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Del Moral-Sánchez I, Wee EG, Xian Y, Lee WH, Allen JD, Torrents de la Peña A, Fróes Rocha R, Ferguson J, León AN, Koekkoek S, Schermer EE, Burger JA, Kumar S, Zwolsman R, Brinkkemper M, Aartse A, Eggink D, Han J, Yuan M, Crispin M, Ozorowski G, Ward AB, Wilson IA, Hanke T, Sliepen K, Sanders RW. Triple tandem trimer immunogens for HIV-1 and influenza nucleic acid-based vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:74. [PMID: 38582771 PMCID: PMC10998906 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00862-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Recombinant native-like HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimers are used in candidate vaccines aimed at inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies. While state-of-the-art SOSIP or single-chain Env designs can be expressed as native-like trimers, undesired monomers, dimers and malformed trimers that elicit non-neutralizing antibodies are also formed, implying that these designs could benefit from further modifications for gene-based vaccination approaches. Here, we describe the triple tandem trimer (TTT) design, in which three Env protomers are genetically linked in a single open reading frame and express as native-like trimers. Viral vectored Env TTT induced similar neutralization titers but with a higher proportion of trimer-specific responses. The TTT design was also applied to generate influenza hemagglutinin (HA) trimers without the need for trimerization domains. Additionally, we used TTT to generate well-folded chimeric Env and HA trimers that harbor protomers from three different strains. In summary, the TTT design is a useful platform for the design of HIV-1 Env and influenza HA immunogens for a multitude of vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Del Moral-Sánchez
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Edmund G Wee
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yuejiao Xian
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wen-Hsin Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joel D Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Alba Torrents de la Peña
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rebeca Fróes Rocha
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James Ferguson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - André N León
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sylvie Koekkoek
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Edith E Schermer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Judith A Burger
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Robby Zwolsman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mitch Brinkkemper
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aafke Aartse
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Julianna Han
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Meng Yuan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kwinten Sliepen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Vazquez T, Torrieri-Damard L, Pitoiset F, Levacher B, Vigneron J, Mayr L, Brimaud F, Bonnet B, Moog C, Klatzmann D, Bellier B. Particulate antigens administrated by intranasal and intravaginal routes in a prime-boost strategy improve HIV-specific T FH generation, high-quality antibodies and long-lasting mucosal immunity. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 191:124-138. [PMID: 37634825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces serve as the primary entry points for pathogens such as SARS- CoV-2 coronavirus or HIV in the human body. Mucosal vaccination plays a crucial role to successfully induce long-lasting systemic and local immune responses to confer sterilizing immunity. However, antigen formulations and delivery methods must be properly selected since they are decisive for the quality and the magnitude of the elicited immune responses in mucosa. We investigated the significance of using particulate antigen forms for mucosal vaccination by comparing VLP- or protein- based vaccines in a mouse model. Based on a mucosal prime-boost immunization protocol combining (i) HIV- pseudotyped recombinant VLPs (HIV-VLPs) and (ii) plasmid DNA encoding HIV- VLPs (pVLPs), we demonstrated that combination of intranasal primes and intravaginal boosts is optimal to elicit both humoral and cellular memory responses in mucosa. Interestingly, our results show that in contrast to proteins, particulate antigens induce high-quality humoral responses characterized by a high breadth, long-term neutralizing activity and cross-clade reactivity, accompanying with high T follicular helper cell (TFH) response. These results underscore the potential of a VLP-based vaccine in effectively instigating long-lasting, HIV-specific immunity and point out the specific role of particulate antigen form in driving high-quality mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vazquez
- Sorbonne Université, UMRS 959, laboratory I(3), F-75013 Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS 959, laboratory I(3), F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Léa Torrieri-Damard
- Sorbonne Université, UMRS 959, laboratory I(3), F-75013 Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS 959, laboratory I(3), F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Fabien Pitoiset
- Sorbonne Université, UMRS 959, laboratory I(3), F-75013 Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS 959, laboratory I(3), F-75013 Paris, France; AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Biotherapies and the Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Béatrice Levacher
- Sorbonne Université, UMRS 959, laboratory I(3), F-75013 Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS 959, laboratory I(3), F-75013 Paris, France
| | - James Vigneron
- Sorbonne Université, UMRS 959, laboratory I(3), F-75013 Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS 959, laboratory I(3), F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Luzia Mayr
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, INSERM U1109, F-67000, France
| | - Faustine Brimaud
- Sorbonne Université, UMRS 959, laboratory I(3), F-75013 Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS 959, laboratory I(3), F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Bonnet
- Sorbonne Université, UMRS 959, laboratory I(3), F-75013 Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS 959, laboratory I(3), F-75013 Paris, France; AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Biotherapies and the Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Christiane Moog
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, INSERM U1109, F-67000, France
| | - David Klatzmann
- Sorbonne Université, UMRS 959, laboratory I(3), F-75013 Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS 959, laboratory I(3), F-75013 Paris, France; AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Biotherapies and the Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Bellier
- Sorbonne Université, UMRS 959, laboratory I(3), F-75013 Paris, France; INSERM, UMRS 959, laboratory I(3), F-75013 Paris, France; AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Biotherapies and the Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy, F-75013 Paris, France.
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3
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Tumba NL, Naicker P, Stoychev S, Killick MA, Owen GR, Papathanasopoulos MA. Covalent binding of human two-domain CD4 to an HIV-1 subtype C SOSIP.664 trimer modulates its structural dynamics. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 612:181-187. [PMID: 35550505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) mediates host cell infection by binding to the cellular receptor CD4. Recombinant Env bound to CD4 has been explored for its potential as an HIV vaccine immunogen as receptor binding exposes otherwise shielded, conserved functional sites. Previous preclinical studies showed an interchain disulphide linkage facilitated between Env and 2dCD4S60C generates an immunogenic complex that elicits potent, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against clinically relevant HIV-1. This study investigated conformational dynamics of 2dCD4WT and 2dCD4S60C bound to an HIV-1C SOSIP.664 Env trimer using hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. The Env:2dCD4S60C complex maintains key contact residues required for MHCII and Env/gp120 binding and the residues encompassing Ibalizumab's epitope. Important residues remaining anchored, with an increased flexibility in surrounding regions, evidenced by the higher exchange seen in flanking residues compared to Env:2dCD4WT. While changes in Env:2dCD4S60C dynamics in domain 1 were moderate, domain 2 exhibited greater variation. Lack of stability-inducing H-bonds in these allosteric sites suggest the improved immunogenicity of Env:2dCD4S60C result from exposed CD4 residues providing diverse/novel antigenic targets for the development of potent, broadly neutralizing Ibalizumab-like antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Tumba
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Previn Naicker
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Biosciences, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Stoyan Stoychev
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Biosciences, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Mark A Killick
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gavin R Owen
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Maria A Papathanasopoulos
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
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4
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Immunogenicity of stabilized HIV-1 Env trimers delivered by self-amplifying mRNA. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 25:483-493. [PMID: 34589271 PMCID: PMC8463288 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Self-amplifying mRNA (saRNA) represents a promising platform for nucleic acid delivery of vaccine immunogens. Unlike plasmid DNA, saRNA does not require entry into the nucleus of target cells for expression, having the capacity to drive higher protein expression compared to mRNA as it replicates within the cytoplasm. In this study, we examined the potential of stabilized native-like HIV-1 Envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimers to elicit immune responses when delivered by saRNA polyplexes (PLXs), assembled with linear polyethylenimine. We showed that Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) saRNA induces a stronger humoral immune response to the encoded transgene compared to Semliki Forest virus saRNA. Moreover, we characterized the immunogenicity of the soluble and membrane-bound ConSOSL.UFO Env design in mice and showed a faster humoral kinetic and an immunoglobulin G (IgG)2a skew using a membrane-bound design. The immune response generated by PLX VEEV saRNA encoding the membrane-bound Env was then evaluated in larger animal models including macaques, in which low doses induced high IgG responses. Our data demonstrated that the VEEV saRNA PLX nanoparticle formulation represents a suitable platform for the delivery of stabilized HIV-1 Env and has the potential to be used in a variety of vaccine regimens.
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5
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Combination Adjuvants Affect the Magnitude of Effector-Like Memory CD8 T Cells and Protection against Listeriosis. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0076820. [PMID: 33782151 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00768-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of T cell-based subunit protein vaccines against diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria remains a challenge for immunologists. Here, we have identified a nanoemulsion adjuvant, Adjuplex (ADJ), which enhanced dendritic cell (DC) cross-presentation and elicited effective memory T cell-based immunity to Listeria monocytogenes. We further evaluated whether cross-presentation induced by ADJ can be combined with the immunomodulatory effects of Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists (CpG or glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant [GLA]) to evoke systemic CD8 T cell-based immunity to L. monocytogenes. Mechanistically, vaccination with ADJ, alone or in combination with CpG or GLA, augmented activation and antigen uptake by CD103+ migratory and CD8α+ resident DCs and upregulated CD69 expression on B and T lymphocytes in vaccine-draining lymph nodes. By engaging basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor 3-dependent cross-presenting DCs, ADJ potently elicited effector CD8 T cells that differentiated into granzyme B-expressing CD27LO effector-like memory CD8 T cells, which provided effective immunity to L. monocytogenes in the spleen and liver. CpG or GLA alone did not elicit effector-like memory CD8 T cells and induced moderate protection in the spleen but not in the liver. Surprisingly, combining CpG or GLA with ADJ reduced the number of ADJ-induced memory CD8 T cells and compromised protective immunity to L. monocytogenes, especially in the liver. Taken together, the data presented in this study provide a glimpse of protective CD8 T cell memory differentiation induced by a nanoemulsion adjuvant and demonstrate the unexpected negative effects of TLR signaling on the magnitude of CD8 T cell memory and protective immunity to L. monocytogenes, a model intracellular pathogen.
