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Atanasoff KE, Parsons AJ, Ophir SI, Lurain N, Kraus T, Moran T, Duty JA, Tortorella D. A broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody generated from transgenic mice immunized with HCMV particles limits virus infection and proliferation. J Virol 2024:e0021324. [PMID: 38832789 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00213-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a β-herpesvirus that poses severe disease risk for immunocompromised patients who experience primary infection or reactivation. Development and optimization of safe and effective anti-HCMV therapeutics is of urgent necessity for the prevention and treatment of HCMV-associated diseases in diverse populations. The use of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to limit HCMV infection poses a promising therapeutic strategy, as anti-HCMV mAbs largely inhibit infection by targeting virion glycoprotein complexes. In contrast, the small-molecule compounds currently approved for patients (e.g., ganciclovir, letermovir, and maribavir) target later stages of the HCMV life cycle. Here, we present a broadly neutralizing human mAb, designated 1C10, elicited from a VelocImmune mouse immunized with infectious HCMV particles. Clone 1C10 neutralizes infection after virion binding to cells by targeting gH/gL envelope complexes and potently reduces infection of diverse HCMV strains in fibroblast, trophoblast, and epithelial cells. Antibody competition assays found that 1C10 recognizes a region of gH associated with broad neutralization and binds to soluble pentamer in the low nanomolar range. Importantly, 1C10 treatment significantly reduced virus proliferation in both fibroblast and epithelial cells. Further, the combination treatment of mAb 1C10 with ganciclovir reduced HCMV infection and proliferation in a synergistic manner. This work characterizes a neutralizing human mAb for potential use as a HCMV treatment, as well as a possible therapeutic strategy utilizing combination-based treatments targeting disparate steps of the viral life cycle. Collectively, the findings support an antibody-based therapy to effectively treat patients at risk for HCMV-associated diseases. IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus is a herpesvirus that infects a large proportion of the population and can cause significant disease in diverse patient populations whose immune systems are suppressed or compromised. The development and optimization of safe anti-HCMV therapeutics, especially those that have viral targets and inhibition mechanisms different from current HCMV treatments, are of urgent necessity to better public health. Human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that prevent HCMV entry of cells were identified by immunizing transgenic mice and screened for broad and effective neutralization capability. Here, we describe one such mAb, which was found to target gH/gL envelope complexes and effectively limit HCMV infection and dissemination. Further, administration of the antibody in combination with the antiviral drug ganciclovir inhibited HCMV in a synergistic manner, highlighting this approach and the use of anti-HCMV mAbs more broadly, as a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of diverse patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina E Atanasoff
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrea J Parsons
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sabrina I Ophir
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nell Lurain
- Department of Immunology-Microbiology, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Center for Therapeutic Antibody Development, Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas Moran
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Therapeutic Antibody Development, Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - J Andrew Duty
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Therapeutic Antibody Development, Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Domenico Tortorella
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Mokry RL, Monti CE, Rosas-Rogers S, Schumacher ML, Dash RK, Terhune SS. Replication efficiencies of human cytomegalovirus-infected epithelial cells are dependent on source of virus production. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.19.585739. [PMID: 38562837 PMCID: PMC10983881 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.19.585739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a prevalent betaherpesvirus, and infection can lead to a range of symptomatology from mononucleosis to sepsis in immunocompromised individuals. HCMV is also the leading viral cause of congenital birth defects. Lytic replication is supported by many cell types with different kinetics and efficiencies leading to a plethora of pathologies. The goal of these studies was to elucidate HCMV replication efficiencies for viruses produced on different cell types upon infection of epithelial cells by combining experimental approaches with data-driven computational modeling. HCMV was generated from a common genetic background of TB40-BAC4, propagated on fibroblasts (TB40Fb) or epithelial cells (TB40Epi), and used to infect epithelial cells. We quantified cell-associated viral genomes (vDNA), protein levels (pUL44, pp28), and cell-free titers over time for each virus at different multiplicities of infection. We combined experimental quantification with data-driven simulations and determined that parameters describing vDNA synthesis were similar between sources. We found that pUL44 accumulation was higher in TB40Fb than TB40Epi. In contrast, pp28 accumulation was higher in TB40Epi which coincided with a significant increase in titer for TB40Epi over TB40Fb. These differences were most evident during live-cell imaging, which revealed syncytia-like formation during infection by TB40Epi. Simulations of the late lytic replication cycle yielded a larger synthesis constant for pp28 in TB40Epi along with increase in virus output despite similar rates of genome synthesis. By combining experimental and computational modeling approaches, our studies demonstrate that the cellular source of propagated virus impacts viral replication efficiency in target cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L. Mokry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI-53226
| | - Christopher E. Monti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI-53226
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI-53226
| | - Suzette Rosas-Rogers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI-53226
| | - Megan L. Schumacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI-53226
| | - Ranjan K. Dash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI-53226
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI-53226
| | - Scott S. Terhune
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI-53226
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI-53226
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3
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Chesnokova LS, Mosher BS, Fulkerson HL, Nam HW, Shakya AK, Yurochko AD. Distinct early role of PTEN regulation during HCMV infection of monocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312290121. [PMID: 38483999 PMCID: PMC10962971 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312290121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection of monocytes is essential for viral dissemination and persistence. We previously identified that HCMV entry/internalization and subsequent productive infection of this clinically relevant cell type is distinct when compared to other infected cells. We showed that internalization and productive infection required activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and integrin/c-Src, via binding of viral glycoprotein B to EGFR, and the pentamer complex to β1/β3 integrins. To understand how virus attachment drives entry, we compared infection of monocytes with viruses containing the pentamer vs. those without the pentamer and then used a phosphoproteomic screen to identify potential phosphorylated proteins that influence HCMV entry and trafficking. The screen revealed that the most prominent pentamer-biased phosphorylated protein was the lipid- and protein-phosphatase phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). PTEN knockdown with siRNA or PTEN inhibition with a PTEN inhibitor decreased pentamer-mediated HCMV entry, without affecting trimer-mediated entry. Inhibition of PTEN activity affected lipid metabolism and interfered with the onset of the endocytic processes required for HCMV entry. PTEN inactivation was sufficient to rescue pentamer-null HCMV from lysosomal degradation. We next examined dephosphorylation of a PTEN substrate Rab7, a regulator of endosomal maturation. Inhibition of PTEN activity prevented dephosphorylation of Rab7. Phosphorylated Rab7, in turn, blocked early endosome to late endosome maturation and promoted nuclear localization of the virus and productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila S. Chesnokova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA71103
- Center for Applied Immunology and Pathological Processes, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA71103
| | - Bailey S. Mosher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA71103
- Center for Applied Immunology and Pathological Processes, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA71103
| | - Heather L. Fulkerson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA71103
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA71103
| | - Hyung W. Nam
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA71103
| | - Akhalesh K. Shakya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA71103
| | - Andrew D. Yurochko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA71103
- Center for Applied Immunology and Pathological Processes, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA71103
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA71103
- Feist-Weller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, Shreveport, LA71103
- Center for Excellence in Arthritis and Rheumatology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA71103
- Center of Excellence for Emerging Viral Threats, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA71103
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4
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Zhang M, Wang X, Li J, Peng F, Liu Z, Chen ZS. Ligands and receptors in human cytomegalovirus entry: Current therapies and new directions. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103833. [PMID: 37992888 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The demand for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) vaccines was first raised by a committee convened during the 1990s. A comprehensive investigation into the mechanism of viral infection supports the prioritization of developing drugs or vaccines that specifically target receptors and ligands involved in the infection process. As primary targets for neutralizing antibodies to combat HCMV, viral ligands (trimer, pentamer, and glycoprotein B) have crucial roles and exhibit substantial antiviral potential, which could be exploited for breakthroughs in antiviral research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Basic Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Jianshe Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Fujun Peng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Basic Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA.
