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Zhang Z, Xing J, Tang X, Sheng X, Chi H, Zhan W. Nectin1 is a pivotal host factor involved in attachment and entry of red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus in the early stages of the viral life cycle. J Virol 2024; 98:e0090124. [PMID: 39194240 PMCID: PMC11406929 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00901-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) is a highly neurotropic virus that poses a persistent threat to the survival of multiple fish species. However, its inimitable neuropathogenesis remains largely elusive. To rummage potential partners germane to the nervous system, we investigated the interaction between red-spotted grouper NNV (RGNNV) and grouper brain by immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry and discerned Nectin1 as a novel host factor subtly involved in viral early invasion events. Nectin1 was abundant in neural tissues and implicated in the inception of tunnel nanotubes triggered by RGNNV. Its overexpression not only dramatically potentiated the replication dynamics of RGNNV in susceptible cells, but also empowered non-sensitive cells to expeditiously capture free virions within 2 min. This potency was impervious to low temperatures but was dose-dependently suppressed by soluble protein or specific antibody of Nectin1 ectodomain, indicating Nectin1 as an attachment receptor for RGNNV. Mechanistically, efficient hijacking of virions by Nectin1 strictly depended on intricate linkages to different modules of viral capsid protein, especially the direct binding between the IgC1 loop and P-domain. More strikingly, despite abortive proliferation in Nectin1-reconstructed CHSE-214 cells, a non-sensitive cell, RGNNV could gain access to the intracellular compartment by capitalizing on Nectin1, thereby inducing canonical cytoplasmic vacuolation. Altogether, our findings delineate a candidate entrance for RGNNV infiltration into the nervous system, which may shed unprecedented insights into the exploration and elucidation of RGNNV pathogenesis.IMPORTANCENervous necrosis virus (NNV) is one of the most virulent pathogens in the aquaculture industry, which inflicts catastrophic damage to ecology, environment, and economy annually around the world. Nevertheless, its idiosyncratic invasion and latency mechanisms pose enormous hardships to epidemic prevention and control. In this study, deploying grouper brain as a natural screening library, a single-transmembrane glycoprotein, Nectin1, was first identified as an emergent functional receptor for red-spotted grouper NNV (RGNNV) that widely allocated in nervous tissues and directly interacted with viral capsid protein through distinct Ig-like loops to bridge virus-host crosstalk, apprehend free virions, and concomitantly propel viral entry. Our findings illuminate the critical role of Nectin1 in RGNNV attachment and entry and provide a potential target for future clinical intervention strategies in the therapeutic race against RGNNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Zhang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Heng Chi
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Wilken L, Rimmelzwaan GF, Elbahesh H. The Raf kinase inhibitors Dabrafenib and Regorafenib impair Zika virus replication via distinct mechanisms. J Virol 2024; 98:e0061824. [PMID: 39023323 PMCID: PMC11334485 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00618-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that has been associated with congenital neurological defects in fetuses born to infected mothers. At present, no vaccine or antiviral therapy is available to combat this devastating disease. Repurposing drugs that target essential host factors exploited by viruses is an attractive therapeutic approach. Here, we screened a panel of clinically approved small-molecule kinase inhibitors for their antiviral effects against a clinical isolate of ZIKV and thoroughly characterized their mechanisms of action. We found that the Raf kinase inhibitors Dabrafenib and Regorafenib potently impair the replication of ZIKV, but not that of its close relative dengue virus. Time-of-addition experiments showed that both inhibitors target ZIKV infection at post-entry steps. We found that Dabrafenib, but not Regorafenib, interfered with ZIKV genome replication by impairing both negative- and positive-strand RNA synthesis. Regorafenib, on the other hand, altered steady-state viral protein levels, viral egress, and blocked NS1 secretion. We also observed Regorafenib-induced ER fragmentation in ZIKV-infected cells, which might contribute to its antiviral effects. Because these inhibitors target different steps of the ZIKV infection cycle, their use in combination therapy may amplify their antiviral effects which could be further explored for future therapeutic strategies against ZIKV and possibly other flaviviruses. IMPORTANCE There is an urgent need to develop effective therapeutics against re-emerging arboviruses associated with neurological disorders like Zika virus (ZIKV). We