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6
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Das S, Kumar R, Ahmed S, Parray HA, Samal S. Efficiently cleaved HIV-1 envelopes: can they be important for vaccine immunogen development? Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2020; 8:2515135520957763. [PMID: 33103053 PMCID: PMC7549152 DOI: 10.1177/2515135520957763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The enormous diversity of HIV-1 is a significant impediment in selecting envelopes (Envs) that can be suitable for designing vaccine immunogens. While tremendous progress has been made in developing soluble, trimeric, native-like Env proteins, those that have elicited neutralizing antibodies (Abs) in animal models are relatively few. A strategy of selecting naturally occurring Envs suitable for immunogen design by studying the correlation between efficient cleavage on the cell surface and their selective binding to broadly neutralizing Abs (bNAbs) and not to non-neutralizing Abs (non-NAbs), properties essential in immunogens, may be useful. Here we discuss some of the challenges of developing an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine and the work done in generating soluble immunogens. We also discuss the study of naturally occurring, membrane-bound, efficiently cleaved (naturally more sensitive to furin) Envs and how they may positively add to the repertoire of HIV-1 Envs that can be used for vaccine immunogen design. However, even with such Envs, the challenges of developing well-folded, native-like trimers as soluble proteins or using other immunogen strategies such as virus-like particles with desirable antigenic properties remain, and are formidable. In spite of the progress that has been made in the HIV-1 vaccine field, an immunogen that elicits neutralizing Abs with significant breadth and potency in vaccines has still not been developed. Efficiently cleaved Envs may increase the number of available Envs suitable for immunogen design and should be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supratik Das
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program,
Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science
Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box #04, Faridabad,
Haryana 121001, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Translational Health Science and Technology
Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Shubbir Ahmed
- Translational Health Science and Technology
Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Hilal Ahmad Parray
- Translational Health Science and Technology
Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sweety Samal
- Translational Health Science and Technology
Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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7
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Marinaik CB, Kingstad-Bakke B, Lee W, Hatta M, Sonsalla M, Larsen A, Neldner B, Gasper DJ, Kedl RM, Kawaoka Y, Suresh M. Programming Multifaceted Pulmonary T Cell Immunity by Combination Adjuvants. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2020; 1:100095. [PMID: 32984856 PMCID: PMC7508055 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Induction of protective mucosal T cell memory remains a formidable challenge to vaccinologists. Using a combination adjuvant strategy that elicits potent CD8 and CD4 T cell responses, we define the tenets of vaccine-induced pulmonary T cell immunity. An acrylic-acid-based adjuvant (ADJ), in combination with Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA) or CpG, promotes mucosal imprinting but engages distinct transcription programs to drive different degrees of terminal differentiation and disparate polarization of TH1/TC1/TH17/TC17 effector/memory T cells. Combination of ADJ with GLA, but not CpG, dampens T cell receptor (TCR) signaling, mitigates terminal differentiation of effectors, and enhances the development of CD4 and CD8 TRM cells that protect against H1N1 and H5N1 influenza viruses. Mechanistically, vaccine-elicited CD4 T cells play a vital role in optimal programming of CD8 TRM and viral control. Taken together, these findings provide further insights into vaccine-induced multifaceted mucosal T cell immunity with implications in the development of vaccines against respiratorypathogens, including influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2. Combination adjuvants stimulate potent TRM cell immunity in the respiratory tract Differentiation and functional programming depend on adjuvant and TCR signaling Vaccine-induced T cell immunity to influenza requires CD4 and CD8 T cells CD4 T cells regulate optimal positioning and programming of CD8 TRM in lungs
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandranaik B Marinaik
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brock Kingstad-Bakke
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Woojong Lee
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Masato Hatta
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michelle Sonsalla
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Autumn Larsen
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brandon Neldner
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David J Gasper
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ross M Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - M Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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8
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Garinot M, Piras-Douce F, Probeck P, Chambon V, Varghese K, Liu Y, Luna E, Drake D, Haensler J. A potent novel vaccine adjuvant based on straight polyacrylate. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS-X 2020; 2:100054. [PMID: 32776001 PMCID: PMC7398942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2020.100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A structure-activity study was conducted to identify the structural characteristics underlying the adjuvant activity of straight (i.e. non-crosslinked) polyacrylate polymers (PAAs) in order to select a new PAA adjuvant candidate for future clinical development. The study revealed that the adjuvant effect of PAA was mainly influenced by polymer size (Mw) and dose. Maximal effects were obtained with large PAAs above 350 kDa and doses above 100 μg in mice. Small PAAs below 10 kDa had virtually no adjuvant effect. HPSEC analysis revealed that PAA polydispersity index and ramification had less impact on adjuvanticity. Heat stability studies indicated that residual persulfate could be detrimental to PAA stability. Hence, this impurity was systematically eliminated by diafiltration along with small Mw PAAs and residual acrylic acid that could potentially affect product safety, potency and stability. The selected PAA, termed SPA09, displayed an adjuvant effect that was superior to that of a standard emulsion adjuvant when tested with CMV-gB in mice, even in the absence of binding to the antigen. The induced immune response was dominated by strong IFNγ, IgG2c and virus neutralizing titers. The activity of SPA09 was then confirmed on human cells via the innate immune module of the human MIMIC® system. Straight polyacrylate (350 kDa < Mw < 650 kDa; termed SPA09) is a strong adjuvant easy to formulate with vaccine antigens SPA09 induces Th-1 type immune responses in mice, dominated by strong IFN-γ, IgG2c and virus neutralizing titers SPA09 can activate human antigen presenting cells when tested via the innate immune module (PTE) of the human MIMIC® system SPA09 constitutes a straightforward new adjuvant candidate for future clinical development
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Garinot
- Research and External Innovation, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | | | | | | | - Kucku Varghese
- Global Clinical Immunology, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, PA, USA
| | - Yuanqing Liu
- Research and External Innovation, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | | | | | - Jean Haensler
- Research and External Innovation, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy L'Etoile, France
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9
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Agazio A, Cimons J, Shotts KM, Guo K, Santiago ML, Pelanda R, Torres RM. Histone H2A-Reactive B Cells Are Functionally Anergic in Healthy Mice With Potential to Provide Humoral Protection Against HIV-1. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1565. [PMID: 32849530 PMCID: PMC7396680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral tolerance is essential for silencing weakly autoreactive B cells that have escaped central tolerance, but it is unclear why these potentially pathogenic B cells are retained rather than being eliminated entirely. Release from peripheral tolerance restraint can occur under certain circumstances (i.e., strong TLR stimulus), that are present during infection. In this regard, we hypothesized that autoreactive B cells could function as a reserve population that can be activated to contribute to the humoral immune response, particularly with pathogens, such as HIV-1, that exploit immune tolerance to avoid host defense. In this study, we identify a population of autoreactive B cells with the potential to neutralize HIV-1 and experimentally release them from the functional restrictions of peripheral tolerance. We have previously identified murine monoclonal antibodies that displayed autoreactivity against histone H2A and neutralized HIV-1 in vitro. Here, we identify additional H2A-reactive IgM monoclonal antibodies and demonstrate that they are both autoreactive and polyreactive with self and foreign antigens and are able to neutralize multiple clades of tier 2 HIV-1. Flow cytometric analysis of H2A-reactive B cells in naïve wildtype mice revealed that these B cells are present in peripheral B cell populations and we further document that murine H2A-reactive B cells are restrained by peripheral tolerance mechanisms. Specifically, we show endogenous H2A-reactive B cells display increased expression of the inhibitory mediators CD5 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) phosphatase and fail to mobilize calcium upon immunoreceptor stimulation; all characterized markers of anergy. Moreover, we show that toll-like receptor stimulation or provision of CD4 T cell help induces the in vitro production of H2A-reactive antibodies, breaking tolerance. Thus, we have identified a novel poly/autoreactive B cell population that has the potential to neutralize HIV-1 but is silenced by immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Agazio
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jennifer Cimons
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kristin M. Shotts
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kejun Guo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mario L. Santiago
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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10
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Aldon Y, McKay PF, Allen J, Ozorowski G, Felfödiné Lévai R, Tolazzi M, Rogers P, He L, de Val N, Fábián K, Scarlatti G, Zhu J, Ward AB, Crispin M, Shattock RJ. Rational Design of DNA-Expressed Stabilized Native-Like HIV-1 Envelope Trimers. Cell Rep 2019; 24:3324-3338.e5. [PMID: 30232012 PMCID: PMC6167709 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1-envelope glycoprotein (Env) is the main target of antigen design for antibody-based prophylactic vaccines. The generation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAb) likely requires the appropriate presentation of stabilized trimers preventing exposure of non-neutralizing antibody (nNAb) epitopes. We designed a series of membrane-bound Envs with increased trimer stability through the introduction of key stabilization mutations. We derived a stabilized HIV-1 trimer, ConSOSL.UFO.750, which displays a dramatic reduction in nNAb binding while maintaining high quaternary and MPER-specific bNAb binding. Its soluble counterpart, ConSOSL.UFO.664, displays similar antigenicity, and its native-like Env structure is confirmed by negative stain-EM and glycosylation profiling of the soluble ConSOSL.UFO.664 trimer. A rabbit immunization study demonstrated that the ConSOSL.UFO.664 can induce autologous tier 2 neutralization. We have successfully designed a stabilized native-like Env trimer amenable to nucleic acid or viral vector-based vaccination strategies. DNA-expressed closed pre-fusion native-like Env with preserved MPER exposure Env antigenicity varies across cell types and assays Muscle cells present properly folded and glycosylated membrane-bound Envs Fully glycosylated ConSOSL.UFO.664 induces autologous tier 2 neutralization
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Aldon
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Paul F McKay
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Joel Allen
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Réka Felfödiné Lévai
- Department of Immunology, National Food Chain Safety Office, Directorate of Veterinary Medicinal Products, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Monica Tolazzi
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paul Rogers
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Linling He
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Natalia de Val
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Katalin Fábián
- Department of Immunology, National Food Chain Safety Office, Directorate of Veterinary Medicinal Products, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
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Monoclonal Antibody 2C6 Targets a Cross-Clade Conformational Epitope in gp41 with Highly Active Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00772-19. [PMID: 31217246 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00772-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in our laboratory characterized a panel of highly mutated HIV-specific conformational epitope-targeting antibodies (Abs) from a panel of HIV-infected long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs). Despite binding HIV envelope protein and having a high number of somatic amino acid mutations, these Abs had poor neutralizing activity. Because of the evidence of antigen-driven selection and the long CDR3 region (21 amino acids [aa]), we further characterized the epitope targeting of monoclonal Ab (MAb) 76-Q3-2C6 (2C6). We confirmed that 2C6 binds preferentially to trimeric envelope and recognizes the clades A, B, and C SOSIP trimers. 2C6 binds gp140 constructs of clades A, B, C, and D, suggesting a conserved binding site that we localized to the ectodomain of gp41. Ab competition with MAb 50-69 suggested this epitope localizes near aa 579 to 613 (referenced to HXB2 gp160). Peptide library scanning showed consistent binding in this region but to only a single peptide. Lack of overlapping peptide binding supported a nonlinear epitope structure. The significance of this site is supported by 2C6 having Ab-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) against envelope proteins from two clades. Using 2C6 and variants, alanine scanning mutagenesis identified three amino acids (aa 592, 595, and 596) in the overlapping region of the previously identified peptide. Additional amino acids at sites 524 and 579 were also identified, helping explain its conformational requirement. The fact that different amino acids were included in the epitope depending on the targeted protein supports the conclusion that 2C6 targets a native conformational epitope. When we mapped these amino acids on the trimerized structure, they spanned across oligomers, supporting the notion that the epitope targeted by 2C6 lies in a recessed pocket between two gp41 oligomers. A complete understanding of the epitope specificity of ADCC-mediating Abs is essential for developing effective immunization strategies that optimize protection by these Abs.IMPORTANCE This paper further defines the function and area of the HIV trimeric envelope protein targeted by the monoclonal antibody 2C6. 2C6 binding is influenced by amino acid mutations across two separate gp41 sections of the envelope trimer. This epitope is recognized on multiple clades (variant groups of circulating viruses) of gp41, gp140 trimers, and SOSIP trimers. For the clades tested, 2C6 has robust ADCC. As the target of 2C6 is available in the major clades of HIV and has robust ADCC activity, further definition and appreciation of targeting of antibodies similar to 2C6 during vaccine development should be considered.
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12
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Clade C HIV-1 Envelope Vaccination Regimens Differ in Their Ability To Elicit Antibodies with Moderate Neutralization Breadth against Genetically Diverse Tier 2 HIV-1 Envelope Variants. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01846-18. [PMID: 30651354 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01846-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The goals of preclinical HIV vaccine studies in nonhuman primates are to develop and test different approaches for their ability to generate protective immunity. Here, we compared the impact of 7 different vaccine modalities, all expressing the HIV-1 1086.C clade C envelope (Env), on (i) the magnitude and durability of antigen-specific serum antibody responses and (ii) autologous and heterologous neutralizing antibody capacity. These vaccination regimens included immunization with different combinations of DNA, modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), soluble gp140 protein, and different adjuvants. Serum samples collected from 130 immunized monkeys at two key time points were analyzed using the TZM-bl cell assay: at 2 weeks after the final immunization (week 40/41) and on the day of challenge (week 58). Key initial findings were that inclusion of a gp140 protein boost had a significant impact on the magnitude and durability of Env-specific IgG antibodies, and addition of 3M-052 adjuvant was associated with better neutralizing activity against the SHIV1157ipd3N4 challenge virus and a heterologous HIV-1 CRF01 Env, CNE8. We measured neutralization against a panel of 12 tier 2 Envs using a newly described computational tool to quantify serum neutralization potency by factoring in the predetermined neutralization tier of each reference Env. This analysis revealed modest neutralization breadth, with DNA/MVA immunization followed by gp140 protein boosts in 3M-052 adjuvant producing the best scores. This study highlights that protein-containing regimens provide a solid foundation for the further development of novel adjuvants and inclusion of trimeric Env immunogens that could eventually elicit a higher level of neutralizing antibody breadth.IMPORTANCE Despite much progress, we still do not have a clear understanding of how to elicit a protective neutralizing antibody response against HIV-1 through vaccination. There have been great strides in the development of envelope immunogens that mimic the virus particle, but less is known about how different vaccination modalities and adjuvants contribute to shaping the antibody response. We compared seven different vaccines that were administered to rhesus macaques and that delivered the same envelope protein through various modalities and with different adjuvants. The results demonstrate that some vaccine components are better than others at eliciting neutralizing antibodies with breadth.
