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Bialy D, Richardson S, Chrzastek K, Bhat S, Polo N, Freimanis G, Iqbal M, Shelton H. Recombinant A(H6N1)-H274Y avian influenza virus with dual drug resistance does not require permissive mutations to retain the replicative fitness in vitro and in ovo. Virology 2024; 590:109954. [PMID: 38086284 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The possible emergence of drug-resistant avian flu raises concerns over the limited effectiveness of currently approved antivirals (neuraminidase inhibitors - NAIs) in the hypothetical event of a zoonotic spillover. Our study demonstrated that the recombinant avian A(H6N1) viruses showed reduced inhibition (RI) by multiple NAI drugs following the introduction of point mutations found predominantly in the neuraminidase gene (NA) of NAI-resistant human influenza strains (E119V, R292K and H274Y; N2 numbering). Moreover, A(H6N1)-H274Y showed increased replication efficiency in vitro, and a fitness advantage over wild-type (WT) when co-inoculated into embryonated hen's eggs. The results presented in our study together with the zoonotic potential of the A(H6N1) virus as evidenced by the human infection from 2013, highlight the need for enhanced monitoring of NAI resistance-associated signatures in circulating LPAI (low pathogenic avian influenza) globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Bialy
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
| | - Samuel Richardson
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Klaudia Chrzastek
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Sushant Bhat
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Noemi Polo
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Freimanis
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Munir Iqbal
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Shelton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
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Stannard HL, Mifsud EJ, Wildum S, Brown SK, Koszalka P, Shishido T, Kojima S, Omoto S, Baba K, Kuhlbusch K, Hurt AC, Barr IG. Assessing the fitness of a dual-antiviral drug resistant human influenza virus in the ferret model. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1026. [PMID: 36171475 PMCID: PMC9517990 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza antivirals are important tools in our fight against annual influenza epidemics and future influenza pandemics. Combinations of antivirals may reduce the likelihood of drug resistance and improve clinical outcomes. Previously, two hospitalised immunocompromised influenza patients, who received a combination of a neuraminidase inhibitor and baloxavir marboxil, shed influenza viruses resistant to both drugs. Here-in, the replicative fitness of one of these A(H1N1)pdm09 virus isolates with dual resistance mutations (NA-H275Y and PA-I38T) was similar to wild type virus (WT) in vitro, but reduced in the upper respiratory tracts of challenged ferrets. The dual-mutant virus transmitted well between ferrets in an airborne transmission model, but was outcompeted by the WT when the two viruses were co-administered. These results indicate the dual-mutant virus had a moderate loss of viral fitness compared to the WT virus, suggesting that while person-to-person transmission of the dual-resistant virus may be possible, widespread community transmission is unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry L Stannard
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Edin J Mifsud
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Sook Kwan Brown
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paulina Koszalka
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ian G Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Lee J, Kim KS, Na K. Intranasal administration of an aronia extract and carrageenan nanocomposite for the prevention of influenza A H1N1 virus infection. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00591-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Predicting Permissive Mutations That Improve the Fitness of A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses Bearing the H275Y Neuraminidase Substitution. J Virol 2022; 96:e0091822. [PMID: 35867563 PMCID: PMC9364793 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00918-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oseltamivir-resistant influenza viruses arise due to amino acid mutations in key residues of the viral neuraminidase (NA). These changes often come at a fitness cost; however, it is known that permissive mutations in the viral NA can overcome this cost. This result was observed in former seasonal A(H1N1) viruses in 2007 which expressed the H275Y substitution (N1 numbering) with no apparent fitness cost and lead to widespread oseltamivir resistance. Therefore, this study aims to predict permissive mutations that may similarly enable fit H275Y variants to arise in currently circulating A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. The first approach in this study utilized in silico analyses to predict potentially permissive mutations. The second approach involved the generation of a virus library which encompassed all possible NA mutations while keeping H275Y fixed. Fit variants were then selected by serially passaging the virus library either through ferrets by transmission or passaging once in vitro. The fitness impact of selected substitutions was further evaluated experimentally. The computational approach predicted three candidate permissive NA mutations which, in combination with each other, restored the replicative fitness of an H275Y variant. The second approach identified a stringent bottleneck during transmission between ferrets; however, three further substitutions were identified which may improve transmissibility. A comparison of fit H275Y variants in vitro and in experimentally infected animals showed a statistically significant correlation in the variants that were positively selected. Overall, this study provides valuable tools and insights into potential permissive mutations that may facilitate the emergence of a fit H275Y A(H1N1)pdm09 variant. IMPORTANCE Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) is the most widely used antiviral for the treatment of influenza infections. Therefore, resistance to oseltamivir is a public health concern. This study is important as it explores the different evolutionary pathways available to current circulating influenza viruses that may lead to widespread oseltamivir resistance. Specifically, this study develops valuable experimental and computational tools to evaluate the fitness landscape of circulating A(H1N1)pmd09 influenza viruses bearing the H275Y mutation. The H275Y substitution is most commonly reported to confer oseltamivir resistance but also leads to loss of virus replication and transmission fitness, which limits its spread. However, it is known from previous influenza seasons that influenza viruses can evolve to overcome this loss of fitness. Therefore, this study aims to prospectively predict how contemporary A(H1N1)pmd09 influenza viruses may evolve to overcome the fitness cost of bearing the H275Y NA substitution, which could result in widespread oseltamivir resistance.
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Goldhill DH, Yan A, Frise R, Zhou J, Shelley J, Gallego Cortés A, Miah S, Akinbami O, Galiano M, Zambon M, Lackenby A, Barclay WS. Favipiravir-resistant influenza A virus shows potential for transmission. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1008937. [PMID: 34061908 PMCID: PMC8195362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Favipiravir is a nucleoside analogue which has been licensed to treat influenza in the event of a new pandemic. We previously described a favipiravir resistant influenza A virus generated by in vitro passage in presence of drug with two mutations: K229R in PB1, which conferred resistance at a cost to polymerase activity, and P653L in PA, which compensated for the cost of polymerase activity. However, the clinical relevance of these mutations is unclear as the mutations have not been found in natural isolates and it is unknown whether viruses harbouring these mutations would replicate or transmit in vivo. Here, we infected ferrets with a mix of wild type p(H1N1) 2009 and corresponding favipiravir-resistant virus and tested for replication and transmission in the absence of drug. Favipiravir-resistant virus successfully infected ferrets and was transmitted by both contact transmission and respiratory droplet routes. However, sequencing revealed the mutation that conferred resistance, K229R, decreased in frequency over time within ferrets. Modelling revealed that due to a fitness advantage for the PA P653L mutant, reassortment with the wild-type virus to gain wild-type PB1 segment in vivo resulted in the loss of the PB1 resistance mutation K229R. We demonstrated that this fitness advantage of PA P653L in the background of our starting virus A/England/195/2009 was due to a maladapted PA in first wave isolates from the 2009 pandemic. We show there is no fitness advantage of P653L in more recent pH1N1 influenza A viruses. Therefore, whilst favipiravir-resistant virus can transmit in vivo, the likelihood that the resistance mutation is retained in the absence of drug pressure may vary depending on the genetic background of the starting viral strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Goldhill
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ada Yan
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Frise
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Shelley
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Gallego Cortés
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wendy S. Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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Roosenhoff R, Schutten M, Reed V, Clinch B, van der Linden A, Fouchier RAM, Fraaij PLA. Secondary substitutions in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes associated with neuraminidase inhibitor resistance are rare in the Influenza Resistance Information Study (IRIS). Antiviral Res 2021; 189:105060. [PMID: 33713731 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid substitutions in influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) that cause resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors (NAI) generally result in virus attenuation. However, influenza viruses may acquire secondary substitutions in the NA and hemagglutinin (HA) proteins that can restore viral fitness. To assess to which extent this happens, the emergence of NAI resistance substitutions and secondary - potentially compensatory - substitutions was quantified in influenza viruses of immunocompetent individuals included in the Influenza Resistance Information Study (IRIS; NCT00884117). Known resistance substitutions were detected by mutation specific RT-PCR in viruses of 57 of 1803 (3.2%) oseltamivir-treated individuals, including 39 individuals infected with A/H1N1pdm09 [H275Y] virus and 18 with A/H3N2 [R292K] virus. A total of fifteen and ten other amino acid substitutions were acquired in HA and NA respectively, of A/H1N1pdm09, A/H3N2 and influenza B viruses upon treatment with oseltamivir but none of these was associated with resistance to oseltamivir. All cultured viruses with the known resistance substitutions H275Y or R292K showed reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir in the NA-star assay. Upon next-generation sequencing, the vast majority of NAI resistant A/H1N1pdm09 and A/H3N2 viruses had no resistance-associated secondary substitutions at high frequency. Only in two A/H1N1pdm09 [H275Y] viruses, the potentially compensatory secondary substitutions HA-D52N and NA-R152K were detected. We conclude that the emergence of secondary substitutions that may restore viral fitness upon the emergence of known influenza virus NAI resistance substitutions was a rare event in this immunocompetent population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rueshandra Roosenhoff
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GE, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Schutten
- Clinical Virology and Diagnostics, 1817HL, Alkmaar, the Netherlands
| | | | - Barry Clinch
- Roche Products Ltd, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 1TW, United Kingdom
| | - Anne van der Linden
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GE, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GE, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter L A Fraaij
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GE, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center - Sophia, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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7
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Differential Viral-Host Immune Interactions Associated with Oseltamivir-Resistant H275Y and Wild-Type H1N1 A(pdm09) Influenza Virus Pathogenicity. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080794. [PMID: 32721992 PMCID: PMC7472233 DOI: 10.3390/v12080794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oseltamivir is a common therapy against influenza A virus (IAV) infections. The acquisition of oseltamivir resistance (OR) mutations, such as H275Y, hampers viral fitness. However, OR H1N1 viruses have demonstrated the ability to spread throughout different populations. The objective of this work was to compare the fitness of two strains of OR (R6 and R7) containing the H275Y mutation, and a wild-type (F) pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 (pdm09) virus both in vitro and in vivo in mice and to select one OR strain for a comparison with F in ferrets. R6 showed faster replication and pathogenicity than R7 in vitro and in mice. Subsequently, R6 was selected for the fitness comparison with the F strain in ferrets. Ferrets infected with the F virus showed more severe clinical signs, histopathological lung lesions, and viral quantification when compared to OR R6-infected animals. More importantly, differential viral kinetics correlated with differential pro-inflammatory host immune responses in the lungs of infected ferrets, where OR-infected animals developed a protective higher expression of type I IFN and Retinoid acid Inducible Gene I (RIG-I) genes early after infection, resulting in the development of milder disease. These results suggest the presence of early specific viral-host immune interactions relevant in the development of influenza-associated lung pathology.