identified two FDA-approved kinase inhibitors, Dabrafenib and Regorafenib, as potent inhibitors of contemporary ZIKV strains at distinct stages of infection despite overlapping host targets. Both inhibitors reduced viral titers by ~1 to 2 log10 (~10-fold to 100-fold) with minimal cytotoxicity. Furthermore, we show that Dabrafenib inhibits ZIKV RNA replication whereas Regorafenib inhibits ZIKV translation and egress. Regorafenib has the added benefit of limiting NS1 secretion, which contributes to the pathogenesis and disease progression of several flaviviruses. Because these inhibitors affect distinct post-entry steps of ZIKV infection, their therapeutic potential may be amplified by combination therapy and likely does not require prophylactic administration. This study provides further insight into ZIKV-host interactions and has implications for the development of novel antivirals against ZIKV and possibly other flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Wilken
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), Hannover, Germany
| | - Guus F. Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), Hannover, Germany
| | - Husni Elbahesh
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), Hannover, Germany
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Williams N, Silva F, Schmolke M. Harnessing host enhancers of SARS-CoV-2 entry as novel targets for antiviral therapy. Antiviral Res 2024; 228:105951. [PMID: 38945485 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The WHO declared the official end of the SARS-CoV-2 caused public health emergency on May 5th, 2023, after two years in which the virus infected approximately 750 Mio individuals causing estimated up to 7 Mio deaths. Likely, the virus will continue to evolve in the human population as a seasonal respiratory pathogen. To now prevent severe infection outcomes in vulnerable individuals, effective antivirals are urgently needed to complement the protection provided by vaccines. SARS-CoV-2 enters its host cell via ACE2 mediated membrane fusion, either at the plasma membrane, if the protease TMPRSS2 is present or via the endosome, in a cathepsin dependent fashion. A small number of positive regulators of viral uptake were described in the literature, which are potentially useful targets for host directed antiviral therapy or biomarkers indicating increased or diminished susceptibility to infection. We identified here by cell surface proximity ligation novel proteins, required for efficient virion uptake. Importantly, chemical inhibition of one of these factors, SLC3A2, resulted in robust reduction of viral replication, to that achieved with a TMPRSS2 inhibitor. Our screen identified new host dependency factors for SARS-CoV-2 entry, which could be targeted by novel antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Filo Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mirco Schmolke
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Geneva Center for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Woytinek K, Glitscher M, Hildt E. Antagonism of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling favors hepatitis E virus life cycle. J Virol 2024; 98:e0058024. [PMID: 38856640 PMCID: PMC11265270 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00580-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) poses a global threat, which currently remains understudied in terms of host interactions. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays multifaceted roles in viral pathogenesis, impacting host-cell entry, viral replication, and host-defense modulation. On the one hand, EGFR signaling emerged as a major driver in innate immunity; on the other hand, a crosstalk between HEV and EGFR requires deeper analysis. We therefore aimed to dissect the receptor's involvement in the HEV life cycle. In persistently HEV-infected cells, the EGFR amount is decreased alongside with enhanced receptor internalization. As compared with the control ligand-induced EGFR, activation revealed an early receptor internalization and degradation in HEV-replicating cells, resulting in a notable EGFR signaling delay. Interestingly, inhibition or silencing of EGFR increased viral replication, extracellular and intracellular viral transcripts, and released infectious particles. The pro-viral impact of EGFR inhibition was attributed to (i) impaired expression of interferon-stimulated genes, (ii) activation of the autophagosomal system, (iii) virus-induced inhibition of lysosomal acidification, and (iv) a decrease of the cellular cholesterol level. IMPORTANCE This study identifies epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as a novel host factor affecting hepatitis E virus (HEV): EGFR downregulation promotes viral replication, release, and evasion from the innate immune response. The discovery that EGFR inhibition favors viral spread is particularly concerning for HEV patients undergoing EGFR inhibitor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirco Glitscher