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Rahman MA, Robert-Guroff M. Accelerating HIV vaccine development using non-human primate models. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 18:61-73. [PMID: 30526159 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1557521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The search for a preventative HIV vaccine is ongoing after three decades of research. Contributions of non-human primate (NHP) models to this research are irrefutable, however interpreting data obtained for translation to humans has been problematic. As knowledge concerning NHP models has accumulated, their utility and value in assessing immunogenicity and efficacy of novel vaccines have become apparent. NHP models have become a critical component of vaccine design. AREAS COVERED Beginning with early vaccine studies, we trace the development and evolution of NHP models concurrent with changes in HIV vaccine concepts and in response to their ability to predict clinical trial efficacy. The value of NHP studies in guiding vaccine design is highlighted along with their importance in opening new areas of investigation and facilitating movement of promising approaches into the clinic. EXPERT COMMENTARY Due to their close relatedness to humans, NHPs are an excellent choice for immunogenicity studies. The ability of NHP models to predict clinical efficacy has improved with the introduction of low-dose challenge viruses and recognition of confounding variables in study outcomes. Use of NHP models has opened new research areas with outstanding potential for generating vaccine efficacy against HIV and other infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Arif Rahman
- a Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- a Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
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Das S, Bansal M, Bhattacharya J. Characterization of the membrane-bound form of the chimeric, B/C recombinant HIV-1 Env, LT5.J4b12C. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1438-1443. [PMID: 30129918 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) diversity is a significant challenge in developing a vaccine against the virus. B/C recombinants have been found in India and other places but are the predominant clade prevalent in China. HIV-1 envelopes (Envs) are the target of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) which develop spontaneously in some HIV-1 infected patients. It has been previously reported with efficiently cleaved clade A, B and C Envs that preferential binding of Envs to bNAbs as opposed to non-NAbs, a desirable property for immunogens, is correlated with efficient cleavage of the Env precursor polypeptide into constituent subunits. These Envs are suitable for designing immunogens as soluble proteins, virus-like particles or for delivery by viral vectors/plasmid DNA. However, a B/C recombinant Env with similar properties has not been reported. Here we show that the chimeric, recombinant B/C clade Env LT5.J4b12C is efficiently cleaved on the plasma membrane and selectively binds to bNAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supratik Das
- 1THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Manish Bansal
- 1THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India
| | - Jayanta Bhattacharya
- 1THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad-121001, Haryana, India.,2International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, USA
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15
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Samal S, Das S, Boliar S, Qureshi H, Shrivastava T, Kumar N, Goswami S, Bansal M, Chakrabarti BK. Cell surface ectodomain integrity of a subset of functional HIV-1 envelopes is dependent on a conserved hydrophilic domain containing region in their C-terminal tail. Retrovirology 2018; 15:50. [PMID: 30029604 PMCID: PMC6053805 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 Env gp160 is cleaved to form gp120 and gp41 and the functional HIV-1 Env is a trimer of non-covalently associated heterodimeric subunits, gp120 and gp41. The cleaved, native, trimeric form of Envs expose only broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) epitopes while occluding epitopes targeted by non-neutralizing antibodies (non-NAbs). We and others have previously observed that efficient cleavage of Envs into their constituent subunits co-relates with specific binding to bNAbs and poor binding to non-neutralizing antibodies (non-NAbs). Such Envs have been identified from clades A, B and C which make up a majority of globally circulating HIV-1 strains. Frequently, the C-terminal tail (CT) of Envs is deleted to enhance expression and stabilize soluble Env-based vaccine immunogens. Deletion of CT of efficiently cleaved Indian clade C Env 4-2.J41 results in recognition by both NAbs and non-NAbs. It is to be noted that uncleaved Envs bind to both NAbs and non-NAbs. So we investigated whether altered antigenicity upon CT deletion of efficiently cleaved Envs is due to inefficient cleavage or conformational change as the mechanism by which the CT regulates the ectodomain (ET) integrity is not well understood. RESULTS We studied the effect of CT deletion in four membrane bound efficiently cleaved Envs, A5 (clade A), 4-2.J41 (clade C), JRFL and JRCSF (clade B). Deletion of CT of the Envs, JRCSF and 4-2.J41, but not JRFL and A5 alter their ET antigenicity/conformation without affecting the cleavage efficiency. We carried out a series of deletion mutation in order to determine the region of the CT required for restoring native-like antigenicity/conformation of the ET of 4-2.J41 and JRCSF. Extending the CT up to aa753 in 4-2.J41 and aa759 in JRCSF, which includes a conserved hydrophilic domain (CHD), restores native-like conformation of these Envs on the plasma membrane. However, CT-deletion in 4-2.J41 and JRCSF at the pseudovirus level has either no or only modest effect on neutralization potency. CONCLUSION Here, we report that the CHD in the CT of Env plays an important role in regulating the ET integrity of a subset of efficiently cleaved, functional Envs on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweety Samal
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, P.O. Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 1221001, India
| | - Supratik Das
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, P.O. Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 1221001, India
| | - Saikat Boliar
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, P.O. Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 1221001, India
| | - Huma Qureshi
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, P.O. Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 1221001, India
| | - Tripti Shrivastava
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, P.O. Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 1221001, India
| | - Naresh Kumar
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, P.O. Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 1221001, India
| | - Sandeep Goswami
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, P.O. Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 1221001, India
| | - Manish Bansal
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, P.O. Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 1221001, India
| | - Bimal K Chakrabarti
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, P.O. Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 1221001, India. .,IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Innovation & Translation, ABL, Inc., 9800 Medical Center Drive, Building D, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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16
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Effects of Adjuvants on HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein SOSIP Trimers In Vitro. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00381-18. [PMID: 29669838 PMCID: PMC6002727 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00381-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Native-like, soluble, recombinant SOSIP trimers of various designs and based on several env genes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are being tested as immunogens in different animal models. These experiments almost always involve coformulating the trimers with an adjuvant to boost the magnitude of the immune responses. One factor relevant to the choice of an adjuvant is that it should not physically damage the immunogen or impede its ability to present relevant epitopes. As examples, an adjuvant formulation that includes harsh detergents could disrupt the structural integrity of a trimer, and any charged compounds in the formulation could bind to countercharged regions of the trimer and physically occlude nearby epitopes. While a few adjuvants have been tested for their potential effects on SOSIP trimers in vitro, there has been no systematic study. Here, we have assessed how nine different adjuvants of various compositions affect SOSIP trimers of the BG505 and B41 genotypes. We used negative-stain electron microscopy, thermal denaturation, and gel electrophoresis to evaluate effects on trimer integrity and immunoassays to measure effects on the presentation of various epitopes. We conclude that most of the tested adjuvants are benign from these perspectives, but some raise grounds for concern. An acidified alum formulation is highly disruptive to trimer integrity, and a DNA-based polyanionic CpG oligodeoxynucleotide adjuvant binds to trimers and occludes the trimer apex epitope for the PGT145 neutralizing antibody. The methods described here should be generalizable to protein subunit vaccines targeting various pathogens. IMPORTANCE Adjuvant formulations increase the magnitude of immune responses to vaccine antigens. They are critically important for formulation of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) vaccines intended to induce antibody production, as Env proteins are otherwise only very weakly immunogenic. The HIV-1 vaccine field now uses the well-defined structures of trimeric Env glycoproteins, like SOSIPs, to present multiple known epitopes for broad and potent neutralizing human antibodies in a native-like conformation. Successful adjuvant formulations must not disrupt how the trimers are folded, as that could adversely affect their performance as immunogens. We studied whether the various adjuvants most commonly used in animal experiments affect the integrity of two different SOSIP trimers in vitro. Most adjuvant classes are not problematic, but an aluminum sulfate formulation is highly damaging, as it exposes trimers to acidic pH and a nucleic acid-based adjuvant can bind to the trimer and block access to a key neutralizing epitope.
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17
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Virus-Like-Vaccines against HIV. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6010010. [PMID: 29439476 PMCID: PMC5874651 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Protection against chronic infections has necessitated the development of ever-more potent vaccination tools. HIV seems to be the most challenging foe, with a remarkable, poorly immunogenic and fragile surface glycoprotein and the ability to overpower the cell immune system. Virus-like-particle (VLP) vaccines have emerged as potent inducers of antibody and helper T cell responses, while replication-deficient viral vectors have yielded potent cytotoxic T cell responses. Here, we review the emerging concept of merging these two technologies into virus-like-vaccines (VLVs) for the targeting of HIV. Such vaccines are immunologically perceived as viruses, as they infect cells and produce VLPs in situ, but they only resemble viruses, as the replication defective vectors and VLPs cannot propagate an infection. The inherent safety of such a platform, despite robust particle production, is a distinct advantage over live-attenuated vaccines that must balance safety and immunogenicity. Previous studies have delivered VLVs encoded in modified Vaccinia Ankara vectors and we have developed the concept into a single-reading adenovirus-based technology capable of eliciting robust CD8+ and CD4+ T cells responses and trimer binding antibody responses. Such vaccines offer the potential to display the naturally produced immunogen directly and induce an integrated humoral and cellular immune response.
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18
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Shrivastava T, Samal S, Tyagi AK, Goswami S, Kumar N, Ozorowski G, Ward AB, Chakrabarti BK. Envelope proteins of two HIV-1 clades induced different epitope-specific antibody response. Vaccine 2018; 36:1627-1636. [PMID: 29429810 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Using HIV-1 envelope protein (Env)-based immunogens that closely mimic the conformation of functional HIV-1 Envs and represent the isolates prevalent in relevant geographical region is considered a rational approach towards developing HIV vaccine. We recently reported that like clade B Env, JRFL, membrane bound Indian clade C Env, 4-2.J41 is also efficiently cleaved and displays desirable antigenic properties for plasmid DNA immunization. Here, we evaluated the immune response in rabbit by injecting the animals with plasmid expressing membrane bound efficiently cleaved 4-2.J41 Env followed by its gp140-foldon (gp140-fd) protein boost. The purified 4-2.J41-gp140-fd protein is recognized by a wide panel of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) including the quaternary conformation-dependent antibody, PGT145 with high affinity. We have also evaluated and compared the quality of antibody response elicited in rabbits after immunizing with plasmid DNA expressing the membrane bound efficiently cleaved Env followed by gp140-fd proteins boost with either of clade C Env, 4-2.J41 or clade B Env, JRFL or in combination. In comparison to JRFL group, 4-2.J41 group elicited autologous as well as limited low level cross clade neutralizing antibody response. Preliminary epitope-mapping of sera from animals show that in contrast to JRFL group, no reactivity to either linear peptides or V3-loop is detected in 4-2.J41 group. Furthermore, the presence of conformation-specific antibody in sera from animals immunized with 4-2.J41 Env is observed. However, unlike JRFL group, in 4-2.J41 group of animals, CD4-binding site-directed antibodies cannot be detected. Additionally, we have demonstrated that the quality of antibody response in combination group is guided by JRFL Env-based immunogen suggesting that the selection and the quality of Envs in multicade candidate vaccine are important factors to elicit desirable response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tripti Shrivastava
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, P.O. Box # 04, Faridabad-1221001, Haryana, India
| | - Sweety Samal
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, P.O. Box # 04, Faridabad-1221001, Haryana, India
| | - Ashish K Tyagi
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, P.O. Box # 04, Faridabad-1221001, Haryana, India
| | - Sandeep Goswami
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, P.O. Box # 04, Faridabad-1221001, Haryana, India
| | - Naresh Kumar
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, P.O. Box # 04, Faridabad-1221001, Haryana, India
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bimal K Chakrabarti
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, P.O. Box # 04, Faridabad-1221001, Haryana, India; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
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HIV-1 Cross-Reactive Primary Virus Neutralizing Antibody Response Elicited by Immunization in Nonhuman Primates. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00910-17. [PMID: 28835491 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00910-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) responses is a major goal for the development of an HIV-1 vaccine. Current HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) vaccine candidates elicit predominantly tier 1 and/or autologous tier 2 virus neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses, as well as weak and/or sporadic cross-reactive tier 2 virus NAb responses with unknown specificity. To delineate the specificity of vaccine-elicited cross-reactive tier 2 virus NAb responses, we performed single memory B cell sorting from the peripheral blood of a rhesus macaque immunized with YU2gp140-F trimers in adjuvant, using JR-FL SOSIP.664, a native Env trimer mimetic, as a sorting probe to isolate monoclonal Abs (MAbs). We found striking genetic and functional convergence of the SOSIP-sorted Ig repertoire, with predominant VH4 or VH5 gene family usage and Env V3 specificity. Of these vaccine-elicited V3-specific MAbs, nearly 20% (6/33) displayed cross-reactive tier 2 virus neutralization, which recapitulated the serum neutralization capacity. Substantial similarities in binding specificity, neutralization breadth and potency, and sequence/structural homology were observed between selected macaque cross-reactive V3 NAbs elicited by vaccination and prototypic V3 NAbs derived from natural infections in humans, highlighting the convergence of this subset of primate V3-specific B cell repertories. Our study demonstrated that cross-reactive primary virus neutralizing B cell lineages could be elicited by vaccination as detected using a standardized panel of tier 2 viruses. Whether these lineages could be expanded to acquire increased breadth and potency of neutralization merits further investigation.IMPORTANCE Elicitation of antibody responses capable of neutralizing diverse HIV-1 primary virus isolates (designated broadly neutralizing antibodies [bNAbs]) remains a high priority for the vaccine field. bNAb responses were so far observed only in response to natural infection within a subset of individuals. To achieve this goal, an improved understanding of vaccine-elicited responses, including at the monoclonal Ab level, is essential. Here, we isolated and characterized a panel of vaccine-elicited cross-reactive neutralizing MAbs targeting the Env V3 loop that moderately neutralized several primary viruses and recapitulated the serum neutralizing antibody response. Striking similarities between the cross-reactive V3 NAbs elicited by vaccination in macaques and natural infections in humans illustrate commonalities between the vaccine- and infection-induced responses to V3 and support the feasibility of exploring the V3 epitope as a HIV-1 vaccine target in nonhuman primates.