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8
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Guk K, Kim H, Lee M, Choi YA, Hwang SG, Han G, Kim HN, Kim H, Park H, Yong D, Kang T, Lim EK, Jung J. Development of A4 antibody for detection of neuraminidase I223R/H275Y-associated antiviral multidrug-resistant influenza virus. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3418. [PMID: 32647286 PMCID: PMC7347576 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17246-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and spread of antiviral drug-resistant viruses have been a worldwide challenge and a great concern for patient care. We report A4 antibody specifically recognizing and binding to the mutant I223R/H275Y neuraminidase and prove the applicability of A4 antibody for direct detection of antiviral multidrug-resistant viruses in various sensing platforms, including naked-eye detection, surface-enhanced Raman scattering-based immunoassay, and lateral flow system. The development of the A4 antibody enables fast, simple, and reliable point-of-care assays of antiviral multidrug-resistant influenza viruses. In addition to current influenza virus infection testing methods that do not provide information on the antiviral drug-resistance of the virus, diagnostic tests for antiviral multidrug-resistant viruses will improve clinical judgment in the treatment of influenza virus infections, avoid the unnecessary prescription of ineffective drugs, and improve current therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Affinity/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Body Fluids/virology
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Dogs
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/immunology
- Drug Resistance, Viral/immunology
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/enzymology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/enzymology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Mutation/genetics
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Optical Imaging
- Protein Binding
- Spectrum Analysis, Raman
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeonghye Guk
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeran Kim
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Miyeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Aa Choi
- BioNano Health Guard Research Center, KRIBB, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Gee Hwang
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Gaon Han
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Nan Kim
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongki Kim
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwangseo Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongeun Yong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejoon Kang
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Kyung Lim
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Juyeon Jung
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Nogales A, Aydillo T, Ávila-Pérez G, Escalera A, Chiem K, Cadagan R, DeDiego ML, Li F, García-Sastre A, Martínez-Sobrido L. Functional Characterization and Direct Comparison of Influenza A, B, C, and D NS1 Proteins in vitro and in vivo. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2862. [PMID: 31921042 PMCID: PMC6927920 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are important pathogens that affect multiple animal species, including humans. There are four types of influenza viruses: A, B, C, and D (IAV, IBV, ICV, and IDV, respectively). IAV and IBV are currently circulating in humans and are responsible of seasonal epidemics (IAV and IBV) and occasional pandemics (IAV). ICV is known to cause mild infections in humans and pigs, while the recently identified IDV primarily affect cattle and pigs. Influenza non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is a multifunctional protein encoded by the NS segment in all influenza types. The main function of NS1 is to counteract the host antiviral defense, including the production of interferon (IFN) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), and therefore is considered an important viral pathogenic factor. Despite of homologous functions, the NS1 protein from the diverse influenza types share little amino acid sequence identity, suggesting possible differences in their mechanism(s) of action, interaction(s) with host factors, and contribution to viral replication and/or pathogenesis. In addition, although the NS1 protein of IAV, IBV and, to some extent ICV, have been previously studied, it is unclear if IDV NS1 has similar properties. Using an approach that allow us to express NS1 independently of the nuclear export protein from the viral NS segment, we have generated recombinant IAV expressing IAV, IBV, ICV, and IDV NS1 proteins. Although recombinant viruses expressing heterotypic (IBV, ICV, and IDV) NS1 proteins were able to replicate similarly in canine MDCK cells, their viral fitness was impaired in human A549 cells and they were highly attenuated in vivo. Our data suggest that despite the similarities to effectively counteract innate immune responses in vitro, the NS1 proteins of IBV, ICV, or IDV do not fully complement the functions of IAV NS1, resulting in deficient viral replication and pathogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Aydillo
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gines Ávila-Pérez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Alba Escalera
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kevin Chiem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Richard Cadagan
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marta L. DeDiego
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
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Lin RW, Chen GW, Sung HH, Lin RJ, Yen LC, Tseng YL, Chang YK, Lien SP, Shih SR, Liao CL. Naturally occurring mutations in PB1 affect influenza A virus replication fidelity, virulence, and adaptability. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:55. [PMID: 31366399 PMCID: PMC6668090 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in the PB1 subunit of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of influenza A virus can affect replication fidelity. Before the influenza A/H1N1 pandemic in 2009, most human influenza A/H1N1 viruses contained the avian-associated residue, serine, at position 216 in PB1. However, near the onset of the 2009 pandemic, human viruses began to acquire the mammalian-associated residue, glycine, at PB1–216, and PB1–216G became predominant in human viruses thereafter. Methods Using entropy-based analysis algorithm, we have previously identified several host-specific amino-acid signatures that separated avian and swine viruses from human influenza viruses. The presence of these host-specific signatures in human influenza A/H1N1 viruses suggested that these mutations were the result of adaptive genetic evolution that enabled these influenza viruses to circumvent host barriers, which resulted in cross-species transmission. We investigated the biological impact of this natural avian-to-mammalian signature substitution at PB1–216 in human influenza A/H1N1 viruses. Results We found that PB1–216G viruses had greater mutation potential, and were more sensitive to ribavirin than PB1–216S viruses. In oseltamivir-treated HEK293 cells, PB1–216G viruses generated mutations in viral neuraminidase at a higher rate than PB1–216S viruses. By contrast, PB1–216S viruses were more virulent in mice than PB1–216G viruses. These results suggest that the PB1-S216G substitution enhances viral epidemiological fitness by increasing the frequency of adaptive mutations in human influenza A/H1N1 viruses. Conclusions Our results thus suggest that the increased adaptability and epidemiological fitness of naturally arising human PB1–216G viruses, which have a canonical low-fidelity replicase, were the biological mechanisms underlying the replacement of PB1–216S viruses with a high-fidelity replicase following the emergence of pdmH1N1. We think that continued surveillance of such naturally occurring PB1–216 variants among others is warranted to assess the potential impact of changes in RdRp fidelity on the adaptability and epidemiological fitness of human A/H1N1 influenza viruses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12929-019-0547-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruey-Wen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161 Section 6, Minquan E. Road, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Wu Chen
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wen Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 5 Fu Hsing Street, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.,Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wen Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Hsuan Sung
- National Laboratory Animal Center, Nation Applied Research Laboratory, No.106, Sec. 2, Heping E. Rd., Taipei, 10622, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Jye Lin
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institute, 10 F, Bldg F, 3 Yuanqu Street, Taipei, 11503, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chen Yen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161 Section 6, Ming Chaun E. Road, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161 Section 6, Ming Chaun E. Road, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Kun Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161 Section 6, Ming Chaun E. Road, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Pei Lien
- National institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wen Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 5 Fu Hsing Street, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wen Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Len Liao
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161 Section 6, Minquan E. Road, Taipei, 114, Taiwan. .,National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institute, 10 F, Bldg F, 3 Yuanqu Street, Taipei, 11503, Taiwan. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161 Section 6, Ming Chaun E. Road, Taipei, 114, Taiwan. .,National institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan.