- Division of Virology, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Division of Virology, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany
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Shin HJ, Lee W, Ku KB, Yoon GY, Moon HW, Kim C, Kim MH, Yi YS, Jun S, Kim BT, Oh JW, Siddiqui A, Kim SJ. SARS-CoV-2 aberrantly elevates mitochondrial bioenergetics to induce robust virus propagation. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:125. [PMID: 38734691 PMCID: PMC11088672 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01836-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a 'highly transmissible respiratory pathogen, leading to severe multi-organ damage. However, knowledge regarding SARS-CoV-2-induced cellular alterations is limited. In this study, we report that SARS-CoV-2 aberrantly elevates mitochondrial bioenergetics and activates the EGFR-mediated cell survival signal cascade during the early stage of viral infection. SARS-CoV-2 causes an increase in mitochondrial transmembrane potential via the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-nucleocapsid cluster, thereby abnormally promoting mitochondrial elongation and the OXPHOS process, followed by enhancing ATP production. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 activates the EGFR signal cascade and subsequently induces mitochondrial EGFR trafficking, contributing to abnormal OXPHOS process and viral propagation. Approved EGFR inhibitors remarkably reduce SARS-CoV-2 propagation, among which vandetanib exhibits the highest antiviral efficacy. Treatment of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells with vandetanib decreases SARS-CoV-2-induced EGFR trafficking to the mitochondria and restores SARS-CoV-2-induced aberrant elevation in OXPHOS process and ATP generation, thereby resulting in the reduction of SARS-CoV-2 propagation. Furthermore, oral administration of vandetanib to SARS-CoV-2-infected hACE2 transgenic mice reduces SARS-CoV-2 propagation in lung tissue and mitigates SARS-CoV-2-induced lung inflammation. Vandetanib also exhibits potent antiviral activity against various SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, including alpha, beta, delta and omicron, in in vitro cell culture experiments. Taken together, our findings provide novel insight into SARS-CoV-2-induced alterations in mitochondrial dynamics and EGFR trafficking during the early stage of viral infection and their roles in robust SARS-CoV-2 propagation, suggesting that EGFR is an attractive host target for combating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Shin
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooseong Lee
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Bon Ku
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Young Yoon
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Moon
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Chonsaeng Kim
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hwa Kim
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
- Gyeongnam Biohealth Research Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Sun Yi
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmi Jun
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Tae Kim
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Won Oh
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Aleem Siddiqui
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Seong-Jun Kim
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
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Sabourirad S, Dimitriadis E, Mantamadiotis T. Viruses exploit growth factor mechanisms to achieve augmented pathogenicity and promote tumorigenesis. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:193. [PMID: 38526562 PMCID: PMC10963461 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03855-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis is regulated by growth factors (GFs) which orchestrate various cellular processes including proliferation, survival, differentiation, motility, inflammation and angiogenesis. Dysregulation of GFs in microbial infections and malignancies have been reported previously. Viral pathogens exemplify the exploitation of host cell GFs and their signalling pathways contributing to viral entry, virulence, and evasion of anti-viral immune responses. Viruses can also perturb cellular metabolism and the cell cycle by manipulation of GF signaling. In some cases, this disturbance may promote oncogenesis. Viral pathogens can encode viral GF homologues and induce the endogenous biosynthesis of GFs and their corresponding receptors or manipulate their activity to infect the host cells. Close investigation of how viral strategies exploit and regulate GFs, a will shed light on how to improve anti-viral therapy and cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss and provide insights on how various viral pathogens exploit different GFs to promote viral survival and oncogenic transformation, and how this knowledge can be leveraged toward the design of more efficient therapeutics or novel drug delivery systems in the treatment of both viral infections and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvenaz Sabourirad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Evdokia Dimitriadis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Gynaecology Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Theo Mantamadiotis
