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Kotaki T, Kanai Y, Onishi M, Minami S, Chen Z, Nouda R, Nurdin JA, Yamasaki M, Kobayashi T. Generation of single-round infectious rotavirus with a mutation in the intermediate capsid protein VP6. J Virol 2024; 98:e0076224. [PMID: 38837379 PMCID: PMC11265344 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00762-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus causes severe diarrhea in infants. Although live attenuated rotavirus vaccines are available, vaccine-derived infections have been reported, which warrants development of next-generation rotavirus vaccines. A single-round infectious virus is a promising vaccine platform; however, this platform has not been studied extensively in the context of rotavirus. Here, we aimed to develop a single-round infectious rotavirus by impairing the function of the viral intermediate capsid protein VP6. Recombinant rotaviruses harboring mutations in VP6 were rescued using a reverse genetics system. Mutations were targeted at VP6 residues involved in virion assembly. Although the VP6-mutated rotavirus expressed viral proteins, it did not produce progeny virions in wild-type cells; however, the virus did produce progeny virions in VP6-expressing cells. This indicates that the VP6-mutated rotavirus is a single-round infectious rotavirus. Insertion of a foreign gene, and replacement of the VP7 gene segment with that of human rotavirus clinical isolates, was successful. No infectious virions were detected in mice infected with the single-round infectious rotavirus. Immunizing mice with the single-round infectious rotavirus induced neutralizing antibody titers as high as those induced by wild-type rotavirus. Taken together, the data suggest that this single-round infectious rotavirus has potential as a safe and effective rotavirus vaccine. This system is also applicable for generation of safe and orally administrable viral vectors.IMPORTANCERotavirus, a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants, causes an annual estimated 128,500 infant deaths worldwide. Although live attenuated rotavirus vaccines are available, they are replicable and may cause vaccine-derived infections. Thus, development of safe and effective rotavirus vaccine is important. In this study, we report the development of a single-round infectious rotavirus that can replicate only in cells expressing viral VP6 protein. We demonstrated that (1) the single-round infectious rotavirus did not replicate in wild-type cells or in mice; (2) insertion of foreign genes and replacement of the outer capsid gene were possible; and (3) it was as immunogenic as the wild-type virus. Thus, the mutated virus shows promise as a next-generation rotavirus vaccine. The system is also applicable to orally administrable viral vectors, facilitating development of vaccines against other enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kotaki
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuta Kanai
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Megumi Onishi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shohei Minami
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Zelin Chen
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Nouda
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jeffery A. Nurdin
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Moeko Yamasaki
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Carter MH, Gribble J, Diller JR, Denison MR, Mirza SA, Chappell JD, Halasa NB, Ogden KM. Human Rotaviruses of Multiple Genotypes Acquire Conserved VP4 Mutations during Serial Passage. Viruses 2024; 16:978. [PMID: 38932271 PMCID: PMC11209247 DOI: 10.3390/v16060978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human rotaviruses exhibit limited tropism and replicate poorly in most cell lines. Attachment protein VP4 is a key rotavirus tropism determinant. Previous studies in which human rotaviruses were adapted to cultured cells identified mutations in VP4. However, most such studies were conducted using only a single human rotavirus genotype. In the current study, we serially passaged 50 human rotavirus clinical specimens representing five of the genotypes most frequently associated with severe human disease, each in triplicate, three to five times in primary monkey kidney cells then ten times in the MA104 monkey kidney cell line. From 13 of the 50 specimens, we obtained 25 rotavirus antigen-positive lineages representing all five genotypes, which tended to replicate more efficiently in MA104 cells at late versus early passage. We used Illumina next-generation sequencing and analysis to identify variants that arose during passage. In VP4, variants encoded 28 mutations that were conserved for all P[8] rotaviruses and 12 mutations that were conserved for all five genotypes. These findings suggest there may be a conserved mechanism of human rotavirus adaptation to MA104 cells. In the future, such a conserved adaptation mechanism could be exploited to study human rotavirus biology or efficiently manufacture vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian H. Carter
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jennifer Gribble
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Julia R. Diller
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mark R. Denison
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sara A. Mirza
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - James D. Chappell
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Natasha B. Halasa
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kristen M. Ogden