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11
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A Novel Fluorescent and Bioluminescent Bireporter Influenza A Virus To Evaluate Viral Infections. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00032-19. [PMID: 30867298 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00032-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying influenza A virus (IAV) requires the use of secondary approaches to detect the presence of virus in infected cells. To overcome this problem, we and others have generated recombinant IAV expressing fluorescent or luciferase reporter genes. These foreign reporter genes can be used as valid surrogates to track the presence of virus. However, the limited capacity for incorporating foreign sequences in the viral genome forced researchers to select a fluorescent or a luciferase reporter gene, depending on the type of study. To circumvent this limitation, we engineered a novel recombinant replication-competent bireporter IAV (BIRFLU) expressing both fluorescent and luciferase reporter genes. In cultured cells, BIRFLU displayed growth kinetics comparable to those of wild-type (WT) virus and was used to screen neutralizing antibodies or compounds with antiviral activity. The expression of two reporter genes allows monitoring of viral inhibition by fluorescence or bioluminescence, overcoming the limitations associated with the use of one reporter gene as a readout. In vivo, BIRFLU effectively infected mice, and both reporter genes were detected using in vivo imaging systems (IVIS). The ability to generate recombinant IAV harboring multiple foreign genes opens unique possibilities for studying virus-host interactions and for using IAV in high-throughput screenings (HTS) to identify novel antivirals that can be incorporated into the therapeutic armamentarium to control IAV infections. Moreover, the ability to genetically manipulate the viral genome to express two foreign genes offers the possibility of developing novel influenza vaccines and the feasibility for using recombinant IAV as vaccine vectors to treat other pathogen infections.IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus (IAV) causes a human respiratory disease that is associated with significant health and economic consequences. In recent years, the use of replication-competent IAV expressing an easily traceable fluorescent or luciferase reporter protein has significantly contributed to progress in influenza research. However, researchers have been forced to select a fluorescent or a luciferase reporter gene due to the restricted capacity of the influenza viral genome for including foreign sequences. To overcome this limitation, we generated, for the first time, a recombinant replication-competent bireporter IAV (BIRFLU) that stably expresses two reporter genes (one fluorescent and one luciferase) to track IAV infections in vitro and in vivo The combination of cutting-edge techniques from molecular biology, animal research, and imaging technologies brings researchers the unique opportunity to use this new generation of reporter-expressing IAV to study viral infection dynamics in both cultured cells and animal models of viral infection.
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12
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Interplay of PA-X and NS1 Proteins in Replication and Pathogenesis of a Temperature-Sensitive 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza A Virus. J Virol 2017. [PMID: 28637750 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00720-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics, representing a serious public health concern. It has been described that one mechanism used by some IAV strains to escape the host innate immune responses and modulate virus pathogenicity involves the ability of the PA-X and NS1 proteins to inhibit the host protein synthesis in infected cells. It was reported that for the 2009 pandemic H1N1 IAV (pH1N1) only the PA-X protein had this inhibiting capability, while the NS1 protein did not. In this work, we have evaluated, for the first time, the combined effect of PA-X- and NS1-mediated inhibition of general gene expression on virus pathogenesis, using a temperature-sensitive, live-attenuated 2009 pandemic H1N1 IAV (pH1N1 LAIV). We found that viruses containing PA-X and NS1 proteins that simultaneously have (PAWT+/NS1MUT+) or do not have (PAMUT-/NS1WT-) the ability to block host gene expression showed reduced pathogenicity in vivo However, a virus where the ability to inhibit host protein expression was switched between PA-X and NS1 (PAMUT-/NS1MUT+) presented pathogenicity similar to that of a virus containing both wild-type proteins (PAWT+/NS1WT-). Our findings suggest that inhibition of host protein expression is subject to a strict balance, which can determine the successful progression of IAV infection. Importantly, knowledge obtained from our studies could be used for the development of new and more effective vaccine approaches against IAV.IMPORTANCE Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are one of the most common causes of respiratory infections in humans, resulting in thousands of deaths annually. Furthermore, IAVs can cause unpredictable pandemics of great consequence when viruses not previously circulating in humans are introduced into humans. The defense machinery provided by the host innate immune system limits IAV replication; however, to counteract host antiviral activities, IAVs have developed different inhibition mechanisms, including prevention of host gene expression mediated by the viral PA-X and NS1 proteins. Here, we provide evidence demonstrating that optimal control of host protein synthesis by IAV PA-X and/or NS1 proteins is required for efficient IAV replication in the host. Moreover, we demonstrate the feasibility of genetically controlling the ability of IAV PA-X and NS1 proteins to inhibit host immune responses, providing an approach to develop more effective vaccines to combat disease caused by this important respiratory pathogen.
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13
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Dobrovolny HM, Beauchemin CAA. Modelling the emergence of influenza drug resistance: The roles of surface proteins, the immune response and antiviral mechanisms. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180582. [PMID: 28700622 PMCID: PMC5503263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of influenza drug resistance has become of particular interest as current planning for an influenza pandemic involves using massive amounts of antiviral drugs. We use semi-stochastic simulations to examine the emergence of drug resistant mutants during the course of a single infection within a patient in the presence and absence of antiviral therapy. We specifically examine three factors and their effect on the emergence of drug-resistant mutants: antiviral mechanism, the immune response, and surface proteins. We find that adamantanes, because they act at the start of the replication cycle to prevent infection, are less likely to produce drug-resistant mutants than NAIs, which act at the end of the replication cycle. A mismatch between surface proteins and internal RNA results in drug-resistant mutants being less likely to emerge, and emerging later in the infection because the mismatch gives antivirals a second chance to prevent propagation of the mutation. The immune response subdues slow growing infections, further reducing the probability that a drug resistant mutant will emerge and yield a drug-resistant infection. These findings improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to the emergence of drug resistance during the course of a single influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana M. Dobrovolny
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Catherine A. A. Beauchemin
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Theoretical Science (iTHES) Research Group at RIKEN, Wako, Japan
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14
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Hu J, Ma L, Wang H, Yan H, Zhang D, Li Z, Jiang J, Li Y. A novel benzo-heterocyclic amine derivative N30 inhibits influenza virus replication by depression of Inosine-5'-Monophospate Dehydrogenase activity. Virol J 2017; 14:55. [PMID: 28298229 PMCID: PMC5353780 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0724-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUD Influenza virus is still a huge threat to the world-wide public health. Host inosine-5'- monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) involved in the synthesis of guanine nucleotides, is known to be a potential target to inhibit the replication of viruses. Herein, we evaluated antiviral activity of a benzo-heterocyclic amine derivative N30, which was designed to inhibit IMPDH. RESULTS The results demonstrated that N30 inhibited the replication of H1N1, H3N2, influenza B viruses, including oseltamivir and amantadine resistant strains in vitro. Mechanistically, neuraminidase inhibition assay and hemagglutination inhibition assay suggested that N30 did not directly target the two envelope glycoproteins required for viral adsorption or release. Instead, the compound could depress the activity of IMPDH type II. Based on these findings, we further confirmed that N30 provided a strong inhibition on the replication of respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, enterovirus 71 and a diverse strains of coxsackie B virus. CONCLUSIONS We identified the small molecule N30, as an inhibitor of IMPDH, might be a potential candidate to inhibit the replication of various viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huiqiang Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Yan
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dajun Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuorong Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhuan Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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15
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Makau JN, Watanabe K, Ishikawa T, Mizuta S, Hamada T, Kobayashi N, Nishida N. Identification of small molecule inhibitors for influenza a virus using in silico and in vitro approaches. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173582. [PMID: 28273150 PMCID: PMC5342234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses have acquired resistance to approved neuraminidase-targeting drugs, increasing the need for new drug targets for the development of novel anti-influenza drugs. Nucleoprotein (NP) is an attractive target since it has an indispensable role in virus replication and its amino acid sequence is well conserved. In this study, we aimed to identify new inhibitors of the NP using a structure-based drug discovery algorithm, named Nagasaki University Docking Engine (NUDE), which has been established especially for the Destination for GPU Intensive Machine (DEGIMA) supercomputer. The hit compounds that showed high binding scores during in silico screening were subsequently evaluated for anti-influenza virus effects using a cell-based assay. A 4-hydroxyquinolinone compound, designated as NUD-1, was found to inhibit the replication of influenza virus in cultured cells. Analysis of binding between NUD-1 and NP using surface plasmon resonance assay and fragment molecular orbital calculations confirmed that NUD-1 binds to NP and could interfere with NP-NP interactions essential for virus replication. Time-of-addition experiments showed that the compound inhibited the mid-stage of infection, corresponding to assembly of the NP and other viral proteins. Moreover, NUD-1 was also effective against various types of influenza A viruses including a clinical isolate of A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza with a 50% inhibitory concentration range of 1.8-2.1 μM. Our data demonstrate that the combined use of NUDE system followed by the cell-based assay is useful to obtain lead compounds for the development of novel anti-influenza drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliann Nzembi Makau
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
- Leading Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ken Watanabe
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mizuta
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hamada
- Nagasaki Advanced Computing Center, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nishida
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
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16