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Zehner M, Alt M, Ashurov A, Goldsmith JA, Spies R, Weiler N, Lerma J, Gieselmann L, Stöhr D, Gruell H, Schultz EP, Kreer C, Schlachter L, Janicki H, Laib Sampaio K, Stegmann C, Nemetchek MD, Dähling S, Ullrich L, Dittmer U, Witzke O, Koch M, Ryckman BJ, Lotfi R, McLellan JS, Krawczyk A, Sinzger C, Klein F. Single-cell analysis of memory B cells from top neutralizers reveals multiple sites of vulnerability within HCMV Trimer and Pentamer. Immunity 2023; 56:2602-2620.e10. [PMID: 37967532 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can cause severe diseases in fetuses, newborns, and immunocompromised individuals. Currently, no vaccines are approved, and treatment options are limited. Here, we analyzed the human B cell response of four HCMV top neutralizers from a cohort of 9,000 individuals. By single-cell analyses of memory B cells targeting the pentameric and trimeric HCMV surface complexes, we identified vulnerable sites on the shared gH/gL subunits as well as complex-specific subunits UL128/130/131A and gO. Using high-resolution cryogenic electron microscopy, we revealed the structural basis of the neutralization mechanisms of antibodies targeting various binding sites. Moreover, we identified highly potent antibodies that neutralized a broad spectrum of HCMV strains, including primary clinical isolates, that outperform known antibodies used in clinical trials. Our study provides a deep understanding of the mechanisms of HCMV neutralization and identifies promising antibody candidates to prevent and treat HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Zehner
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Mira Alt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Artem Ashurov
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jory A Goldsmith
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Rebecca Spies
- Institute for Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Nina Weiler
- Institute for Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Justin Lerma
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Lutz Gieselmann
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Dagmar Stöhr
- Institute for Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Henning Gruell
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Eric P Schultz
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Christoph Kreer
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Linda Schlachter
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hanna Janicki
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Cora Stegmann
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Michelle D Nemetchek
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Sabrina Dähling
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Leon Ullrich
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver Witzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Manuel Koch
- Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Brent J Ryckman
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Ramin Lotfi
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Adalbert Krawczyk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Sinzger
- Institute for Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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6
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Zeng J, Cao D, Yang S, Jaijyan DK, Liu X, Wu S, Cruz-Cosme R, Tang Q, Zhu H. Insights into the Transcriptome of Human Cytomegalovirus: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2023; 15:1703. [PMID: 37632045 PMCID: PMC10458407 DOI: 10.3390/v15081703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread pathogen that poses significant risks to immunocompromised individuals. Its genome spans over 230 kbp and potentially encodes over 200 open-reading frames. The HCMV transcriptome consists of various types of RNAs, including messenger RNAs (mRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs), with emerging insights into their biological functions. HCMV mRNAs are involved in crucial viral processes, such as viral replication, transcription, and translation regulation, as well as immune modulation and other effects on host cells. Additionally, four lncRNAs (RNA1.2, RNA2.7, RNA4.9, and RNA5.0) have been identified in HCMV, which play important roles in lytic replication like bypassing acute antiviral responses, promoting cell movement and viral spread, and maintaining HCMV latency. CircRNAs have gained attention for their important and diverse biological functions, including association with different diseases, acting as microRNA sponges, regulating parental gene expression, and serving as translation templates. Remarkably, HCMV encodes miRNAs which play critical roles in silencing human genes and other functions. This review gives an overview of human cytomegalovirus and current research on the HCMV transcriptome during lytic and latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
| | - Di Cao
- Department of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Shaomin Yang
- Department of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Dabbu Kumar Jaijyan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
| | - Xiaolian Liu
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Songbin Wu
- Department of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Ruth Cruz-Cosme
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
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7
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Wang HY, Taher H, Kreklywich CN, Schmidt KA, Scheef EA, Barfield R, Otero CE, Valencia SM, Crooks CM, Mirza A, Woods K, Burgt NV, Kowalik TF, Barry PA, Hansen SG, Tarantal AF, Chan C, Streblow DN, Picker LJ, Kaur A, Früh K, Permar SR, Malouli D. The pentameric complex is not required for vertical transmission of cytomegalovirus in seronegative pregnant rhesus macaques. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.15.545169. [PMID: 37398229 PMCID: PMC10312687 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.15.545169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection is the leading infectious cause of neonatal neurological impairment but essential virological determinants of transplacental CMV transmission remain unclear. The pentameric complex (PC), composed of five subunits, glycoproteins H (gH), gL, UL128, UL130, and UL131A, is essential for efficient entry into non-fibroblast cells in vitro . Based on this role in cell tropism, the PC is considered a possible target for CMV vaccines and immunotherapies to prevent cCMV. To determine the role of the PC in transplacental CMV transmission in a non-human primate model of cCMV, we constructed a PC-deficient rhesus CMV (RhCMV) by deleting the homologues of the HCMV PC subunits UL128 and UL130 and compared congenital transmission to PC-intact RhCMV in CD4+ T cell-depleted or immunocompetent RhCMV-seronegative, pregnant rhesus macaques (RM). Surprisingly, we found that the transplacental transmission rate was similar for PC-intact and PC-deleted RhCMV based on viral genomic DNA detection in amniotic fluid. Moreover, PC-deleted and PC-intact RhCMV acute infection led to similar peak maternal plasma viremia. However, there was less viral shedding in maternal urine and saliva and less viral dissemination in fetal tissues in the PC-deleted group. As expected, dams inoculated with PC-deleted RhCMV demonstrated lower plasma IgG binding to PC-intact RhCMV virions and soluble PC, as well as reduced neutralization of PC-dependent entry of the PC-intact RhCMV isolate UCD52 into epithelial cells. In contrast, binding to gH expressed on the cell surface and neutralization of entry into fibroblasts by the PC-intact RhCMV was higher for dams infected with PC-deleted RhCMV compared to those infected with PC-intact RhCMV. Our data demonstrates that the PC is dispensable for transplacental CMV infection in our non-human primate model. One Sentence Summary Congenital CMV transmission frequency in seronegative rhesus macaques is not affected by the deletion of the viral pentameric complex.
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8
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Dong XD, Li Y, Li Y, Sun C, Liu SX, Duan H, Cui R, Zhong Q, Mou YG, Wen L, Yang B, Zeng MS, Luo MH, Zhang H. EphA2 is a functional entry receptor for HCMV infection of glioblastoma cells. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011304. [PMID: 37146061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is associated with human glioblastoma, the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor, but the underlying infection mechanism has not been fully demonstrated. Here, we show that EphA2 was upregulated in glioblastoma and correlated with the poor prognosis of the patients. EphA2 silencing inhibits, whereas overexpression promotes HCMV infection, establishing EphA2 as a crucial cell factor for HCMV infection of glioblastoma cells. Mechanistically, EphA2 binds to HCMV gH/gL complex to mediate membrane fusion. Importantly, the HCMV infection was inhibited by the treatment of inhibitor or antibody targeting EphA2 in glioblastoma cells. Furthermore, HCMV infection was also impaired in optimal glioblastoma organoids by EphA2 inhibitor. Taken together, we propose EphA2 as a crucial cell factor for HCMV infection in glioblastoma cells and a potential target for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Shenzhen Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Cong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shang-Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Run Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Gao Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Le Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- The Joint Center of Translational Precision Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center; Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min-Hua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Shenzhen Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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9
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Zhou X, Cimato G, Zhou Y, Frascaroli G, Brune W. A Virus Genetic System to Analyze the Fusogenicity of Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein B Variants. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040979. [PMID: 37112959 PMCID: PMC10142178 DOI: 10.3390/v15040979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses can induce the fusion of infected and neighboring cells, leading to the formation of syncytia. Cell-cell fusion is mediated by viral fusion proteins on the plasma membrane of infected cells that interact with cellular receptors on neighboring cells. Viruses use this mechanism to spread rapidly to adjacent cells or escape host immunity. For some viruses, syncytium formation is a hallmark of infection and a known pathogenicity factor. For others, the role of syncytium formation in viral dissemination and pathogenicity remains poorly understood. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in transplant patients and the leading cause of congenital infections. Clinical HCMV isolates have broad cell tropism but differ in their ability to induce cell-cell fusions, and little is known about the molecular determinants. We developed a system to analyze HCMV glycoprotein B (gB) variants in a defined genetic background. HCMV strains TB40/E and TR were used as vectors to compare the fusogenicity of six gB variants from congenitally infected fetuses with those from three laboratory strains. Five of them conferred the ability to induce the fusion of MRC-5 human embryonic lung fibroblasts to one or both backbone strains, as determined by a split GFP-luciferase reporter system. The same gB variants were not sufficient to induce syncytia in infected ARPE-19 epithelial cells, suggesting that additional factors are involved. The system described here allows a systematic comparison of the fusogenicity of viral envelope glycoproteins and may help to clarify whether fusion-promoting variants are associated with increased pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Giorgia Cimato
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yihua Zhou
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | | | - Wolfram Brune
- Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Zhong L, Zhang W, Krummenacher C, Chen Y, Zheng Q, Zhao Q, Zeng MS, Xia N, Zeng YX, Xu M, Zhang X. Targeting herpesvirus entry complex and fusogen glycoproteins with prophylactic and therapeutic agents. Trends Microbiol 2023:S0966-842X(23)00077-X. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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11
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Fornara C, Schultz E, Lilleri D, Baldanti F, Ryckman B, Gerna G. Fibroblast, Epithelial and Endothelial Cell-Derived Human Cytomegalovirus Strains Display Distinct Neutralizing Antibody Responses and Varying Levels of gH/gL Complexes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4417. [PMID: 36901847 PMCID: PMC10003051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In sequential sera from pregnant women with HCMV primary infection (PI), the serum neutralizing activity is higher against virions produced in epithelial and endothelial cells than in fibroblasts. Immunoblotting shows that the pentamer complex/trimer complex (PC/TC) ratio varies according to the producer cell culture type used for the virus preparation to be employed in the neutralizing antibody (NAb) assay, and is lower in fibroblasts and higher in epithelial, and especially endothelial cells. The blocking activity of TC- and PC-specific inhibitors varies according to the PC/TC ratio of virus preparations. The rapid reversion of the virus phenotype following its back passage to the original cell culture (fibroblasts) potentially argues in favor of a producer cell effect on virus phenotype. However, the role of genetic factors cannot be overlooked. In addition to the producer cell type, the PC/TC ratio may differ in single HCMV strains. In conclusion, the NAb activity not only varies with different HCMV strains, but is a dynamic parameter changing according to virus strain, type of target and producer cells, and number of cell culture passages. These findings may have some important implications for the development of both therapeutic antibodies and subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fornara
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Eric Schultz
- Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Daniele Lilleri
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Brent Ryckman
- Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Giuseppe Gerna
- Laboratories of Genetics, Transplantology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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12
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Nuévalos M, García-Ríos E, Mancebo FJ, Martín-Martín C, Pérez-Romero P. Novel monoclonal antibody-based therapies: implications for the treatment and prevention of HCMV disease. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:480-497. [PMID: 36624009 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important pathogen worldwide. Although HCMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, it can cause severe or even life-threatening symptoms in immunocompromised patients. Due to limitations of antiviral treatments, it is necessary to search for new therapeutic alternatives. Recent studies have highlighted the contribution of antibodies in protecting against HCMV disease, including neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies. Given the immunocompromised target population, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) may represent an alternative to the clinical management of HCMV infection. In this context, we provide a synthesis of recent data revising the literature supporting and arguing about the role of the humoral immunity in controlling HCMV infection. Additionally, we review the state of the art in the development of therapies based on mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Nuévalos
- National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Estéfani García-Ríos
- National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain; Department of Science, Universidad Internacional de Valencia-VIU, 46002 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Mancebo
- National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Martín-Martín
- National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Pérez-Romero
- National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Okamoto M, Kurino R, Miura R, Takada K. A fully human neutralizing monoclonal antibody targeting a highly conserved epitope of the human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285672. [PMID: 37192198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus causes severe diseases in children (by congenital infection) and immunocompromised patients. Treatment with antiviral agents, such as ganciclovir, is limited by their toxicity. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of a fully human neutralizing monoclonal antibody to inhibit human cytomegalovirus infection and viral cell-to-cell spread. We isolated a potent neutralizing antibody, EV2038 (IgG1 lambda), targeting human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B using Epstein-Barr virus transformation. This antibody inhibited human cytomegalovirus infection by all four laboratory strains and 42 Japanese clinical isolates, including ganciclovir-resistant isolates, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranging from 0.013 to 0.105 μg/mL, and 90% inhibitory concentration (IC90) ranging from 0.208 to 1.026 μg/mL, in both human embryonic lung fibroblasts (MRC-5) and human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells. Additionally, EV2038 prevented cell-to-cell spread of eight clinical viral isolates, with IC50 values ranging from 1.0 to 3.1 μg/mL, and IC90 values ranging from 13 to 19 μg/mL, in ARPE-19 cells. EV2038 recognized three discontinuous sequences on antigenic domain 1 of glycoprotein B (amino acids 549-560, 569-576, and 625-632), which were highly conserved among 71 clinical isolates from Japan and the United States. Pharmacokinetics study in cynomolgus monkeys suggested the potential efficacy of EV2038 in vivo, the concentration of which in serum remained higher than the IC90 values of cell-to-cell spread until 28 days after intravenous injection of 10 mg/kg EV2038. Our data strongly support EV2038 as a promising candidate and novel alternative for the treatment of human cytomegalovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Okamoto
- Sapporo Laboratory, EVEC, Inc., Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Rika Kurino
- Sapporo Laboratory, EVEC, Inc., Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ryu Miura
- Sapporo Laboratory, EVEC, Inc., Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kenzo Takada
- Sapporo Laboratory, EVEC, Inc., Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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14
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Neutralization Epitopes in Trimer and Pentamer Complexes Recognized by Potent Cytomegalovirus-Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibodies. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0139322. [PMID: 36342276 PMCID: PMC9784774 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01393-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects 36% to almost 100% of adults and causes severe complications only in immunocompromised individuals. HCMV viral surface trimeric (gH/gL/gO) and pentameric (gH/gL/UL128/UL130/UL131A) complexes play important roles in HCMV infection and tropism. Here, we isolated and identified a total of four neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) derived from HCMV-seropositive blood donors. Based on their reactivity to HCMV trimer and pentamer, these MAbs can be divided into two groups. MAbs PC0012, PC0014, and PC0035 in group 1 bind both trimer and pentamer and neutralize CMV by interfering with the postattachment steps of CMV entering into cells. These three antibodies recognize antigenic epitopes clustered in a similar area, which are overlapped by the epitope recognized by the known neutralizing antibody MSL-109. MAb PC0034 in group 2 binds only to pentamer and neutralizes CMV by blocking the binding of pentamer to cells. Epitope mapping using pentamer mutants showed that amino acid T94 of the subunit UL128 and K27 of UL131A on the pentamer are key epitope-associated residues recognized by PC0034. This study provides new evidence and insight information on the importance of the development of the CMV pentamer as a CMV vaccine. In addition, these newly identified potent CMV MAbs can be attractive candidates for development as antibody therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of HCMV infection. IMPORTANCE The majority of the global population is infected with HCMV, but severe complications occur only in immunocompromised individuals. In addition, CMV infection is a major cause of birth defects in newborns. Currently, there are still no approved prophylactic vaccines or therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for clinical use against HCMV infection. This study identified and characterized a panel of four neutralizing MAbs targeting the HCMV pentamer complex with specific aims to identify a key protein(s) and antigenic epitopes in the HCMV pentamer complex. The study also explored the mechanism by which these newly identified antibodies neutralize HCMV in order to design better HCMV vaccines focusing on the pentamer and to provide attractive candidates for the development of effective cocktail therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of HCMV infection.