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Valusenko-Mehrkens R, Schilling-Loeffler K, Johne R, Falkenhagen A. VP4 Mutation Boosts Replication of Recombinant Human/Simian Rotavirus in Cell Culture. Viruses 2024; 16:565. [PMID: 38675907 PMCID: PMC11054354 DOI: 10.3390/v16040565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus A (RVA) is the leading cause of diarrhea requiring hospitalization in children and causes over 100,000 annual deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa. In order to generate next-generation vaccines against African RVA genotypes, a reverse genetics system based on a simian rotavirus strain was utilized here to exchange the antigenic capsid proteins VP4, VP7 and VP6 with those of African human rotavirus field strains. One VP4/VP7/VP6 (genotypes G9-P[6]-I2) triple-reassortant was successfully rescued, but it replicated poorly in the first cell culture passages. However, the viral titer was enhanced upon further passaging. Whole genome sequencing of the passaged virus revealed a single point mutation (A797G), resulting in an amino acid exchange (E263G) in VP4. After introducing this mutation into the VP4-encoding plasmid, a VP4 mono-reassortant as well as the VP4/VP7/VP6 triple-reassortant replicated to high titers already in the first cell culture passage. However, the introduction of the same mutation into the VP4 of other human RVA strains did not improve the rescue of those reassortants, indicating strain specificity. The results show that specific point mutations in VP4 can substantially improve the rescue and replication of recombinant RVA reassortants in cell culture, which may be useful for the development of novel vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexander Falkenhagen
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (R.V.-M.); (K.S.-L.); (R.J.)
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Windah ALL, Tallei TE, AlShehail BM, Suoth EJ, Fatimawali, Alhashem YN, Halwani MA, AlShakhal MM, Aljeldah M, Alissa M, Alsuwat MA, Almanaa TN, Alshehri AA, Rabaan AA. Immunoinformatics-Driven Strategies for Advancing Epitope-Based Vaccine Design for West Nile Virus. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:906-917. [PMID: 38042341 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
The West Nile virus (WNV) is the causative agent of West Nile disease (WND), which poses a potential risk of meningitis or encephalitis. The aim of the study was to design an epitope-based vaccine for WNV by utilizing computational analyses. The epitope-based vaccine design process encompassed WNV sequence collection, phylogenetic tree construction, and sequence alignment. Computational models identified B-cell and T-cell epitopes, followed by immunological property analysis. Epitopes were then modeled and docked with B-cell receptors, MHC I, and MHC II. Molecular dynamics simulations further explored dynamic interactions between epitopes and receptors. The findings indicated that the B-cell epitope QINHHWHKSGSSIG, along with three T-cell epitopes (FLVHREWFM for MHC I, NPFVSVATANAKVLI for MHC II, and NAYYVMTVGTKTFLV for MHC II), successfully passed the immunological evaluations. These four epitopes were further subjected to docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies. Although each demonstrated favorable affinities with their respective receptors, only NAYYVMTVGTKTFLV displayed a stable interaction with MHC II during MDS analysis, hence emerging as a potential candidate for a WNV epitope-based vaccine. This study demonstrates a comprehensive approach to epitope vaccine design, combining computational analyses, molecular modeling, and simulation techniques to identify potential vaccine candidates for WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axl Laurens Lukas Windah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Trina Ekawati Tallei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
| | - Bashayer M AlShehail
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elly Juliana Suoth
- Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Mana-do 95115, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Fatimawali
- Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Mana-do 95115, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Yousef N Alhashem
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad A Halwani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University. Al Baha 4781, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mouayd M AlShakhal
- Internal Medicine Department, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif 32654, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Aljeldah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 39831, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alissa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meshari A Alsuwat
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Al-Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taghreed N Almanaa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A Alshehri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
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Wei J, Radcliffe S, Pirrone A, Lu M, Li Y, Cassaday J, Newhard W, Heidecker GJ, Rose II WA, He X, Freed D, Citron M, Espeseth A, Wang D. A Novel Rotavirus Reverse Genetics Platform Supports Flexible Insertion of Exogenous Genes and Enables Rapid Development of a High-Throughput Neutralization Assay. Viruses 2023; 15:2034. [PMID: 37896813 PMCID: PMC10611407 DOI: 10.3390/v15102034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of rotavirus vaccines, rotaviruses remain one of the leading causes of diarrheal diseases, resulting in significant childhood morbidity and mortality, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The reverse genetics system enables the manipulation of the rotavirus genome and opens the possibility of using rotavirus as an expression vector for heterologous proteins, such as vaccine antigens and therapeutic payloads. Here, we demonstrate that three positions in rotavirus genome-the C terminus of NSP1, NSP3 and NSP5-can tolerate the insertion of reporter genes. By using rotavirus expressing GFP, we develop a high-throughput neutralization assay and reveal the pre-existing immunity against rotavirus in humans and other animal species. Our work shows the plasticity of the rotavirus genome and establishes a high-throughput assay for interrogating humoral immune responses, benefiting the design of next-generation rotavirus vaccines and the development of rotavirus-based expression platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Wei
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (A.P.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (W.N.); (G.J.H.); (X.H.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (A.E.); (D.W.)
