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Sun Y, Zhu Y, Zhang P, Sheng S, Guan Z, Cong Y. Hemagglutinin glycosylation pattern-specific effects: implications for the fitness of H9.4.2.5-branched H9N2 avian influenza viruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2364736. [PMID: 38847071 PMCID: PMC11182062 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2364736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Since 2007, h9.4.2.5 has emerged as the most predominant branch of H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) that affects the majority of the global poultry population. The spread of this viral branch in vaccinated chicken flocks has not been considerably curbed despite numerous efforts. The evolutionary fitness of h9.4.2.5-branched AIVs must consequently be taken into consideration. The glycosylation modifications of hemagglutinin (HA) play a pivotal role in regulating the balance between receptor affinity and immune evasion for influenza viruses. Sequence alignment showed that five major HA glycosylation patterns have evolved over time in h9.4.2.5-branched AIVs. Here, we compared the adaptive phenotypes of five virus mutants with different HA glycosylation patterns. According to the results, the mutant with 6 N-linked glycans displayed the best acid and thermal stability and a better capacity for multiplication, although having a relatively lower receptor affinity than 7 glycans. The antigenic profile between the five mutants revealed a distinct antigenic distance, indicating that variations in glycosylation level have an impact on antigenic drift. These findings suggest that changes in the number of glycans on HA can not only modulate the receptor affinity and antigenicity of H9N2 AIVs, but also affect their stability and multiplication. These adaptive phenotypes may underlie the biological basis for the dominant strain switchover of h9.4.2.5-branched AIVs. Overall, our study provides a systematic insight into how changes in HA glycosylation patterns regulate the evolutionary fitness and epidemiological dominance drift of h9.4.2.5-branched H9N2 AIVs, which will be of great benefit for the glycosylation-dependent vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixue Sun
- Department of Policies and Regulations, Changchun University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengju Zhang
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shouzhi Sheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenhong Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanlong Cong
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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2
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Dadonaite B, Ahn JJ, Ort JT, Yu J, Furey C, Dosey A, Hannon WW, Vincent Baker AL, Webby R, King NP, Liu Y, Hensley SE, Peacock TP, Moncla LH, Bloom JD. Deep mutational scanning of H5 hemagglutinin to inform influenza virus surveillance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.23.595634. [PMID: 38826368 PMCID: PMC11142178 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.23.595634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
H5 influenza is considered a potential pandemic threat. Recently, H5 viruses belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b have caused large outbreaks in avian and multiple non-human mammalian species1,2. Previous studies have identified molecular phenotypes of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) protein that contribute to pandemic potential in humans, including cell entry, receptor preference, HA stability, and reduced neutralization by polyclonal sera3-6. However, prior experimental work has only measured how these phenotypes are affected by a handful of the >10,000 different possible amino-acid mutations to HA. Here we use pseudovirus deep mutational scanning7 to measure how all mutations to a 2.3.4.4b H5 HA affect each phenotype. We identify mutations that allow HA to better bind α2-6-linked sialic acids, and show that some viruses already carry mutations that stabilize HA. We also measure how all HA mutations affect neutralization by sera from mice and ferrets vaccinated against or infected with 2.3.4.4b H5 viruses. These antigenic maps enable rapid assessment of when new viral strains have acquired mutations that may create mismatches with candidate vaccine strains. Overall, the systematic nature of deep mutational scanning combined with the safety of pseudoviruses enables comprehensive measurements of the phenotypic effects of mutations that can inform real-time interpretation of viral variation observed during surveillance of H5 influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadeta Dadonaite
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
| | - Jenny J. Ahn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jordan T. Ort
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jin Yu
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Rd, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Colleen Furey
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Annie Dosey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - William W. Hannon
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
| | - Amy L. Vincent Baker
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Richard Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Neil P. King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Rd, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Scott E. Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas P. Peacock
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom, GU24 0NF
- Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary’s Medical School, Imperial College London, W2 1PG
| | - Louise H. Moncla
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jesse D. Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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3