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15
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Penner I, Büscher N, Dejung M, Freiwald A, Butter F, Plachter B. Subviral Dense Bodies of Human Cytomegalovirus Induce an Antiviral Type I Interferon Response. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244028. [PMID: 36552792 PMCID: PMC9777239 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Cells infected with the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) produce subviral particles, termed dense bodies (DBs), both in-vitro and in-vivo. They are released from cells, comparable to infectious virions, and are enclosed by a membrane that resembles the viral envelope and mediates the entry into cells. To date, little is known about how the DB uptake influences the gene expression in target cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of DBs on cells, in the absence of a viral infection. (2) Methods: Mass spectrometry, immunoblot analyses, siRNA knockdown, and a CRISPR-CAS9 knockout, were used to investigate the changes in cellular gene expression following a DB exposure; (3) Results: A number of interferon-regulated genes (IRGs) were upregulated after the fibroblasts and endothelial cells were exposed to DBs. This upregulation was dependent on the DB entry and mediated by the type I interferon signaling through the JAK-STAT pathway. The induction of IRGs was mediated by the sensing of the DB-introduced DNA by the pattern recognition receptor cGAS. (4) Conclusions: The induction of a strong type I IFN response by DBs is a unique feature of the HCMV infection. The release of DBs may serve as a danger signal and concomitantly contribute to the induction of a strong, antiviral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inessa Penner
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicole Büscher
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mario Dejung
- Institute for Molecular Biology, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Anja Freiwald
- Institute for Molecular Biology, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Falk Butter
- Institute for Molecular Biology, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bodo Plachter
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence:
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16
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Turner DL, Mathias RA. The human cytomegalovirus decathlon: Ten critical replication events provide opportunities for restriction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1053139. [PMID: 36506089 PMCID: PMC9732275 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1053139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen that can cause severe disease in immunocompromised individuals, transplant recipients, and to the developing foetus during pregnancy. There is no protective vaccine currently available, and with only a limited number of antiviral drug options, resistant strains are constantly emerging. Successful completion of HCMV replication is an elegant feat from a molecular perspective, with both host and viral processes required at various stages. Remarkably, HCMV and other herpesviruses have protracted replication cycles, large genomes, complex virion structure and complicated nuclear and cytoplasmic replication events. In this review, we outline the 10 essential stages the virus must navigate to successfully complete replication. As each individual event along the replication continuum poses as a potential barrier for restriction, these essential checkpoints represent potential targets for antiviral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan L. Turner
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rommel A. Mathias
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Rommel A. Mathias,
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17
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Hu X, Wang HY, Otero CE, Jenks JA, Permar SR. Lessons from Acquired Natural Immunity and Clinical Trials to Inform Next-Generation Human Cytomegalovirus Vaccine Development. Annu Rev Virol 2022; 9:491-520. [PMID: 35704747 PMCID: PMC10154983 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100220-010653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, the most common cause of congenital disease globally, affecting an estimated 1 million newborns annually, can result in lifelong sequelae in infants, such as sensorineural hearing loss and brain damage. HCMV infection also leads to a significant disease burden in immunocompromised individuals. Hence, an effective HCMV vaccine is urgently needed to prevent infection and HCMV-associated diseases. Unfortunately, despite more than five decades of vaccine development, no successful HCMV vaccine is available. This review summarizes what we have learned from acquired natural immunity, including innate and adaptive immunity; the successes and failures of HCMV vaccine human clinical trials; the progress in related animal models; and the analysis of protective immune responses during natural infection and vaccination settings. Finally, we propose novel vaccine strategies that will harness the knowledge of protective immunity and employ new technology and vaccine concepts to inform next-generation HCMV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA;
| | - Hsuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA;
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Claire E Otero
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA;
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer A Jenks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA;
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18
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Flomm FJ, Soh TK, Schneider C, Wedemann L, Britt HM, Thalassinos K, Pfitzner S, Reimer R, Grünewald K, Bosse JB. Intermittent bulk release of human cytomegalovirus. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010575. [PMID: 35925870 PMCID: PMC9352052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can infect a variety of cell types by using virions of varying glycoprotein compositions. It is still unclear how this diversity is generated, but spatio-temporally separated envelopment and egress pathways might play a role. So far, one egress pathway has been described in which HCMV particles are individually enveloped into small vesicles and are subsequently exocytosed continuously. However, some studies have also found enveloped virus particles inside multivesicular structures but could not link them to productive egress or degradation pathways. We used a novel 3D-CLEM workflow allowing us to investigate these structures in HCMV morphogenesis and egress at high spatio-temporal resolution. We found that multiple envelopment events occurred at individual vesicles leading to multiviral bodies (MViBs), which subsequently traversed the cytoplasm to release virions as intermittent bulk pulses at the plasma membrane to form extracellular virus accumulations (EVAs). Our data support the existence of a novel bona fide HCMV egress pathway, which opens the gate to evaluate divergent egress pathways in generating virion diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix J. Flomm
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Timothy K. Soh
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Linda Wedemann
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hannah M. Britt
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos Thalassinos
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Kay Grünewald
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
- University of Hamburg, Department of Chemistry, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens B. Bosse
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
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19
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Braun B, Laib Sampaio K, Kuderna AK, Widmann M, Sinzger C. Viral and Cellular Factors Contributing to the Hematogenous Dissemination of Human Cytomegalovirus via Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071561. [PMID: 35891541 PMCID: PMC9323586 DOI: 10.3390/v14071561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) presumably transmit human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) between endothelial cells in blood vessels and thereby facilitate spread to peripheral organs. We aimed to identify viral components that contribute to PMN-mediated transmission and test the hypothesis that cellular adhesion molecules shield transmission sites from entry inhibitors. Stop codons were introduced into the genome of HCMV strain Merlin to delete pUL74 of the trimeric and pUL128 of the pentameric glycoprotein complex and the tegument proteins pp65 and pp71. Mutants were analyzed regarding virus uptake by PMNs and transfer of infection to endothelial cells. Cellular adhesion molecules were evaluated for their contribution to virus transmission using function-blocking antibodies, and hits were further analyzed regarding shielding against inhibitors of virus entry. The viral proteins pUL128, pp65, and pp71 were required for efficient PMN-mediated transmission, whereas pUL74 was dispensable. On the cellular side, the blocking of the αLβ2-integrin LFA-1 reduced virus transfer by 50% and allowed entry inhibitors to reduce it further by 30%. In conclusion, these data show that PMN-mediated transmission depends on the pentameric complex and an intact tegument and supports the idea of a virological synapse that promotes this dissemination mode both directly and via immune evasion.
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20
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He L, Taylor S, Costa C, Görzer I, Kalser J, Fu TM, Freed D, Wang D, Cui X, Hertel L, McVoy MA. Polymorphic Forms of Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein O Protect against Neutralization of Fibroblast Entry by Antibodies Targeting Epitopes Defined by Glycoproteins H and L. Viruses 2022; 14:1508. [PMID: 35891489 PMCID: PMC9323020 DOI: 10.3390/v14071508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) utilizes different glycoproteins to enter into fibroblast and epithelial cells. A trimer of glycoproteins H, L, and O (gH/gL/gO) is required for entry into all cells, whereas a pentamer of gH/gL/UL128/UL130/UL131A is selectively required for infection of epithelial, endothelial, and some myeloid-lineage cells, but not of fibroblasts. Both complexes are of considerable interest for vaccine and immunotherapeutic development but present a conundrum: gH/gL-specific antibodies have moderate potency yet neutralize CMV entry into all cell types, whereas pentamer-specific antibodies are more potent but do not block fibroblast infection. Which cell types and neutralizing activities are important for protective efficacy in vivo remain unclear. Here, we present evidence that certain CMV strains have evolved polymorphisms in gO to evade trimer-specific neutralizing antibodies. Using luciferase-tagged variants of strain TB40/E in which the native gO is replaced by gOs from other strains, we tested the effects of gO polymorphisms on neutralization by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting four independent epitopes in gH/gL that are common to both trimer and pentamer. Neutralization of fibroblast entry by three mAbs displayed a range of potencies that depended on the gO type, a fourth mAb failed to neutralize fibroblast entry regardless of the gO type, while neutralization of epithelial cell entry by all four mAbs was potent and independent of the gO type. Thus, specific polymorphisms in gO protect the virus from mAb neutralization in the context of fibroblast but not epithelial cell entry. No influence of gO type was observed for protection against CMV hyperimmune globulin or CMV-seropositive human sera, suggesting that antibodies targeting protected gH/gL epitopes represent a minority of the polyclonal neutralizing repertoire induced by natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li He
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | - Scott Taylor
- School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (S.T.); (C.C.)