| | - Scott Radcliffe
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (S.R.); (W.A.R.II)
| | - Amanda Pirrone
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (A.P.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (W.N.); (G.J.H.); (X.H.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (A.E.); (D.W.)
| | - Meiqing Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (A.P.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (W.N.); (G.J.H.); (X.H.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (A.E.); (D.W.)
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (A.P.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (W.N.); (G.J.H.); (X.H.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (A.E.); (D.W.)
| | - Jason Cassaday
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (A.P.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (W.N.); (G.J.H.); (X.H.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (A.E.); (D.W.)
| | - William Newhard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (A.P.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (W.N.); (G.J.H.); (X.H.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (A.E.); (D.W.)
| | - Gwendolyn J. Heidecker
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (A.P.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (W.N.); (G.J.H.); (X.H.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (A.E.); (D.W.)
| | - William A. Rose II
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (S.R.); (W.A.R.II)
| | - Xi He
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (A.P.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (W.N.); (G.J.H.); (X.H.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (A.E.); (D.W.)
| | - Daniel Freed
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (A.P.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (W.N.); (G.J.H.); (X.H.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (A.E.); (D.W.)
| | - Michael Citron
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (A.P.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (W.N.); (G.J.H.); (X.H.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (A.E.); (D.W.)
| | - Amy Espeseth
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (A.P.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (W.N.); (G.J.H.); (X.H.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (A.E.); (D.W.)
| | - Dai Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA; (A.P.); (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (W.N.); (G.J.H.); (X.H.); (D.F.); (M.C.); (A.E.); (D.W.)
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Asensio-Cob D, Rodríguez JM, Luque D. Rotavirus Particle Disassembly and Assembly In Vivo and In Vitro. Viruses 2023; 15:1750. [PMID: 37632092 PMCID: PMC10458742 DOI: 10.3390/v15081750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are non-enveloped multilayered dsRNA viruses that are major etiologic agents of diarrheal disease in humans and in the young in a large number of animal species. The viral particle is composed of three different protein layers that enclose the segmented dsRNA genome and the transcriptional complexes. Each layer defines a unique subparticle that is associated with a different phase of the replication cycle. Thus, while single- and double-layered particles are associated with the intracellular processes of selective packaging, genome replication, and transcription, the viral machinery necessary for entry is located in the third layer. This modular nature of its particle allows rotaviruses to control its replication cycle by the disassembly and assembly of its structural proteins. In this review, we examine the significant advances in structural, molecular, and cellular RV biology that have contributed during the last few years to illuminating the intricate details of the RV particle disassembly and assembly processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunia Asensio-Cob
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada;
| | - Javier M. Rodríguez
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Luque
- Electron Microscopy Unit UCCT/ISCIII, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Strain-Specific Interactions between the Viral Capsid Proteins VP4, VP7 and VP6 Influence Rescue of Rotavirus Reassortants by Reverse Genetics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065670. [PMID: 36982745 PMCID: PMC10054668 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus A (RVA) genome segments can reassort upon co-infection of target cells with two different RVA strains. However, not all reassortants are viable, which limits the ability to generate customized viruses for basic and applied research. To gain insight into the factors that restrict reassortment, we utilized reverse genetics and tested the generation of simian RVA strain SA11 reassortants carrying the human RVA strain Wa capsid proteins VP4, VP7, and VP6 in all possible combinations. VP7-Wa, VP6-Wa, and VP7/VP6-Wa reassortants were effectively rescued, but the VP4-Wa, VP4/VP7-Wa, and VP4/VP6-Wa reassortants were not viable, suggesting a limiting effect of VP4-Wa. However, a VP4/VP7/VP6-Wa triple-reassortant was successfully generated, indicating that the presence of homologous VP7 and VP6 enabled the incorporation of VP4-Wa into the SA11 backbone. The replication kinetics of the triple-reassortant and its parent strain Wa were comparable, while the replication of all other rescued reassortants was similar to SA11. Analysis of the predicted structural protein interfaces identified amino acid residues, which might influence protein interactions. Restoring the natural VP4/VP7/VP6 interactions may therefore improve the rescue of RVA reassortants by reverse genetics, which could be useful for the development of next generation RVA vaccines.