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20
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Karlsson Hedestam GB, Guenaga J, Corcoran M, Wyatt RT. Evolution of B cell analysis and Env trimer redesign. Immunol Rev 2017; 275:183-202. [PMID: 28133805 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 and its surface envelope glycoproteins (Env), gp120 and gp41, have evolved immune evasion strategies that render the elicitation of effective antibody responses to the functional Env entry unit extremely difficult. HIV-1 establishes chronic infection and stimulates vigorous immune responses in the human host; forcing selection of viral variants that escape cellular and antibody (Ab)-mediated immune pressure, yet possess contemporary fitness. Successful survival of fit variants through the gauntlet of the human immune system make this virus and these glycoproteins a formidable challenge to target by vaccination, requiring a systematic approach to Env mimetic immunogen design and evaluation of elicited responses. Here, we review key aspects of HIV-1 Env immunogenicity and immunogen re-design, based on experimental data generated by us and others over the past decade or more. We further provide rationale and details regarding the use of newly evolving tools to analyze B cell responses, including approaches to use next generation sequencing for antibody lineage tracing and B cell fate mapping. Together, these developments offer opportunities to address long-standing questions about the establishment of effective B cell immunity elicited by vaccination, not just against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Guenaga
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at TSRI, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Martin Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard T Wyatt
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at TSRI, La Jolla, CA, USA.,The Scripps CHAVI-ID, La Jolla, CA, USA
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21
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Schroeder KMS, Agazio A, Strauch PJ, Jones ST, Thompson SB, Harper MS, Pelanda R, Santiago ML, Torres RM. Breaching peripheral tolerance promotes the production of HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2283-2302. [PMID: 28698284 PMCID: PMC5551567 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Schroeder et al. demonstrate that when peripheral tolerance is relaxed, tier 2 HIV-1–neutralizing antibodies can be elicited and identify new autoreactive antibody specificities against histone H2A capable of neutralizing tier 2 HIV-1. A subset of characterized HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are polyreactive with additional specificities for self-antigens and it has been proposed immunological tolerance may present a barrier to their participation in protective humoral immunity. We address this hypothesis by immunizing autoimmune-prone mice with HIV-1 Envelope (Env) and characterizing the primary antibody response for HIV-1 neutralization. We find autoimmune mice generate neutralizing antibody responses to tier 2 HIV-1 strains with alum treatment alone in the absence of Env. Importantly, experimentally breaching immunological tolerance in wild-type mice also leads to the production of tier 2 HIV-1–neutralizing antibodies, which increase in breadth and potency following Env immunization. In both genetically prone and experimentally induced mouse models of autoimmunity, increased serum levels of IgM anti-histone H2A autoantibodies significantly correlated with tier 2 HIV-1 neutralization, and anti-H2A antibody clones were found to neutralize HIV-1. These data demonstrate that breaching peripheral tolerance permits a cross-reactive HIV-1 autoantibody response able to neutralize HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M S Schroeder
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Amanda Agazio
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Pamela J Strauch
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Sean T Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Scott B Thompson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Michael S Harper
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Mario L Santiago
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Raul M Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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22
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Das S, Boliar S, Samal S, Ahmed S, Shrivastava T, Shukla BN, Goswami S, Bansal M, Chakrabarti BK. Identification and characterization of a naturally occurring, efficiently cleaved, membrane-bound, clade A HIV-1 Env, suitable for immunogen design, with properties comparable to membrane-bound BG505. Virology 2017; 510:22-28. [PMID: 28689085 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Efficient cleavage of HIV-1 Env gp160 into its constituent subunits correlates with selective binding to neutralizing antibodies and are the closest mimetic of native, functional Envs. This was first demonstrated with the clade B Env, JRFL. The correlation between efficient cleavage and selective binding to neutralizing antibodies is the guiding principle for immunogen design for HIV vaccine. We have recently reported that Envs 4-2.J41 (clade C) and JRCSF (clade B) are also efficiently cleaved and show similar properties. However, an efficiently cleaved, membrane-bound clade A Env suitable for genetic vaccination has not been directly demonstrated. Here we report that BG505 and a new clade A Env, QB726.70M.ENV.C4 (or A5) are efficiently cleaved on cell membrane. A5 shows desirable antigenic properties comparable with BG505 on cell surface. A5SOSIP in supernatant displays majority of bNAb binding epitopes. Thus, both BG505 and A5 Envs can be used in DNA prime-protein boost vaccination studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supratik Das
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, PO box #04, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Saikat Boliar
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, PO box #04, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Sweety Samal
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, PO box #04, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Shubbir Ahmed
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, PO box #04, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Tripti Shrivastava
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, PO box #04, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Brihaspati N Shukla
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, PO box #04, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Sandeep Goswami
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, PO box #04, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Manish Bansal
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, PO box #04, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Bimal K Chakrabarti
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, PO box #04, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at TSRI, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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23
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Ahmed S, Shrivastava T, Kumar N, Ozorowski G, Ward AB, Chakrabarti BK. Stabilization of a soluble, native-like trimeric form of an efficiently cleaved Indian HIV-1 clade C envelope glycoprotein. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:8236-8243. [PMID: 28283570 PMCID: PMC5437231 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.776419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Designing an effective HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) immunogen for elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is a challenging task because of the high sequence diversity, heavy glycosylation, and inherent meta-stability of Env. Based on the antigenic profile of recently isolated bNAbs, the rational approach to immunogen design is to make a stable version of the Env trimer, which mimics the native trimeric Env present on the viral surface. The SOSIP.664 form of a clade A Env, BG505, yields a homogeneous and well ordered prefusion trimeric form, which maintains structural integrity and desired antigenicity. Following the same approach, we attempted to stabilize a naturally occurring efficiently cleaved clade C Env, namely 4-2.J41, isolated from an Indian patient. Although the SOSIP form of 4-2.J41 failed to produce reasonably well ordered trimers, the 4-2.J41.SOSIP.664 Env could be stabilized in a native-like trimeric form by swapping a domain from BG505 Env to 4-2.J41 Env. Using various biochemical and biophysical means we confirmed that this engineered Env is cleaved, trimeric, and it retains its native-like quaternary conformation exposing mostly broadly neutralizing epitopes. Moreover, introduction of a disulfide bond in the bridging sheet region further stabilized the closed conformation of the Env. Thus, our 4-2.J41.SOSIP.664 Env adds to the increasing pool of potential immunogens for a HIV-1 vaccine, particularly for clade C, which is the most prevalent in India and many other countries. Besides, the approach used to stabilize the 4-2.J41 Env may be used successfully with Envs from other HIV-1 strains as well. Additionally, a soluble native trimeric form of an efficiently cleaved membrane-bound Env, 4-2.J41, may be beneficial for immunization studies using various prime-boost strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubbir Ahmed
- HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India.
| | - Tripti Shrivastava
- HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Naresh Kumar
- HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Bimal K Chakrabarti
- HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York 10004.
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24
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Abstract
We describe the development and potential use of various designs of recombinant HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimers that mimic the structure of the virion-associated spike, which is the target for neutralizing antibodies. The goal of trimer development programs is to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies with the potential to intervene against multiple circulating HIV-1 strains. Among the topics we address are the designs of various constructs; how native-like trimers can be produced and purified; the properties of such trimers in vitro and their immunogenicity in various animals; and the immunization strategies that may lead to the eventual elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies. In summary, native-like trimers are a now a platform for structure- and immunology-based design improvements that could eventually yield immunogens of practical value for solving the long-standing HIV-1 vaccine problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier W. Sanders
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyWeill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyAcademic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - John P. Moore
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyWeill Medical College of Cornell UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
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25
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Gasper DJ, Neldner B, Plisch EH, Rustom H, Carrow E, Imai H, Kawaoka Y, Suresh M. Effective Respiratory CD8 T-Cell Immunity to Influenza Virus Induced by Intranasal Carbomer-Lecithin-Adjuvanted Non-replicating Vaccines. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006064. [PMID: 27997610 PMCID: PMC5173246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are critical for clearing many viral infections, and protective CTL memory can be induced by vaccination with attenuated viruses and vectors. Non-replicating vaccines are typically potentiated by the addition of adjuvants that enhance humoral responses, however few are capable of generating CTL responses. Adjuplex is a carbomer-lecithin-based adjuvant demonstrated to elicit robust humoral immunity to non-replicating antigens. We report that mice immunized with non-replicating Adjuplex-adjuvanted vaccines generated robust antigen-specific CTL responses. Vaccination by the subcutaneous or the intranasal route stimulated systemic and mucosal CTL memory respectively. However, only CTL memory induced by intranasal vaccination was protective against influenza viral challenge, and correlated with an enhancement of memory CTLs in the airways and CD103+ CD69+ CXCR3+ resident memory-like CTLs in the lungs. Mechanistically, Myd88-deficient mice mounted primary CTL responses to Adjuplex vaccines that were similar in magnitude to wild-type mice, but exhibited altered differentiation of effector cell subsets. Immune potentiating effects of Adjuplex entailed alterations in the frequency of antigen-presenting-cell subsets in vaccine draining lymph nodes, and in the lungs and airways following intranasal vaccination. Further, Adjuplex enhanced the ability of dendritic cells to promote antigen-induced proliferation of naïve CD8 T cells by modulating antigen uptake, its intracellular localization, and rate of processing. Taken together, we have identified an adjuvant that elicits both systemic and mucosal CTL memory to non-replicating antigens, and engenders protective CTL-based heterosubtypic immunity to influenza A virus in the respiratory tract. Further, findings presented in this manuscript have provided key insights into the mechanisms and factors that govern the induction and programming of systemic and protective memory CTLs in the respiratory tract. Current respiratory-virus vaccines typically employ non-replicating antigens and rely solely on the generation of humoral responses for protection. Viruses such as influenza can mutate and escape these responses, thereby limiting immunity and necessitating revaccination. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) could provide broader protection by targeting viral components that infrequently mutate, however non-replicating vaccines capable of inducing CMI are not available. Impediments to vaccine development include an incomplete understanding of the nature of protective respiratory CMI and a lack of vaccine adjuvants capable of eliciting CMI to non-replicating antigens. Using a mouse model, we characterized the protective immunity afforded by CMI responses to non-replicating vaccines formulated with the adjuvant Adjuplex. We found that vaccination via either the subcutaneous or intranasal route was capable of inducing potent CMI responses. However, only intranasal vaccination protected against challenge with heterosubtypic influenza viruses. This protection correlated with enhancement of T cells with a resident-memory phenotype in the lungs. Additionally, mechanistic studies showed that Adjuplex affects antigen-presenting cells via activation and alteration of antigen uptake, processing, and presentation. The current studies: (1) identified an adjuvant that elicits protective CMI to respiratory viral pathogens; (2) suggested that stimulation of protective CMI in the respiratory tract requires intranasal vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Gasper
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America.,Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brandon Neldner
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Erin H Plisch
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hani Rustom
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Emily Carrow
- Advanced Bioadjuvants, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Hirotaka Imai
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - M Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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26
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Kesavardhana S, Das R, Citron M, Datta R, Ecto L, Srilatha NS, DiStefano D, Swoyer R, Joyce JG, Dutta S, LaBranche CC, Montefiori DC, Flynn JA, Varadarajan R. Structure-based Design of Cyclically Permuted HIV-1 gp120 Trimers That Elicit Neutralizing Antibodies. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:278-291. [PMID: 27879316 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.725614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A major goal for HIV-1 vaccine development is an ability to elicit strong and durable broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) responses. The trimeric envelope glycoprotein (Env) spikes on HIV-1 are known to contain multiple epitopes that are susceptible to bNAbs isolated from infected individuals. Nonetheless, all trimeric and monomeric Env immunogens designed to date have failed to elicit such antibodies. We report the structure-guided design of HIV-1 cyclically permuted gp120 that forms homogeneous, stable trimers, and displays enhanced binding to multiple bNAbs, including VRC01, VRC03, VRC-PG04, PGT128, and the quaternary epitope-specific bNAbs PGT145 and PGDM1400. Constructs that were cyclically permuted in the V1 loop region and contained an N-terminal trimerization domain to stabilize V1V2-mediated quaternary interactions, showed the highest homogeneity and the best antigenic characteristics. In guinea pigs, a DNA prime-protein boost regimen with these new gp120 trimer immunogens elicited potent neutralizing antibody responses against highly sensitive Tier 1A isolates and weaker neutralizing antibody responses with an average titer of about 115 against a panel of heterologous Tier 2 isolates. A modest fraction of the Tier 2 virus neutralizing activity appeared to target the CD4 binding site on gp120. These results suggest that cyclically permuted HIV-1 gp120 trimers represent a viable platform in which further modifications may be made to eventually achieve protective bNAb responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sannula Kesavardhana
- From the Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Raksha Das
- From the Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Michael Citron
- Merck & Company, Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, and
| | - Rohini Datta
- From the Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Linda Ecto
- Merck & Company, Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, and
| | | | | | - Ryan Swoyer
- Merck & Company, Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, and
| | - Joseph G Joyce
- Merck & Company, Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, and
| | - Somnath Dutta
- From the Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Celia C LaBranche
- the Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705
| | - David C Montefiori
- the Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705
| | | | - Raghavan Varadarajan
- From the Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India,
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27
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Das S, Boliar S, Mitra N, Samal S, Bansal M, Koff WC, Chakrabarti BK. Membrane bound modified form of clade B Env, JRCSF is suitable for immunogen design as it is efficiently cleaved and displays all the broadly neutralizing epitopes including V2 and C2 domain-dependent conformational epitopes. Retrovirology 2016; 13:81. [PMID: 27871328 PMCID: PMC5117575 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0312-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antigenicity of HIV-1 envelope proteins (Envs) of both lab-adapted and primary isolates expressed on the cell surface rarely match with in vitro neutralization of viruses, pseudo-typed with corresponding Envs. Often, both neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies bind to Envs expressed on the cell membrane. This could be due to the lack of efficient cleavage of Env expressed on the cell surface. Naturally occurring, efficiently cleaved Envs with appropriate antigenic properties are relatively rare. Given viral diversity it is essential to increase the pool of candidate Envs suitable for immunogen design. Previously, it has been reported that JRFL Env is the only clade B Env, which is efficiently cleaved on the cell surface and retains desirable antigenic properties. JRCSF is a clade B Env isolated from the same patient as JRFL. JRCSF Env has not been explored aggressively for designing immunogen as the binding characteristics of JRCSF Env to broadly neutralizing antibodies on the cell surface and its cleavage status are unknown. Results Although JRCSF preferentially binds to most of the other gp120-directed neutralizing antibodies and cleavage dependent antibody, PGT151 efficiently, it binds poorly to CD4-binding-site-directed (CD4-bs-directed) neutralizing antibodies on cell surface. Membrane bound form of modified JRCSF Env containing the N197D mutation binds to CD4-bs-directed neutralizing antibodies better than JRFL, without debilitating its ability to bind quaternary epitope-directed neutralizing antibodies or exposing the CD4i antibody epitopes. In comparison to JRFL (E168K), JRCSF Env binds more efficiently to PG9/PGT145 class of V1/V2-directed conformational antibodies. Biochemical, cell surface staining and gp120 shedding experiments suggest that JRCSF is efficiently cleaved on the cell surface. Conclusions Binding of JRCSF Env expressed on cell surface to the various HIV-1 Env-directed antibodies has not been reported earlier. Here, for the first time, we report that compared to JRFL, JRCSF displays epitopes for a larger number of broadly neutralizing antibodies and is also efficiently cleaved when expressed on the cell surface. Thus, considering the diversity of viral Envs and the discovery of conformation dependent glycan-directed antibodies in HIV-1 infected individuals, an innately cleaved JRCSF Env as present on the viral membrane and displaying those distinct epitopes may be an important candidate for immunogen design. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-016-0312-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supratik Das
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, PO box #04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Saikat Boliar
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, PO box #04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Nivedita Mitra
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, PO box #04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Sweety Samal
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, PO box #04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Manish Bansal
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, PO box #04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Wayne C Koff
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bimal K Chakrabarti
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, PO box #04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India.