| | - Catherine Costa
- School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (S.T.); (C.C.)
| | - Irene Görzer
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (I.G.); (J.K.)
| | - Julia Kalser
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (I.G.); (J.K.)
| | - Tong-Ming Fu
- Texas Therapeutic Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Daniel Freed
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA; (D.F.); (D.W.)
| | - Dai Wang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA; (D.F.); (D.W.)
| | - Xiaohong Cui
- Department of Anatomy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | - Laura Hertel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA 94609, USA;
| | - Michael A. McVoy
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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21
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Wedemann L, Flomm FJ, Bosse JB. The unconventional way out-Egress of HCMV through multiviral bodies. Mol Microbiol 2022; 117:1317-1323. [PMID: 35607767 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus and the leading cause of congenital disabilities as well as a significant cause of disease in immunocompromised patients. The envelopment and egress of HCMV particles is an essential step of the viral life cycle as it determines viral spread and potentially tropism. Here we review the current literature on HCMV envelopment and egress with a particular focus on the role of virus-containing multivesicular body-like vesicles for virus egress and spread. We discuss the difficulties of determining the cellular provenance of these structures in light of viral redistribution of cellular marker proteins and provide potential paths to illuminate their genesis. Finally, we discuss how divergent egress pathways could result in virions of different tropisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Wedemann
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.,Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Leibniz-Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix J Flomm
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.,Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Leibniz-Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens B Bosse
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany.,Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Leibniz-Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
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22
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Chin A, Liu J, Jardetzky T, Johnson DC, Vanarsdall A. Identification of functionally important domains of human cytomegalovirus gO that act after trimer binding to receptors. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010452. [PMID: 35452493 PMCID: PMC9032346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) entry involves trimer (gH/gL/gO) that interacts with PDGFRα in fibroblasts. Entry into epithelial and endothelial cells requires trimer, which binds unidentified receptors, and pentamer (gH/gL/UL128-131), which binds neuropilin-2. To identify functionally important domains in trimer, we screened an overlapping 20-mer gO peptide library and identified two sets of peptides: 19/20 (a.a. 235–267) and 32/33 (a.a. 404–436) that could block virus entry. Soluble trimer containing wild type gO blocked HCMV entry, whereas soluble trimers with the 19/20 or 32/33 sequences mutated did not block entry. Interestingly, the mutant trimers retained the capacity to bind to cellular receptors including PDGFRα. Peptide 19/20 and 32/33 sequences formed a lobe extending from the surface of gO and an adjacent concave structure, respectively. Neither of these sets of sequences contacted PDGFRα. Instead, our data support a model in which the 19/20 and 32/33 trimer sequences function downstream of receptor binding, e.g. trafficking of HCMV into endosomes or binding to gB for entry fusion. We also screened for peptides that bound antibodies (Abs) in human sera, observing that peptides 20 and 26 bound Abs. These peptides engendered neutralizing Abs (NAbs) after immunization of rabbits and could pull out NAbs from human sera. Peptides 20 and 26 sequences represent the first NAb epitopes identified in trimer. These studies describe two important surfaces on gO defined by: i) peptides 19/20 and 32/33, which apparently act downstream of receptor binding and ii) peptide 26 that interacts with PDGFRα. Both these surfaces are targets of NAbs. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects 80% of the world population, causing severe morbidity and mortality in transplant patients and can be transmitted to the developing fetus leading to severe neurological defects. The current anti-viral agents used to treat HCMV are not very effective as viruses can develop resistance and there is no licensed HCMV vaccine available. Recently, there has been intense interest in the HCMV envelope glycoproteins involved in entry as a component of vaccines. One glycoprotein complex, the gH/gL/gO trimer is especially intriguing as it is required for infection of extracellular virus in all cell types. Here, we identify domains in the trimer that have an essential function in entry downstream of receptor binding and are also epitopes recognized by naturally induced neutralizing antibodies. These results will have implications for advancing the efforts to develop novel HCMV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Chin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Theodore Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - David C. Johnson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Adam Vanarsdall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Rescue of Pentamer-Null Strains of Human Cytomegalovirus in Epithelial Cells by Use of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Reveals an Additional Postentry Function for the Pentamer Complex. J Virol 2022; 96:e0003122. [PMID: 35343807 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00031-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) tropism for epithelial cells is determined by the pentameric glycoprotein complex found on the viral envelope. Laboratory-adapted strains, such as AD169, typically develop loss-of-function mutations for the pentamer, thus losing the ability to efficiently initiate lytic replication in epithelial cells. Using our human salivary gland-derived epithelial (hSGE) cell model, we observed that 3 chemically distinct histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors can rescue infection in hSGE cells using pentamer-null strains of HCMV. Additionally, infection in ARPE-19 epithelial cells was rescued in a similar manner. We isolated nuclei from AD169-infected cells, quantified viral genomes by quantitative PCR (qPCR), and discovered that while HDAC inhibitors increased immediate early (IE) gene expression, they did not increase the amount of viral DNA in the nucleus. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, we observed that pentamer-null strains showed punctate patterning of pp71 in proximity to the nucleus of infected cells, while pp71 was localized to the nucleus after infection with pentamer-containing strains. Upon treatment with HDAC inhibitors, these punctae remained perinuclear, while more cells displayed entry into the lytic cycle, noted by increased IE-positive nuclei. Taken together, our data indicate that HCMV pentamer-null viruses are able to infect epithelial cells (albeit less efficiently than pentamer-positive viruses) and traffic to the nucleus but fail to initiate lytic gene expression once there. These studies reveal a novel postentry function of the pentamer in addition to the recognized role of pentamer in mediating entry. IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus has a wide cellular tropism, which is driven by one of its glycoprotein complexes, the pentamer. Laboratory-adapted strains continuously passaged on fibroblasts readily lose pentamer function and thus lose their ability to infect diverse cell types such as epithelial cells. Pentamer has been attributed an entry function during infection, but mechanistic details as to how this is achieved have not been definitely demonstrated. In this study, we investigate how pharmacological rescue of pentamer-null strains during epithelial infection by histone deacetylase inhibitors implicates a novel role for the pentamer downstream of entry. This work expands on potential functions of the pentamer, will drive future studies to understand mechanistically how it affects tropism, and provides a new target for future therapeutics.
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24
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Wrapp D, Ye X, Ku Z, Su H, Jones HG, Wang N, Mishra AK, Freed DC, Li F, Tang A, Li L, Jaijyan DK, Zhu H, Wang D, Fu TM, Zhang N, An Z, McLellan JS. Structural basis for HCMV Pentamer recognition by neuropilin 2 and neutralizing antibodies. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm2546. [PMID: 35275718 PMCID: PMC8916728 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm2546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encodes multiple surface glycoprotein complexes to infect a variety of cell types. The HCMV Pentamer, composed of gH, gL, UL128, UL130, and UL131A, enhances entry into epithelial, endothelial, and myeloid cells by interacting with the cell surface receptor neuropilin 2 (NRP2). Despite the critical nature of this interaction, the molecular determinants that govern NRP2 recognition remain unclear. Here, we describe the cryo-EM structure of NRP2 bound to Pentamer. The high-affinity interaction between these proteins is calcium dependent and differs from the canonical carboxyl-terminal arginine (CendR) binding that NRP2 typically uses. We also determine the structures of four neutralizing human antibodies bound to the HCMV Pentamer to define susceptible epitopes. Two of these antibodies compete with NRP2 binding, but the two most potent antibodies recognize a previously unidentified epitope that does not overlap the NRP2-binding site. Collectively, these findings provide a structural basis for HCMV tropism and antibody-mediated neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wrapp
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Xiaohua Ye
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Ku
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hang Su
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Harrison G. Jones
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nianshuang Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Akaash K. Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Daniel C. Freed
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Fengsheng Li
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Aimin Tang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Leike Li
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dabbu Kumar Jaijyan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Dai Wang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Tong-Ming Fu
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Corresponding author. (Z.A.); (J.S.M.)
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Corresponding author. (Z.A.); (J.S.M.)
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25
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Tyl MD, Betsinger CN, Cristea IM. Virus-host protein interactions as footprints of human cytomegalovirus replication. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 52:135-147. [PMID: 34923282 PMCID: PMC8844139 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a pervasive β-herpesvirus that causes lifelong infection. The lytic replication cycle of HCMV is characterized by global organelle remodeling and dynamic virus-host interactions, both of which are necessary for productive HCMV replication. With the advent of new technologies for investigating protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions, numerous critical interfaces between HCMV and host cells have been identified. Here, we review temporal and spatial virus-host interactions that support different stages of the HCMV replication cycle. Understanding how HCMV interacts with host cells during entry, replication, and assembly, as well as how it interfaces with host cell metabolism and immune responses promises to illuminate processes that underlie the biology of infection and the resulting pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Tyl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Cora N. Betsinger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ileana M. Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA,Corresponding author and lead contact: Ileana M. Cristea, 210 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, Tel: 6092589417, Fax: 6092584575,
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26
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Gonzalez-Del Pino GL, Heldwein EE. Well Put Together—A Guide to Accessorizing with the Herpesvirus gH/gL Complexes. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020296. [PMID: 35215889 PMCID: PMC8874593 DOI: 10.3390/v14020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect a variety of hosts across the animal kingdom. Nine of these establish lifelong infections in humans, for which there are no cures and few vaccine or treatment options. Like all enveloped viruses, herpesviruses enter cells by fusing their lipid envelopes with a host cell membrane. Uniquely, herpesviruses distribute the functions of receptor engagement and membrane fusion across a diverse cast of glycoproteins. Two glycoprotein complexes are conserved throughout the three herpesvirus subfamilies: the trimeric gB that functions as a membrane fusogen and the heterodimeric gH/gL, the role of which is less clearly defined. Here, we highlight the conserved and divergent functions of gH/gL across the three subfamilies of human herpesviruses by comparing its interactions with a broad range of accessory viral proteins, host cell receptors, and neutralizing or inhibitory antibodies. We propose that the intrinsic structural plasticity of gH/gL enables it to function as a signal integration machine that can accept diverse regulatory inputs and convert them into a “trigger” signal that activates the fusogenic ability of gB.
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27
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Recent progress in development of monoclonal antibodies against human cytomegalovirus. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 52:166-173. [PMID: 34952264 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that can cause permanent childhood disabilities following in utero infection and life threatening diseases in immune-compromised individuals such as those post transplantation. Without an effective vaccine, small molecule antiviral drugs are routinely used in high-risk transplant recipients, but the effectiveness of which is limited by side effects and drug resistance. The potentials of antibody-based passive immune therapies alone or in combination with the small molecule antivirals to treat or prevent HCMV infection have been actively studied. In this review, we focus on the recent publications on identification and characterization of monoclonal antibodies that have the potential to be developed as anti-HCMV therapies. We review the progress in clinical evaluation of antibody-based therapies to prevent HCMV-associated diseases.
