI: 10.3390/v15081703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread pathogen that poses significant risks to immunocompromised individuals. Its genome spans over 230 kbp and potentially encodes over 200 open-reading frames. The HCMV transcriptome consists of various types of RNAs, including messenger RNAs (mRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs), with emerging insights into their biological functions. HCMV mRNAs are involved in crucial viral processes, such as viral replication, transcription, and translation regulation, as well as immune modulation and other effects on host cells. Additionally, four lncRNAs (RNA1.2, RNA2.7, RNA4.9, and RNA5.0) have been identified in HCMV, which play important roles in lytic replication like bypassing acute antiviral responses, promoting cell movement and viral spread, and maintaining HCMV latency. CircRNAs have gained attention for their important and diverse biological functions, including association with different diseases, acting as microRNA sponges, regulating parental gene expression, and serving as translation templates. Remarkably, HCMV encodes miRNAs which play critical roles in silencing human genes and other functions. This review gives an overview of human cytomegalovirus and current research on the HCMV transcriptome during lytic and latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
| | - Di Cao
- Department of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Shaomin Yang
- Department of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Dabbu Kumar Jaijyan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
| | - Xiaolian Liu
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Songbin Wu
- Department of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Ruth Cruz-Cosme
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
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5
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Kim HJ, Lee Y, Lee S, Park B. HCMV-encoded viral protein US12 promotes autophagy by inducing autophagy flux. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 654:94-101. [PMID: 36898229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-encoded US12 gene family is a group of ten predicted seven-transmembrane domain proteins that are structurally similar to G-protein-coupled receptors or transmembrane Bax inhibitor-1 motif-containing proteins; however, the roles of US12 family proteins in virus-host interactions remain to be discovered. Here, we suggest a new function of the US12 protein in regulating cellular autophagy. US12 is predominantly located to the lysosome and interacts with the lysosomal membrane protein 2 (LAMP2). A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS-based targeted proteomics analysis shows that US12 is tightly correlated with autophagy. US12 induces autophagy via upregulating ULK1 phosphorylation and subsequent LC3-II conversion, thereby accelerating autophagic flux. Moreover, HeLa cells overexpressing US12 displays intense LC3-specific staining and autolysosome formation even under nutrient-sufficient conditions. Furthermore, the physical interaction of p62/SQSTM1 with US12 is involved in the resistance to the degradation of p62/SQSTM1 by autophagy, despite the induction of both autolysosome formation and autophagic flux. Although the effect of US12 expression in HCMV infection on autophagy remains undetermined, these findings provide new insights into the viral drivers of host autophagy during HCMV evolution and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jin Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Yoora Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Sungwook Lee
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, South Korea
| | - Boyoun Park
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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6
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Deciphering the Potential Coding of Human Cytomegalovirus: New Predicted Transmembrane Proteome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052768. [PMID: 35269907 PMCID: PMC8911422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CMV is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals that will benefit from the availability of a vaccine. Despite the efforts made during the last decade, no CMV vaccine is available. An ideal CMV vaccine should elicit a broad immune response against multiple viral antigens including proteins involved in virus-cell interaction and entry. However, the therapeutic use of neutralizing antibodies targeting glycoproteins involved in viral entry achieved only partial protection against infection. In this scenario, a better understanding of the CMV proteome potentially involved in viral entry may provide novel candidates to include in new potential vaccine design. In this study, we aimed to explore the CMV genome to identify proteins with putative transmembrane domains to identify new potential viral envelope proteins. We have performed in silico analysis using the genome sequences of nine different CMV strains to predict the transmembrane domains of the encoded proteins. We have identified 77 proteins with transmembrane domains, 39 of which were present in all the strains and were highly conserved. Among the core proteins, 17 of them such as UL10, UL139 or US33A have no ascribed function and may be good candidates for further mechanistic studies.