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Characterization of Sialic Acid-Independent Simian Rotavirus Mutants in Viral Infection and Pathogenesis. J Virol 2023; 97:e0139722. [PMID: 36602365 PMCID: PMC9888295 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01397-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are nonenveloped viruses that cause gastroenteritis in infants and young children. Sialic acid is an initial receptor, especially for animal RVs, including rhesus RV. Sialic acid binds to the VP8* subunit, a part of the outer capsid protein VP4 of RV. Although interactions between virus and glycan receptors influence tissue and host tropism and viral pathogenicity, research has long been limited to biochemical and structural studies due to the unavailability of an RV reverse genetics system. Here, we examined the importance of sialic acid in RV infections using recombinant RVs harboring mutations in sialic acid-binding sites in VP4 via a simian RV strain SA11-based reverse genetics system. RV VP4 mutants that could not bind to sialic acid had replicated to decreased viral titer in MA104 cells. Wild-type virus infectivity was reduced, while that of VP4 mutants was not affected in sialic acid-deficient cells. Unexpectedly, in vivo experiments demonstrated that VP4 mutants suppressed mouse pups' weight gain and exacerbated diarrhea symptoms compared to wild-type viruses. Intestinal contents enhanced VP4 mutants' infectivity. Thus, possibly via interactions with other unknown receptors and/or intestinal contents, VP4 mutants are more likely than wild-type viruses to proliferate in the murine intestine, causing diarrhea and weight loss. These results suggest that RVs binding sialic acid notably affect viral infection in vitro and viral pathogenesis in vivo. IMPORTANCE Various studies have been conducted on the binding of VP8* and glycans, and the direct interaction between purified VP8* and glycans has been investigated by crystalline structure analyses. Here, we used a reverse genetics system to generate rotaviruses (RVs) with various VP4 mutants. The generated mutant strains clarified the importance of glycan binding in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, even when VP4 mutants could not bind to sialic acid, they were able to bind to an unknown receptor. As RVs evolve, pathogenicity can also be modified by easily altering the glycans to which VP4 binds.