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Wang Y, Feng H, Li X, Ruan Y, Guo Y, Cui X, Zhang P, Li Y, Wang X, Wang X, Wei L, Yi Y, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu H. Dampening of ISGylation of RIG-I by ADAP regulates type I interferon response of macrophages to RNA virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012230. [PMID: 38776321 PMCID: PMC11111093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
While macrophage is one of the major type I interferon (IFN-I) producers in multiple tissues during viral infections, it also serves as an important target cell for many RNA viruses. However, the regulatory mechanism for the IFN-I response of macrophages to respond to a viral challenge is not fully understood. Here we report ADAP, an immune adaptor protein, is indispensable for the induction of the IFN-I response of macrophages to RNA virus infections via an inhibition of the conjugation of ubiquitin-like ISG15 (ISGylation) to RIG-I. Loss of ADAP increases RNA virus replication in macrophages, accompanied with a decrease in LPS-induced IFN-β and ISG15 mRNA expression and an impairment in the RNA virus-induced phosphorylation of IRF3 and TBK1. Moreover, using Adap-/- mice, we show ADAP deficiency strongly increases the susceptibility of macrophages to RNA-virus infection in vivo. Mechanically, ADAP selectively interacts and functionally cooperates with RIG-I but not MDA5 in the activation of IFN-β transcription. Loss of ADAP results in an enhancement of ISGylation of RIG-I, whereas overexpression of ADAP exhibits the opposite effect in vitro, indicating ADAP is detrimental to the RNA virus-induced ISGylation of RIG-I. Together, our data demonstrate a novel antagonistic activity of ADAP in the cell-intrinsic control of RIG-I ISGylation, which is indispensable for initiating and sustaining the IFN-I response of macrophages to RNA virus infections and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences (IBMS), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haixia Feng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences (IBMS), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences (IBMS), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yina Ruan
- Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yueping Guo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xinxing Cui
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences (IBMS), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Pengchao Zhang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences (IBMS), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanli Li
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences (IBMS), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinning Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences (IBMS), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xingran Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences (IBMS), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Luxin Wei
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yulan Yi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hebin Liu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences (IBMS), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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4
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Sun X, Belser JA, Pulit-Penaloza JA, Brock N, Kieran TJ, Zeng H, Pappas C, Tumpey TM, Maines TR. A naturally occurring HA-stabilizing amino acid (HA1-Y17) in an A(H9N2) low-pathogenic influenza virus contributes to airborne transmission. mBio 2024; 15:e0295723. [PMID: 38112470 PMCID: PMC10790695 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02957-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Despite the accumulation of evidence showing that airborne transmissible influenza A virus (IAV) typically has a lower pH threshold for hemagglutinin (HA) fusion activation, the underlying mechanism for such a link remains unclear. In our study, by using a pair of isogenic recombinant A(H9N2) viruses with a phenotypical difference in virus airborne transmission in a ferret model due to an acid-destabilizing mutation (HA1-Y17H) in the HA, we demonstrate that an acid-stable A(H9N2) virus possesses a multitude of advantages over its less stable counterpart, including better fitness in the ferret respiratory tract, more effective aerosol emission from infected animals, and improved host susceptibility. Our study provides supporting evidence for the requirement of acid stability in efficient airborne transmission of IAV and sheds light on fundamental mechanisms for virus airborne transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjie Sun
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica A. Belser
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joanna A. Pulit-Penaloza
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nicole Brock
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Troy J. Kieran
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hui Zeng
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Claudia Pappas
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Terrence M. Tumpey
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Taronna R. Maines
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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5
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You J, Zhou L, San X, Li H, Li M, Wang B. NEDD4 Regulated Pyroptosis Occurred from Co-infection between Influenza A Virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Microbiol 2023; 61:777-789. [PMID: 37792248 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00076-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Co-infection of respiratory tract viruses and bacteria often result in excess mortality, especially pneumonia caused by influenza viruses and Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, the synergistic mechanisms remain poorly understood. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a clearer understanding of the molecular basis of the interaction between influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumonia. Here, we developed the BALB/c mouse model and the A549 cell model to investigate inflammation and pyroptotic cell death during co-infection. Co-infection significantly activated the NLRP3 inflammasome and induced pyroptotic cell death, correlated with excess mortality. The E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 interacted with both NLRP3 and GSDMD, the executor of pyroptosis. NEDD4 negatively regulated NLRP3 while positively regulating GSDMD, thereby modulating inflammation and pyroptotic cell death. Our findings suggest that NEDD4 may play a crucial role in regulating the GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis signaling pathway. Targeting NEDD4 represents a promising approach to mitigate excess mortality during influenza pandemics by suppressing synergistic inflammation during co-infection of influenza A virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangzhou You