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HCMV-controlling NKG2C+ NK cells originate from novel circulating inflammatory precursors. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:2343-2357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.12.648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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The Clinically Approved Antifungal Drug Posaconazole Inhibits Human Cytomegalovirus Replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00056-20. [PMID: 32690644 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00056-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Posaconazole (PCZ) is a clinically approved drug used predominantly for prophylaxis and salvage therapy of fungal infections. Here, we report its previously undescribed anti-human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) activity. By using antiviral assays, we demonstrated that PCZ, along with other azolic antifungals, has a broad anti-HCMV activity, being active against different strains, including low-passage-number clinical isolates and strains resistant to viral DNA polymerase inhibitors. Using a pharmacological approach, we identified the inhibition of human cytochrome P450 51 (hCYP51), or lanosterol 14α demethylase, a cellular target of posaconazole in infected cells, as a mechanism of anti-HCMV activity of the drug. Indeed, hCYP51 expression was stimulated upon HCMV infection, and the inhibition of its enzymatic activity by either the lanosterol analog VFV {(R)-N-(1-(3,4'-difluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl)-4-(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)benzamide} or PCZ decreased HCMV yield and infectivity of released virus particles. Importantly, we observed that the activity of the first-line anti-HCMV drug ganciclovir was boosted tenfold by PCZ and that ganciclovir (GCV) and PCZ act synergistically in inhibiting HCMV replication. Taken together, these findings suggest that this clinically approved drug deserves further investigation in the development of host-directed antiviral strategies as a candidate anti-HCMV drug with a dual antimicrobial effect.
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Ye L, Qian Y, Yu W, Guo G, Wang H, Xue X. Functional Profile of Human Cytomegalovirus Genes and Their Associated Diseases: A Review. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2104. [PMID: 33013768 PMCID: PMC7498621 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), whose genome is 235 ± 1.9 kbp long, is a common herpesvirus. However, the functions of many of its genes are still unknown. HCMV is closely associated with various human diseases and infects 60-90% of the global population. It can infect various human cells, including fibroblasts, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and monocytes. Although HCMV infection is generally asymptomatic and causes subtle clinical symptoms, it can generate a robust immune response and establish a latent infection in immunocompromised individuals, including those with AIDS, transplant recipients, and developing fetuses. Currently available antivirals approved for the treatment of HCMV-associated diseases are limited by dose-limiting toxicity and the emergence of resistance; however, vaccines and immunoglobulins are unavailable. In this review, we have summarized the recent literature on 43 newly identified HCMV genes. We have described their novel functions on the viral replication cycle, latency, and host immune evasion. Further, we have discussed HCMV-associated diseases and current therapeutic targets. Our review may provide a foundational basis for studies aiming to prevent and develop targeted therapies for HCMV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Ye
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yunyun Qian
- First Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weijie Yu
- First Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Gangqiang Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Wang, ; Xiangyang Xue,
| | - Xiangyang Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Wang, ; Xiangyang Xue,
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10
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Luganini A, Mercorelli B, Messa L, Palù G, Gribaudo G, Loregian A. The isoquinoline alkaloid berberine inhibits human cytomegalovirus replication by interfering with the viral Immediate Early-2 (IE2) protein transactivating activity. Antiviral Res 2019; 164:52-60. [PMID: 30738836 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The identification and validation of new small molecules able to inhibit the replication of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) remains a priority to develop alternatives to the currently used DNA polymerase inhibitors, which are often burdened by long-term toxicity and emergence of cross-resistance. To contribute to this advancement, here we report on the characterization of the mechanism of action of a bioactive plant-derived alkaloid, berberine (BBR), selected in a previous drug repurposing screen expressly devised to identify early inhibitors of HCMV replication. Low micromolar concentrations of BBR were confirmed to suppress the replication of different HCMV strains, including clinical isolates and strains resistant to approved DNA polymerase inhibitors. Analysis of the HCMV replication cycle in infected cells treated with BBR then revealed that the bioactive compound compromised the progression of virus cycle at a stage prior to viral DNA replication and Early (E) genes expression, but after Immediate-Early (IE) proteins expression. Mechanistic studies in fact highlighted that BBR interferes with the transactivating functions of the viral IE2 protein, thus impairing efficient E gene expression and the progression of HCMV replication cycle. Finally, the mechanism of the antiviral activity of BBR appears to be conserved among different CMVs, since BBR suppressed murine CMV (MCMV) replication and inhibited the transactivation of the prototypic MCMV E1 gene by the IE3 protein, the murine homolog of IE2. Together, these observations warrant for further experimentation to obtain proof of concept that BBR could represent an attractive candidate for alternative anti-HCMV therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Luganini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Messa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121, Padua, Italy
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121, Padua, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gribaudo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123, Turin, Italy.
| | - Arianna Loregian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121, Padua, Italy.