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Mungmunpuntipantip R, Wiwanitkit V. Rotavirus epidemiology adjusted pattern in a tropical setting: mathematical correction for false positive problem relating to primary immunochromatography test surveillance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 13:54-59. [PMID: 36721841 PMCID: PMC9884340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotaviruses are the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in neonates and young children worldwide. Human rotaviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in neonates and young children worldwide. The immunochromatography test is frequently used in clinical practice to detect rotavirus infection. When the immunochromatography test is incorrectly positive, there may be a discrepancy between the two tests, the immunochromatography test and the nucleic acid test. As a result, when interpreting the findings of basic rotavirus monitoring in a system based on immunochromatography tests, we must made adjustments to address the issue of accuracy. METHODS The findings on the expected pattern of rotavirus epidemiology in a tropical setting was presented. The modified rotavirus pattern was created to address the issue of false positives. To solve the false positive issue, the modified rotavirus pattern derived from mathematical model-based correction by extracting false positivity was predicted. RESULTS We demonstrated an altered rotavirus epidemiology pattern in the setting studied in this study. Rotavirus has been detected in up to 19.3% of patients with rotavirus-like symptoms, with G4P[8] accounting for 6% of those infected. CONCLUSION As a result, the rotavirus remains an important problem that must be addressed in the framework of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viroj Wiwanitkit
- Adjunct Professor, Joseph Ayobabalola UniversityIkeji-Arakeji, Nigeria,Honorary Professor, Dr DY Patil UniversityPune, India,Visiting Professor, Hainan Medical UniversityChina,Visiting Professor, Faculty of Medicine, University of NisSerbia,Adjunct ProfessorPakistan,Adjunct Professor, Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University FaisalabadPakistan
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10
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Hamajima R, Lusiany T, Minami S, Nouda R, Nurdin JA, Yamasaki M, Kobayashi N, Kanai Y, Kobayashi T. A reverse genetics system for human rotavirus G2P[4]. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 36748482 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in young children. Recently, versatile plasmid-based reverse genetics systems were developed for several human RV genotypes; however, these systems have not been developed for all commonly circulating human RV genotypes. In this study, we established a reverse genetics system for G2P[4] human RV strain HN126. Nucleotide sequence analysis, including that of the terminal ends of the viral double-stranded RNA genome, revealed that HN126 possessed a DS-1-like genotype constellation. Eleven plasmids, each encoding 11 gene segments of the RV genome, and expression plasmids encoding vaccinia virus RNA capping enzyme (D1R and D12L), Nelson Bay orthoreovirus FAST, and NSP2 and NSP5 of HN126, were transfected into BHK-T7 cells, and recombinant strain HN126 was generated. Using HN126 or simian RV strain SA11 as backbone viruses, reassortant RVs carrying the outer and intermediate capsid proteins (VP4, VP7 and VP6) of HN126 and/or SA11 (in various combinations) were generated. Viral replication analysis of the single, double and triple reassortant viruses suggested that homologous combination of the VP4 and VP7 proteins contributed to efficient virus infectivity and interaction between other viral or cellular proteins. Further studies of reassortant viruses between simian and other human RV strains will contribute to developing an appropriate model for human RV research, as well as suitable backbone viruses for generation of recombinant vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Hamajima
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan.,Present address: Laboratory of Sericulture and Entomoresources, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Chikusa, Japan
| | - Tina Lusiany
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Shohei Minami
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Nouda
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Jeffery A Nurdin
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Moeko Yamasaki
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuta Kanai
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan.,Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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11
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Zhang X, Wen F. Recent advances in Reovirales viruses reverse genetics research. Virus Res 2022; 321:198911. [PMID: 36113355 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reovirales are segmented double-strand RNA viruses with a broad host range that pose a serious threat to human and animal health. However, there are numerous viral species within the Reovirales, some of which have lagged behind other RNA viruses in the study of their biology due to the lack of an effective reverse genetics (RG) system. The RG systems are the most powerful tools for studying viral protein function, viral gene expression regulation, viral pathogenesis, and the generation of engineered vaccines. Recently, several entirely plasmid-based RG systems have been developed for several members of the Reovirales. This review outlines the development and future direction of the RG system for the best studied Reovirales viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, No33 Guangyun Road, Shishan Town, Nanhai District, Foshan, Guangdong 528231, China
| | - Feng Wen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, No33 Guangyun Road, Shishan Town, Nanhai District, Foshan, Guangdong 528231, China.