- Department of Surgery RMH, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Kang L, Xie H, Ye H, Jeyarajan AJ, Warner CA, Huang Y, Shi Y, Li Y, Yang C, Xu M, Lin W, Sun J, Chen L, Duan X, Li S. Hsa_circ_0007321 regulates Zika virus replication through miR-492/NFKBID/NF-κB signaling pathway. J Virol 2023; 97:e0123223. [PMID: 38051045 PMCID: PMC10734422 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01232-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Over the past decade, increasing evidence has shown that circular RNAs (circRNAs) play important regulatory roles in viral infection and host antiviral responses. However, reports on the role of circRNAs in Zika virus (ZIKV) infection are limited. In this study, we identified 45 differentially expressed circRNAs in ZIKV-infected A549 cells by RNA sequencing. We clarified that a downregulated circRNA, hsa_circ_0007321, regulates ZIKV replication through targeting of miR-492 and the downstream gene NFKBID. NFKBID is a negative regulator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and we found that inhibition of the NF-κB pathway promotes ZIKV replication. Therefore, this finding that hsa_circ_0007321 exerts its regulatory role on ZIKV replication through the miR-492/NFKBID/NF-κB signaling pathway has implications for the development of strategies to suppress ZIKV and possibly other viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Kang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - He Xie
- The Hospital of Xidian Group, Xian, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haiyan Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Andre J. Jeyarajan
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charlotte A. Warner
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yike Huang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yaoqiang Shi
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yujia Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunhui Yang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Xu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenyu Lin
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jujun Sun
- The Hospital of Xidian Group, Xian, Shaanxi, China
| | - Limin Chen
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- The Hospital of Xidian Group, Xian, Shaanxi, China
- Joint Laboratory on Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseases between Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Nanning Blood Center, Nanning Blood Center, Key Laboratory for Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseases of the Health Commission of Nanning City, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Duan
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shilin Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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He Y, Pan Z, Liu Y, Jiang L, Peng H, Zhao P, Qi Z, Liu Y, Tang H. Identification of tyrphostin AG879 and A9 inhibiting replication of chikungunya virus by screening of a kinase inhibitor library. Virology 2023; 588:109900. [PMID: 37832343 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a globally public health threat. There are currently no medications available to treat CHIKV infection. High-throughput screening of 419 kinase inhibitors was performed based on the cytopathic effect method, and six kinase inhibitors with reduced cytopathic effects, including tyrphostin AG879 (AG879), tyrphostin 9 (A9), sorafenib, sorafenib tosylate, regorafenib, and TAK-632, were identified. The anti-CHIKV activities of two receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, AG879 and A9, that have not been previously reported, were selected for further evaluation. The results indicated that 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of AG879 and A9 in Vero cells were greater than 30 μM and 6.50 μM, respectively and 50% effective concentration (EC50) were 0.84 μM and 0.36 μM, respectively. The time-of-addition and time-of-removal assays illustrated that both AG879 and A9 function in the middle stage of CHIKV life cycle. Further, AG879 and A9 do not affect viral attachment; however, they inhibit viral RNA replication, and exhibit antiviral activity against CHIKV Eastern/Central/South African and Asian strains, Ross River virus and Sindbis virus in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua He
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Zhendong Pan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Liangliang Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Haoran Peng
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Zhongtian Qi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Yangang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China.
| | - Hailin Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China.