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28
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Wang S, Xu X, Sun C, Zhang J, He X, Zhang Z, Huang H, Yan J, Jin W, Mao G. Sulphated glucuronomannan tetramer and hexamer from Sargassum thunbergii exhibit anti-human cytomegalovirus activity by blocking viral entry. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 273:118510. [PMID: 34560939 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) remains a major public health burden worldwide. The anti-HCMV activity of glucuronomannan oligosaccharides (Gs) and sulphated glucuronomannan oligosaccharides (SGs) was investigated. Among these Gs and SGs, G4S1 and G6S1 (higher sulphated glucuronomannan tetramer and hexamer) showed satisfactory anti-HCMV activity starting at 50 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL, respectively. The results of the morphology, western blotting, qPCR and TCID50 assay showed that they prevented lytic cytopathic changes, inhibited the expression of IE1/2 and UL44, and reduced the UL123 copy number and virus titre significantly. It was interesting to note that degree of sulphation and polymerization was more important for anti-HCMV activity. Moreover, the anti-HCMV activities of G4S1 and G6S1 were stable when stored at 4 °C, -20 °C, and -80 °C for at least three months and mainly occurred in the early stage of HCMV infection through the negative charge of the sulphate groups and the interaction between SGs and the host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanying Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310030, PR China
| | - Xiaogang Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310030, PR China
| | - Chuan Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310030, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310030, PR China
| | - Xinyue He
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Zhongshan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, PR China
| | - Hong Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310030, PR China
| | - Jing Yan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310030, PR China.
| | - Weihua Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
| | - Genxiang Mao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310030, PR China.
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29
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Rice SA. Release of HSV-1 Cell-Free Virions: Mechanisms, Regulation, and Likely Role in Human-Human Transmission. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122395. [PMID: 34960664 PMCID: PMC8704881 DOI: 10.3390/v13122395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1, or HSV-1, is a widespread human pathogen that replicates in epithelial cells of the body surface and then establishes latent infection in peripheral neurons. When HSV-1 replicates, viral progeny must be efficiently released to spread infection to new target cells. Viral spread occurs via two major routes. In cell-cell spread, progeny virions are delivered directly to cellular junctions, where they infect adjacent cells. In cell-free release, progeny virions are released into the extracellular milieu, potentially allowing the infection of distant cells. Cell-cell spread of HSV-1 has been well studied and is known to be important for in vivo infection and pathogenesis. In contrast, HSV-1 cell-free release has received less attention, and its significance to viral biology is unclear. Here, I review the mechanisms and regulation of HSV-1 cell-free virion release. Based on knowledge accrued in other herpesviral systems, I argue that HSV-1 cell-free release is likely to be tightly regulated in vivo. Specifically, I hypothesize that this process is generally suppressed as the virus replicates within the body, but activated to high levels at sites of viral reactivation, such as the oral mucosa and skin, in order to promote efficient transmission of HSV-1 to new human hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Rice
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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30
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Schleiss MR, Fernández-Alarcón C, Hernandez-Alvarado N, Wang JB, Geballe AP, McVoy MA. Inclusion of the Guinea Pig Cytomegalovirus Pentameric Complex in a Live Virus Vaccine Aids Efficacy against Congenital Infection but Is Not Essential for Improving Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122370. [PMID: 34960639 PMCID: PMC8706200 DOI: 10.3390/v13122370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a vaccine against congenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is a major priority. The pentameric complex (PC) of virion envelope proteins gH, gL, UL128, UL130, and UL131A is a key vaccine target. To determine the importance of immunity to the homologous PC encoded by guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) in preventing congenital CMV, PC-intact and PC-deficient live-attenuated vaccines were generated and directly compared for immunogenicity and efficacy against vertical transmission in a vertical transmission model. A virulent PC-intact GPCMV (PC/intact) was modified by galK mutagenesis either to abrogate PC expression (PC/null; containing a frame-shift mutation in GP129, homolog of UL128) or to delete genes encoding three MHC Class I homologs and a protein kinase R (PKR) evasin while retaining the PC (3DX/Δ145). Attenuated vaccines were compared to sham immunization in a two-dose preconception subcutaneous inoculation regimen in GPCMV seronegative Hartley guinea pigs. Vaccines induced transient, low-grade viremia in 5/12 PC/intact-, 2/12 PC/null-, and 1/11 3DX/Δ145-vaccinated animals. Upon completion of the two-dose vaccine series, ELISA titers for the PC/intact group (geometic mean titer (GMT) 13,669) were not significantly different from PC/null (GMT 8127) but were significantly higher than for the 3DX/Δ145 group (GMT 6185; p < 0.01). Dams were challenged with salivary gland-adapted GPCMV in the second trimester. All vaccines conferred protection against maternal viremia. Newborn weights were significantly lower in sham-immunized controls (84.5 ± 2.4 g) compared to PC/intact (96 ± 2.3 g), PC/null (97.6 ± 1.9 g), or 3DX/Δ145 (93 ± 1.7) pups (p < 0.01). Pup mortality in sham-immunized controls was 29/40 (73%) and decreased to 1/44 (2.3%), 2/46 (4.3%), or 4/40 (10%) in PC/intact, PC/null, or 3DX/Δ145 groups, respectively (all p < 0.001 compared to control). Congenital GPCMV transmission occurred in 5/44 (11%), 16/46 (35%), or 29/38 (76%) of pups in PC/intact, PC/null, or 3DX/Δ145 groups, versus 36/40 (90%) in controls. For infected pups, viral loads were lower in pups born to vaccinated dams compared to controls. Sequence analysis demonstrated that infected pups in the vaccine groups had salivary gland-adapted GPCMV and not vaccine strain-specific sequences, indicating that congenital transmission was due to the challenge virus and not vaccine virus. We conclude that inclusion of the PC in a live, attenuated preconception vaccine improves immunogenicity and reduces vertical transmission, but PC-null vaccines are equal to PC-intact vaccines in reducing maternal viremia and protecting against GPCMV-related pup mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Schleiss
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.F.-A.); (N.H.-A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-612-626-9913
| | - Claudia Fernández-Alarcón
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.F.-A.); (N.H.-A.)
| | - Nelmary Hernandez-Alvarado
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (C.F.-A.); (N.H.-A.)
| | - Jian Ben Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (J.B.W.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Adam P. Geballe
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
| | - Michael A. McVoy
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (J.B.W.); (M.A.M.)
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31
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Pathogenesis of wild-type-like rhesus cytomegalovirus strains following oral exposure of immune-competent rhesus macaques. J Virol 2021; 96:e0165321. [PMID: 34788083 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01653-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) infection of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) is a valuable nonhuman primate model of human CMV (HCMV) persistence and pathogenesis. In vivo studies predominantly use tissue culture-adapted variants of RhCMV that contain multiple genetic mutations compared to wild-type (WT) RhCMV. In many studies, animals have been inoculated by non-natural routes (e.g., subcutaneous, intravenous) that do not recapitulate disease progression via the normative route of mucosal exposure. Accordingly, the natural history of RhCMV would be more accurately reproduced by infecting macaques with strains of RhCMV that reflect the WT genome using natural routes of mucosal transmission. Herein, we tested two WT-like RhCMV strains, UCD52 and UCD59, and demonstrated that systemic infection and frequent, high-titer viral shedding in bodily fluids occurred following oral inoculation. RhCMV disseminated to a broad range of tissues, including the central nervous system and reproductive organs. Commonly infected tissues included the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, kidneys, bladder, and salivary glands. Histological examination revealed prominent nodular hyperplasia in spleens and variable levels of lymphoid lymphofollicular hyperplasia in lymph nodes. One of six inoculated animals had limited viral dissemination and shedding, with commensurately weak antibody responses to RhCMV antigens. These data suggest that long-term RhCMV infection parameters might be restricted by local innate factors and/or de novo host immune responses in a minority of primary infections. Together, we have established an oral RhCMV infection model that mimics natural HCMV infection. The virological and immunological parameters characterized in this study will greatly inform HCMV vaccine designs for human immunization. IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is globally ubiquitous with high seroprevalence rates in all communities. HCMV infections can occur vertically following mother-to-fetus transmission across the placenta and horizontally following shedding of virus in bodily fluids in HCMV infected hosts and subsequent exposure of susceptible individuals to virus-laden fluids. Intrauterine HCMV has long been recognized as an infectious threat to fetal growth and development. Since vertical HCMV infections occur following horizontal HCMV transmission to the pregnant mother, the nonhuman primate model of HCMV pathogenesis was used to characterize the virological and immunological parameters of infection following primary mucosal exposures to rhesus cytomegalovirus.
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32
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Cryo-Electron Microscopy Structure and Interactions of the Human Cytomegalovirus gHgLgO Trimer with Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha. mBio 2021; 12:e0262521. [PMID: 34700375 PMCID: PMC8546573 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02625-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a herpesvirus that produces disease in transplant patients and newborn children. Entry of HCMV into cells relies on gH/gL trimer (gHgLgO) and pentamer (gHgLUL128–131) complexes that bind cellular receptors. Here, we studied the structure and interactions of the HCMV trimer, formed by AD169 strain gH and gL and TR strain gO proteins, with the human platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα). Three trimer surfaces make extensive contacts with three PDGFRα N-terminal domains, causing PDGFRα to wrap around gO in a structure similar to a human hand, explaining the high-affinity interaction. gO is among the least conserved HCMV proteins, with 8 distinct genotypes. We observed high conservation of residues mediating gO-gL interactions but more extensive gO variability in the PDGFRα interface. Comparisons between our trimer structure and a previously determined structure composed of different subunit genotypes indicate that gO variability is accommodated by adjustments in the gO-PDGFRα interface. We identified two loops within gO that were disordered and apparently glycosylated, which could be deleted without disrupting PDGFRα binding. We also identified four gO residues that contact PDGFRα, which when mutated produced markedly reduced receptor binding. These residues fall within conserved contact sites of gO with PDGFRα and may represent key targets for anti-trimer neutralizing antibodies and HCMV vaccines. Finally, we observe that gO mutations distant from the gL interaction site impact trimer expression, suggesting that the intrinsic folding or stability of gO can impact the efficiency of trimer assembly.