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12
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Sánchez-Tacuba L, Kawagishi T, Feng N, Jiang B, Ding S, Greenberg HB. The Role of the VP4 Attachment Protein in Rotavirus Host Range Restriction in an In Vivo Suckling Mouse Model. J Virol 2022; 96:e0055022. [PMID: 35862708 PMCID: PMC9364800 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00550-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The basis for rotavirus (RV) host range restriction (HRR) is not fully understood but is likely multigenic. RV genes encoding VP3, VP4, NSP1, NSP2, NSP3, and NSP4 have been associated with HRR in various studies. With the exception of NSP1, little is known about the relative contribution of the other RV genes to HRR. VP4 has been linked to HRR because it functions as the RV cell attachment protein, but its actual role in HRR has not been fully assessed. We generated a collection of recombinant RVs (rRVs) in an isogenic murine-like RV genetic background, harboring either heterologous or homologous VP4 genes from simian, bovine, porcine, human, and murine RV strains, and characterized these rRVs in vitro and in vivo. We found that a murine-like rRV encoding a simian VP4 was shed, spread to uninoculated littermates, and induced diarrhea comparably to rRV harboring a murine VP4. However, rRVs carrying VP4s from both bovine and porcine RVs had reduced diarrhea, but no change in fecal shedding was observed. Both diarrhea and shedding were reduced when VP4 originated from a human RV strain. rRVs harboring VP4s from human or bovine RVs did not transmit to uninoculated littermates. We also generated two rRVs harboring reciprocal chimeric murine or bovine VP4. Both chimeras replicated and caused disease as efficiently as the parental strain with a fully murine VP4. These data suggest that the genetic origin of VP4 partially modulates HRR in the suckling mouse and that both the VP8* and VP5* domains independently contribute to pathogenesis and transmission. IMPORTANCE Human group A rotaviruses (RVs) remain the most important cause of severe acute gastroenteritis among infants and young children worldwide despite the introduction of several safe and effective live attenuated vaccines. The lack of knowledge regarding fundamental aspects of RV biology, such as the genetic basis of host range restriction (HRR), has made it difficult to predictively and efficiently design improved, next-generation live attenuated rotavirus vaccines. Here, we engineered a collection of VP4 monoreassortant RVs to systematically explore the role of VP4 in replication, pathogenicity, and spread, as measures of HRR, in a suckling mouse model. The genetic and mechanistic bases of HRR have substantial clinical relevance given that this restriction forms the basis of attenuation for several replication-competent human RV vaccines. In addition, a better understanding of RV pathogenesis and the determinants of RV spread is likely to enhance our ability to improve antiviral drug and therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Sánchez-Tacuba
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Takahiro Kawagishi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Ningguo Feng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Baoming Jiang
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Harry B. Greenberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, California, USA
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13
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Diebold O, Gonzalez V, Venditti L, Sharp C, Blake RA, Tan WS, Stevens J, Caddy S, Digard P, Borodavka A, Gaunt E. Using Species a Rotavirus Reverse Genetics to Engineer Chimeric Viruses Expressing SARS-CoV-2 Spike Epitopes. J Virol 2022; 96:e0048822. [PMID: 35758692 PMCID: PMC9327695 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00488-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Species A rotavirus (RVA) vaccines based on live attenuated viruses are used worldwide in humans. The recent establishment of a reverse genetics system for rotoviruses (RVs) has opened the possibility of engineering chimeric viruses expressing heterologous peptides from other viral or microbial species in order to develop polyvalent vaccines. We tested the feasibility of this concept by two approaches. First, we inserted short SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides into the hypervariable region of the simian RV SA11 strain viral protein (VP) 4. Second, we fused the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, or the shorter receptor binding motif (RBM) nested within the RBD, to the C terminus of nonstructural protein (NSP) 3 of the bovine RV RF strain, with or without an intervening Thosea asigna virus 2A (T2A) peptide. Mutating the hypervariable region of SA11 VP4 impeded viral replication, and for these mutants, no cross-reactivity with spike antibodies was detected. To rescue NSP3 mutants, we established a plasmid-based reverse genetics system for the bovine RV RF strain. Except for the RBD mutant that demonstrated a rescue defect, all NSP3 mutants delivered endpoint infectivity titers and exhibited replication kinetics comparable to that of the wild-type virus. In ELISAs, cell lysates of an NSP3 mutant expressing the RBD peptide showed cross-reactivity with a SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibody. 3D bovine gut enteroids were susceptible to infection by all NSP3 mutants, but cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibody was only detected for the RBM mutant. The tolerance of large SARS-CoV-2 peptide insertions at the C terminus of NSP3 in the presence of T2A element highlights the potential of this approach for the development of vaccine vectors targeting multiple enteric pathogens simultaneously. IMPORTANCE We explored the use of rotaviruses (RVs) to express heterologous peptides, using SARS-CoV-2 as an example. Small SARS-CoV-2 peptide insertions (<34 amino acids) into the hypervariable region of the viral protein 4 (VP4) of RV SA11 strain resulted in reduced viral titer and replication, demonstrating a limited tolerance for peptide insertions at this site. To test the RV RF strain for its tolerance for peptide insertions, we constructed a reverse genetics system. NSP3 was C-terminally tagged with SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides of up to 193 amino acids in length. With a T2A-separated 193 amino acid tag on NSP3, there was no significant effect on the viral rescue efficiency, endpoint titer, and replication kinetics. Tagged NSP3 elicited cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies in ELISA. We highlight the potential for development of RV vaccine vectors targeting multiple enteric pathogens simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Diebold