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28
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Chen Y, Wilson R, O'Dell S, Guenaga J, Feng Y, Tran K, Chiang CI, Arendt HE, DeStefano J, Mascola JR, Wyatt RT, Li Y. An HIV-1 Env-Antibody Complex Focuses Antibody Responses to Conserved Neutralizing Epitopes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3982-3998. [PMID: 27815444 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Elicitation of broadly neutralizing Ab (bNAb) responses to the conserved elements of the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env), including the primary receptor CD4 binding site (CD4bs), is a major focus of vaccine development yet to be accomplished. However, a large number of CD4bs-directed bNAbs have been isolated from HIV-1-infected individuals. Comparison of the routes of binding used by the CD4bs-directed bNAbs from patients and the vaccine-elicited CD4bs-directed mAbs indicates that the latter fail to neutralize primary virus isolates because they approach the Env spike with a vertical angle and contact the specific surface residues occluded in the native spike, including the bridging sheet on gp120. To preferentially expose the CD4bs and direct the immune response away from the bridging sheet, resulting in an altered angle of approach, we engineered an immunogen consisting of gp120 core in complex with the prototypic CD4-induced Ab, 17b. This mAb directly contacts the bridging sheet but not the CD4bs. The complex was further stabilized by chemical crosslinking to prevent dissociation. Rabbits immunized with the crosslinked complex displayed earlier affinity maturation, achieving tier 1 virus neutralization compared with animals immunized with gp120 core alone. Immunization with the crosslinked complex induced transient Ab responses with binding specificity similar to the CD4bs-directed bNAbs. mAbs derived from complex-immunized rabbits displayed footprints on gp120 more distal from the bridging sheet as compared with previous vaccine-elicited CD4bs Abs, indicating that Env-Ab complexes effectively dampen immune responses to undesired immunodominant bridging sheet determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Chen
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Richard Wilson
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Sijy O'Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Javier Guenaga
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Yu Feng
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Karen Tran
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Chi-I Chiang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850
| | | | | | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Richard T Wyatt
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.,International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.,Scripps Center for HIV Vaccine Immunogen Discovery, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Yuxing Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; .,International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.,Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850
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Alam M, Kuwata T, Shimura K, Yokoyama M, Ramirez Valdez KP, Tanaka K, Maruta Y, Oishi S, Fujii N, Sato H, Matsuoka M, Matsushita S. Enhanced antibody-mediated neutralization of HIV-1 variants that are resistant to fusion inhibitors. Retrovirology 2016; 13:70. [PMID: 27670680 PMCID: PMC5037607 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 typically develops resistance to any single antiretroviral agent. Combined anti-retroviral therapy to reduce drug-resistance development is necessary to control HIV-1 infection. Here, to assess the utility of a combination of antibody and fusion inhibitor treatments, we investigated the potency of monoclonal antibodies at neutralizing HIV-1 variants that are resistant to fusion inhibitors. RESULTS Mutations that confer resistance to four fusion inhibitors, enfuvirtide, C34, SC34, and SC34EK, were introduced into the envelope of HIV-1JR-FL, a CCR5-tropic tier 2 strain. Pseudoviruses with these mutations were prepared and used for the assessment of neutralization sensitivity to an array of antibodies. The resulting neutralization data indicate that the potencies of some antibodies, especially of those against the CD4 binding site, V3 loop, and membrane-proximal external region epitopes, were increased by the mutations in gp41 that conferred resistance to the fusion inhibitors. C34-, SC34-, and SC34EK-resistant mutants showed more sensitivity to monoclonal antibodies than enfuvirtide-resistant mutants. An analysis of C34-resistant mutations revealed that the I37K mutation in gp41 HR1 is a key mutation for C34 resistance, low infectivity, neutralization sensitivity, epitope exposure, and slow fusion kinetics. The N126K mutation in the gp41 HR2 domain contributed to C34 resistance and neutralization sensitivity to anti-CD4 binding site antibodies. In the absence of L204I, the effect of N126K was antagonistic to that of I37K. The results of a molecular dynamic simulation of the envelope trimer confirmation suggest that an I37K mutation induces the augmentation of structural fluctuations prominently in the interface between gp41 and gp120. Our observations indicate that the "conformational unmasking" of envelope glycoprotein by an I37K mutation is one of the mechanisms of neutralization sensitivity enhancement. Furthermore, the enhanced neutralization of C34-resistant mutants in vivo was shown by its high rate of neutralization by IgG from HIV patient samples. CONCLUSIONS Mutations in gp41 that confer fusion inhibitor resistance exert enhanced sensitivity to broad neutralizing antibodies (e.g., VRC01 and 10E8) and other conventional antibodies developed in HIV-1 infected patients. Therefore, next-generation fusion inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies could be a potential combination for future regimens of combined antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muntasir Alam
- Matsushita Project Laboratory, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811 Japan
| | - Takeo Kuwata
- Matsushita Project Laboratory, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811 Japan
| | - Kazuya Shimura
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaru Yokoyama
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kristel Paola Ramirez Valdez
- Matsushita Project Laboratory, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811 Japan
| | - Kazuki Tanaka
- Matsushita Project Laboratory, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Maruta
- Matsushita Project Laboratory, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811 Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hironori Sato
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuzo Matsushita
- Matsushita Project Laboratory, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811 Japan
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30
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Klasse PJ, LaBranche CC, Ketas TJ, Ozorowski G, Cupo A, Pugach P, Ringe RP, Golabek M, van Gils MJ, Guttman M, Lee KK, Wilson IA, Butera ST, Ward AB, Montefiori DC, Sanders RW, Moore JP. Sequential and Simultaneous Immunization of Rabbits with HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein SOSIP.664 Trimers from Clades A, B and C. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005864. [PMID: 27627672 PMCID: PMC5023125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the immunogenicity in rabbits of native-like, soluble, recombinant SOSIP.664 trimers based on the env genes of four isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1); specifically BG505 (clade A), B41 (clade B), CZA97 (clade C) and DU422 (clade C). The various trimers were delivered either simultaneously (as a mixture of clade A + B trimers) or sequentially over a 73-week period. Autologous, Tier-2 neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses were generated to the clade A and clade B trimers in the bivalent mixture. When delivered as boosting immunogens to rabbits immunized with the clade A and/or clade B trimers, the clade C trimers also generated autologous Tier-2 NAb responses, the CZA97 trimers doing so more strongly and consistently than the DU422 trimers. The clade C trimers also cross-boosted the pre-existing NAb responses to clade A and B trimers. We observed heterologous Tier-2 NAb responses albeit inconsistently, and with limited overall breath. However, cross-neutralization of the clade A BG505.T332N virus was consistently observed in rabbits immunized only with clade B trimers and then boosted with clade C trimers. The autologous NAbs induced by the BG505, B41 and CZA97 trimers predominantly recognized specific holes in the glycan shields of the cognate virus. The shared location of some of these holes may account for the observed cross-boosting effects and the heterologous neutralization of the BG505.T332N virus. These findings will guide the design of further experiments to determine whether and how multiple Env trimers can together induce more broadly neutralizing antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. J. Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Celia C. LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Ketas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Albert Cupo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Pavel Pugach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rajesh P. Ringe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Golabek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marit J. van Gils
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miklos Guttman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kelly K. Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Salvatore T. Butera
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rogier W. Sanders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (RWS); (JPM)
| | - John P. Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RWS); (JPM)
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31
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Thermostability of Well-Ordered HIV Spikes Correlates with the Elicitation of Autologous Tier 2 Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005767. [PMID: 27487086 PMCID: PMC4972253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of HIV vaccine design and development, HIV-1 spike mimetics displaying a range of stabilities were evaluated to determine whether more stable, well-ordered trimers would more efficiently elicit neutralizing antibodies. To begin, in vitro analysis of trimers derived from the cysteine-stabilized SOSIP platform or the uncleaved, covalently linked NFL platform were evaluated. These native-like trimers, derived from HIV subtypes A, B, and C, displayed a range of thermostabilities, and were “stress-tested” at varying temperatures as a prelude to in vivo immunogenicity. Analysis was performed both in the absence and in the presence of two different adjuvants. Since partial trimer degradation was detected at 37°C before or after formulation with adjuvant, we sought to remedy such an undesirable outcome. Cross-linking (fixing) of the well-ordered trimers with glutaraldehyde increased overall thermostability, maintenance of well-ordered trimer integrity without or with adjuvant, and increased resistance to solid phase-associated trimer unfolding. Immunization of unfixed and fixed well-ordered trimers into animals revealed that the elicited tier 2 autologous neutralizing activity correlated with overall trimer thermostability, or melting temperature (Tm). Glutaraldehyde fixation also led to higher tier 2 autologous neutralization titers. These results link retention of trimer quaternary packing with elicitation of tier 2 autologous neutralizing activity, providing important insights for HIV-1 vaccine design. As the sole determinant exposed on the viral surface to the host B cells, development of native-like HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) functional spikes has been a major initial objective in HIV-1 vaccine design. As immunogens, these trimer mimetics should remain stable in a native-like conformation to preferentially present conserved neutralizing epitopes, as opposed to non-neutralizing epitopes, to better elicit neutralizing B cell responses and antibodies in vivo during the immune response. We assessed SOSIP or NFL trimers displaying a range of stabilities, including chemical fixation. We demonstrate that increased resistance to high temperature-induced unfolding correlated with enhanced elicitation of tier 2 autologous neutralizing antibodies that are capable of penetrating this well-shielded viral pathogen, an important consideration for HIV vaccine development.