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Ruchawapol C, Yuan M, Wang SM, Fu WW, Xu HX. Natural Products and Their Derivatives against Human Herpesvirus Infection. Molecules 2021; 26:6290. [PMID: 34684870 PMCID: PMC8541008 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses establish long-term latent infection for the life of the host and are known to cause numerous diseases. The prevalence of viral infection is significantly increased and causes a worldwide challenge in terms of health issues due to drug resistance. Prolonged treatment with conventional antiviral drugs is more likely to develop drug-resistant strains due to mutations of thymidine nucleoside kinase or DNA polymerase. Hence, the development of alternative treatments is clearly required. Natural products and their derivatives have played a significant role in treating herpesvirus infection rather than nucleoside analogs in drug-resistant strains with minimal undesirable effects and different mechanisms of action. Numerous plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria-derived compounds have been proved to be efficient and safe for treating human herpesvirus infection. This review covers the natural antiherpetic agents with the chemical structural class of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, polyphenols, anthraquinones, anthracyclines, and miscellaneous compounds, and their antiviral mechanisms have been summarized. This review would be helpful to get a better grasp of anti-herpesvirus activity of natural products and their derivatives, and to evaluate the feasibility of natural compounds as an alternative therapy against herpesvirus infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chattarin Ruchawapol
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai 201203, China; (C.R.); (M.Y.); (S.-M.W.)
- Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Man Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai 201203, China; (C.R.); (M.Y.); (S.-M.W.)
- Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Si-Min Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai 201203, China; (C.R.); (M.Y.); (S.-M.W.)
| | - Wen-Wei Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai 201203, China; (C.R.); (M.Y.); (S.-M.W.)
- Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong-Xi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai 201203, China; (C.R.); (M.Y.); (S.-M.W.)
- Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
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Tang J, Frascaroli G, Zhou X, Knickmann J, Brune W. Cell Fusion and Syncytium Formation in Betaherpesvirus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101973. [PMID: 34696402 PMCID: PMC8537622 DOI: 10.3390/v13101973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell–cell fusion is a fundamental and complex process that occurs during reproduction, organ and tissue growth, cancer metastasis, immune response, and infection. All enveloped viruses express one or more proteins that drive the fusion of the viral envelope with cellular membranes. The same proteins can mediate the fusion of the plasma membranes of adjacent cells, leading to the formation of multinucleated syncytia. While cell–cell fusion triggered by alpha- and gammaherpesviruses is well-studied, much less is known about the fusogenic potential of betaherpesviruses such as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and human herpesviruses 6 and 7 (HHV-6 and HHV-7). These are slow-growing viruses that are highly prevalent in the human population and associated with several diseases, particularly in individuals with an immature or impaired immune system such as fetuses and transplant recipients. While HHV-6 and HHV-7 are strictly lymphotropic, HCMV infects a very broad range of cell types including epithelial, endothelial, mesenchymal, and myeloid cells. Syncytia have been observed occasionally for all three betaherpesviruses, both during in vitro and in vivo infection. Since cell–cell fusion may allow efficient spread to neighboring cells without exposure to neutralizing antibodies and other host immune factors, viral-induced syncytia may be important for viral dissemination, long-term persistence, and pathogenicity. In this review, we provide an overview of the viral and cellular factors and mechanisms identified so far in the process of cell–cell fusion induced by betaherpesviruses and discuss the possible consequences for cellular dysfunction and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Tang
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (J.T.); (G.F.); (X.Z.); (J.K.)
- Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Giada Frascaroli
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (J.T.); (G.F.); (X.Z.); (J.K.)
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (J.T.); (G.F.); (X.Z.); (J.K.)
| | - Jan Knickmann
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (J.T.); (G.F.); (X.Z.); (J.K.)
| | - Wolfram Brune
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (J.T.); (G.F.); (X.Z.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Peptide Derivatives of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha Inhibit Cell-Associated Spread of Human Cytomegalovirus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091780. [PMID: 34578361 PMCID: PMC8473290 DOI: 10.3390/v13091780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can be inhibited by a soluble form of the cellular HCMV-receptor PDGFRα, resembling neutralization by antibodies. The cell-associated growth of recent HCMV isolates, however, is resistant against antibodies. We investigated whether PDGFRα-derivatives can inhibit this transmission mode. A protein containing the extracellular PDGFRα-domain and 40-mer peptides derived therefrom were tested regarding the inhibition of the cell-associated HCMV strain Merlin-pAL1502, hits were validated with recent isolates, and the most effective peptide was modified to increase its potency. The modified peptide was further analyzed regarding its mode of action on the virion level. While full-length PDGFRα failed to inhibit HCMV isolates, three peptides significantly reduced virus growth. A 30-mer version of the lead peptide (GD30) proved even more effective against the cell-free virus, and this effect was HCMV-specific and depended on the viral glycoprotein O. In cell-associated spread, GD30 reduced both the number of transferred particles and their penetration. This effect was reversible after peptide removal, which allowed the synchronized analysis of particle transfer, showing that two virions per hour were transferred to neighboring cells and one virion was sufficient for infection. In conclusion, PDGFRα-derived peptides are novel inhibitors of the cell-associated spread of HCMV and facilitate the investigation of this transmission mode.
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A Novel Strain-Specific Neutralizing Epitope on Glycoprotein H of Human Cytomegalovirus. J Virol 2021; 95:e0065721. [PMID: 34160252 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00657-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that causes severe clinical disease in immunosuppressed patients and congenitally infected newborn infants. Viral envelope glycoproteins represent attractive targets for vaccination or passive immunotherapy. To extend the knowledge of mechanisms of virus neutralization, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were generated following immunization of mice with HCMV virions. Hybridoma supernatants were screened for in vitro neutralization activity, yielding three potent MAbs, 6E3, 3C11, and 2B10. MAbs 6E3 and 3C11 blocked infection of all viral strains that were tested, while MAb 2B10 neutralized only 50% of the HCMV strains analyzed. Characterization of the MAbs using indirect immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated their reactivity with recombinantly derived gH. While MAbs 6E3 and 3C11 reacted with gH when expressed alone, 2B10 detected gH only when it was coexpressed with gB and gL. Recognition of gH by 3C11 was dependent on the expression of the entire ectodomain of gH, whereas 6E3 required residues 1 to 629 of gH. The strain-specific determinant for neutralization by Mab 2B10 was identified as a single Met→Ile amino acid polymorphism within gH, located within the central part of the protein. The polymorphism is evenly distributed among described HCMV strains. The 2B10 epitope thus represents a novel strain-specific antibody target site on gH of HCMV. The dependence of the reactivity of 2B10 on the simultaneous presence of gB/gH/gL will be of value in the structural definition of this tripartite complex. The 2B10 epitope may also represent a valuable tool for diagnostics to monitor infections/reinfections with different HCMV strains during pregnancy or after transplantation. IMPORTANCE HCMV infections are life threatening to people with compromised or immature immune systems. Understanding the antiviral antibody repertoire induced during HCMV infection is a necessary prerequisite to define protective antibody responses. Here, we report three novel anti-gH MAbs that potently neutralized HCMV infectivity. One of these MAbs (2B10) targets a novel strain-specific conformational epitope on gH that only becomes accessible upon coexpression of the minimal fusion machinery gB/gH/gL. Strain specificity is dependent on a single amino acid polymorphism within gH. Our data highlight the importance of strain-specific neutralizing antibody responses against HCMV. The 2B10 epitope may also represent a valuable tool for diagnostics to monitor infections/reinfections with different HCMV strains during pregnancy or after transplantation. In addition, the dependence of the reactivity of 2B10 on the simultaneous presence of gB/gH/gL will be of value in the structural definition of this tripartite complex.
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Schultz EP, Yu Q, Stegmann C, Day LZ, Lanchy JM, Ryckman BJ. Mutagenesis of Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein L Disproportionately Disrupts gH/gL/gO over gH/gL/pUL128-131. J Virol 2021; 95:e0061221. [PMID: 34132577 PMCID: PMC8354327 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00612-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-free and cell-to-cell spread of herpesviruses involves a core fusion apparatus comprised of the fusion protein glycoprotein B (gB) and the regulatory factor gH/gL. The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gH/gL/gO and gH/gL/pUL128-131 facilitate spread in different cell types. The gO and pUL128-131 components bind distinct receptors, but how the gH/gL portions of the complexes functionally compare is not understood. We previously characterized a panel of gL mutants by transient expression and showed that many were impaired for gH/gL-gB-dependent cell-cell fusion but were still able to form gH/gL/pUL128-131 and induce receptor interference. Here, the gL mutants were engineered into the HCMV BAC clones TB40/e-BAC4 (TB), TR, and Merlin (ME), which differ in their utilization of the two complexes for entry and spread. Several of the gL mutations disproportionately impacted gH/gL/gO-dependent entry and spread over gH/gL/pUL128-131 processes. The effects of some mutants could be explained by impaired gH/gL/gO assembly, but other mutants impacted gH/gL/gO function. Soluble gH/gL/gO containing the L201 mutant failed to block HCMV infection despite unimpaired binding to PDGFRα, indicating the existence of other important gH/gL/gO receptors. Another mutant (L139) enhanced the gH/gL/gO-dependent cell-free spread of TR, suggesting a "hyperactive" gH/gL/gO. Recently published crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy studies suggest structural conservation of the gH/gL underlying gH/gL/gO and gH/gL/pUL128-131. However, our data suggest important differences in the gH/gL of the two complexes and support a model in which gH/gL/gO can provide an activation signal for gB. IMPORTANCE The endemic betaherpesvirus HCMV circulates in human populations as a complex mixture of genetically distinct variants, establishes lifelong persistent infections, and causes significant disease in neonates and immunocompromised adults. This study capitalizes on our recent characterizations of three genetically distinct HCMV BAC clones to discern the functions of the envelope glycoprotein complexes gH/gL/gO and gH/gL/pUL128-13, which are promising vaccine targets that share the herpesvirus core fusion apparatus component, gH/gL. Mutations in the shared gL subunit disproportionally affected gH/gL/gO, demonstrating mechanistic differences between the two complexes, and may provide a basis for more refined evaluations of neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P. Schultz
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
- Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Qin Yu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Cora Stegmann
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Le Zhang Day
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Program, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Jean-Marc Lanchy
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Brent J. Ryckman
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
- Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Program, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
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Varicella-zoster virus: molecular controls of cell fusion-dependent pathogenesis. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:2415-2435. [PMID: 33259590 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is the causative agent of chicken pox (varicella) and shingles (zoster). Although considered benign diseases, both varicella and zoster can cause complications. Zoster is painful and can lead to post herpetic neuralgia. VZV has also been linked to stroke, related to giant cell arteritis in some cases. Vaccines are available but the attenuated vaccine is not recommended in immunocompromised individuals and the efficacy of the glycoprotein E (gE) based subunit vaccine has not been evaluated for the prevention of varicella. A hallmark of VZV pathology is the formation of multinucleated cells termed polykaryocytes in skin lesions. This cell-cell fusion (abbreviated as cell fusion) is mediated by the VZV glycoproteins gB, gH and gL, which constitute the fusion complex of VZV, also needed for virion entry. Expression of gB, gH and gL during VZV infection and trafficking to the cell surface enables cell fusion. Recent evidence supports the concept that cellular processes are required for regulating cell fusion induced by gB/gH-gL. Mutations within the carboxyl domains of either gB or gH have profound effects on fusion regulation and dramatically restrict the ability of VZV to replicate in human skin. This loss of regulation modifies the transcriptome of VZV infected cells. Furthermore, cellular proteins have significant effects on the regulation of gB/gH-gL-mediated cell fusion and the replication of VZV, exemplified by the cellular phosphatase, calcineurin. This review provides the current state-of-the-art knowledge about the molecular controls of cell fusion-dependent pathogenesis caused by VZV.