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Gonzalez
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Venditti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Sharp
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary A. Blake
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Wenfang S. Tan
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Stevens
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Caddy
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Digard
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Borodavka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Gaunt
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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14
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Abstract
Rotaviruses represent one of the most successful pathogens in the world, with high infectivity and efficient transmission between the young of many animal species, including humans. To overcome host defenses, rotaviruses have evolved a plethora of strategies to effectively evade the innate immune response, establish initial infection in the small intestine, produce progeny, and shed into the environment. Previously, studying the roles and relative contributions of specific rotaviral factors in innate immune evasion had been challenging without a plasmid-only reverse genetics system. Although still in its infancy, current reverse genetics technology will help address important research questions regarding rotavirus innate immune evasion, host range restriction, and viral pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the antiviral host innate immune defense mechanisms, countermeasures of rotavirus-encoded factors, and strategies to better understand these interactions using the rotavirus reverse genetics system.
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15
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Kanai Y, Nouda R, Kobayashi T. [Reverse genetics systems for Reoviridae viruses]. Uirusu 2022; 72:55-62. [PMID: 37899230 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.72.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
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16
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Caddy S, Papa G, Borodavka A, Desselberger U. Rotavirus research: 2014-2020. Virus Res 2021; 304:198499. [PMID: 34224769 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are major causes of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide and also cause disease in the young of many other mammalian and of avian species. During the recent 5-6 years rotavirus research has benefitted in a major way from the establishment of plasmid only-based reverse genetics systems, the creation of human and other mammalian intestinal enteroids, and from the wide application of structural biology (cryo-electron microscopy, cryo-EM tomography) and complementary biophysical approaches. All of these have permitted to gain new insights into structure-function relationships of rotaviruses and their interactions with the host. This review follows different stages of the viral replication cycle and summarizes highlights of structure-function studies of rotavirus-encoded proteins (both structural and non-structural), molecular mechanisms of viral replication including involvement of cellular proteins and lipids, the spectrum of viral genomic and antigenic diversity, progress in understanding of innate and acquired immune responses, and further developments of prevention of rotavirus-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Caddy
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease Jeffery Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.
| | - Guido Papa
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Alexander Borodavka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK.
| | - Ulrich Desselberger
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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17
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Diller JR, Carter MH, Kanai Y, Sanchez SV, Kobayashi T, Ogden KM. Monoreassortant rotaviruses of multiple G types are differentially neutralized by sera from infants vaccinated with ROTARIX® and RotaTeq®. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1720-1729. [PMID: 34628500 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is a leading cause of pediatric diarrheal mortality. The rotavirus outer capsid consists of VP7 and VP4 proteins, which respectively determine viral G and P type and are primary targets of neutralizing antibodies. To elucidate VP7-specific neutralizing antibody responses, we engineered monoreassortant rotaviruses each containing a human VP7 segment from a sequenced clinical specimen or a vaccine strain in an identical genetic background. We quantified replication and neutralization of engineered viruses using sera from infants vaccinated with monovalent ROTARIX® or multivalent RotaTeq® vaccines. Immunization with RotaTeq® induced broader neutralizing antibody responses than ROTARIX®. Inclusion of a single dose of RotaTeq® in the schedule enhanced G-type neutralization breadth of vaccinated infant sera. Cell type-specific differences in infectivity, replication, and neutralization were detected for some monoreassortant viruses. These findings suggest that rotavirus VP7, independent of VP4, can contribute to cell tropism and the breadth of vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Diller
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Maximilian H Carter
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yuta Kanai
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shania V Sanchez
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kristen M Ogden
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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18
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Kobayashi T, Patton JT, Desselberger U. Species A rotavirus reverse genetics: Achievements and prospects. Virus Res 2021; 306:198583. [PMID: 34600933 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - John T Patton
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA.