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Nogales A, Martínez-Sobrido L. Reverse Genetics Approaches for the Development of Influenza Vaccines. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:E20. [PMID: 28025504 PMCID: PMC5297655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause annual seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics of human respiratory disease. Influenza virus infections represent a serious public health and economic problem, which are most effectively prevented through vaccination. However, influenza viruses undergo continual antigenic variation, which requires either the annual reformulation of seasonal influenza vaccines or the rapid generation of vaccines against potential pandemic virus strains. The segmented nature of influenza virus allows for the reassortment between two or more viruses within a co-infected cell, and this characteristic has also been harnessed in the laboratory to generate reassortant viruses for their use as either inactivated or live-attenuated influenza vaccines. With the implementation of plasmid-based reverse genetics techniques, it is now possible to engineer recombinant influenza viruses entirely from full-length complementary DNA copies of the viral genome by transfection of susceptible cells. These reverse genetics systems have provided investigators with novel and powerful approaches to answer important questions about the biology of influenza viruses, including the function of viral proteins, their interaction with cellular host factors and the mechanisms of influenza virus transmission and pathogenesis. In addition, reverse genetics techniques have allowed the generation of recombinant influenza viruses, providing a powerful technology to develop both inactivated and live-attenuated influenza vaccines. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of state-of-the-art, plasmid-based, influenza reverse genetics approaches and their implementation to provide rapid, convenient, safe and more effective influenza inactivated or live-attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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17
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Jones JC, Marathe BM, Lerner C, Kreis L, Gasser R, Pascua PNQ, Najera I, Govorkova EA. A Novel Endonuclease Inhibitor Exhibits Broad-Spectrum Anti-Influenza Virus Activity In Vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:5504-14. [PMID: 27381402 PMCID: PMC4997863 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00888-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral drugs are important in preventing and controlling influenza, particularly when vaccines are ineffective or unavailable. A single class of antiviral drugs, the neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), is recommended for treating influenza. The limited therapeutic options and the potential risk of antiviral resistance are driving the search for additional small-molecule inhibitors that act on influenza virus proteins. The acid polymerase (PA) of influenza viruses is a promising target for new antivirals because of its essential role in initiating virus transcription. Here, we characterized a novel compound, RO-7, identified as a putative PA endonuclease inhibitor. RO-7 was effective when added before the cessation of genome replication, reduced polymerase activity in cell-free systems, and decreased relative amounts of viral mRNA and genomic RNA during influenza virus infection. RO-7 specifically inhibited the ability of the PA endonuclease domain to cleave a nucleic acid substrate. RO-7 also inhibited influenza A viruses (seasonal and 2009 pandemic H1N1 and seasonal H3N2) and B viruses (Yamagata and Victoria lineages), zoonotic viruses (H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2), and NAI-resistant variants in plaque reduction, yield reduction, and cell viability assays in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells with nanomolar to submicromolar 50% effective concentrations (EC50s), low toxicity, and favorable selective indices. RO-7 also inhibited influenza virus replication in primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Overall, RO-7 exhibits broad-spectrum activity against influenza A and B viruses in multiple in vitro assays, supporting its further characterization and development as a potential antiviral agent for treating influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bindumadhav M Marathe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | | | - Philippe Noriel Q Pascua
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Elena A Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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18
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Pascua PNQ, Marathe BM, Burnham AJ, Vogel P, Webby RJ, Webster RG, Govorkova EA. Competitive Fitness of Influenza B Viruses Possessing E119A and H274Y Neuraminidase Inhibitor Resistance-Associated Substitutions in Ferrets. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159847. [PMID: 27466813 PMCID: PMC4965113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs) are the only antiviral drugs recommended for influenza treatment and prophylaxis. Although NAI-resistant influenza B viruses that could pose a threat to public health have been reported in the field, their fitness is poorly understood. We evaluated in ferrets the pathogenicity and relative fitness of reverse genetics (rg)-generated influenza B/Yamanashi/166/1998-like viruses containing E119A or H274Y NA substitutions (N2 numbering). Ferrets inoculated with NAI-susceptible rg-wild-type (rg-WT) or NAI-resistant (rg-E119A or rg-H274Y) viruses developed mild infections. Growth of rg-E119A virus in the nasal cavities was delayed, but the high titers at 3 days post-inoculation (dpi) were comparable to those of the rg-WT and rg-H274Y viruses (3.6-4.1 log10TCID50/mL). No virus persisted beyond 5 dpi and replication did not extend to the trachea or lungs. Positive virus antigen-staining of the nasal turbinate epithelium was intermittent with the rg-WT and rg-H274Y viruses; whereas antigen-staining for the rg-E119A virus was more diffuse. Virus populations in ferrets coinoculated with NAI-susceptible and -resistant viruses (1:1 mixture) remained heterogeneous at 5 dpi but were predominantly rg-WT (>70%). Although the E119A substitution was associated with delayed replication in ferrets, the H274Y substitution did not measurably affect viral growth properties. These data suggest that rg-H274Y has undiminished fitness in single virus inoculations, but neither rg-E119A nor rg-H274Y gained a fitness advantage over rg-WT in direct competition experiments without antiviral drug pressure. Taken together, our data suggest the following order of relative fitness in a ferret animal model: rg-WT > rg-H274Y > rg-E119A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Noriel Q. Pascua
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bindumadhav M. Marathe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - Peter Vogel
- Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Elena A. Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
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19
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Abed Y, Bouhy X, L'Huillier AG, Rhéaume C, Pizzorno A, Retamal M, Fage C, Dubé K, Joly MH, Beaulieu E, Mallett C, Kaiser L, Boivin G. The E119D neuraminidase mutation identified in a multidrug-resistant influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 isolate severely alters viral fitness in vitro and in animal models. Antiviral Res 2016; 132:6-12. [PMID: 27185624 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We recently isolated an influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 E119D/H275Y neuraminidase (NA) variant from an immunocompromised patient who received oseltamivir and zanamivir therapies. This variant demonstrated cross resistance to zanamivir, oseltamivir, peramivir and laninamivir. In this study, the viral fitness of the recombinant wild-type (WT), E119D and E119D/H275Y A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses was evaluated in vitro and in experimentally-infected C57BL/6 mice and guinea pigs. In replication kinetics experiments, viral titers obtained with the E119D and E119D/H275Y recombinants were up to 2- and 4-log lower compared to the WT virus in MDCK and ST6GalI-MDCK cells, respectively. Enzymatic studies revealed that the E119D mutation significantly decreased the surface NA activity. In experimentally-infected mice, a 50% mortality rate was recorded in the group infected with the WT recombinant virus whereas no mortality was observed in the E119D and E119D/H275Y groups. Mean lung viral titers on day 5 post-inoculation for the WT (1.2 ± 0.57 × 10(8) PFU/ml) were significantly higher than those of the E119D (9.75 ± 0.41 × 10(5) PFU/ml, P < 0.01) and the E119D/H275Y (1.47 ± 0.61 × 10(6) PFU/ml, P < 0.01) groups. In guinea pigs, comparable seroconversion rates and viral titers in nasal washes (NW) were obtained for the WT and mutant index and contact groups. However, the D119E reversion was observed in most NW samples of the E119D and E119D/H275Y animals. In conclusion, the E119D NA mutation that could emerge in A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses during zanamivir therapy has a significant impact on viral fitness and such mutant is unlikely to be highly transmissible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacine Abed
- CHUQ-CHUL and Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Xavier Bouhy
- CHUQ-CHUL and Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Miguel Retamal
- CHUQ-CHUL and Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Clément Fage
- CHUQ-CHUL and Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Laurent Kaiser
- Laboratory of Virology, University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Guy Boivin
- CHUQ-CHUL and Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada.
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20
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Nogales A, Rodríguez-Sánchez I, Monte K, Lenschow DJ, Perez DR, Martínez-Sobrido L. Replication-competent fluorescent-expressing influenza B virus. Virus Res 2016; 213:69-81. [PMID: 26590325 PMCID: PMC5003614 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Influenza B viruses (IBVs) cause annual outbreaks of respiratory illness in humans and are increasingly recognized as a major cause of influenza-associated morbidity and mortality. Studying influenza viruses requires the use of secondary methodologies to identify virus-infected cells. To this end, replication-competent influenza A viruses (IAVs) expressing easily traceable fluorescent proteins have been recently developed. In contrast, similar approaches for IBV are mostly lacking. In this report, we describe the generation and characterization of replication-competent influenza B/Brisbane/60/2008 viruses expressing fluorescent mCherry or GFP fused to the C-terminal of the viral non-structural 1 (NS1) protein. Fluorescent-expressing IBVs display similar growth kinetics and plaque phenotype to wild-type IBV, while fluorescent protein expression allows for the easy identification of virus-infected cells. Without the need of secondary approaches to monitor viral infection, fluorescent-expressing IBVs represent an ideal approach to study the biology of IBV and an excellent platform for the rapid identification and characterization of antiviral therapeutics or neutralizing antibodies using high-throughput screening approaches. Lastly, fluorescent-expressing IBVs can be combined with the recently described reporter-expressing IAVs for the identification of novel therapeutics to combat these two important human respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Irene Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Kristen Monte
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Deborah J Lenschow
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30603, USA
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Hemagglutinin Stalk Immunity Reduces Influenza Virus Replication and Transmission in Ferrets. J Virol 2015; 90:3268-73. [PMID: 26719251 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02481-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed whether influenza virus hemagglutinin stalk-based immunity protects ferrets against aerosol-transmitted H1N1 influenza virus infection. Immunization of ferrets by a universal influenza virus vaccine strategy based on viral vectors expressing chimeric hemagglutinin constructs induced stalk-specific antibody responses. Stalk-immunized ferrets were cohoused with H1N1-infected ferrets under conditions that permitted virus transmission. Hemagglutinin stalk-immunized ferrets had lower viral titers and delayed or no virus replication at all following natural exposure to influenza virus.