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong San
- Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailing Li
- Department of Biochemistry, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyuan Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Baoning Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Tosheva II, Saygan KS, Mijnhardt SM, Russell CJ, Fraaij PLA, Herfst S. Hemagglutinin stability as a key determinant of influenza A virus transmission via air. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 61:101335. [PMID: 37307646 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To cause pandemics, zoonotic respiratory viruses need to adapt to replication in and spread between humans, either via (indirect or direct) contact or through the air via droplets and aerosols. To render influenza A viruses transmissible via air, three phenotypic viral properties must change, of which receptor-binding specificity and polymerase activity have been well studied. However, the third adaptive property, hemagglutinin (HA) acid stability, is less understood. Recent studies show that there may be a correlation between HA acid stability and virus survival in the air, suggesting that a premature conformational change of HA, triggered by low pH in the airways or droplets, may render viruses noninfectious before they can reach a new host. We here summarize available data from (animal) studies on the impact of HA acid stability on airborne transmission and hypothesize that the transmissibility of other respiratory viruses may also be impacted by an acidic environment in the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona I Tosheva
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kain S Saygan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Pandemic and Disaster Preparedness Center, Delft, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Ma Mijnhardt
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Pandemic and Disaster Preparedness Center, Delft, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Charles J Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pieter LA Fraaij
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Pandemic and Disaster Preparedness Center, Delft, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Pandemic and Disaster Preparedness Center, Delft, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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7
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Liu Y, Zeng Q, Hu X, Xu Z, Pan C, Liu Q, Yu J, Wu S, Sun M, Liao M. Natural variant R246K in hemagglutinin increased zoonotic characteristics and renal inflammation in mice infected with H9N2 influenza virus. Vet Microbiol 2023; 279:109667. [PMID: 36804565 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Considered a potential pandemic candidate, the widespread among poultry of H9N2 avian influenza viruses across Asia and North Africa pose an increasing threat to poultry and human health. The massive epidemic of H9N2 viruses has expanded the host range; however, the molecular basis and characteristic underlying the transmission to poultry and mammals remains unclear. Our previous study has proved that some natural mutations in the HA gene enhanced the binding ability of the H9N2 virus to α-2,6 SA receptors. Here, we systematically analyzed the impact of these natural mutations on zoonotic characteristics and the pathogenicity of H9N2 AIVs in poultry and mammals. Our study demonstrated that mutation R246K increased the replication in human lung epithelial cells in vitro. Mutation R246K increased the virus shedding of oropharyngeal swabs during early-stage infection in chickens. Moreover, mutation R246K displayed stronger pH stability and pathogenicity in mice. The strong renal tropism and inflammatory response may accelerate the pathogenicity. In summary, we found that natural variation R246K in HA of prevalent H9N2 in China promoted the transmissibility in chicken and accelerate the pathogenicity in mice, posing a great concern for zoonotic and pandemic emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, PR China; Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qinghang Zeng
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, PR China; College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agricultural and Engineering, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xinyu Hu
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, PR China; College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agricultural and Engineering, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhihong Xu
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, PR China; Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chungen Pan
- Haid Research Institute, Guangdong HaidGroup Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Quan Liu
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, PR China; Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jieshi Yu
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Siyu Wu
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Minhua Sun
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, PR China; Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ming Liao
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, PR China; Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, PR China.