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32
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Rangasamy SP, Menon V, Dhopeshwarkar P, Pal R, Vaniambadi KS, Mahalingam S. Membrane bound Indian clade C HIV-1 envelope antigen induces antibodies to diverse and conserved epitopes upon DNA prime/protein boost in rabbits. Vaccine 2016; 34:2444-2452. [PMID: 27032514 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The partial success of RV144 human clinical trial demonstrated that ALVAC prime/envelope protein boost vaccine regimen may represent a promising strategy for the development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine. Our earlier study demonstrated that a trimeric HIV-1 envelope gp145 from an Indian clade C isolate elicited cross clade neutralizing antibodies primarily towards Tier 1 isolates. In the present study, we examined the immunogenicity of DNA prime/envelope protein boost vaccine in rabbits using gp160 DNA of the Indian clade C isolate with various cytoplasmic tail truncations and trimeric gp145 protein. Cytoplasmic tail mutants of gp160 exposed epitopes that reacted strongly with a number of broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies against HIV-1. Overall, envelope specific titers were found to be similar in all rabbit groups with higher pseudovirus neutralization in protein only immunized rabbits. The complete linear epitope mapping of rabbit immune sera revealed strong binding to C1, C2, V3, C3 and C4 domains of gp145. Importantly, reactivity of gp41 ecto-domain peptides was observed in DNA prime/protein boost sera but not in the sera of rabbits immunized with protein alone. Moreover, membrane anchored but not soluble envelope encoding DNA immunization elicited antibodies against linear epitopes on the conserved gp41 ecto-domain. Together, these results suggest that priming with DNA encoding cytoplasmic domains of Env alters the quality of antibodies elicited following protein boost and hence may be utilized to generate protective immunity by HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Priya Rangasamy
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Veena Menon
- Advanced Bioscience Laboratories Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Ranajit Pal
- Advanced Bioscience Laboratories Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Sundarasamy Mahalingam
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
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33
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Hessell AJ, Malherbe DC, Pissani F, McBurney S, Krebs SJ, Gomes M, Pandey S, Sutton WF, Burwitz BJ, Gray M, Robins H, Park BS, Sacha JB, LaBranche CC, Fuller DH, Montefiori DC, Stamatatos L, Sather DN, Haigwood NL. Achieving Potent Autologous Neutralizing Antibody Responses against Tier 2 HIV-1 Viruses by Strategic Selection of Envelope Immunogens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3064-78. [PMID: 26944928 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Advancement in immunogen selection and vaccine design that will rapidly elicit a protective Ab response is considered critical for HIV vaccine protective efficacy. Vaccine-elicited Ab responses must therefore have the capacity to prevent infection by neutralization-resistant phenotypes of transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses that establish infection in humans. Most vaccine candidates to date have been ineffective at generating Abs that neutralize T/F or early variants. In this study, we report that coimmunizing rhesus macaques with HIV-1 gp160 DNA and gp140 trimeric protein selected from native envelope gene sequences (envs) induced neutralizing Abs against Tier 2 autologous viruses expressing cognate envelope (Env). The Env immunogens were selected from envs emerging during the earliest stages of neutralization breadth developing within the first 2 years of infection in two clade B-infected human subjects. Moreover, the IgG responses in macaques emulated the targeting to specific regions of Env known to be associated with autologous and heterologous neutralizing Abs developed within the human subjects. Furthermore, we measured increasing affinity of macaque polyclonal IgG responses over the course of the immunization regimen that correlated with Tier 1 neutralization. In addition, we report firm correlations between Tier 2 autologous neutralization and Tier 1 heterologous neutralization, as well as overall TZM-bl breadth scores. Additionally, the activation of Env-specific follicular helper CD4 T cells in lymphocytes isolated from inguinal lymph nodes of vaccinated macaques correlated with Tier 2 autologous neutralization. These results demonstrate the potential for native Env derived from subjects at the time of neutralization broadening as effective HIV vaccine elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann J Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Delphine C Malherbe
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Franco Pissani
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD 20889
| | - Sean McBurney
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Shelly J Krebs
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Michelle Gomes
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Shilpi Pandey
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - William F Sutton
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Benjamin J Burwitz
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | | | - Harlan Robins
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Byung S Park
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Celia C LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Deborah H Fuller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | | | | | | | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
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34
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Dai K, Khan SN, Wang Y, He L, Guenaga J, Ingale J, Sundling C, O'Dell S, McKee K, Phad G, Corcoran M, Wilson R, Mascola JR, Zhu J, Li Y, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Wyatt RT. HIV-1 Vaccine-elicited Antibodies Reverted to Their Inferred Naive Germline Reveal Associations between Binding Affinity and in vivo Activation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20987. [PMID: 26879974 PMCID: PMC4754655 DOI: 10.1038/srep20987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The elicitation of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies following envelope glycoprotein (Env) vaccination is exceedingly difficult. Suboptimal engagement of naïve B cells is suggested to limit these low frequency events, especially at the conserved CD4bs. Here, we analyzed CD4bs-directed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) elicited by YU2 gp140-foldon trimers in a non-human primate by selective sorting using CD4bs “knock out” trimers. Following two inoculations, the CD4bs-directed mAbs efficiently recognized the eliciting immunogen in their affinity-maturing state but did not recognize CD4bs-defective probes. We reverted these mAbs to their most likely inferred germline (igL) state, leaving the HCDR3 unaltered, to establish correlates of in vitro affinity to in vivo activation. Most igL-reverted mAbs bound the eliciting gp140 immunogen, indicating that CD4bs-directed B cells possessing reasonable affinity existed in the naïve repertoire. We detected relatively high affinities for the majority of the igL mAbs to gp120 and of Fabs to gp140, which, as expected, increased when the antibodies ‘matured’ following vaccination. Affinity increases were associated with slower off-rates as well as with acquisition of neutralizing capacity. These data reveal in vitro binding properties associated with in vivo activation that result in functional archiving of antigen-specific B cells elicited by a complex glycoprotein antigen following immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifan Dai
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at TSRI, La Jolla CA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA
| | - Salar N Khan
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at TSRI, La Jolla CA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA
| | - Yimeng Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA
| | - Linling He
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA
| | - Javier Guenaga
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at TSRI, La Jolla CA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA
| | - Jidnyasa Ingale
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at TSRI, La Jolla CA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA.,The Scripps CHAVI-ID, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Department of Microbiology, and Tumor Cell Biology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE
| | | | | | - Ganesh Phad
- Department of Microbiology, and Tumor Cell Biology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE
| | - Martin Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology, and Tumor Cell Biology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE
| | - Richard Wilson
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at TSRI, La Jolla CA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA
| | | | - Jiang Zhu
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at TSRI, La Jolla CA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA.,The Scripps CHAVI-ID, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA
| | - Yuxing Li
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at TSRI, La Jolla CA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA
| | | | - Richard T Wyatt
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at TSRI, La Jolla CA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA.,The Scripps CHAVI-ID, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA
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35
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Conformational Epitope-Specific Broadly Neutralizing Plasma Antibodies Obtained from an HIV-1 Clade C-Infected Elite Neutralizer Mediate Autologous Virus Escape through Mutations in the V1 Loop. J Virol 2016; 90:3446-57. [PMID: 26763999 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03090-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Broadly neutralizing antibodies isolated from infected patients who are elite neutralizers have identified targets on HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein that are vulnerable to antibody neutralization; however, it is not known whether infection established by the majority of the circulating clade C strains in Indian patients elicit neutralizing antibody responses against any of the known targets. In the present study, we examined the specificity of a broad and potent cross-neutralizing plasma obtained from an Indian elite neutralizer infected with HIV-1 clade C. This plasma neutralized 53/57 (93%) HIV pseudoviruses prepared with Env from distinct HIV clades of different geographical origins. Mapping studies using gp120 core protein, single-residue knockout mutants, and chimeric viruses revealed that G37080 broadly cross-neutralizing (BCN) plasma lacks specificities to the CD4 binding site, gp41 membrane-proximal external region, N160 and N332 glycans, and R166 and K169 in the V1-V3 region and are known predominant targets for BCN antibodies. Depletion of G37080 plasma with soluble trimeric BG505-SOSIP.664 Env (but with neither monomeric gp120 nor clade C membrane-proximal external region peptides) resulted in significant reduction of virus neutralization, suggesting that G37080 BCN antibodies mainly target epitopes on cleaved trimeric Env. Further examination of autologous circulating Envs revealed the association of mutation of residues in the V1 loop that contributed to neutralization resistance. In summary, we report the identification of plasma antibodies from a clade C-infected elite neutralizer that mediate neutralization breadth via epitopes on trimeric gp120 not yet reported and confer autologous neutralization escape via mutation of residues in the V1 loop. IMPORTANCE A preventive vaccine to protect against HIV-1 is urgently needed. HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins are targets of neutralizing antibodies and represent a key component for immunogen design. The mapping of epitopes on viral envelopes vulnerable to immune evasion will aid in defining targets of vaccine immunogens. We identified novel conformational epitopes on the viral envelope targeted by broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies elicited in natural infection in an elite neutralizer infected with HIV-1 clade C. Our data extend our knowledge on neutralizing epitopes associated with virus escape and potentially contribute to immunogen design and antibody-based prophylactic therapy.
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36
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Apostólico JDS, Boscardin SB, Yamamoto MM, de Oliveira-Filho JN, Kalil J, Cunha-Neto E, Rosa DS. HIV Envelope Trimer Specific Immune Response Is Influenced by Different Adjuvant Formulations and Heterologous Prime-Boost. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145637. [PMID: 26727218 PMCID: PMC4699765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a preventive vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection is the most efficient method to control the epidemic. The ultimate goal is to develop a vaccine able to induce specific neutralizing, non-neutralizing antibodies and cellular mediated immunity (CMI). Humoral and CMI responses can be directed to glycoproteins that are normally presented as a trimeric spike on the virus surface (gp140). Despite safer, subunit vaccines are normally less immunogenic/effective and need to be delivered together with an adjuvant. The choice of a suitable adjuvant can induce effective humoral and CMI that utterly lead to full protection against disease. In this report, we established a hierarchy of adjuvant potency on humoral and CMI when admixed with the recombinant HIV gp140 trimer. We show that vaccination with gp140 in the presence of different adjuvants can induce high-affinity antibodies, follicular helper T cells and germinal center B cells. The data show that poly (I:C) is the most potent adjuvant to induce specific CMI responses evidenced by IFN-γ production and CD4+/CD8+ T cell proliferation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that combining some adjuvants like MPL plus Alum and MPL plus MDP exert additive effects that impact on the magnitude and quality of humoral responses while mixing MDP with poly (I:C) or with R848 had no impact on total IgG titers but highly impact IgG subclass. In addition, heterologous DNA prime- protein boost yielded higher IgG titers when compare to DNA alone and improved the quality of humoral response when compare to protein immunization as evidenced by IgG1/IgG2a ratio. The results presented in this paper highlight the importance of selecting the correct adjuvant-antigen combination to potentiate desired cells for optimal stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana de Souza Apostólico
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Beatriz Boscardin
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio Massao Yamamoto
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jethe Nunes de Oliveira-Filho
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Kalil
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo—School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology—INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo—School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology—INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy—LIM60, University of São Paulo- School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Santoro Rosa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology—INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Influences on the Design and Purification of Soluble, Recombinant Native-Like HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers. J Virol 2015; 89:12189-210. [PMID: 26311893 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01768-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We have investigated factors that influence the production of native-like soluble, recombinant trimers based on the env genes of two isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), specifically 92UG037.8 (clade A) and CZA97.012 (clade C). When the recombinant trimers based on the env genes of isolates 92UG037.8 and CZA97.012 were made according to the SOSIP.664 design and purified by affinity chromatography using broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against quaternary epitopes (PGT145 and PGT151, respectively), the resulting trimers are highly stable and they are fully native-like when visualized by negative-stain electron microscopy. They also have a native-like (i.e., abundant) oligomannose glycan composition and display multiple bNAb epitopes while occluding those for nonneutralizing antibodies. In contrast, uncleaved, histidine-tagged Foldon (Fd) domain-containing gp140 proteins (gp140UNC-Fd-His), based on the same env genes, very rarely form native-like trimers, a finding that is consistent with their antigenic and biophysical properties and glycan composition. The addition of a 20-residue flexible linker (FL20) between the gp120 and gp41 ectodomain (gp41ECTO) subunits to make the uncleaved 92UG037.8 gp140-FL20 construct is not sufficient to create a native-like trimer, but a small percentage of native-like trimers were produced when an I559P substitution in gp41ECTO was also present. The further addition of a disulfide bond (SOS) to link the gp120 and gp41 subunits in the uncleaved gp140-FL20-SOSIP protein increases native-like trimer formation to ∼20 to 30%. Analysis of the disulfide bond content shows that misfolded gp120 subunits are abundant in uncleaved CZA97.012 gp140UNC-Fd-His proteins but very rare in native-like trimer populations. The design and stabilization method and the purification strategy are, therefore, all important influences on the quality of trimeric Env proteins and hence their suitability as vaccine components. IMPORTANCE Soluble, recombinant multimeric proteins based on the HIV-1 env gene are current candidate immunogens for vaccine trials in humans. These proteins are generally designed to mimic the native trimeric envelope glycoprotein (Env) that is the target of virus-neutralizing antibodies on the surfaces of virions. The underlying hypothesis is that an Env-mimetic protein may be able to induce antibodies that can neutralize the virus broadly and potently enough for a vaccine to be protective. Multiple different designs for Env-mimetic trimers have been put forth. Here, we used the CZA97.012 and 92UG037.8 env genes to compare some of these designs and determine which ones best mimic virus-associated Env trimers. We conclude that the most widely used versions of CZA97.012 and 92UG037.8 oligomeric Env proteins do not resemble the trimeric Env glycoprotein on HIV-1 viruses, which has implications for the design and interpretation of ongoing or proposed clinical trials of these proteins.