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9
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Gomes JA, Sgarioni E, Boquett JA, Kowalski TW, Fraga LR, Terças-Trettel ACP, da Silva JH, Ribeiro BFR, Galera MF, de Oliveira TM, Carvalho de Andrade MDF, Carvalho IF, Schüler-Faccini L, Vianna FSL. Investigation of the impact of AXL, TLR3, and STAT2 in congenital Zika syndrome through genetic polymorphisms and protein-protein interaction network analyses. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:1500-1512. [PMID: 37526179 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Zika virus (ZIKV) is a human teratogen that causes congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). AXL, TLR3, and STAT2 are proteins involved in the ZIKV's entry into cells (AXL) and host's immune response (TLR3 and STAT2). In this study, we evaluated the role of genetic polymorphisms in these three genes as risk factors to CZS, and highlighted which proteins that interact with them could be important for ZIKV infection and teratogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluate eighty-eight children exposed to ZIKV during the pregnancy, 40 with CZS and 48 without congenital anomalies. The evaluated polymorphisms in AXL (rs1051008), TLR3 (rs3775291), and STAT2 (rs2066811) were genotyped using TaqMan® Genotyping Assays. A protein-protein interaction network was created in STRING database and analyzed in Cytoscape software. RESULTS We did not find any statistical significant association among the polymorphisms and the occurrence of CZS. Through the analyses of the network composed by AXL, TLR3, STAT2 and their interactions targets, we found that EGFR and SRC could be important proteins for the ZIKV infection and its teratogenesis. CONCLUSION In summary, our results demonstrated that the evaluated polymorphisms do not seem to represent risk factors for CZS; however, EGFR and SRC appear to be important proteins that should be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Gomes
- Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica (LMG), Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Sgarioni
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica (LMG), Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juliano A Boquett
- Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente (PPGSCA), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Thayne W Kowalski
- Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica (LMG), Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Sistema Nacional de Informação sobre Agentes Teratogênicos (SIAT), Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lucas R Fraga
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica (LMG), Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Sistema Nacional de Informação sobre Agentes Teratogênicos (SIAT), Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas (PPGCM), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia P Terças-Trettel
- Departamento de Enfermagem, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Tangará da Serra, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Juliana H da Silva
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Tangará da Serra, Tangará da Serra, Brazil
| | | | - Marcial F Galera
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Brazil
- Hospital Universitário Júlio Müller (HUJM), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERH), Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Thalita M de Oliveira
- Hospital Universitário Júlio Müller (HUJM), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERH), Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Maria Denise F Carvalho de Andrade
- Universidade Estadual do Ceará (UECE), Fortaleza, Brazil
- Centro Universitário Christus (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, Brazil
- Faculdade Paulo Picanço, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Hospital Geral Dr. César Cals, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Lavínia Schüler-Faccini
- Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente (PPGSCA), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Sistema Nacional de Informação sobre Agentes Teratogênicos (SIAT), Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S L Vianna
- Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Medicina Genômica (LMG), Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Sistema Nacional de Informação sobre Agentes Teratogênicos (SIAT), Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas (PPGCM), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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10
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Engler M, Albers D, Von Maltitz P, Groß R, Münch J, Cirstea IC. ACE2-EGFR-MAPK signaling contributes to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201880. [PMID: 37402592 PMCID: PMC10320016 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 triggered the most severe pandemic of recent times. To enter into a host cell, SARS-CoV-2 binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). However, subsequent studies indicated that other cell membrane receptors may act as virus-binding partners. Among these receptors, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was hypothesized not only as a spike protein binder, but also to be activated in response to SARS-CoV-2. In our study, we aim at dissecting EGFR activation and its major downstream signaling pathway, the mitogen-activated signaling pathway (MAPK), in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we demonstrate the activation of EGFR-MAPK signaling axis by the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and we identify a yet unknown cross talk between ACE2 and EGFR that regulated ACE2 abundance and EGFR activation and subcellular localization, respectively. By inhibiting the EGFR-MAPK activation, we observe a reduced infection with either spike-pseudotyped particles or authentic SARS-CoV-2, thus indicating that EGFR serves as a cofactor and the activation of EGFR-MAPK contributes to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Engler
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dan Albers
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Pascal Von Maltitz
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Groß
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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11