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The Human Cytomegalovirus Protein UL116 Interacts with the Viral Endoplasmic-Reticulum-Resident Glycoprotein UL148 and Promotes the Incorporation of gH/gL Complexes into Virions. J Virol 2021; 95:e0220720. [PMID: 34011552 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02207-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterodimers of glycoproteins H (gH) and L (gL) comprise a basal element of the viral membrane fusion machinery conserved across herpesviruses. In human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), the glycoprotein UL116 assembles onto gH at a position similar to that occupied by gL, forming a heterodimer that is incorporated into virions. Here, we show that UL116 promotes the expression of gH/gL complexes and is required for the efficient production of infectious cell-free virions. UL116-null mutants show a 10-fold defect in production of infectious cell-free virions from infected fibroblasts and epithelial cells. This defect is accompanied by reduced expression of two disulfide-linked gH/gL complexes that play crucial roles in viral entry: the heterotrimer of gH/gL with glycoprotein O (gO) and the pentameric complex of gH/gL with UL128, UL130, and UL131. Kifunensine, a mannosidase inhibitor that interferes with endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) of terminally misfolded glycoproteins, restored levels of gH, gL, and gO in UL116-null-infected cells, indicating that constituents of HCMV gH complexes are unstable in the absence of UL116. Further, we find that gH/UL116 complexes are abundant in virions, since a major gH species not covalently linked to other glycoproteins, which has long been observed in the literature, is detected from wild-type but not UL116-null virions. Interestingly, UL116 coimmunoprecipitates with UL148, a viral ER-resident glycoprotein that attenuates ERAD of gO, and we observe elevated levels of UL116 in UL148-null virions. Collectively, our findings argue that UL116 is a chaperone for gH that supports the assembly, maturation, and incorporation of gH/gL complexes into virions. IMPORTANCE HCMV is a betaherpesvirus that causes dangerous opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients as well as in the immune-naive fetus and preterm infants. The potential of the virus to enter new host cells is governed in large part by two alternative viral glycoprotein H (gH)/glycoprotein L (gL) complexes that play important roles in entry: gH/gL/gO and gH/gL/UL128-131. A recently identified virion gH complex, comprised of gH bound to UL116, adds a new layer of complexity to the mechanisms that contribute to HCMV infectivity. Here, we show that UL116 promotes the expression of gH/gL complexes and that UL116 interacts with the viral ER-resident glycoprotein UL148, a factor that supports the expression of gH/gL/gO. Overall, our results suggest that UL116 is a chaperone for gH. These findings have important implications for understanding HCMV cell tropism as well as for the development of vaccines against the virus.
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40
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Wang HY, Valencia SM, Pfeifer SP, Jensen JD, Kowalik TF, Permar SR. Common Polymorphisms in the Glycoproteins of Human Cytomegalovirus and Associated Strain-Specific Immunity. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061106. [PMID: 34207868 PMCID: PMC8227702 DOI: 10.3390/v13061106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), one of the most prevalent viruses across the globe, is a common cause of morbidity and mortality for immunocompromised individuals. Recent clinical observations have demonstrated that mixed strain infections are common and may lead to more severe disease progression. This clinical observation illustrates the complexity of the HCMV genome and emphasizes the importance of taking a population-level view of genotypic evolution. Here we review frequently sampled polymorphisms in the glycoproteins of HCMV, comparing the variable regions, and summarizing their corresponding geographic distributions observed to date. The related strain-specific immunity, including neutralization activity and antigen-specific cellular immunity, is also discussed. Given that these glycoproteins are common targets for vaccine design and anti-viral therapies, this observed genetic variation represents an important resource for future efforts to combat HCMV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Sarah M. Valencia
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Susanne P. Pfeifer
- Center for Evolution & Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (S.P.P.); (J.D.J.)
| | - Jeffrey D. Jensen
- Center for Evolution & Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (S.P.P.); (J.D.J.)
| | - Timothy F. Kowalik
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA;
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-212-746-4111
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Krstanović F, Britt WJ, Jonjić S, Brizić I. Cytomegalovirus Infection and Inflammation in Developing Brain. Viruses 2021; 13:1078. [PMID: 34200083 PMCID: PMC8227981 DOI: 10.3390/v13061078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a highly prevalent herpesvirus that can cause severe disease in immunocompromised individuals and immunologically immature fetuses and newborns. Most infected newborns are able to resolve the infection without developing sequelae. However, in severe cases, congenital HCMV infection can result in life-threatening pathologies and permanent damage of organ systems that possess a low regenerative capacity. Despite the severity of the problem, HCMV infection of the central nervous system (CNS) remains inadequately characterized to date. Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) show strict species specificity, limiting the use of HCMV in experimental animals. Infection following intraperitoneal administration of mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) into newborn mice efficiently recapitulates many aspects of congenital HCMV infection in CNS. Upon entering the CNS, CMV targets all resident brain cells, consequently leading to the development of widespread histopathology and inflammation. Effector functions from both resident cells and infiltrating immune cells efficiently resolve acute MCMV infection in the CNS. However, host-mediated inflammatory factors can also mediate the development of immunopathologies during CMV infection of the brain. Here, we provide an overview of the cytomegalovirus infection in the brain, local immune response to infection, and mechanisms leading to CNS sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fran Krstanović
- Center for Proteomics and Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (F.K.); (S.J.)
| | - William J. Britt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Center for Proteomics and Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (F.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Ilija Brizić
- Center for Proteomics and Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (F.K.); (S.J.)
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Lee BJ, Min CK, Hancock M, Streblow DN, Caposio P, Goodrum FD, Yurochko AD. Human Cytomegalovirus Host Interactions: EGFR and Host Cell Signaling Is a Point of Convergence Between Viral Infection and Functional Changes in Infected Cells. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:660901. [PMID: 34025614 PMCID: PMC8138183 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.660901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved diverse strategies to manipulate cellular signaling pathways in order to promote infection and/or persistence. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) possesses a number of unique properties that allow the virus to alter cellular events required for infection of a diverse array of host cell types and long-term persistence. Of specific importance is infection of bone marrow derived and myeloid lineage cells, such as peripheral blood monocytes and CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) because of their essential role in dissemination of the virus and for the establishment of latency. Viral induced signaling through the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and other receptors such as integrins are key control points for viral-induced cellular changes and productive and latent infection in host organ systems. This review will explore the current understanding of HCMV strategies utilized to hijack cellular signaling pathways, such as EGFR, to promote the wide-spread dissemination and the classic life-long herpesvirus persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Jae Lee
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States.,Center for Applied Immunology and Pathological Processes, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States.,Center of Excellence for Emerging Viral Threats, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Chan-Ki Min
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States.,Center for Applied Immunology and Pathological Processes, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States.,Center of Excellence for Emerging Viral Threats, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Meaghan Hancock
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Daniel N Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Patrizia Caposio
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | | | - Andrew D Yurochko
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States.,Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States.,Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States.,Center of Excellence in Arthritis and Rheumatology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
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43
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Gatault P, Jones IKA, Meyer C, Kreklywich C, Alexander T, Smith PP, Denton M, Powell J, Orloff SL, Streblow DN. Rat and human cytomegalovirus ORF116 encodes a virion envelope glycoprotein required for infectivity. Virology 2021; 557:23-33. [PMID: 33601113 PMCID: PMC8019331 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses encode multiple glycoproteins required for different stages of viral attachment, fusion, and envelopment. The protein encoded by the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) open reading frame UL116 forms a stable complex with glycoprotein H that is incorporated into virions. However, the function of this complex remains unknown. Herein, we characterize R116, the rat CMV (RCMV) putative homolog of UL116. Two R116 transcripts were identified in fibroblasts with three proteins expressed with molecular weights of 42, 58, and 82 kDa. R116 is N-glycosylated, expressed with late viral gene kinetics, and is incorporated into the virion envelope. RCMV lacking R116 failed to result in productive infection of fibroblasts and siRNA knockdown of R116 substantially reduced RCMV infectivity. Complementation in trans of an R116-deficient virus restored ability of the virus to infect fibroblasts. Finally, UL116 knockdown also decreased HCMV infectivity indicating that R116 and UL116 both contribute to viral infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gatault
- Renal Transplant Unit, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, University Hospital of Tours, France
| | - Iris K A Jones
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Christine Meyer
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Craig Kreklywich
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Timothy Alexander
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Patricia P Smith
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Michael Denton
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Josh Powell
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Susan L Orloff
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Daniel N Streblow
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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44
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Vezzani G, Amendola D, Yu D, Chandramouli S, Frigimelica E, Maione D, Merola M. The Human Cytomegalovirus UL116 Glycoprotein Is a Chaperone to Control gH-Based Complexes Levels on Virions. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:630121. [PMID: 33889136 PMCID: PMC8056026 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.630121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) relies in large part upon the viral membrane fusion glycoprotein B and two alternative gH/gL complexes, gH/gL/gO (Trimer) and gH/gL/UL128/UL130/UL131A (Pentamer) to enter into cells. The relative amounts of Trimer and Pentamer vary among HCMV strains and contribute to differences in cell tropism. Although the viral ER resident protein UL148 has been shown to interact with gH to facilitate gO incorporation, the mechanisms that favor the assembly and maturation of one complex over another remain poorly understood. HCMV virions also contain an alternative non-disulfide bound heterodimer comprised of gH and UL116 whose function remains unknown. Here, we show that disruption of HCMV gene UL116 causes infectivity defects of ∼10-fold relative to wild-type virus and leads to reduced expression of both gH/gL complexes in virions. Furthermore, gH that is not covalently bound to other viral glycoproteins, which are readily detected in wild-type HCMV virions, become undetectable in the absence of UL116 suggesting that the gH/UL116 complex is abundant in virions. We find evidence that UL116 and UL148 interact during infection indicating that the two proteins might cooperate to regulate the abundance of HCMV gH complexes. Altogether, these results are consistent with a role of UL116 as a chaperone for gH during the assembly and maturation of gH complexes in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Vezzani
- GSK, Siena, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Dong Yu
- GSK, Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | | | | | - Marcello Merola
- GSK, Siena, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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45
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Weiler N, Paal C, Adams K, Calcaterra C, Fischer D, Stanton RJ, Stöhr D, Laib Sampaio K, Sinzger C. Role of Envelope Glycoprotein Complexes in Cell-Associated Spread of Human Cytomegalovirus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040614. [PMID: 33918406 PMCID: PMC8066785 DOI: 10.3390/v13040614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of viral envelope glycoproteins, particularly the accessory proteins of trimeric and pentameric gH/gL-complexes, in cell-associated spread of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is unclear. We aimed to investigate their contribution in the context of HCMV variants that grow in a strictly cell-associated manner. In the genome of Merlin pAL1502, the glycoproteins gB, gH, gL, gM, and gN were deleted by introducing stop codons, and the mutants were analyzed for viral growth. Merlin and recent HCMV isolates were compared by quantitative immunoblotting for expression of accessory proteins of the trimeric and pentameric gH/gL-complexes, gO and pUL128. Isolates were treated with siRNAs against gO and pUL128 and analyzed regarding focal growth and release of infectious virus. All five tested glycoproteins were essential for growth of Merlin pAL1502. Compared with this model virus, higher gO levels were measured in recent isolates of HCMV, and its knockdown decreased viral growth. Knockdown of pUL128 abrogated the strict cell-association and led to release of infectivity, which allowed cell-free transfer to epithelial cells where the virus grew again strictly cell-associated. We conclude that both trimer and pentamer contribute to cell-associated spread of recent clinical HCMV isolates and downregulation of pentamer can release infectious virus into the supernatant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Weiler
- Institute for Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89089 Ulm, Germany; (N.W.); (C.P.); (K.A.); (C.C.); (D.F.); (D.S.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Caroline Paal
- Institute for Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89089 Ulm, Germany; (N.W.); (C.P.); (K.A.); (C.C.); (D.F.); (D.S.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Kerstin Adams
- Institute for Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89089 Ulm, Germany; (N.W.); (C.P.); (K.A.); (C.C.); (D.F.); (D.S.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Christopher Calcaterra
- Institute for Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89089 Ulm, Germany; (N.W.); (C.P.); (K.A.); (C.C.); (D.F.); (D.S.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Dina Fischer
- Institute for Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89089 Ulm, Germany; (N.W.); (C.P.); (K.A.); (C.C.); (D.F.); (D.S.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Richard James Stanton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK;
| | - Dagmar Stöhr
- Institute for Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89089 Ulm, Germany; (N.W.); (C.P.); (K.A.); (C.C.); (D.F.); (D.S.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Kerstin Laib Sampaio
- Institute for Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89089 Ulm, Germany; (N.W.); (C.P.); (K.A.); (C.C.); (D.F.); (D.S.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Christian Sinzger
- Institute for Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89089 Ulm, Germany; (N.W.); (C.P.); (K.A.); (C.C.); (D.F.); (D.S.); (K.L.S.)