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11
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Human cytomegalovirus US21 protein is a viroporin that modulates calcium homeostasis and protects cells against apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E12370-E12377. [PMID: 30530673 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1813183115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) US12 gene family comprises a set of 10 contiguous genes (US12 to US21) with emerging roles in the regulation of virus cell tropism, virion composition, and immunoevasion. Of all of the US12 gene products, pUS21 shows the highest level of identity with two cellular transmembrane BAX inhibitor motif-containing (TMBIM) proteins: Bax inhibitor-1 and Golgi anti-apoptotic protein, both of which are involved in the regulation of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis and adaptive cell responses to stress conditions. Here, we report the US21 protein to be a viral-encoded ion channel that regulates intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and protects cells against apoptosis. Indeed, we show pUS21 to be a 7TMD protein expressed with late kinetics that accumulates in ER-derived vesicles. Deletion or inactivation of the US21 gene resulted in reduced HCMV growth, even in fibroblasts, due to reduced gene expression. Ratiometric fluorescence imaging assays revealed that expression of pUS21 reduces the Ca2+ content of intracellular ER stores. An increase in cell resistance to intrinsic apoptosis was then observed as an important cytobiological consequence of the pUS21-mediated alteration of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Moreover, a single point mutation in the putative pore of pUS21 impaired the reduction of ER Ca2+ concentration and attenuated the antiapoptotic activity of pUS21wt, supporting a functional link with its ability to manipulate Ca2+ homeostasis. Together, these results suggest pUS21 of HCMV constitutes a TMBIM-derived viroporin that may contribute to HCMV's overall strategy to counteract apoptosis in infected cells.
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12
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Bagdonaite I, Wandall HH. Global aspects of viral glycosylation. Glycobiology 2018; 28:443-467. [PMID: 29579213 PMCID: PMC7108637 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enveloped viruses encompass some of the most common human pathogens causing infections of different severity, ranging from no or very few symptoms to lethal disease as seen with the viral hemorrhagic fevers. All enveloped viruses possess an envelope membrane derived from the host cell, modified with often heavily glycosylated virally encoded glycoproteins important for infectivity, viral particle formation and immune evasion. While N-linked glycosylation of viral envelope proteins is well characterized with respect to location, structure and site occupancy, information on mucin-type O-glycosylation of these proteins is less comprehensive. Studies on viral glycosylation are often limited to analysis of recombinant proteins that in most cases are produced in cell lines with a glycosylation capacity different from the capacity of the host cells. The glycosylation pattern of the produced recombinant glycoproteins might therefore be different from the pattern on native viral proteins. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on analysis of viral glycosylation, and summarize known roles of glycans in the biology of enveloped human viruses. In addition, we describe how to overcome the analytical limitations by using a global approach based on mass spectrometry to identify viral O-glycosylation in virus-infected cell lysates using the complex enveloped virus herpes simplex virus type 1 as a model. We underscore that glycans often pay important contributions to overall protein structure, function and immune recognition, and that glycans represent a crucial determinant for vaccine design. High throughput analysis of glycosylation on relevant glycoprotein formulations, as well as data compilation and sharing is therefore important to identify consensus glycosylation patterns for translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Bagdonaite
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hans H Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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13