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22
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Buhnerkempe MG, Gostic K, Park M, Ahsan P, Belser JA, Lloyd-Smith JO. Mapping influenza transmission in the ferret model to transmission in humans. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26329460 PMCID: PMC4586390 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The controversy surrounding 'gain-of-function' experiments on high-consequence avian influenza viruses has highlighted the role of ferret transmission experiments in studying the transmission potential of novel influenza strains. However, the mapping between influenza transmission in ferrets and in humans is unsubstantiated. We address this gap by compiling and analyzing 240 estimates of influenza transmission in ferrets and humans. We demonstrate that estimates of ferret secondary attack rate (SAR) explain 66% of the variation in human SAR estimates at the subtype level. Further analysis shows that ferret transmission experiments have potential to identify influenza viruses of concern for epidemic spread in humans, though small sample sizes and biological uncertainties prevent definitive classification of human transmissibility. Thus, ferret transmission experiments provide valid predictions of pandemic potential of novel influenza strains, though results should continue to be corroborated by targeted virological and epidemiological research. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07969.001 Every year, thousands of people develop influenza (flu). After being infected by the influenza virus, the immune systems of most people adapt to fight off the virus if it is encountered again. However, there are many different strains of influenza, and new strains constantly evolve. Therefore, although someone may have developed resistance to one previously encountered strain, they can still become ill if another strain infects them. Different strains of the influenza virus have different abilities to spread between people and make them ill. One way that scientists assess whether a particular strain of influenza is a threat to people is by studying ferrets, which develop many of the same flu symptoms as humans. However, questions have been raised over how accurately ferret studies reflect whether a particular virus strain will spread between humans. Controversy has also arisen over experiments in which ferrets are infected with genetically engineered strains of influenza that mimic how a strain that has evolved in birds could adapt to cause a pandemic in humans. In 2014, the United States government suggested that such research should be temporarily stopped until more is known about the risks and usefulness of these studies. Now, Buhnerkempe, Gostic et al. have compared the results of 240 ferret and human studies that aimed to assess how easily strains of influenza spread. Specifically, the studies looked at how often a healthy ferret or human became ill when exposed to an animal or human infected with a particular strain of influenza. The results of the ferret transmission studies matched well with transmission patterns observed in human studies. Ferret studies that assessed how the influenza virus is transmitted through the air via sneezes and coughs were particularly good at predicting how the virus spreads in humans. But Buhnerkempe, Gostic et al. caution that ferret studies are not always accurate, partly because they involve small numbers of animals, which can skew the results. There also needs to be more effort to standardize the procedures and measurements used in ferret studies. Still, the analysis suggests that overall, ferret studies are a useful tool for making an initial prediction of which influenza strains may cause a pandemic in humans, which can then be verified using other methods. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07969.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Buhnerkempe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Katelyn Gostic
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Miran Park
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Prianna Ahsan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jessica A Belser
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
| | - James O Lloyd-Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
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23
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Morokutti-Kurz M, König-Schuster M, Koller C, Graf C, Graf P, Kirchoff N, Reutterer B, Seifert JM, Unger H, Grassauer A, Prieschl-Grassauer E, Nakowitsch S. The Intranasal Application of Zanamivir and Carrageenan Is Synergistically Active against Influenza A Virus in the Murine Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128794. [PMID: 26053018 PMCID: PMC4459876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with the broadly active antiviral polymer has huge potential for the treatment of respiratory infections. Thus, the combination of the specific anti-influenza drug Zanamivir together with carrageenan in a formulation suitable for intranasal application was evaluated in-vitro and in-vivo. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We show in-vitro that carrageenan and Zanamivir act synergistically against several influenza A virus strains (H1N1(09)pdm, H3N2, H5N1, H7N7). Moreover, we demonstrate in a lethal influenza model with a low pathogenic H7N7 virus (HA closely related to the avian influenza A(H7N9) virus) and a H1N1(09)pdm influenza virus in C57BL/6 mice that the combined use of both compounds significantly increases survival of infected animals in comparison with both mono-therapies or placebo. Remarkably, this benefit is maintained even when the treatment starts up to 72 hours post infection. CONCLUSION A nasal spray containing carrageenan and Zanamivir should therefore be tested for prevention and treatment of uncomplicated influenza in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hermann Unger
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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24
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Abstract
The ability of an influenza virus to transmit efficiently from human-to-human is a major factor in determining the epidemiological impact of that strain. The use of a relevant animal model to identify viral determinants of transmission, as well as host and environmental factors affecting transmission efficiency, is therefore critical for public health. The characterization of newly emerging influenza viruses in terms of their potential to transmit in a mammalian host is furthermore an important part of pandemic risk assessment. For these reasons, a guinea pig model of influenza virus transmission was developed in 2006. The guinea pig provides an important alternative to preexisting models for influenza. Most influenza viruses do not readily transmit among mice. Ferrets, while highly relevant, are expensive and can be difficult to obtain in high numbers. Moreover, it is generally accepted that efforts to accurately model human disease are strengthened by the use of multiple animal species. Herein, we provide an overview of influenza virus infectivity, growth, and transmission in the guinea pig and highlight knowledge gained on the topic of influenza virus transmission using the guinea pig model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anice C Lowen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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25
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The avian-origin PB1 gene segment facilitated replication and transmissibility of the H3N2/1968 pandemic influenza virus. J Virol 2015; 89:4170-9. [PMID: 25631088 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03194-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The H2N2/1957 and H3N2/1968 pandemic influenza viruses emerged via the exchange of genomic RNA segments between human and avian viruses. The avian hemagglutinin (HA) allowed the hybrid viruses to escape preexisting immunity in the human population. Both pandemic viruses further received the PB1 gene segment from the avian parent (Y. Kawaoka, S. Krauss, and R. G. Webster, J Virol 63:4603-4608, 1989), but the biological significance of this observation was not understood. To assess whether the avian-origin PB1 segment provided pandemic viruses with some selective advantage, either on its own or via cooperation with the homologous HA segment, we modeled by reverse genetics the reassortment event that led to the emergence of the H3N2/1968 pandemic virus. Using seasonal H2N2 virus A/California/1/66 (Cal) as a surrogate precursor human virus and pandemic virus A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2) (HK) as a source of avian-derived PB1 and HA gene segments, we generated four reassortant recombinant viruses and compared pairs of viruses which differed solely by the origin of PB1. Replacement of the PB1 segment of Cal by PB1 of HK facilitated viral polymerase activity, replication efficiency in human cells, and contact transmission in guinea pigs. A combination of PB1 and HA segments of HK did not enhance replicative fitness of the reassortant virus compared with the single-gene PB1 reassortant. Our data suggest that the avian PB1 segment of the 1968 pandemic virus served to enhance viral growth and transmissibility, likely by enhancing activity of the viral polymerase complex. IMPORTANCE Despite the high impact of influenza pandemics on human health, some mechanisms underlying the emergence of pandemic influenza viruses still are poorly understood. Thus, it was unclear why both H2N2/1957 and H3N2/1968 reassortant pandemic viruses contained, in addition to the avian HA, the PB1 gene segment of the avian parent. Here, we addressed this long-standing question by modeling the emergence of the H3N2/1968 virus from its putative human and avian precursors. We show that the avian PB1 segment increased activity of the viral polymerase and facilitated viral replication. Our results suggest that in addition to the acquisition of antigenically novel HA (i.e., antigenic shift), enhanced viral polymerase activity is required for the emergence of pandemic influenza viruses from their seasonal human precursors.
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26
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Varble A, Albrecht RA, Backes S, Crumiller M, Bouvier NM, Sachs D, García-Sastre A, tenOever BR. Influenza A virus transmission bottlenecks are defined by infection route and recipient host. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 16:691-700. [PMID: 25456074 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite its global relevance, our understanding of how influenza A virus transmission impacts the overall population dynamics of this RNA virus remains incomplete. To define this dynamic, we inserted neutral barcodes into the influenza A virus genome to generate a population of viruses that can be individually tracked during transmission events. We find that physiological bottlenecks differ dramatically based on the infection route and level of adaptation required for efficient replication. Strong genetic pressures are responsible for bottlenecks during adaptation across different host species, whereas transmission between susceptible hosts results in bottlenecks that are not genetically driven and occur at the level of the recipient. Additionally, the infection route significantly influences the bottleneck stringency, with aerosol transmission imposing greater selection than direct contact. These transmission constraints have implications in understanding the global migration of virus populations and provide a clearer perspective on the emergence of pandemic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Varble
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Randy A Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Simone Backes
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marshall Crumiller
- The Laboratory of Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nicole M Bouvier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - David Sachs
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Benjamin R tenOever
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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27
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Duan S, Govorkova EA, Bahl J, Zaraket H, Baranovich T, Seiler P, Prevost K, Webster RG, Webby RJ. Epistatic interactions between neuraminidase mutations facilitated the emergence of the oseltamivir-resistant H1N1 influenza viruses. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5029. [PMID: 25297528 PMCID: PMC4197134 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oseltamivir-resistant H1N1 influenza viruses carrying the H275Y neuraminidase mutation predominated worldwide during the 2007–2009 seasons. While several neuraminidase substitutions were found to be necessary to counteract the adverse effects of H275Y, the order and impact of evolutionary events involved remain elusive. Here, we reconstruct H1N1 neuraminidase phylogeny during 1999–2009, estimate the timing and order of crucial amino acid changes, and evaluate their impact on the biological outcome of the H275Y mutation. Of the twelve neuraminidase substitutions that occurred during 1999–2009, five (chronologically, V234M, R222Q, K329E, D344N, H275Y, and D354G) are necessary for maintaining full neuraminidase function in the presence of the H275Y mutation by altering protein accumulation or enzyme affinity/activity. The sequential emergence and cumulative effects of these mutations clearly illustrate a role for epistasis in shaping the emergence and subsequent evolution of a drug-resistant virus population, which can be useful in understanding emergence of novel viral phenotypes of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Duan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 330, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Elena A Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 330, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Justin Bahl
- 1] School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1200 Pressler Street, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [2] Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Hassan Zaraket
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 330, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Tatiana Baranovich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 330, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Patrick Seiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 330, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Kristi Prevost