- Correspondence:
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46
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Feldmann S, Grimm I, Stöhr D, Antonini C, Lischka P, Sinzger C, Stegmann C. Targeted mutagenesis on PDGFRα-Fc identifies amino acid modifications that allow efficient inhibition of HCMV infection while abolishing PDGF sequestration. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009471. [PMID: 33780515 PMCID: PMC8031885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) serves as an entry receptor for the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and soluble PDGFRα-Fc can neutralize HCMV at a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of about 10 ng/ml. While this indicates a potential for usage as an HCMV entry inhibitor PDGFRα-Fc can also bind the physiological ligands of PDGFRα (PDGFs), which likely interferes with the respective signaling pathways and represents a potential source of side effects. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that interference with PDGF signaling can be prevented by mutations in PDGFRα-Fc or combinations thereof, without losing the inhibitory potential for HCMV. To this aim, a targeted mutagenesis approach was chosen. The mutations were quantitatively tested in biological assays for interference with PDGF-dependent signaling as well as inhibition of HCMV infection and biochemically for reduced affinity to PDGF-BB, facilitating quantification of PDGFRα-Fc selectivity for HCMV inhibition. Mutation of Ile 139 to Glu and Tyr 206 to Ser strongly reduced the affinity for PDGF-BB and hence interference with PDGF-dependent signaling. Inhibition of HCMV infection was less affected, thus increasing the selectivity by factor 4 and 8, respectively. Surprisingly, the combination of these mutations had an additive effect on binding of PDGF-BB but not on inhibition of HCMV, resulting in a synergistic 260fold increase of selectivity. In addition, a recently reported mutation, Val 242 to Lys, was included in the analysis. PDGFRα-Fc with this mutation was fully effective at blocking HCMV entry and had a drastically reduced affinity for PDGF-BB. Combining Val 242 to Lys with Ile 139 to Glu and/or Tyr 206 to Ser further reduced PDGF ligand binding beyond detection. In conclusion, this targeted mutagenesis approach identified combinations of mutations in PDGFRα-Fc that prevent interference with PDGF-BB but maintain inhibition of HCMV, which qualifies such mutants as candidates for the development of HCMV entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Feldmann
- Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Dagmar Stöhr
- Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Chiara Antonini
- Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Peter Lischka
- AiCuris Anti-infective Cures GmbH, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Christian Sinzger
- Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail: (CSi); (CSt)
| | - Cora Stegmann
- Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail: (CSi); (CSt)
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47
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Singh K, Hamilton ST, Shand AW, Hannan NJ, Rawlinson WD. Receptors in host pathogen interactions between human cytomegalovirus and the placenta during congenital infection. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2233. [PMID: 33709529 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cellular receptors in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) mother to child transmission play an important role in congenital infection. Placental trophoblast cells are a significant cell type in placental development, placental functional processes, and in HCMV transmission. Different cells within the placental floating and chorionic villi present alternate receptors for HCMV cell entry. Syncytiotrophoblasts present neonatal Fc receptors that bind and transport circulating maternal immunoglobulin G across the placental interface which can also be bound to HCMV virions, facilitating viral entry into the placenta and foetal circulation. Cytotrophoblast express HCMV receptors including integrin-α1β1, integrin-αVβ3, epidermal growth factor receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha. The latter interacts with HCMV glycoprotein-H, glycoprotein-L and glycoprotein-O (gH/gL/gO) trimers (predominantly in placental fibroblasts) and the gH/gL/pUL128, UL130-UL131A pentameric complex in other placental cell types. The pentameric complex allows viral tropism of placental trophoblasts, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, leukocytes and monocytes. This review outlines HCMV ligands and target receptor proteins in congenital HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishneel Singh
- Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart T Hamilton
- Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Antonia W Shand
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Natalie J Hannan
- Therapeutics Discovery and Vascular Function in Pregnancy Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - William D Rawlinson
- Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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48
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Kschonsak M, Rougé L, Arthur CP, Hoangdung H, Patel N, Kim I, Johnson MC, Kraft E, Rohou AL, Gill A, Martinez-Martin N, Payandeh J, Ciferri C. Structures of HCMV Trimer reveal the basis for receptor recognition and cell entry. Cell 2021; 184:1232-1244.e16. [PMID: 33626330 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects the majority of the human population and represents the leading viral cause of congenital birth defects. HCMV utilizes the glycoproteins gHgLgO (Trimer) to bind to platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) and transforming growth factor beta receptor 3 (TGFβR3) to gain entry into multiple cell types. This complex is targeted by potent neutralizing antibodies and represents an important candidate for therapeutics against HCMV. Here, we determine three cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of the trimer and the details of its interactions with four binding partners: the receptor proteins PDGFRα and TGFβR3 as well as two broadly neutralizing antibodies. Trimer binding to PDGFRα and TGFβR3 is mutually exclusive, suggesting that they function as independent entry receptors. In addition, Trimer-PDGFRα interaction has an inhibitory effect on PDGFRα signaling. Our results provide a framework for understanding HCMV receptor engagement, neutralization, and the development of anti-viral strategies against HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Kschonsak
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Lionel Rougé
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Ho Hoangdung
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Nidhi Patel
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ingrid Kim
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Matthew C Johnson
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Edward Kraft
- Department of BioMolecular Resources, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Alexis L Rohou
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Avinash Gill
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Nadia Martinez-Martin
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics Department, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Jian Payandeh
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Claudio Ciferri
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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49
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Li C, Wang M, Cheng A, Jia R, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhu D, Zhao X, Chen S, Liu M, Zhang S, Ou X, Mao S, Gao Q, Sun D, Wen X, Tian B. The Roles of Envelope Glycoprotein M in the Life Cycle of Some Alphaherpesviruses. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:631523. [PMID: 33679658 PMCID: PMC7933518 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.631523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelope glycoprotein M (gM), a surface virion component conserved among alphaherpesviruses, is a multiple-transmembrane domain-containing glycoprotein with a complex N-linked oligosaccharide. The gM mediates a diverse range of functions during the viral life cycle. In this review, we summarize the biological features of gM, including its characterization and function in some specicial alphaherpesviruses. gM modulates the virus-induced membrane fusion during virus invasion, transports other proteins to the appropriate intracellular membranes for primary and secondary envelopment during virion assembly, and promotes egress of the virus. The gM can interact with various viral and cellular components, and the focus of recent research has also been on interactions related to gM. And we will discuss how gM participates in the life cycle of alphaherpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingjian Wen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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50
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Potent Bispecific Neutralizing Antibody Targeting Glycoprotein B and the gH/gL/pUL128/130/131 Complex of Human Cytomegalovirus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.02422-20. [PMID: 33361306 PMCID: PMC8092496 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02422-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that can cause developmental disorders following congenital infection and life-threatening complications among transplant patients. Potent neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are promising drug candidates against HCMV infection. HCMV can infect a broad range of cell types. Therefore, single neutralizing antibodies targeting one HCMV glycoprotein often lack either potency or broad cell-type coverage. We previously characterized two human-derived HCMV neutralizing MAbs. One was the broadly neutralizing MAb 3-25, which targets the antigenic domain 2 of glycoprotein B (gB). The other was the highly potent MAb 2-18, which specifically recognizes the gH/gL/pUL128/130/131 complex (pentamer). To combine the strengths of gB- and pentamer-targeting MAbs, we developed an IgG-single-chain variable fragment (scFv) bispecific antibody by fusing the 2-18 scFv to the heavy-chain C terminus of MAb 3-25. The resulting bispecific antibody showed high-affinity binding to both gB and pentamer. Functionally, the bispecific antibody demonstrated a combined neutralization breadth and potency of the parental MAbs in multiple cell lines and inhibited postinfection viral spreading. Furthermore, the bispecific antibody was easily produced in CHO cells at a yield above 1 g/liter and showed a single-dose pharmacokinetic profile comparable to that of parental MAb 3-25 in rhesus macaques. Importantly, the bispecific antibody retained broadly and potent neutralizing activity after 21 days in circulation. Taken together, our research provides a proof-of-concept study for developing bispecific neutralizing antibody therapies against HCMV infection.
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