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8
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Hu M, Kackos C, Banoth B, Ojha CR, Jones JC, Lei S, Li L, Kercher L, Webby RJ, Russell CJ. Hemagglutinin destabilization in H3N2 vaccine reference viruses skews antigenicity and prevents airborne transmission in ferrets. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf5182. [PMID: 36989367 PMCID: PMC10058244 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf5182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During influenza virus entry, the hemagglutinin (HA) protein binds receptors and causes membrane fusion after endosomal acid activation. To improve vaccine efficiency and pandemic risk assessment for currently-dominant H3N2 influenza viruses, we investigated HA stability of 6 vaccine reference viruses and 42 circulating viruses. Recent vaccine reference viruses had destabilized HA proteins due to egg-adaptive mutation HA1-L194P. Virus growth in cell culture was independent of HA stability. In ferrets, the vaccine reference viruses and circulating viruses required a relatively stable HA (activation and inactivation pH < 5.5) for airborne transmissibility. The recent vaccine reference viruses with destabilized HA proteins had reduced infectivity, had no airborne transmissibility unless reversion to HA1-P194L occurred, and had skewed antigenicity away from the studied viruses and circulating H3N2 viruses. Other vaccine reference viruses with stabilized HAs retained infectivity, transmissibility, and antigenicity. Therefore, HA stabilization should be prioritized over destabilization in vaccine reference virus selection to reduce mismatches between vaccine and circulating viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Christina Kackos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Balaji Banoth
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Chet Raj Ojha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Jeremy C. Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Shaohua Lei
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
- Center of Excellence for Leukemia Studies, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Lisa Kercher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Charles J. Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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9
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Swine H1N1 Influenza Virus Variants with Enhanced Polymerase Activity and HA Stability Promote Airborne Transmission in Ferrets. J Virol 2022; 96:e0010022. [DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00100-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse IAVs circulate in animals, yet few acquire the viral traits needed to start a human pandemic. A stabilized HA and mammalian-adapted polymerase have been shown to promote the adaptation of IAVs to humans and ferrets (the gold-standard model for IAV replication, pathogenicity, and transmissibility).
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10
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Yang G, Ojha CR, Russell CJ. Relationship between hemagglutinin stability and influenza virus persistence after exposure to low pH or supraphysiological heating. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009910. [PMID: 34478484 PMCID: PMC8445419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein is triggered by endosomal low pH to cause membrane fusion during influenza A virus (IAV) entry yet must remain sufficiently stable to avoid premature activation during virion transit between cells and hosts. HA activation pH and/or virion inactivation pH values less than pH 5.6 are thought to be required for IAV airborne transmissibility and human pandemic potential. To enable higher-throughput screening of emerging IAV strains for "humanized" stability, we developed a luciferase reporter assay that measures the threshold pH at which IAVs are inactivated. The reporter assay yielded results similar to TCID50 assay yet required one-fourth the time and one-tenth the virus. For four A/TN/09 (H1N1) HA mutants and 73 IAVs of varying subtype, virion inactivation pH was compared to HA activation pH and the rate of inactivation during 55°C heating. HA stability values correlated highly with virion acid and thermal stability values for isogenic viruses containing HA point mutations. HA stability also correlated with virion acid stability for human isolates but did not correlate with thermal stability at 55°C, raising doubt in the use of supraphysiological heating assays. Some animal isolates had virion inactivation pH values lower than HA activation pH, suggesting factors beyond HA stability can modulate virion stability. The coupling of HA activation pH and virion inactivation pH, and at a value below 5.6, was associated with human adaptation. This suggests that both virologic properties should be considered in risk assessment algorithms for pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Chet R Ojha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Charles J Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
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11
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Interplay between H1N1 influenza a virus infection, extracellular and intracellular respiratory tract pH, and host responses in a mouse model. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251473. [PMID: 33979408 PMCID: PMC8115840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During influenza A virus (IAV) entry, the hemagglutinin (HA) protein is triggered by endosomal low pH to undergo irreversible structural changes that mediate membrane fusion. HA proteins from different isolates vary in the pH at which they become activated in endosomes or become irreversible inactivated if exposed to extracellular acid. Little is known about extracellular pH in the upper respiratory tracts of mammals, how pH may shift during IAV infection, and its impact on replication of viruses that vary in HA activation pH. Here, we inoculated DBA/2J mice intranasally with A/TN/1-560/2009 (H1N1) (activation pH 5.5) or a mutant containing the destabilizing mutation HA1-Y17H (pH 6.0). We measured the kinetics of extracellular pH during infection using an optical pH-sensitive microsensor probe placed in the naris, nasal sinus, soft palate, and trachea. We also measured intracellular pH of single-cell suspensions of live, primary lung epithelial cells with various wavelength pH-sensitive dyes localized to cell membranes, cytosol, endosomes, secretory vesicles, microtubules, and lysosomes. Infection with either virus decreased extracellular pH and increased intracellular pH. Peak host immune responses were observed at 2 days post infection (DPI) and peak pH changes at 5 DPI. Extracellular and intracellular pH returned to baseline by 7 DPI in mice infected with HA1-Y17H and was restored later in wildtype-infected. Overall, IAV infection altered respiratory tract pH, which in turn modulated replication efficiency. This suggests a virus-host pH feedback loop that may select for IAV strains containing HA proteins of optimal pH stability, which may be approximately pH 5.5 in mice but may differ in other species.