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The Carbomer-Lecithin Adjuvant Adjuplex Has Potent Immunoactivating Properties and Elicits Protective Adaptive Immunity against Influenza Virus Challenge in Mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:1004-12. [PMID: 26135973 PMCID: PMC4550664 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00736-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The continued discovery and development of adjuvants for vaccine formulation are important to safely increase potency and/or reduce the antigen doses of existing vaccines and tailor the adaptive immune response to newly developed vaccines. Adjuplex is a novel adjuvant platform based on a purified lecithin and carbomer homopolymer. Here, we analyzed the adjuvant activity of Adjuplex in mice for the soluble hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein of influenza A virus. The titration of Adjuplex revealed an optimal dose of 1% for immunogenicity, eliciting high titers of HA-specific IgG but inducing no significant weight loss. At this dose, Adjuplex completely protected mice from an otherwise lethal influenza virus challenge and was at least as effective as the adjuvants monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and alum in preventing disease. Adjuplex elicited balanced Th1-/Th2-type immune responses with accompanying cytokines and triggered antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell proliferation. The use of the peritoneal inflammation model revealed that Adjuplex recruited dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, and neutrophils in the context of innate cytokine and chemokine secretion. Adjuplex neither triggered classical maturation of DCs nor activated a pathogen recognition receptor (PRR)-expressing NF-κB reporter cell line, suggesting a mechanism of action different from that reported for classical pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-activated innate immunity. Taken together, these data reveal Adjuplex to be a potent and well-tolerated adjuvant with application for subunit vaccines.
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Stewart-Jones GBE, Thomas PV, Chen M, Druz A, Joyce MG, Kong WP, Sastry M, Soto C, Yang Y, Zhang B, Chen L, Chuang GY, Georgiev IS, McLellan JS, Srivatsan S, Zhou T, Baxa U, Mascola JR, Graham BS, Kwong PD. A Cysteine Zipper Stabilizes a Pre-Fusion F Glycoprotein Vaccine for Respiratory Syncytial Virus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128779. [PMID: 26098893 PMCID: PMC4476739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant subunit vaccines should contain minimal non-pathogen motifs to reduce potential off-target reactivity. We recently developed a vaccine antigen against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which comprised the fusion (F) glycoprotein stabilized in its pre-fusion trimeric conformation by "DS-Cav1" mutations and by an appended C-terminal trimerization motif or "foldon" from T4-bacteriophage fibritin. Here we investigate the creation of a cysteine zipper to allow for the removal of the phage foldon, while maintaining the immunogenicity of the parent DS-Cav1+foldon antigen. Constructs without foldon yielded RSV F monomers, and enzymatic removal of the phage foldon from pre-fusion F trimers resulted in their dissociation into monomers. Because the native C terminus of the pre-fusion RSV F ectodomain encompasses a viral trimeric coiled-coil, we explored whether introduction of cysteine residues capable of forming inter-protomer disulfides might allow for stable trimers. Structural modeling indicated the introduced cysteines to form disulfide "rings", with each ring comprising a different set of inward facing residues of the coiled-coil. Three sets of rings could be placed within the native RSV F coiled-coil, and additional rings could be added by duplicating portions of the coiled-coil. High levels of neutralizing activity in mice, equivalent to that of the parent DS-Cav1+foldon antigen, were elicited by a 4-ring stabilized RSV F trimer with no foldon. Structure-based alteration of a viral coiled-coil to create a cysteine zipper thus allows a phage trimerization motif to be removed from a candidate vaccine antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume B. E. Stewart-Jones
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul V. Thomas
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Man Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aliaksandr Druz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - M. Gordon Joyce
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wing-Pui Kong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mallika Sastry
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cinque Soto
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yongping Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lei Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ivelin S. Georgiev
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Srivatsan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ulrich Baxa
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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AlSalmi W, Mahalingam M, Ananthaswamy N, Hamlin C, Flores D, Gao G, Rao VB. A New Approach to Produce HIV-1 Envelope Trimers: BOTH CLEAVAGE AND PROPER GLYCOSYLATION ARE ESSENTIAL TO GENERATE AUTHENTIC TRIMERS. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:19780-95. [PMID: 26088135 PMCID: PMC4528139 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.656611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The trimeric envelope spike of HIV-1 mediates virus entry into human cells. The exposed part of the trimer, gp140, consists of two noncovalently associated subunits, gp120 and gp41 ectodomain. A recombinant vaccine that mimics the native trimer might elicit entry-blocking antibodies and prevent virus infection. However, preparation of authentic HIV-1 trimers has been challenging. Recently, an affinity column containing the broadly neutralizing antibody 2G12 has been used to capture recombinant gp140 and prepare trimers from clade A BG505 that naturally produces stable trimers. However, this antibody-based approach may not be as effective for the diverse HIV-1 strains with different epitope signatures. Here, we report a new and simple approach to produce HIV-1 envelope trimers. The C terminus of gp140 was attached to Strep-tag II with a long linker separating the tag from the massive trimer base and glycan shield. This allowed capture of nearly homogeneous gp140 directly from the culture medium. Cleaved, uncleaved, and fully or partially glycosylated trimers from different clade viruses were produced. Extensive biochemical characterizations showed that cleavage of gp140 was not essential for trimerization, but it triggered a conformational change that channels trimers into correct glycosylation pathways, generating compact three-blade propeller-shaped trimers. Uncleaved trimers entered aberrant pathways, resulting in hyperglycosylation, nonspecific cross-linking, and conformational heterogeneity. Even the cleaved trimers showed microheterogeneity in gp41 glycosylation. These studies established a broadly applicable HIV-1 trimer production system as well as generating new insights into their assembly and maturation that collectively bear on the HIV-1 vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadad AlSalmi
- From the Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C. 20064
| | - Marthandan Mahalingam
- From the Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C. 20064
| | - Neeti Ananthaswamy
- From the Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C. 20064
| | - Christopher Hamlin
- From the Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C. 20064
| | - Dalia Flores
- From the Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C. 20064
| | - Guofen Gao
- From the Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C. 20064
| | - Venigalla B Rao
- From the Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C. 20064
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41
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Menon V, Priya RS, Labranche C, Montefiori D, Mahalingam S, Kalyanaraman VS, Pal R. Characterization of protective immune response elicited by a trimeric envelope protein from an Indian clade C HIV-1 isolate in rhesus macaques. J Med Primatol 2015; 44:275-85. [PMID: 26075700 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent preclinical studies have demonstrated the use of properly folded trimeric HIV-1 envelope proteins as immunogen for eliciting protecting immune response in macaques. METHODS Trimeric gp145 protein of Indian clade C HIV-1 (93IN101) was characterized for antigenicity by evaluating its binding to sCD4, and several monoclonal antibodies to HIV-1 by bio-layer interferometry. Ten macaques were immunized four times with purified gp145 in adjuplex adjuvant, and serum antibodies were characterized for binding to gp145 and neutralization. Immunized macaques were subjected to weekly low-dose vaginal challenge with SHIV1157-ipEL-p for 8 weeks. RESULTS Env protein elicited strong antibody response in macaques. Following challenge, seven of ten immunized macaques resisted challenge, while six of eight control animals were infected. CONCLUSIONS Env proteins from a clade C Indian isolate can elicit protective immune response and therefore may be a candidate for inclusion in a multiclade-based HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Menon
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ranajit Pal
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Rockville, MD, USA
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42
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Characterization and Implementation of a Diverse Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVsm Envelope Panel in the Assessment of Neutralizing Antibody Breadth Elicited in Rhesus Macaques by Multimodal Vaccines Expressing the SIVmac239 Envelope. J Virol 2015; 89:8130-51. [PMID: 26018167 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01221-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Antibodies that can neutralize diverse viral strains are likely to be an important component of a protective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine. To this end, preclinical simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-based nonhuman primate immunization regimens have been designed to evaluate and enhance antibody-mediated protection. However, these trials often rely on a limited selection of SIV strains with extreme neutralization phenotypes to assess vaccine-elicited antibody activity. To mirror the viral panels used to assess HIV-1 antibody breadth, we created and characterized a novel panel of 14 genetically and phenotypically diverse SIVsm envelope (Env) glycoproteins. To assess the utility of this panel, we characterized the neutralizing activity elicited by four SIVmac239 envelope-expressing DNA/modified vaccinia virus Ankara vector- and protein-based vaccination regimens that included the immunomodulatory adjuvants granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, and CD40 ligand. The SIVsm Env panel exhibited a spectrum of neutralization sensitivity to SIV-infected plasma pools and monoclonal antibodies, allowing categorization into three tiers. Pooled sera from 91 rhesus macaques immunized in the four trials consistently neutralized only the highly sensitive tier 1a SIVsm Envs, regardless of the immunization regimen. The inability of vaccine-mediated antibodies to neutralize the moderately resistant tier 1b and tier 2 SIVsm Envs defined here suggests that those antibodies were directed toward epitopes that are not accessible on most SIVsm Envs. To achieve a broader and more effective neutralization profile in preclinical vaccine studies that is relevant to known features of HIV-1 neutralization, more emphasis should be placed on optimizing the Env immunogen, as the neutralization profile achieved by the addition of adjuvants does not appear to supersede the neutralizing antibody profile determined by the immunogen. IMPORTANCE Many in the HIV/AIDS vaccine field believe that the ability to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies capable of blocking genetically diverse HIV-1 variants is a critical component of a protective vaccine. Various SIV-based nonhuman primate vaccine studies have investigated ways to improve antibody-mediated protection against a heterologous SIV challenge, including administering adjuvants that might stimulate a greater neutralization breadth. Using a novel SIV neutralization panel and samples from four rhesus macaque vaccine trials designed for cross comparison, we show that different regimens expressing the same SIV envelope immunogen consistently elicit antibodies that neutralize only the very sensitive tier 1a SIV variants. The results argue that the neutralizing antibody profile elicited by a vaccine is primarily determined by the envelope immunogen and is not substantially broadened by including adjuvants, resulting in the conclusion that the envelope immunogen itself should be the primary consideration in efforts to elicit antibodies with greater neutralization breadth.