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Charpak-Amikam Y, Kubsch T, Seidel E, Oiknine-Djian E, Cavaletto N, Yamin R, Schmiedel D, Wolf D, Gribaudo G, Messerle M, Cicin-Sain L, Mandelboim O. Human cytomegalovirus escapes immune recognition by NK cells through the downregulation of B7-H6 by the viral genes US18 and US20. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8661. [PMID: 28819195 PMCID: PMC5561058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08866-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major human pathogen, causing serious diseases in immunocompromised populations and congenially infected neonates. One of the main immune cells acting against the virus are Natural Killer (NK) cells. Killing by NK cells is mediated by a small family of activating receptors such as NKp30 that interact with the cellular ligand B7-H6. The outcome of B7-H6-NKp30 interaction was, so far, mainly studied with regard to NK recognition and killing of tumors. Here, we demonstrated that the expression of B7-H6 is upregulated following HCMV infection and that HCMV uses two of its genes: US18 and US20, to interfere with B7-H6 surface expression, in a mechanism involving endosomal degradation, in order to evade NK cell recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Charpak-Amikam
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Tobias Kubsch
- Department for Vaccinology/Immune Aging and Chronic Infection, HZI, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Einat Seidel
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Esther Oiknine-Djian
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Noemi Cavaletto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Rachel Yamin
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.,Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Dominik Schmiedel
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Dana Wolf
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Giorgio Gribaudo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Martin Messerle
- Institute for Virology, Medical School Hannover, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department for Vaccinology/Immune Aging and Chronic Infection, HZI, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Virology, Medical School Hannover, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
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14
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Loss of the Human Cytomegalovirus US16 Protein Abrogates Virus Entry into Endothelial and Epithelial Cells by Reducing the Virion Content of the Pentamer. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00205-17. [PMID: 28331097 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00205-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) US12 gene family encodes a group of predicted seven-transmembrane proteins whose functions have yet to be established. While inactivation of individual US12 members in laboratory strains of HCMV does not affect viral replication in fibroblasts, disruption of the US16 gene in the low-passage-number TR strain prevents viral growth in endothelial and epithelial cells. In these cells, the US16-null viruses fail to express immediate early (IE), early (E), and late (L) viral proteins due to a defect which occurs prior to IE gene expression. Here, we show that this defective phenotype is a direct consequence of deficiencies in the entry of US16-null viruses in these cell types due to an impact on the gH/gL/UL128/UL130/UL131A (pentamer) complex. Indeed, viral particles released from fibroblasts infected with US16-null viruses were defective for the pentamer, thus preventing entry during infections of endothelial and epithelial cells. A link between pUS16 and the pentamer was further supported by the colocalization of pUS16 and pentamer proteins within the cytoplasmic viral assembly compartment (cVAC) of infected fibroblasts. Deletion of the C-terminal tail of pUS16 reproduced the defective growth phenotype and alteration of virion composition as US16-null viruses. However, the pentamer assembly and trafficking to the cVAC were not affected by the lack of the C terminus of pUS16. Coimmunoprecipitation results then indicated that US16 interacts with pUL130 but not with the mature pentamer or gH/gL/gO. Together, these results suggest that pUS16 contributes to the tropism of HCMV by influencing the content of the pentamer into virions.IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is major pathogen in newborns and immunocompromised individuals. A hallmark of HCMV pathogenesis is its ability to productively replicate in an exceptionally broad range of target cells. The virus infects a variety of cell types by exploiting different forms of the envelope glycoprotein gH/gL hetero-oligomers, which allow entry into many cell types through different pathways. For example, incorporation of the pentameric gH/gL/UL128/UL130/UL131A complex into virions is a prerequisite for infection of endothelial and epithelial cells. Here, we show that the absence of US16, a thus far uncharacterized HCMV multitransmembrane protein, abrogates virus entry into endothelial and epithelial cells and that this defect is due to the lack of adequate amounts of the pentameric complex in extracellular viral particles. Our study suggests pUS16 as a novel viral regulatory protein important for shaping virion composition in a manner that influences HCMV cell tropism.