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Dunn DM, Pack LJ, Munger JC. Raf1 promotes successful Human Cytomegalovirus replication and is regulated by AMPK-mediated phosphorylation during infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.26.550702. [PMID: 37546879 PMCID: PMC10402018 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.26.550702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Raf1 is a key player in growth factor receptor signaling, which has been linked to multiple viral infections, including Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Although HCMV remains latent in most individuals, it can cause acute infection in immunocompromised populations such as transplant recipients, neonates, and cancer patients. Current treatments are suboptimal, highlighting the need for novel treatments. Multiple points in the growth factor signaling pathway are important for HCMV infection, but the relationship between HCMV and Raf1, a component of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, is not well understood. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a known regulator of Raf1, and AMPK activity is both induced by infection and important for HCMV replication. Our data indicate that HCMV infection induces AMPK-specific changes in Raf1 phosphorylation, including increasing phosphorylation at Raf1-Ser621, a known AMPK phospho-site, which results in increased binding to the 14-3-3 scaffolding protein, an important aspect of Raf1 activation. Inhibition of Raf1, either pharmacologically or via shRNA or CRISPR-mediated targeting, inhibits viral replication and spread in both fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Collectively, our data indicate that HCMV infection and AMPK activation modulate Raf1 activity, which are important for viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Dunn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ludia J. Pack
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Joshua C. Munger
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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12
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Valencia HJ, Mendonça DC, Marinho PES, Henriques LR, Drumond BP, Bonjardim CA. MEK/ERK activation plays a decisive role in Zika virus morphogenesis and release. Arch Virol 2023; 168:47. [PMID: 36609616 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Brazil has experienced an increase in outbreaks caused by flaviviruses. The high incidence of dengue fever, the morbidity of Zika in children, and the high mortality of yellow fever have affected millions in recent years. Deciphering host-virus interactions is important for treating viral infections, and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are an interesting target because of their role in flavivirus replication. In particular, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), which targets extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK), is necessary for dengue and yellow fever infections. In this study, we evaluated the role of the MEK/ERK pathway and the effect of the MEK inhibitor trametinib on the Asian ZIKV strain PE243 and the prototype African ZIKV strain MR766, addressing genome replication, morphogenesis, and viral release. ZIKV infection stimulated ERK phosphorylation in Vero cells at 12 and 18 hours postinfection (hpi). Trametinib showed sustained antiviral activity, inhibiting both ZIKV strains for at least four days, and electron microscopy showed probable inhibition of ZIKV morphogenesis. ZIKV PE243 can complete one cycle in Vero cells in 14 hours; genome replication was detected around 8 hpi, intracellular viral particles at 12 hpi, and extracellular progeny at 14 hpi. Treatments at 6-hour intervals showed that trametinib inhibited late stages of viral replication, and the titration of intra- or extracellular virions showed that the treatment especially affected viral morphogenesis and release. Thus, ZIKV stimulated ERK phosphorylation during viral morphogenesis and release, which correlated with trametinib inhibiting both the signaling pathway and viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo José Valencia
- Grupo de Transdução de Sinal/Flavivírus, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Vírus, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. .,Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación en Ganadería y Biotecnología (IGBI), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM), Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru.
| | - Diogo Corrêa Mendonça
- Grupo de Transdução de Sinal/Flavivírus, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Laboratório de Vírus, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Paula Eillanny Silva Marinho
- Laboratório de Vírus, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lethícia Ribeiro Henriques
- Grupo de Transdução de Sinal/Flavivírus, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Laboratório de Vírus, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Núcleo de Apoio Técnico ao Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão-Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas-Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Betânia Paiva Drumond
- Laboratório de Vírus, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Antônio Bonjardim
- Grupo de Transdução de Sinal/Flavivírus, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Laboratório de Vírus, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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13
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Zhang YG, Chen HW, Zhang HX, Wang K, Su J, Chen YR, Wang XR, Fu ZF, Cui M. EGFR Activation Impairs Antiviral Activity of Interferon Signaling in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells During Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:894356. [PMID: 35847084 PMCID: PMC9279666 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.894356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) is thought to be a critical step to induce viral encephalitis with compromised blood–brain barrier (BBB), and the mechanisms involved in this process are not completely understood. In this study, we found that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is related to JEV escape from interferon-related host innate immunity based on a STRING analysis of JEV-infected primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) and mouse brain. At the early phase of the infection processes, JEV induced the phosphorylation of EGFR. In JEV-infected hBMECs, a rapid internalization of EGFR that co-localizes with the endosomal marker EEA1 occurred. Using specific inhibitors to block EGFR, reduced production of viral particles was observed. Similar results were also found in an EGFR-KO hBMEC cell line. Even though the process of viral infection in attachment and entry was not noticeably influenced, the induction of IFNs in EGFR-KO hBMECs was significantly increased, which may account for the decreased viral production. Further investigation demonstrated that EGFR downstream cascade ERK, but not STAT3, was involved in the antiviral effect of IFNs, and a lowered viral yield was observed by utilizing the specific inhibitor of ERK. Taken together, the results revealed that JEV induces EGFR activation, leading to a suppression of interferon signaling and promotion of viral replication, which could provide a potential target for future therapies for the JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao-Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Su