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Yang Z, Li J, Liu Q, Yuan T, Zhang Y, Chen LQ, Lou Q, Sun Z, Ying H, Xu J, Dimitrov DS, Zhang MY. Identification of Non-HIV Immunogens That Bind to Germline b12 Predecessors and Prime for Elicitation of Cross-clade Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126428. [PMID: 26010511 PMCID: PMC4444298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental challenge for developing an effective and safe HIV-1 vaccine is to identify vaccine immunogens that can initiate and maintain immune responses leading to elicitation of broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies (bnAbs) through complex maturation pathways. We have previously found that HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) lack measurable binding to putative germline predecessors of known bnAbs and proposed to search for non-HIV immunogens that could initiate their somatic maturation. Using bnAb b12 as a model bnAb and yeast display technology, we isolated five (poly)peptides from plant leaves, insects, E. coli strains, and sea water microbes that bind to b12 putative germline and intermediate antibodies. Rabbit immunization with the (poly)peptides alone induced high titers of cross-reactive antibodies that neutralized HIV-1 isolates SF162 and JRFL. Priming rabbits with the (poly)peptides followed by boosts with trimeric gp140SF162 and then resurfaced Env (RSC3) induced antibodies that competed with mature b12 and neutralized tier 1 and 2 viruses from clade B, C and E, while control rabbits without (poly)peptide priming induced antibodies that did not compete with mature b12 and neutralized fewer isolates. The degree of competition with mature b12 for binding to gp140SF162 correlated with the neutralizing activity of the rabbit IgG. Reversing the order of the two boosting immunogens significantly affected the binding profile and neutralization potency of the rabbit IgG. Our study is the first to provide evidence that appears to support the concept that non-HIV immunogens may initiate immune responses leading to elicitation of cross-clade neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qingsheng Liu
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tingting Yuan
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanyu Zhang
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li-Qing Chen
- Center of Laboratory Animals, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Lou
- Center of Laboratory Animals, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zehua Sun
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huazhong Ying
- Center of Laboratory Animals, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Dimiter S. Dimitrov
- Protein Interactions group, Laboratory of Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mei-Yun Zhang
- AIDS Institute, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
- Liver Disease Institute, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China
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44
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Phad GE, Vázquez Bernat N, Feng Y, Ingale J, Martinez Murillo PA, O'Dell S, Li Y, Mascola JR, Sundling C, Wyatt RT, Karlsson Hedestam GB. Diverse antibody genetic and recognition properties revealed following HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein immunization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5903-14. [PMID: 25964491 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of mAbs elicited by vaccination provides opportunities to define the development of effective immunity. Ab responses elicited by current HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) immunogens display narrow neutralizing activity with limited capacity to block infection by tier 2 viruses. Intense work in the field suggests that improved Env immunogens are forthcoming, and it is therefore important to concurrently develop approaches to investigate the quality of vaccine-elicited responses at a higher level of resolution. In this study, we cloned a representative set of mAbs elicited by a model Env immunogen in rhesus macaques and comprehensively characterized their genetic and functional properties. The mAbs were genetically diverse, even within groups of Abs targeting the same subregion of Env, consistent with a highly polyclonal response. mAbs directed against two subdeterminants of Env, the CD4 binding site and V region 3, could in part account for the neutralizing activity observed in the plasma of the animal from which they were cloned, demonstrating the power of mAb isolation for a detailed understanding of the elicited response. Finally, through comparative analyses of mAb binding and neutralizing capacity of HIV-1 using matched Envs, we demonstrate complex relationships between epitope recognition and accessibility, highlighting the protective quaternary packing of the HIV-1 spike relative to vaccine-induced mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh E Phad
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Néstor Vázquez Bernat
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yu Feng
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jidnyasa Ingale
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | - Sijy O'Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yuxing Li
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850; and
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Richard T Wyatt
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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45
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Crooks ET, Tong T, Chakrabarti B, Narayan K, Georgiev IS, Menis S, Huang X, Kulp D, Osawa K, Muranaka J, Stewart-Jones G, Destefano J, O’Dell S, LaBranche C, Robinson JE, Montefiori DC, McKee K, Du SX, Doria-Rose N, Kwong PD, Mascola JR, Zhu P, Schief WR, Wyatt RT, Whalen RG, Binley JM. Vaccine-Elicited Tier 2 HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Bind to Quaternary Epitopes Involving Glycan-Deficient Patches Proximal to the CD4 Binding Site. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004932. [PMID: 26023780 PMCID: PMC4449185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Eliciting broad tier 2 neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) is a major goal of HIV-1 vaccine research. Here we investigated the ability of native, membrane-expressed JR-FL Env trimers to elicit nAbs. Unusually potent nAb titers developed in 2 of 8 rabbits immunized with virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing trimers (trimer VLP sera) and in 1 of 20 rabbits immunized with DNA expressing native Env trimer, followed by a protein boost (DNA trimer sera). All 3 sera neutralized via quaternary epitopes and exploited natural gaps in the glycan defenses of the second conserved region of JR-FL gp120. Specifically, trimer VLP sera took advantage of the unusual absence of a glycan at residue 197 (present in 98.7% of Envs). Intriguingly, removing the N197 glycan (with no loss of tier 2 phenotype) rendered 50% or 16.7% (n = 18) of clade B tier 2 isolates sensitive to the two trimer VLP sera, showing broad neutralization via the surface masked by the N197 glycan. Neutralizing sera targeted epitopes that overlap with the CD4 binding site, consistent with the role of the N197 glycan in a putative "glycan fence" that limits access to this region. A bioinformatics analysis suggested shared features of one of the trimer VLP sera and monoclonal antibody PG9, consistent with its trimer-dependency. The neutralizing DNA trimer serum took advantage of the absence of a glycan at residue 230, also proximal to the CD4 binding site and suggesting an epitope similar to that of monoclonal antibody 8ANC195, albeit lacking tier 2 breadth. Taken together, our data show for the first time that strain-specific holes in the glycan fence can allow the development of tier 2 neutralizing antibodies to native spikes. Moreover, cross-neutralization can occur in the absence of protecting glycan. Overall, our observations provide new insights that may inform the future development of a neutralizing antibody vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema T. Crooks
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Tommy Tong
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Bimal Chakrabarti
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kristin Narayan
- Altravax, Inc., Sunnyvale, California, United States of America
| | - Ivelin S. Georgiev
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sergey Menis
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaoxing Huang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel Kulp
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Keiko Osawa
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | | | - Guillaume Stewart-Jones
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Destefano
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Design and Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Sijy O’Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - James E. Robinson
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Krisha McKee
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sean X. Du
- Altravax, Inc., Sunnyvale, California, United States of America
| | - Nicole Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ping Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - William R. Schief
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richard T. Wyatt
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | | | - James M. Binley
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
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Immunogenic Display of Purified Chemically Cross-Linked HIV-1 Spikes. J Virol 2015; 89:6725-45. [PMID: 25878116 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03738-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) spikes are prime vaccine candidates, at least in principle, but suffer from instability, molecular heterogeneity and a low copy number on virions. We anticipated that chemical cross-linking of HIV-1 would allow purification and molecular characterization of trimeric Env spikes, as well as high copy number immunization. Broadly neutralizing antibodies bound tightly to all major quaternary epitopes on cross-linked spikes. Covalent cross-linking of the trimer also stabilized broadly neutralizing epitopes, although surprisingly some individual epitopes were still somewhat sensitive to heat or reducing agent. Immunodepletion using non-neutralizing antibodies to gp120 and gp41 was an effective method for removing non-native-like Env. Cross-linked spikes, purified via an engineered C-terminal tag, were shown by negative stain EM to have well-ordered, trilobed structure. An immunization was performed comparing a boost with Env spikes on virions to spikes cross-linked and captured onto nanoparticles, each following a gp160 DNA prime. Although differences in neutralization did not reach statistical significance, cross-linked Env spikes elicited a more diverse and sporadically neutralizing antibody response against Tier 1b and 2 isolates when displayed on nanoparticles, despite attenuated binding titers to gp120 and V3 crown peptides. Our study demonstrates display of cross-linked trimeric Env spikes on nanoparticles, while showing a level of control over antigenicity, purity and density of virion-associated Env, which may have relevance for Env based vaccine strategies for HIV-1. IMPORTANCE The envelope spike (Env) is the target of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies, which a successful vaccine will need to elicit. However, native Env on virions is innately labile, as well as heterogeneously and sparsely displayed. We therefore stabilized Env spikes using a chemical cross-linker and removed non-native Env by immunodepletion with non-neutralizing antibodies. Fixed native spikes were recognized by all classes of known broadly neutralizing antibodies but not by non-neutralizing antibodies and displayed on nanoparticles in high copy number. An immunization experiment in rabbits revealed that cross-linking Env reduced its overall immunogenicity; however, high-copy display on nanoparticles enabled boosting of antibodies that sporadically neutralized some relatively resistant HIV-1 isolates, albeit at a low titer. This study describes the purification of stable and antigenically correct Env spikes from virions that can be used as immunogens.
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Boliar S, Das S, Bansal M, Shukla BN, Patil S, Shrivastava T, Samal S, Goswami S, King CR, Bhattacharya J, Chakrabarti BK. An efficiently cleaved HIV-1 clade C Env selectively binds to neutralizing antibodies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122443. [PMID: 25822521 PMCID: PMC4379091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An ideal HIV-1 Env immunogen is expected to mimic the native trimeric conformation for inducing broadly neutralizing antibody responses. The native conformation is dependent on efficient cleavage of HIV-1 Env. The clade B isolate, JRFL Env is efficiently cleaved when expressed on the cell surface. Here, for the first time, we report the identification of a native clade C Env, 4-2.J41 that is naturally and efficiently cleaved on the cell surface as confirmed by its biochemical and antigenic characteristics. In addition to binding to several conformation-dependent neutralizing antibodies, 4-2.J41 Env binds efficiently to the cleavage-dependent antibody PGT151; thus validating its native cleaved conformation. In contrast, 4-2.J41 Env occludes non-neutralizing epitopes. The cytoplasmic-tail of 4-2.J41 Env plays an important role in maintaining its conformation. Furthermore, codon optimization of 4-2.J41 Env sequence significantly increases its expression while retaining its native conformation. Since clade C of HIV-1 is the prevalent subtype, identification and characterization of this efficiently cleaved Env would provide a platform for rational immunogen design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Boliar
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 496 Udyog Vihar, Phase-III, Gurgaon-122 016, Haryana, India
| | - Supratik Das
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 496 Udyog Vihar, Phase-III, Gurgaon-122 016, Haryana, India
| | - Manish Bansal
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 496 Udyog Vihar, Phase-III, Gurgaon-122 016, Haryana, India
| | - Brihaspati N. Shukla
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 496 Udyog Vihar, Phase-III, Gurgaon-122 016, Haryana, India
| | - Shilpa Patil
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 496 Udyog Vihar, Phase-III, Gurgaon-122 016, Haryana, India
| | - Tripti Shrivastava
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 496 Udyog Vihar, Phase-III, Gurgaon-122 016, Haryana, India
| | - Sweety Samal
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 496 Udyog Vihar, Phase-III, Gurgaon-122 016, Haryana, India
| | - Sandeep Goswami
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 496 Udyog Vihar, Phase-III, Gurgaon-122 016, Haryana, India
| | | | - Jayanta Bhattacharya
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 496 Udyog Vihar, Phase-III, Gurgaon-122 016, Haryana, India
| | - Bimal K. Chakrabarti
- THSTI-IAVI HIV Vaccine Design Program, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 496 Udyog Vihar, Phase-III, Gurgaon-122 016, Haryana, India
- * E-mail:
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Sliepen K, van Montfort T, Melchers M, Isik G, Sanders RW. Immunosilencing a highly immunogenic protein trimerization domain. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:7436-42. [PMID: 25635058 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.620534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many therapeutic proteins and protein subunit vaccines contain heterologous trimerization domains, such as the widely used GCN4-based isoleucine zipper (IZ) and the T4 bacteriophage fibritin foldon (Fd) trimerization domains. We found that these domains induced potent anti-IZ or anti-Fd antibody responses in animals when fused to an HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) immunogen. To dampen IZ-induced responses, we constructed an IZ domain containing four N-linked glycans (IZN4) to shield the underlying protein surface. When fused to two different vaccine antigens, HIV-1 Env and influenza hemagglutinin (HA), IZN4 strongly reduced the antibody responses against the IZ, but did not affect the antibody titers against Env or HA. Silencing of immunogenic multimerization domains with glycans might be relevant for therapeutic proteins and protein vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwinten Sliepen
- From the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
| | - Thijs van Montfort
- From the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
| | - Mark Melchers
- From the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
| | - Gözde Isik
- From the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- From the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065
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49
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Guenaga J, de Val N, Tran K, Feng Y, Satchwell K, Ward AB, Wyatt RT. Well-ordered trimeric HIV-1 subtype B and C soluble spike mimetics generated by negative selection display native-like properties. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004570. [PMID: 25569572 PMCID: PMC4287557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of BG505 gp140 SOSIP, a soluble mimic of the native HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env), marks the beginning of new era in Env structure-based immunogen design. Displaying a well-ordered quaternary structure, these subtype A-derived trimers display an excellent antigenic profile, discriminating recognition by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) from non-broadly neutralizing antibodies (non-bNAbs), and provide a solid Env-based immunogenic platform starting point. Even with this important advance, obtaining homogeneous well-ordered soluble SOSIP trimers derived from other subtypes remains challenging. Here, we report the “rescue” of homogeneous well-ordered subtype B and C SOSIP trimers from a heterogeneous Env mixture using CD4 binding site-directed (CD4bs) non-bNAbs in a negative-selection purification process. These non-bNAbs recognize the primary receptor CD4bs only on disordered trimers but not on the native Env spike or well-ordered soluble trimers due to steric hindrance. Following negative selection to remove disordered oligomers, we demonstrated recovery of well-ordered, homogeneous trimers by electron microscopy (EM). We obtained 3D EM reconstructions of unliganded trimers, as well as in complex with sCD4, a panel of CD4bs-directed bNAbs, and the cleavage-dependent, trimer-specific bNAb, PGT151. Using bio-layer light interferometry (BLI) we demonstrated that the well-ordered trimers were efficiently recognized by bNAbs and poorly recognized by non-bNAbs, representing soluble mimics of the native viral spike. Biophysical characterization was consistent with the thermostability of a homogeneous species that could be further stabilized by specific bNAbs. This study revealed that Env trimers generate different frequencies of well-ordered versus disordered aberrant trimers even when they are genetically identical. By negatively selecting the native-like well-ordered trimers, we establish a new means to obtain soluble Env mimetics derived from subtypes B and C for expanded use as candidate vaccine immunogens. The HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) is the sole virally encoded gene product on the surface of the virus and, as such, is the only target of neutralizing antibodies. A broadly efficacious HIV vaccine will likely need to generate a robust neutralizing antibody response directed at conserved elements of the variable Env. For a successful antibody-based vaccine, a soluble mimic of the HIV spike will likely be required to generate high-titer anti-Env antibodies capable of neutralizing a wide array of HIV isolates. Due to the global sequence diversity of Env, generating a diverse array of these soluble spikes will benefit immunization strategies designed to cope with such viral diversity. Here, we report a novel purification strategy followed by a comprehensive characterization of two soluble HIV spikes from infection-prominent subtypes, B and C. We demonstrate that these homogeneous soluble trimers are faithful mimics of the HIV spike by neutralizing antibody binding, electron microscopy and other biophysical assessments. Possessing soluble and stable mimics of the HIV spike derived from diverse strains improves both our knowledge of HIV spike architecture as shown here and extends subtype coverage of potential vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Guenaga
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Natalia de Val
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Karen Tran
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yu Feng
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Karen Satchwell
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ABW); (RTW)
| | - Richard T. Wyatt
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ABW); (RTW)
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50
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Broderick KE, Humeau LM. Electroporation-enhanced delivery of nucleic acid vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 14:195-204. [PMID: 25487734 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.990890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The naked delivery of nucleic acid vaccines is notoriously inefficient, and an enabling delivery technology is required to direct efficiently these constructs intracellularly. A delivery technology capable of enhancing nucleic acid uptake in both cells in tissues and in culture is electroporation (EP). EP is a physical delivery mechanism that increases the permeability of mammalian cell membranes and allows the trafficking of large macromolecules into the cell. EP has now been used extensively in the clinic and been shown to be an effective method to increase both the uptake of the construct and the breadth and magnitude of the resulting immune responses. Excitingly, 2014 saw the announcement of the first EP-enhanced DNA vaccine Phase II trial demonstrating clinical efficacy. This review seeks to introduce the reader to EP as a technology to enhance the delivery of DNA and RNA vaccines and highlight several published clinical trials using this delivery modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Broderick
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., 660 West Germantown Pike, Suite 110, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA
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