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 330, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Robert G Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 330, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 330, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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28
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Hai R, Schmolke M, Leyva-Grado VH, Thangavel RR, Margine I, Jaffe EL, Krammer F, Solórzano A, García-Sastre A, Palese P, Bouvier NM. Influenza A(H7N9) virus gains neuraminidase inhibitor resistance without loss of in vivo virulence or transmissibility. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2854. [PMID: 24326875 PMCID: PMC3863970 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Without baseline human immunity to the emergent avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, neuraminidase inhibitors are vital for controlling viral replication in severe infections. An amino acid change in the viral neuraminidase associated with drug resistance, NA-R292K (N2 numbering), has been found in some H7N9 clinical isolates. Here we assess the impact of the NA-R292K substitution on antiviral sensitivity and viral replication, pathogenicity and transmissibility of H7N9 viruses. Our data indicate that an H7N9 isolate encoding the NA-R292K substitution is highly resistant to oseltamivir and peramivir and partially resistant to zanamivir. Furthermore, H7N9 reassortants with and without the resistance mutation demonstrate comparable viral replication in primary human respiratory cells, virulence in mice and transmissibility in guinea pigs. Thus, in stark contrast to oseltamivir-resistant seasonal influenza A(H3N2) viruses, H7N9 virus replication and pathogenicity in these models are not substantially altered by the acquisition of high-level oseltamivir resistance due to the NA-R292K mutation. Some clinical isolates of influenza A(H7N9) virus encode a mutation within neuraminidase that could confer resistance to the only class of drugs active against H7N9. Here, the authors show that this mutation does not affect viral replication and pathogenicity while mediating resistance to antivirals in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Hai
- 1] Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, New York 10029, USA [2]
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29
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Marjuki H, Mishin VP, Chesnokov AP, Jones J, De La Cruz JA, Sleeman K, Tamura D, Nguyen HT, Wu HS, Chang FY, Liu MT, Fry AM, Cox NJ, Villanueva JM, Davis CT, Gubareva LV. Characterization of drug-resistant influenza A(H7N9) variants isolated from an oseltamivir-treated patient in Taiwan. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:249-57. [PMID: 25124927 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients contracting influenza A(H7N9) infection often developed severe disease causing respiratory failure. Neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs) are the primary option for treatment, but information on drug-resistance markers for influenza A(H7N9) is limited. METHODS Four NA variants of A/Taiwan/1/2013(H7N9) virus containing a single substitution (NA-E119V, NA-I222K, NA-I222R, or NA-R292K) recovered from an oseltamivir-treated patient were tested for NAI susceptibility in vitro; their replicative fitness was evaluated in cell culture, mice, and ferrets. RESULTS NA-R292K led to highly reduced inhibition by oseltamivir and peramivir, while NA-E119V, NA-I222K, and NA-I222R caused reduced inhibition by oseltamivir. Mice infected with any virus showed severe clinical signs with high mortality rates. NA-I222K virus was the most virulent in mice, whereas virus lacking NA change (NA-WT) and NA-R292K virus seemed the least virulent. Sequence analysis suggests that PB2-S714N increased virulence of NA-I222K virus in mice; NS1-K126R, alone or in combination with PB2-V227M, produced contrasting effects in NA-WT and NA-R292K viruses. In ferrets, all viruses replicated to high titers in the upper respiratory tract but produced only mild illness. NA-R292K virus, showed reduced replicative fitness in this animal model. CONCLUSIONS Our data highlight challenges in assessment of the replicative fitness of H7N9 NA variants that emerged in NAI-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henju Marjuki
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Vasiliy P Mishin
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Anton P Chesnokov
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Battelle Memorial Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joyce Jones
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Juan A De La Cruz
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Battelle Memorial Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Katrina Sleeman
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Daisuke Tamura
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Tennessee
| | - Ha T Nguyen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Battelle Memorial Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ho-Sheng Wu
- Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei City
| | | | | | - Alicia M Fry
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Nancy J Cox
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Julie M Villanueva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Charles T Davis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Larisa V Gubareva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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30
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Linster M, van Boheemen S, de Graaf M, Schrauwen EJA, Lexmond P, Mänz B, Bestebroer TM, Baumann J, van Riel D, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus ADME, Matrosovich M, Fouchier RAM, Herfst S. Identification, characterization, and natural selection of mutations driving airborne transmission of A/H5N1 virus. Cell 2014; 157:329-339. [PMID: 24725402 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, A/H5N1 influenza viruses were shown to acquire airborne transmissibility between ferrets upon targeted mutagenesis and virus passage. The critical genetic changes in airborne A/Indonesia/5/05 were not yet identified. Here, five substitutions proved to be sufficient to determine this airborne transmission phenotype. Substitutions in PB1 and PB2 collectively caused enhanced transcription and virus replication. One substitution increased HA thermostability and lowered the pH of membrane fusion. Two substitutions independently changed HA binding preference from α2,3-linked to α2,6-linked sialic acid receptors. The loss of a glycosylation site in HA enhanced overall binding to receptors. The acquired substitutions emerged early during ferret passage as minor variants and became dominant rapidly. Identification of substitutions that are essential for airborne transmission of avian influenza viruses between ferrets and their associated phenotypes advances our fundamental understanding of virus transmission and will increase the value of future surveillance programs and public health risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Linster
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sander van Boheemen
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Miranda de Graaf
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eefje J A Schrauwen
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Mänz
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Baumann
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Debby van Riel
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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31
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Park S, Kim JI, Lee I, Lee S, Hwang MW, Bae JY, Heo J, Kim D, Jang SI, Kim H, Cheong HJ, Song JW, Song KJ, Baek LJ, Park MS. Combination effects of peramivir and favipiravir against oseltamivir-resistant 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) infection in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101325. [PMID: 24992479 PMCID: PMC4081560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral drugs are being used for therapeutic purposes against influenza illness in humans. However, antiviral-resistant variants often nullify the effectiveness of antivirals. Combined medications, as seen in the treatment of cancers and other infectious diseases, have been suggested as an option for the control of antiviral-resistant influenza viruses. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic value of combination therapy against oseltamivir-resistant 2009 pandemic influenza H1N1 virus infection in DBA/2 mice. Mice were treated for five days with favipiravir and peramivir starting 4 hours after lethal challenge. Compared with either monotherapy, combination therapy saved more mice from viral lethality and resulted in increased antiviral efficacy in the lungs of infected mice. Furthermore, the synergism between the two antivirals, which was consistent with the survival outcomes of combination therapy, indicated that favipiravir could serve as a critical agent of combination therapy for the control of oseltamivir-resistant strains. Our results provide new insight into the feasibility of favipiravir in combination therapy against oseltamivir-resistant influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehee Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilseob Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmoo Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Woong Hwang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Bae
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Heo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwan Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Il Jang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Cheong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Korea University Guro Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Won Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Joon Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Luck Ju Baek
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, and the Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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32
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Kwon D, Shin K, Kim SJ, Lee JY, Kang C. Mammalian pathogenesis of oseltamivir-resistant pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus isolated in South Korea. Virus Res 2014; 185:41-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Boivin G. Detection and management of antiviral resistance for influenza viruses. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2014; 7 Suppl 3:18-23. [PMID: 24215378 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are first-line agents for the treatment and prevention of influenza virus infections. As for other antivirals, the development of resistance to NAIs has become an important concern particularly in the case of A(H1N1) viruses and oseltamivir. The most frequently reported change conferring oseltamivir resistance in that viral context is the H275Y neuraminidase mutation (N1 numbering). Recent studies have shown that, in the presence of the appropriate permissive mutations, the H275Y variant can retain virulence and transmissibility in some viral backgrounds. Most oseltamivir-resistant influenza A virus infections can be managed with the use of inhaled or intravenous zanamivir, another NAI. New NAI compounds and non-neuraminidase agents as well as combination therapies are currently in clinical evaluation for the treatment for severe influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Boivin
- CHUQ-CHUL and Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The segmented nature of the influenza virus genome allows reassortment between coinfecting viruses. This process of genetic exchange vastly increases the diversity of circulating influenza viruses. The importance of reassortment to public health is clear from its role in the emergence of a number of epidemiologically important viruses, including novel pandemic and epidemic strains. To gauge its impact on within-host genomic variation, we tracked reassortment in coinfected guinea pigs over time and given matched or discordant doses of coinfecting viruses. To ensure unbiased detection of reassortants, we used parental viruses of equivalent fitness that differ only by noncoding nucleotide changes. These viruses were based on the isolate A/Panama/2007/1999 (H3N2). At a dose of 2 × 10(2) PFU, one parental virus was absent from each guinea pig throughout the time course, indicating the presence of a bottleneck. With an intermediate dose of 2 × 10(3) PFU, genomic diversity present in nasal lavage samples increased from 1 to 3 days postinfection (dpi) and then declined by 6 dpi. With a high dose of 2 × 10(6) PFU, however, reassortment levels were high (avg. 59%) at 1 dpi and remained stable. Even late in the course of infection, parental viruses were not eclipsed by reassortants, suggesting that a uniformly high multiplicity of infection was not achieved in vivo. Inoculation with ∼10-fold discordant doses did not reduce reassortment relative to equivalent inputs but markedly changed the spectrum of genotypes produced. Our data reveal the potential for reassortment to contribute to intrahost diversity in mixed influenza virus infection. IMPORTANCE Influenza virus reassortment is prevalent in nature and is a major contributor to the diversity of influenza viruses circulating in avian, swine, human and other host species. This diversity, in turn, increases the potential for influenza viruses to evade selective pressures or adapt to new host environments. As examples, reassortment was key to the emergence of the 1957, 1968, and 2009 pandemics; the unusually severe influenza epidemics of 2003, 1951, and 1947; and the rise in adamantane resistance among currently circulating human H3N2 viruses. We reveal here the diversity of viral genotypes generated over time in a host coinfected with two influenza viruses. We found that intrahost diversity driven by reassortment is dynamic and dependent on the amount of each virus initiating infection. Our results demonstrate the readiness with which reassortant influenza viruses arise, offering new insight into this important mechanism of influenza virus evolution.