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15
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Fielding CA, Weekes MP, Nobre LV, Ruckova E, Wilkie GS, Paulo JA, Chang C, Suárez NM, Davies JA, Antrobus R, Stanton RJ, Aicheler RJ, Nichols H, Vojtesek B, Trowsdale J, Davison AJ, Gygi SP, Tomasec P, Lehner PJ, Wilkinson GWG. Control of immune ligands by members of a cytomegalovirus gene expansion suppresses natural killer cell activation. eLife 2017; 6:e22206. [PMID: 28186488 PMCID: PMC5367895 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) US12 family consists of ten sequentially arranged genes (US12-21) with poorly characterized function. We now identify novel natural killer (NK) cell evasion functions for four members: US12, US14, US18 and US20. Using a systematic multiplexed proteomics approach to quantify ~1300 cell surface and ~7200 whole cell proteins, we demonstrate that the US12 family selectively targets plasma membrane proteins and plays key roles in regulating NK ligands, adhesion molecules and cytokine receptors. US18 and US20 work in concert to suppress cell surface expression of the critical NKp30 ligand B7-H6 thus inhibiting NK cell activation. The US12 family is therefore identified as a major new hub of immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceri A Fielding
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Luis V Nobre
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Ruckova
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gavin S Wilkie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Chiwen Chang
- Immunology Division, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolás M Suárez
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James A Davies
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Stanton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca J Aicheler
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Hester Nichols
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Borek Vojtesek
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - John Trowsdale
- Immunology Division, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Peter Tomasec
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin W G Wilkinson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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16
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Liu Q. TMBIM-mediated Ca 2+ homeostasis and cell death. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:850-857. [PMID: 28064000 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ is a ubiquitous intracellular messenger that regulates numerous physiological activities in humans, animals, plants, and bacteria. Cytosolic Ca2+ is kept at a low level, but subcellular organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus maintain high-concentration Ca2+ stores. Under resting conditions, store Ca2+ homeostasis is dynamically regulated to equilibrate between active Ca2+ uptake and passive Ca2+ leak processes. The evolutionarily conserved Transmembrane BAX Inhibitor-1 Motif-containing (TMBIM) proteins mediate Ca2+ homeostasis and cell death. This review focuses on recent advances in functional and structural analysis of TMBIM proteins in regulation of the two related functions. The roles of TMBIM proteins in pathogen infection and cancer are also discussed with prospects for treatment. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: ECS Meeting edited by Claus Heizmann, Joachim Krebs and Jacques Haiech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Liu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
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17
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Terlizzi ME, Occhipinti A, Luganini A, Maffei ME, Gribaudo G. Inhibition of herpes simplex type 1 and type 2 infections by Oximacro(®), a cranberry extract with a high content of A-type proanthocyanidins (PACs-A). Antiviral Res 2016; 132:154-64. [PMID: 27321663 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of efficient preventive vaccines, topical microbicides offer an attractive alternative in the prevention of Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) infections. Because of their recognized anti-adhesive activity against bacterial pathogens, cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) extracts may represent a natural source of new antiviral microbicides. However, few studies have addressed the applications of cranberry extract as a direct-acting antiviral agent. Here, we report on the ability of the novel cranberry extract Oximacro(®) and its purified A-type proanthocyanidins (PACs-A), to inhibit HSV-1 and HSV-2 replication in vitro. Analysis of the mode of action revealed that Oximacro(®) prevents adsorption of HSV-1 and HSV-2 to target cells. Further mechanistic studies confirmed that Oximacro(®) and its PACs-A target the viral envelope glycoproteins gD and gB, thus resulting in the loss of infectivity of HSV particles. Moreover, Oximacro(®) completely retained its anti-HSV activity even at acidic pHs (3.0 and 4.0) and in the presence of 10% human serum proteins; conditions that mimic the physiological properties of the vagina - a potential therapeutic location for Oximacro(®). Taken together, these findings indicate Oximacro(®) as an attractive candidate for the development of novel microbicides of natural origin for the prevention of HSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Terlizzi
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy.
| | - Andrea Occhipinti
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy; Biosfered S.r.l., 10135 Turin, Italy.
| | - Anna Luganini
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy.
| | - Massimo E Maffei
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy; Biosfered S.r.l., 10135 Turin, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Gribaudo
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy.