| | - Ulrich Desselberger
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital,Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
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19
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Recent advances in rotavirus reverse genetics and its utilization in basic research and vaccine development. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2369-2386. [PMID: 34216267 PMCID: PMC8254061 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are segmented double-stranded RNA viruses with a high frequency of gene reassortment, and they are a leading cause of global diarrheal deaths in children less than 5 years old. Two-thirds of rotavirus-associated deaths occur in low-income countries. Currently, the available vaccines in developing countries have lower efficacy in children than those in developed countries. Due to added safety concerns and the high cost of current vaccines, there is a need to develop cost-effective next-generation vaccines with improved safety and efficacy. The reverse genetics system (RGS) is a powerful tool for investigating viral protein functions and developing novel vaccines. Recently, an entirely plasmid-based RGS has been developed for several rotaviruses, and this technological advancement has significantly facilitated novel rotavirus research. Here, we review the recently developed RGS platform and discuss its application in studying infection biology, gene reassortment, and development of vaccines against rotavirus disease.
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20
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Falkenhagen A, Huyzers M, van Dijk AA, Johne R. Rescue of Infectious Rotavirus Reassortants by a Reverse Genetics System Is Restricted by the Receptor-Binding Region of VP4. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030363. [PMID: 33668972 PMCID: PMC7996497 DOI: 10.3390/v13030363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rotavirus species A (RVA) capsid contains the spike protein VP4, which interacts with VP6 and VP7 and is involved in cellular receptor binding. The capsid encloses the genome consisting of eleven dsRNA segments. Reassortment events can result in novel strains with changed properties. Using a plasmid-based reverse genetics system based on simian RVA strain SA11, we previously showed that the rescue of viable reassortants containing a heterologous VP4-encoding genome segment was strain-dependent. In order to unravel the reasons for the reassortment restrictions, we designed here a series of plasmids encoding chimeric VP4s. Exchange of the VP4 domains interacting with VP6 and VP7 was not sufficient for rescue of viable viruses. In contrast, the exchange of fragments encoding the receptor-binding region of VP4 resulted in virus rescue. All parent strains and the rescued reassortants replicated efficiently in MA-104 cells used for virus propagation. In contrast, replication in BSR T7/5 cells used for plasmid transfection was only efficient for the SA11 strain, whereas the rescued reassortants replicated slowly, and the parent strains failing to produce reassortants did not replicate. While future research in this area is necessary, replication in BSR T7/5 cells may be one factor that affects the rescue of RVAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Falkenhagen
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Marno Huyzers
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, 2531 Potchefstroom, South Africa; (M.H.); (A.A.v.D.)
| | - Alberdina A. van Dijk
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, 2531 Potchefstroom, South Africa; (M.H.); (A.A.v.D.)
| | - Reimar Johne
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany;
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21
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Kanai Y, Kobayashi T. Rotavirus reverse genetics systems: Development and application. Virus Res 2021; 295:198296. [PMID: 33440223 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) cause acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children. Since 2006, live-attenuated vaccines have reduced the number of RV-associated deaths; however, RV is still responsible for an estimated 228,047 annual deaths worldwide. RV, a member of the family Reoviridae, has an 11-segmented double-stranded RNA genome contained within a non-enveloped, triple layered virus particle. In 2017, a long-awaited helper virus-free reverse genetics system for RV was established. Since then, numerous studies have reported the generation of recombinant RVs; these studies verify the robustness of reverse genetics systems. This review provides technical insight into current reverse genetics systems for RVs, as well as discussing basic and applied studies that have used these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kanai
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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