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12
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Russell CJ. Hemagglutinin Stability and Its Impact on Influenza A Virus Infectivity, Pathogenicity, and Transmissibility in Avians, Mice, Swine, Seals, Ferrets, and Humans. Viruses 2021; 13:746. [PMID: 33923198 PMCID: PMC8145662 DOI: 10.3390/v13050746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically diverse influenza A viruses (IAVs) circulate in wild aquatic birds. From this reservoir, IAVs sporadically cause outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics in wild and domestic avians, wild land and sea mammals, horses, canines, felines, swine, humans, and other species. One molecular trait shown to modulate IAV host range is the stability of the hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein. The HA protein is the major antigen and during virus entry, this trimeric envelope glycoprotein binds sialic acid-containing receptors before being triggered by endosomal low pH to undergo irreversible structural changes that cause membrane fusion. The HA proteins from different IAV isolates can vary in the pH at which HA protein structural changes are triggered, the protein causes membrane fusion, or outside the cell the virion becomes inactivated. HA activation pH values generally range from pH 4.8 to 6.2. Human-adapted HA proteins tend to have relatively stable HA proteins activated at pH 5.5 or below. Here, studies are reviewed that report HA stability values and investigate the biological impact of variations in HA stability on replication, pathogenicity, and transmissibility in experimental animal models. Overall, a stabilized HA protein appears to be necessary for human pandemic potential and should be considered when assessing human pandemic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
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13
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Cell-Culture Adaptation of H3N2 Influenza Virus Impacts Acid Stability and Reduces Airborne Transmission in Ferret Model. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050719. [PMID: 33919124 PMCID: PMC8143181 DOI: 10.3390/v13050719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Airborne transmission of seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses is the reason for their epidemiological success and public health burden in humans. Efficient airborne transmission of the H1N1 influenza virus relies on the receptor specificity and pH of fusion of the surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA). In this study, we examined the role of HA pH of fusion on transmissibility of a cell-culture-adapted H3N2 virus. Mutations in the HA head at positions 78 and 212 of A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2), which were selected after cell culture adaptation, decreased the acid stability of the virus from pH 5.5 (WT) to pH 5.8 (mutant). In addition, the mutant H3N2 virus replicated to higher titers in cell culture but had reduced airborne transmission in the ferret model. These data demonstrate that, like H1N1 HA, the pH of fusion for H3N2 HA is a determinant of efficient airborne transmission. Surprisingly, noncoding regions of the NA segment can impact the pH of fusion of mutant viruses. Taken together, our data confirm that HA acid stability is an important characteristic of epidemiologically successful human influenza viruses and is influenced by HA/NA balance.