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Thangavel RR, Bouvier NM. Animal models for influenza virus pathogenesis, transmission, and immunology. J Immunol Methods 2014; 410:60-79. [PMID: 24709389 PMCID: PMC4163064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In humans, infection with an influenza A or B virus manifests typically as an acute and self-limited upper respiratory tract illness characterized by fever, cough, sore throat, and malaise. However, influenza can present along a broad spectrum of disease, ranging from sub-clinical or even asymptomatic infection to a severe primary viral pneumonia requiring advanced medical supportive care. Disease severity depends upon the virulence of the influenza virus strain and the immune competence and previous influenza exposures of the patient. Animal models are used in influenza research not only to elucidate the viral and host factors that affect influenza disease outcomes in and spread among susceptible hosts, but also to evaluate interventions designed to prevent or reduce influenza morbidity and mortality in man. This review will focus on the three animal models currently used most frequently in influenza virus research - mice, ferrets, and guinea pigs - and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajagowthamee R Thangavel
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicole M Bouvier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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36
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Gooskens J, Zevenhoven-Dobbe JC, Claas EC, Kroes ACM, Posthuma CC. Mass spectrometry-based comparative sequence analysis for the genetic monitoring of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92970. [PMID: 24699508 PMCID: PMC3974683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus (pH1N1) contains novel gene segments of zoonotic origin that lack virulence and antiviral resistance markers. We aimed to evaluate the applicability and accuracy of mass spectrometry-based comparative sequence analysis (MSCSA) to detect genetic mutations associated with increased virulence or antiviral resistance in pH1N1. During the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, routine surveillance specimens and clinical antiviral resistance monitoring specimens were analyzed. Routine surveillance specimens obtained from 70 patients with pH1N1 infection were evaluated for mutations associated with increased virulence (PB1-F2, PB2 and NS1 genes) or antiviral resistance (neuraminidase gene, NA) using MSCSA and Sanger sequencing. MSCSA and Sanger sequencing results revealed a high concordance (nucleotides >99%, SNPs ∼94%). Virulence or resistance markers were not detected in routine surveillance specimens: all identified SNPs encoded for silent mutations or non-relevant amino acid substitutions. In a second study population, the presence of H275Y oseltamivir resistant virus was identified by real-time PCR in 19 of 35 clinical antiviral resistance monitoring specimens obtained from 4 immunocompromised patients with ≥14 days prolonged pH1N1 excretion. MSCSA detected H275Y in 24% (4/19) of positive specimens and Sanger sequencing in 89% (17/19). MSCSA only detected H275Y when the mutation was dominant in the analyzed specimens. In conclusion, MSCSA may be used as a rapid screening tool during molecular surveillance of pH1N1. The low sensitivity for the detection of H275Y mutation in mixed viral populations suggests that MSCSA is not suitable for antiviral resistance monitoring in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Gooskens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eric C. Claas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aloys C. M. Kroes
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Clara C. Posthuma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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37
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Butler J, Hooper KA, Petrie S, Lee R, Maurer-Stroh S, Reh L, Guarnaccia T, Baas C, Xue L, Vitesnik S, Leang SK, McVernon J, Kelso A, Barr IG, McCaw JM, Bloom JD, Hurt AC. Estimating the fitness advantage conferred by permissive neuraminidase mutations in recent oseltamivir-resistant A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza viruses. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004065. [PMID: 24699865 PMCID: PMC3974874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oseltamivir is relied upon worldwide as the drug of choice for the treatment of human influenza infection. Surveillance for oseltamivir resistance is routinely performed to ensure the ongoing efficacy of oseltamivir against circulating viruses. Since the emergence of the pandemic 2009 A(H1N1) influenza virus (A(H1N1)pdm09), the proportion of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses that are oseltamivir resistant (OR) has generally been low. However, a cluster of OR A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, encoding the neuraminidase (NA) H275Y oseltamivir resistance mutation, was detected in Australia in 2011 amongst community patients that had not been treated with oseltamivir. Here we combine a competitive mixtures ferret model of influenza infection with a mathematical model to assess the fitness, both within and between hosts, of recent OR A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. In conjunction with data from in vitro analyses of NA expression and activity we demonstrate that contemporary A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses are now more capable of acquiring H275Y without compromising their fitness, than earlier A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses circulating in 2009. Furthermore, using reverse engineered viruses we demonstrate that a pair of permissive secondary NA mutations, V241I and N369K, confers robust fitness on recent H275Y A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, which correlated with enhanced surface expression and enzymatic activity of the A(H1N1)pdm09 NA protein. These permissive mutations first emerged in 2010 and are now present in almost all circulating A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. Our findings suggest that recent A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses are now more permissive to the acquisition of H275Y than earlier A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, increasing the risk that OR A(H1N1)pdm09 will emerge and spread worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Butler
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, North Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kathryn A. Hooper
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen Petrie
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Raphael Lee
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- National Public Health Laboratory, Communicable Diseases Division Ministry of Health, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
| | - Lucia Reh
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, North Melbourne, Australia
| | - Teagan Guarnaccia
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, North Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chantal Baas
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, North Melbourne, Australia
- Monash University, School of Applied Sciences, Churchill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lumin Xue
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, North Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sophie Vitesnik
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, North Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sook-Kwan Leang
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, North Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jodie McVernon
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anne Kelso
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, North Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ian G. Barr
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, North Melbourne, Australia
- Monash University, School of Applied Sciences, Churchill, Victoria, Australia
| | - James M. McCaw
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jesse D. Bloom
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Aeron C. Hurt
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, North Melbourne, Australia
- Monash University, School of Applied Sciences, Churchill, Victoria, Australia
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38
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Gabbard JD, Dlugolenski D, Van Riel D, Marshall N, Galloway SE, Howerth EW, Campbell PJ, Jones C, Johnson S, Byrd-Leotis L, Steinhauer DA, Kuiken T, Tompkins SM, Tripp R, Lowen AC, Steel J. Novel H7N9 influenza virus shows low infectious dose, high growth rate, and efficient contact transmission in the guinea pig model. J Virol 2014; 88:1502-12. [PMID: 24227867 PMCID: PMC3911619 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02959-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic outbreak of H7N9 subtype avian influenza virus that occurred in eastern China in the spring of 2013 resulted in 135 confirmed human cases, 44 of which were lethal. Sequencing of the viral genome revealed a number of molecular signatures associated with virulence or transmission in mammals. We report here that, in the guinea pig model, a human isolate of novel H7N9 influenza virus, A/Anhui/1/2013 (An/13), is highly dissimilar to an H7N1 avian isolate and instead behaves similarly to a human seasonal strain in several respects. An/13 was found to have a low 50% infectious dose, grow to high titers in the upper respiratory tract, and transmit efficiently among cocaged guinea pigs. The pH of fusion of the hemagglutinin (HA) and the binding of virus to fixed guinea pig tissues were also examined. The An/13 HA displayed a relatively elevated pH of fusion characteristic of many avian strains, and An/13 resembled avian viruses in terms of attachment to tissues. One important difference was seen between An/13 and both the H3N2 human and the H7N1 avian viruses: when inoculated intranasally at a high dose, only the An/13 virus led to productive infection of the lower respiratory tract of guinea pigs. In sum, An/13 was found to retain fusion and attachment properties of an avian influenza virus but displayed robust growth and contact transmission in the guinea pig model atypical of avian strains and indicative of mammalian adaptation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Guinea Pigs
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/growth & development
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza, Human/transmission
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Virulence
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon D. Gabbard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel Dlugolenski
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Debby Van Riel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolle Marshall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Summer E. Galloway
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Patricia J. Campbell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cheryl Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Scott Johnson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Lauren Byrd-Leotis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David A. Steinhauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S. Mark Tompkins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ralph Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Anice C. Lowen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John Steel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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39
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies that target the conserved stalk domain of the influenza virus hemagglutinin and stalk-based universal influenza virus vaccine strategies are being developed as promising countermeasures for influenza virus infections. The pan-H1-reactive monoclonal antibody 6F12 has been extensively characterized and shows broad efficacy against divergent H1N1 strains in the mouse model. Here we demonstrate its efficacy against a pandemic H1N1 challenge virus in the ferret model of influenza disease. Furthermore, we recently developed a universal influenza virus vaccine strategy based on chimeric hemagglutinin constructs that focuses the immune response on the conserved stalk domain of the hemagglutinin. Here we set out to test this vaccination strategy in the ferret model. Both strategies, pretreatment of animals with a stalk-reactive monoclonal antibody and vaccination with chimeric hemagglutinin-based constructs, were able to significantly reduce viral titers in nasal turbinates, lungs, and olfactory bulbs. In addition, vaccinated animals also showed reduced nasal wash viral titers. In summary, both strategies showed efficacy in reducing viral loads after an influenza virus challenge in the ferret model. IMPORTANCE Influenza virus hemagglutinin stalk-reactive antibodies tend to be less potent yet are more broadly reactive and can neutralize seasonal and pandemic influenza virus strains. The ferret model was used to assess the potential of hemagglutinin stalk-based immunity to provide protection against influenza virus infection. The novelty and significance of the findings described in this report support the development of vaccines stimulating stalk-specific antibody responses.