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Ru Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang-Ru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen-Fang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Min Cui
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14
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Abstract
Viruses are intracellular pathogen that exploit host cellular machinery for their propagation. Extensive research on virus-host interaction have shed light on an alternative antiviral strategy that targets host cell factors. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a versatile signal transducer that is involved in a range of cellular processes. Numerous studies have revealed how viruses exploit the function of EGFR in different stages of viral life cycle. In general, viruses attach onto the host cell surface and interacts with EGFR to facilitate viral entry, viral replication and spread as well as evasion from host immunosurveillance. Moreover, virus-induced activation of EGFR signalling is associated with mucin expression, tissue damage and carcinogenesis that contribute to serious complications. Herein, we review our current understanding of roles of EGFR in viral infection and its potential as therapeutic target in managing viral infection. We also discuss the available EGFR-targeted therapies and their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Man Lai
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Wai Leng Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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15
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Carlin CR. Role of EGF Receptor Regulatory Networks in the Host Response to Viral Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:820355. [PMID: 35083168 PMCID: PMC8785968 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.820355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review article, we will first provide a brief overview of EGF receptor (EGFR) structure and function, and its importance as a therapeutic target in epithelial carcinomas. We will then compare what is currently known about canonical EGFR trafficking pathways that are triggered by ligand binding, versus ligand-independent pathways activated by a variety of intrinsic and environmentally induced cellular stresses. Next, we will review the literature regarding the role of EGFR as a host factor with critical roles facilitating viral cell entry and replication. Here we will focus on pathogens exploiting virus-encoded and endogenous EGFR ligands, as well as EGFR-mediated trafficking and signaling pathways that have been co-opted by wild-type viruses and recombinant gene therapy vectors. We will also provide an overview of a recently discovered pathway regulating non-canonical EGFR trafficking and signaling that may be a common feature of viruses like human adenoviruses which signal through p38-mitogen activated protein kinase. We will conclude by discussing the emerging role of EGFR signaling in innate immunity to viral infections, and how viral evasion mechanisms are contributing to our understanding of fundamental EGFR biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen R. Carlin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Cathleen R. Carlin,
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16
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Catch me if you can - the crosstalk of ZIKV and the restriction factor Tetherin. J Virol 2021; 96:e0211721. [PMID: 34935441 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02117-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus that is mainly transmitted by Aedes mosquitos and normally causes mild symptoms. During the outbreak in the Americas in 2015, it was associated with more severe implications, like microcephaly in new-borns and the Gullain-Barré syndrome. The lack of specific vaccines and cures strengthen the need for a deeper understanding of the virus life cycle and virus-host interactions. The restriction factor tetherin (THN) is an interferon-inducible cellular protein with broad antiviral properties. It is known to inhibit the release of various enveloped viruses by tethering them to each other and to the cell membrane, thereby preventing their further spread. On the other hand, different viruses have developed various escape strategies against THN. Analysis of the crosstalk between ZIKV and THN revealed that in spite of a strong induction of THN mRNA expression in ZIKV-infected cells, this is not reflected by an elevated protein level of THN. Contrariwise, the THN protein level is decreased due to a reduced half-life. The increased degradation of THN in ZIKV infected cells involves the endo-lysosomal system, but does not depend on the early steps of autophagy. Enrichment of THN by depletion of the ESCRT-0 protein HRS diminishes ZIKV release and spread, which points out the capacity of THN to restrict ZIKV and explains the enhanced THN degradation in infected cells as an effective viral escape strategy. Importance Although tetherin expression is strongly induced by ZIKV infection there is a reduction in the amount of tetherin protein. This is due to an enhanced lysosomal degradation. However, if tetherin level is rescued release of ZIKV is impaired. This shows that tetherin is a restriction factor for ZIKV and the induction of an efficient degradation represents a viral escape strategy. To our knowledge this is the first study that describes and characterizes tetherin as an restriction factor for ZIKV life cycle.
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