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14
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Ben Hamed S, Elargoubi A, Harrabi M, Srihi H, Souiai O, Mastouri M, Almalki MA, Gharbi J, Ben M'hadheb M. Phylogenetic analysis of the neuraminidase segment gene of Influenza A/H1N1 strains isolated from Monastir Region (Tunisia) during the 2017-2018 outbreak. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021; 76:1797-1806. [PMID: 33727729 PMCID: PMC7952816 DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00723-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A/H1N1 is widely considered to be a very evolutionary virus causing major public health problems. Since the pandemic of 2009, there has been a rapid rise in human Influenza virus characterization. However, little data is available in Tunisia regarding its genetic evolution. In light of this fact, our paper aim is to genetically characterize the Neuraminidase, known as the target of antiviral inhibitors, in Tunisian isolates circulating in Monastir region during 2017–2018. In total of 31 positive Influenza A/H1N1 detected by multiplex real-time PCR, RT-PCR of neuraminidase was performed. Among the 31 positive samples, 7 samples representing fatal and most severe cases were conducted for sequencing and genetic analysis. The results thus obtained showed genetic evolution of the A/H1N1 neuraminidase between 2009 and 2010 and 2018–2019 outbreaks. All Tunisian isolates were genetically related to the recommended vaccine strain with a specific evolution. Moreover, the phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that France and especially Italian strains were the major related strains. Interestingly, our results revealed a specific cluster of Tunisian isolates where two intragroup were evolved in correlation with the severity and the fatalities cases. From the outcome of our investigation, this study confirms the genetic evolution of the Influenza A virus circulating in Tunisia and gives a preliminary analysis for a better comprehension of new emerging Tunisian strain’s virulence and thus, a more appropriate monitoring of Influenza virus A/H1N1 during each round of outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrine Ben Hamed
- Unité de Recherche UR17ES30 "Génomique Biotechnologie et Stratégies Antivirales" (ViroBiotech), Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie, Université de Monastir, BP74, Avenue Tahar Hadded, Monastir, 5000 Tunisia
| | - Aida Elargoubi
- Laboratoire de Recherche LR99ES27 "Maladies Transmissibles & Substances Biologiquement Actives", Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Avenue Avicenne, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Myriam Harrabi
- Unité de Recherche UR17ES30 "Génomique Biotechnologie et Stratégies Antivirales" (ViroBiotech), Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie, Université de Monastir, BP74, Avenue Tahar Hadded, Monastir, 5000 Tunisia.,Laboratoroire de "BioInformatique, bioMathematique & bioStatistique" (BIMS), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, BP 74, 13, place Pasteur Tunis, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Haythem Srihi
- Unité de Recherche UR17ES30 "Génomique Biotechnologie et Stratégies Antivirales" (ViroBiotech), Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie, Université de Monastir, BP74, Avenue Tahar Hadded, Monastir, 5000 Tunisia
| | - Oussema Souiai
- Laboratoroire de "BioInformatique, bioMathematique & bioStatistique" (BIMS), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, BP 74, 13, place Pasteur Tunis, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maha Mastouri
- Laboratoire de Recherche LR99ES27 "Maladies Transmissibles & Substances Biologiquement Actives", Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Avenue Avicenne, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mohammed Awadh Almalki
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa, 31982 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawhar Gharbi
- Unité de Recherche UR17ES30 "Génomique Biotechnologie et Stratégies Antivirales" (ViroBiotech), Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie, Université de Monastir, BP74, Avenue Tahar Hadded, Monastir, 5000 Tunisia.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa, 31982 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Manel Ben M'hadheb
- Unité de Recherche UR17ES30 "Génomique Biotechnologie et Stratégies Antivirales" (ViroBiotech), Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie, Université de Monastir, BP74, Avenue Tahar Hadded, Monastir, 5000 Tunisia
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15
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Danov O, Wolff M, Bartel S, Böhlen S, Obernolte H, Wronski S, Jonigk D, Hammer B, Kovacevic D, Reuter S, Krauss-Etschmann S, Sewald K. Cigarette Smoke Affects Dendritic Cell Populations, Epithelial Barrier Function, and the Immune Response to Viral Infection With H1N1. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:571003. [PMID: 33240904 PMCID: PMC7678748 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.571003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Smokers with apparently “healthy” lungs suffer from more severe and frequent viral respiratory infections, but the mechanisms underlying this observation are still unclear. Epithelial cells and dendritic cells (DC) form the first line of defense against inhaled noxes such as smoke or viruses. We therefore aimed to obtain insight into how cigarette smoke affects DCs and epithelial cells and how this influences the response to viral infection. Female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) for 1 h daily for 24 days and then challenged i.n. with the viral mimic and Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ligand poly (I:C) after the last exposure. DC subpopulations were analyzed 24 h later in whole lung homogenates by flow cytometry. Calu-3 cells or human precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) cultured