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18
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Bagdonaite I, Nordén R, Joshi HJ, King SL, Vakhrushev SY, Olofsson S, Wandall HH. Global Mapping of O-Glycosylation of Varicella Zoster Virus, Human Cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr Virus. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12014-28. [PMID: 27129252 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.721746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are among the most complex and widespread viruses, infection and propagation of which depend on envelope proteins. These proteins serve as mediators of cell entry as well as modulators of the immune response and are attractive vaccine targets. Although envelope proteins are known to carry glycans, little is known about the distribution, nature, and functions of these modifications. This is particularly true for O-glycans; thus we have recently developed a "bottom up" mass spectrometry-based technique for mapping O-glycosylation sites on herpes simplex virus type 1. We found wide distribution of O-glycans on herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoproteins and demonstrated that elongated O-glycans were essential for the propagation of the virus. Here, we applied our proteome-wide discovery platform for mapping O-glycosites on representative and clinically significant members of the herpesvirus family: varicella zoster virus, human cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus. We identified a large number of O-glycosites distributed on most envelope proteins in all viruses and further demonstrated conserved patterns of O-glycans on distinct homologous proteins. Because glycosylation is highly dependent on the host cell, we tested varicella zoster virus-infected cell lysates and clinically isolated virus and found evidence of consistent O-glycosites. These results present a comprehensive view of herpesvirus O-glycosylation and point to the widespread occurrence of O-glycans in regions of envelope proteins important for virus entry, formation, and recognition by the host immune system. This knowledge enables dissection of specific functional roles of individual glycosites and, moreover, provides a framework for design of glycoprotein vaccines with representative glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Bagdonaite
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark and
| | - Rickard Nordén
- the Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hiren J Joshi
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark and
| | - Sarah L King
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark and
| | - Sergey Y Vakhrushev
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark and
| | - Sigvard Olofsson
- the Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hans H Wandall
- From the Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark and
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Lu Y, Ma Y, Liu Z, Han L, Gao S, Zheng B, Liu C, Qi Y, Sun Z, Huang Y, Ruan Q. A cluster of 3' coterminal transcripts from US12-US17 locus of human cytomegalovirus. Virus Genes 2016; 52:334-45. [PMID: 26931512 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1308-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Among all the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gene families, US12 family is relatively undefined in their transcriptional profile and biological functions. In this study, the transcription pattern and characteristics of HCMV US12-US17 gene region were studied extensively. Twenty-three clones harboring US12 cDNA sequence were screened out from a late cDNA library of an HCMV clinical isolate, Han. Using a set of US12-US17 gene-specific probes, six transcripts from US12-US17 locus were detected by northern blot at late kinetics of the clinical isolate. One additional transcript was found in late RNA of HCMV strain AD169. No evidence showing these transcripts contain introns by reverse transcription PCR. 3' and 5' termini of these transcripts were confirmed by Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends. A novel protein-coding region was predicted in the shorter US14 transcript with an alternative in-frame 5' translation initiation site compared to that of the previously predicted US14 ORF. Our findings demonstrate the existence of a cluster of 3' coterminal unspliced transcripts with distinct 5' transcriptional initiation sites originated from US12-US17 gene region in the late infection phase of an HCMV clinical strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- Virus Laboratory, Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 121000, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121000, China
| | - Yanping Ma
- Virus Laboratory, Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 121000, China.
| | - Zhongyang Liu
- Virus Laboratory, Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 121000, China
| | - Liying Han
- Virus Laboratory, Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 121000, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- The Clinical Laboratory, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110014, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- The Pediatric Department, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110014, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Virus Laboratory, Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 121000, China
| | - Ying Qi
- Virus Laboratory, Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 121000, China
| | - Zhengrong Sun
- Virus Laboratory, Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 121000, China
| | - Yujing Huang
- Virus Laboratory, Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 121000, China
| | - Qiang Ruan
- Virus Laboratory, Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 121000, China.
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