at air-liquid interface were exposed to CS or air and subsequently inoculated with influenza H1N1. At 48 h post infection cytokines were analyzed by multiplex technology. Cytotoxic effects were measured by release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and confocal imaging. In Calu-3 cells the trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was assessed. Smoke exposure of mice increased numbers of inflammatory and plasmacytoid DCs in lung tissue. Additional poly (I:C) challenge further increased the population of inflammatory DCs and conventional DCs, especially CD11b+ cDCs. Smoke exposure led to a loss of the barrier function in Calu-3 cells, which was further exaggerated by additional influenza H1N1 infection. Influenza H1N1-induced secretion of antiviral cytokines (IFN-α2a, IFN-λ, interferon-γ-induced protein 10 [IP-10]), pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, as well as T cell-associated cytokines (e.g., I-TAC) were completely suppressed in both Calu-3 cells and human PCLS after smoke exposure. In summary, cigarette smoke exposure increased the number of inflammatory DCs in the lung and disrupted epithelial barrier functions, both of which was further enhanced by viral stimulation. Additionally, the antiviral immune response to influenza H1N1 was strongly suppressed by smoke. These data suggest that smoke impairs protective innate mechanisms in the lung, which could be responsible for the increased susceptibility to viral infections in “healthy” smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Danov
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Member of Centre for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Hanover, Germany
| | - Martin Wolff
- Early Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases, Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Sabine Bartel
- Early Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases, Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany.,Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Böhlen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Member of Centre for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Hanover, Germany
| | - Helena Obernolte
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Member of Centre for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Hanover, Germany
| | - Sabine Wronski
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Member of Centre for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Hanover, Germany
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Department of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hanover, Germany
| | - Barbara Hammer
- Early Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases, Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Draginja Kovacevic
- Early Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases, Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Sebastian Reuter
- Early Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases, Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Medical Center Essen - Ruhrlandklinik, Essen, Germany
| | - Susanne Krauss-Etschmann
- Early Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases, Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany.,Asthma Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katherina Sewald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Member of Centre for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Hanover, Germany
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16
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Hu M, Yang G, DeBeauchamp J, Crumpton JC, Kim H, Li L, Wan XF, Kercher L, Bowman AS, Webster RG, Webby RJ, Russell CJ. HA stabilization promotes replication and transmission of swine H1N1 gamma influenza viruses in ferrets. eLife 2020; 9:56236. [PMID: 32602461 PMCID: PMC7326494 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pandemic influenza A viruses can emerge from swine, an intermediate host that supports adaptation of human-preferred receptor-binding specificity by the hemagglutinin (HA) surface antigen. Other HA traits necessary for pandemic potential are poorly understood. For swine influenza viruses isolated in 2009–2016, gamma-clade viruses had less stable HA proteins (activation pH 5.5–5.9) than pandemic clade (pH 5.0–5.5). Gamma-clade viruses replicated to higher levels in mammalian cells than pandemic clade. In ferrets, a model for human adaptation, a relatively stable HA protein (pH 5.5–5.6) was necessary for efficient replication and airborne transmission. The overall airborne transmission frequency in ferrets for four isolates tested was 42%, and isolate G15 airborne transmitted 100% after selection of a variant with a stabilized HA. The results suggest swine influenza viruses containing both a stabilized HA and alpha-2,6 receptor binding in tandem pose greater pandemic risk. Increasing evidence supports adding HA stability to pre-pandemic risk assessment algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Guohua Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Jennifer DeBeauchamp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Jeri Carol Crumpton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Hyunsuh Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, United States
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, United States.,Missouri University Center for Research on Influenza Systems Biology (CRISB), University of Missouri, Columbia, United States.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States.,Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States.,Department of Electrical Engineering Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States.,MU Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Lisa Kercher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Andrew S Bowman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Robert G Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, United States
| | - Charles J Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, United States
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17
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Wang J, Jiang M, Chen X, Montaner LJ. Cytokine storm and leukocyte changes in mild versus severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: Review of 3939 COVID-19 patients in China and emerging pathogenesis and therapy concepts. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:17-41. [PMID: 32534467 PMCID: PMC7323250 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3covr0520-272r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 123.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence indicates that the fatal outcome observed with severe acute respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus‐2 infection often results from alveolar injury that impedes airway capacity and multi‐organ failure—both of which are associated with the hyperproduction of cytokines, also known as a cytokine storm or cytokine release syndrome. Clinical reports show that both mild and severe forms of disease result in changes in circulating leukocyte subsets and cytokine secretion, particularly IL‐6, IL‐1β, IL‐10, TNF, GM‐CSF, IP‐10 (IFN‐induced protein 10), IL‐17, MCP‐3, and IL‐1ra. Not surprising, therapies that target the immune response and curtail the cytokine storm in coronavirus 2019 (COVID‐19) patients have become a focus of recent clinical trials. Here we review reports on leukocyte and cytokine data associated with COVID‐19 disease in 3939 patients in China and describe emerging data on immunopathology. With an emphasis on immune modulation, we also look at ongoing clinical studies aimed at blocking proinflammatory cytokines; transfer of immunosuppressive mesenchymal stem cells; use of convalescent plasma transfusion; as well as immunoregulatory therapy and traditional Chinese medicine regimes. In examining leukocyte and cytokine activity in COVID‐19, we focus in particular on how these levels are altered as the disease progresses (neutrophil NETosis, macrophage, T cell response, etc.) and proposed consequences to organ pathology (coagulopathy, etc.). Viral and host interactions are described to gain further insight into leukocyte biology and how dysregulated cytokine responses lead to disease and/or organ damage. By better understanding the mechanisms that drive the intensity of a cytokine storm, we can tailor treatment strategies at specific disease stages and improve our response to this worldwide public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Mengmeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Luis J Montaner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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18
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Hemagglutinin Stability Regulates H1N1 Influenza Virus Replication and Pathogenicity in Mice by Modulating Type I Interferon Responses in Dendritic Cells. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01423-19. [PMID: 31694942 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01423-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) stability, or the pH at which HA is activated to cause membrane fusion, has been associated with the replication, pathogenicity, transmissibility, and interspecies adaptation of influenza A viruses. Here, we investigated the mechanisms by which a destabilizing HA mutation, Y17H (activation pH, 6.0), attenuates virus replication and pathogenicity in DBA/2 mice compared to wild-type (WT) virus (activation pH, 5.5). The extracellular lung pH was measured to be near neutral (pH 6.9 to 7.5). WT and Y17H viruses had similar environmental stability at pH 7.0; thus, extracellular inactivation was unlikely to attenuate the Y17H virus. The Y17H virus had accelerated replication kinetics in MDCK, A549, and RAW 264.7 cells when inoculated at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 3 PFU/cell. The destabilizing mutation also increased early infectivity and type I interferon (IFN) responses in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs). In contrast, the HA-Y17H mutation reduced virus replication in murine airway murine nasal epithelial cell and murine tracheal epithelial cell cultures and attenuated virus replication, virus spread, the severity of infection, and cellular infiltration in the lungs of mice. Normalizing virus infection and weight loss in mice by inoculating them with Y17H virus at a dose 500-fold higher than that of WT virus revealed that the destabilized mutant virus triggered the upregulation of more host genes and increased type I IFN responses and cytokine expression in DBA/2 mouse lungs. Overall, HA destabilization decreased virulence in mice by boosting early infection in DCs, resulting in the greater activation of antiviral responses, including the type I IFN response. These studies reveal that HA stability may regulate pathogenicity by modulating IFN responses.IMPORTANCE Diverse influenza A viruses circulate in wild aquatic birds, occasionally infecting farm animals. Rarely, an avian- or swine-origin influenza virus adapts to humans and starts a pandemic. Seasonal and many universal influenza vaccines target the HA surface protein, which is a key component of pandemic influenza viruses. Understanding the HA properties needed for replication and pathogenicity in mammals may guide response efforts to control influenza. Some antiviral drugs and broadly reactive influenza vaccines that target the HA protein have suffered resistance due to destabilizing HA mutations that do not compromise replicative fitness in cell culture. Here, we show that despite not compromising fitness in standard cell cultures, a destabilizing H1N1 HA stalk mutation greatly diminishes viral replication and pathogenicity in vivo by modulating type I IFN responses. This encourages targeting the HA stalk with antiviral drugs and vaccines as well as reevaluating previous candidates that were susceptible to destabilizing resistance mutations.
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