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40
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Impact of potential permissive neuraminidase mutations on viral fitness of the H275Y oseltamivir-resistant influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in vitro, in mice and in ferrets. J Virol 2013; 88:1652-8. [PMID: 24257597 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02681-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) mutations conferring resistance to NA inhibitors (NAIs) generally compromise the fitness of influenza viruses. The only NAI-resistant virus that widely spread in the population, the A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1) strain, contained permissive mutations that restored the detrimental effect caused by the H275Y change. Computational analysis predicted other permissive NA mutations for A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. Here, we investigated the effect of T289M and N369K mutations on the viral fitness of the A(H1N1)pdm09 H275Y variant. Recombinant wild-type (WT) A(H1N1)pdm09 and the H275Y, H275Y/T289M, H275Y/N369K, and H275Y/V241I/N369K (a natural variant) NA mutants were generated by reverse genetics. Replication kinetics were performed by using ST6GalI-MDCK cells. Virulence was assessed in C57BL/6 mice, and contact transmission was evaluated in ferrets. The H275Y mutation significantly reduced viral titers during the first 12 to 36 h postinfection (p.i.) in vitro. Nevertheless, the WT and H275Y viruses induced comparable mortality rates, weight loss, and lung titers in mice. The T289M mutation eliminated the detrimental effect caused by the H275Y change in vitro while causing greater weight loss and mortality in mice, with significantly higher lung viral titers on days 3 and 6 p.i. than with the H275Y mutant. In index ferrets, the WT, H275Y, H275Y/T289M, and H275Y/V241I/N369K recombinants induced comparable fever, weight loss, and nasal wash viral titers. All tested viruses were transmitted at comparable rates in contact ferrets, with the H275Y/V241I/N369K recombinant demonstrating higher nasal wash viral titers than the H275Y mutant. Permissive mutations may enhance the fitness of A(H1N1)pdm09 H275Y viruses in vitro and in vivo. The emergence of such variants should be carefully monitored.
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41
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Kim HM, Kang YM, Ku KB, Park EH, Yum J, Kim JC, Jin SY, Lee JS, Kim HS, Seo SH. The severe pathogenicity of alveolar macrophage-depleted ferrets infected with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. Virology 2013; 444:394-403. [PMID: 23890814 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The in vivo role of alveolar macrophages in the infections with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus is not as yet known. Ferret study shows that alveolar macrophages are critical for lowering the risk of severe outcomes in 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infections. Up to 40% of the infected ferrets depleted of alveolar macrophages died, with elevated body temperature and major loss of body weight in contrast to infected ferrets not depleted of alveolar macrophages. The higher viral titers in the lungs were detected in infected ferrets depleted of alveolar macrophages than infected ferrets not depleted of alveolar macrophages 5 days after infection. The inflammatory chemokines were induced at greater levels in the lungs of infected ferrets depleted of alveolar macrophages than in those of infected ferrets not depleted of alveolar macrophages. Our study implies that alveolar macrophages are important for controlling the infections of 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heui Man Kim
- Laboratory of Influenza Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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42
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Zhang Q, Shi J, Deng G, Guo J, Zeng X, He X, Kong H, Gu C, Li X, Liu J, Wang G, Chen Y, Liu L, Liang L, Li Y, Fan J, Wang J, Li W, Guan L, Li Q, Yang H, Chen P, Jiang L, Guan Y, Xin X, Jiang Y, Tian G, Wang X, Qiao C, Li C, Bu Z, Chen H. H7N9 influenza viruses are transmissible in ferrets by respiratory droplet. Science 2013; 341:410-4. [PMID: 23868922 DOI: 10.1126/science.1240532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A newly emerged H7N9 virus has caused 132 human infections with 37 deaths in China since 18 February 2013. Control measures in H7N9 virus-positive live poultry markets have reduced the number of infections; however, the character of the virus, including its pandemic potential, remains largely unknown. We systematically analyzed H7N9 viruses isolated from birds and humans. The viruses were genetically closely related and bound to human airway receptors; some also maintained the ability to bind to avian airway receptors. The viruses isolated from birds were nonpathogenic in chickens, ducks, and mice; however, the viruses isolated from humans caused up to 30% body weight loss in mice. Most importantly, one virus isolated from humans was highly transmissible in ferrets by respiratory droplet. Our findings indicate nothing to reduce the concern that these viruses can transmit between humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
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43
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McKimm-Breschkin JL. Influenza neuraminidase inhibitors: antiviral action and mechanisms of resistance. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 7 Suppl 1:25-36. [PMID: 23279894 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are two major classes of antivirals available for the treatment and prevention of influenza, the M2 inhibitors and the neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs). The M2 inhibitors are cheap, but they are only effective against influenza A viruses, and resistance arises rapidly. The current influenza A H3N2 and pandemic A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses are already resistant to the M2 inhibitors as are many H5N1 viruses. There are four NAIs licensed in some parts of the world, zanamivir, oseltamivir, peramivir, and a long-acting NAI, laninamivir. This review focuses on resistance to the NAIs. Because of differences in their chemistry and subtle differences in NA structures, resistance can be both NAI- and subtype specific. This results in different drug resistance profiles, for example, the H274Y mutation confers resistance to oseltamivir and peramivir, but not to zanamivir, and only in N1 NAs. Mutations at E119, D198, I222, R292, and N294 can also reduce NAI sensitivity. In the winter of 2007-2008, an oseltamivir-resistant seasonal influenza A(H1N1) strain with an H274Y mutation emerged in the northern hemisphere and spread rapidly around the world. In contrast to earlier evidence of such resistant viruses being unfit, this mutant virus remained fully transmissible and pathogenic and became the major seasonal A(H1N1) virus globally within a year. This resistant A(H1N1) virus was displaced by the sensitive A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. Approximately 0.5-1.0% of community A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates are currently resistant to oseltamivir. It is now apparent that variation in non-active site amino acids can affect the fitness of the enzyme and compensate for mutations that confer high-level oseltamivir resistance resulting in minimal impact on enzyme function.
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44
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Govorkova EA. Consequences of resistance: in vitro fitness, in vivo infectivity, and transmissibility of oseltamivir-resistant influenza A viruses. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 7 Suppl 1:50-7. [PMID: 23279897 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of drug resistance is a major drawback to any antiviral therapy, and the specific anti-influenza drugs, the neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs), are not excluded from this rule. The impact of drug resistance depends on the degree of reduction in fitness of the particular drug-resistant virus. If the resistance mutations lead to only a modest biological fitness cost and the virus remains highly transmissible, the effectiveness of antiviral use is likely to be reduced. This review focuses on the fitness of oseltamivir-resistant seasonal H1N1 and H3N2, 2009 pandemic H1N1 (H1N1pdm09), and highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A viruses carrying clinically derived NAI resistance-associated NA mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA.
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Lackenby A, Elliot AJ, Powers C, Andrews N, Ellis J, Bermingham A, Thompson C, Galiano M, Large S, Durnall H, Fleming D, Smith G, Zambon M. Virological self-sampling to monitor influenza antiviral susceptibility in a community cohort. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:2324-31. [PMID: 23759670 PMCID: PMC7313964 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To perform antiviral susceptibility monitoring of treated individuals in the community during the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic in England. Patients and methods Between 200 and 400 patients were enrolled daily through the National Pandemic Flu Service (NPFS) and issued with a self-sampling kit. Initially, only persons aged 16 and over were eligible, but from 12 November (week 45), self-sampling was extended to include school-age children (5 years and older). All samples received were screened for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 as well as seasonal influenza [A(H1N1), A(H3N2) and influenza B] by a combination of RT–PCR and virus isolation methods. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 RT–PCR-positive samples were screened for the oseltamivir resistance-inducing H275Y substitution, and a subset of samples also underwent phenotypic antiviral susceptibility testing by enzyme inhibition assay. Results We were able to detect virus by RT–PCR in self-taken samples and recovered infectious virus enabling further virological characterization. The majority of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 RT–PCR-positive NPFS samples (n = 1273) were taken after oseltamivir treatment had begun. No reduction in phenotypic susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors was detected, but five cases with minority quasi-species of oseltamivir-resistant virus (an H275Y amino acid substitution in neuraminidase) were detected. Conclusions Self-sampling is a useful tool for community surveillance, particularly for the follow-up of drug-treated patients. The virological study of self-taken samples from the NPFS provided a unique opportunity to evaluate the emergence of oseltamivir resistance in treated individuals with mild illness in the community, a target population that may not be captured by traditional sentinel surveillance schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie Lackenby
- Microbiology Services Colindale, Public Health England, London, UK
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Abstract
Despite countermeasures against influenza virus that prevent (vaccines) and treat (antivirals) infection, this upper respiratory tract human pathogen remains a global health burden, causing both seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. More potent and safe new vaccine technologies would contribute significantly to the battle against influenza and other respiratory infections. Using plasmid-based reverse genetics techniques, we have developed a single-cycle infectious influenza virus (sciIV) with immunoprotective potential. In our sciIV approach, the fourth viral segment, which codes for the receptor-binding and fusion protein hemagglutinin (HA), has been removed. Thus, upon infection of normal cells, although no infectious progeny are produced, the expression of other viral proteins occurs and is immunogenic. Consequently, sciIV is protective against influenza homologous and heterologous viral challenges in a mouse model. Vaccination with sciIV protects in a dose- and replication-dependent manner, which is attributed to both humoral responses and T cells. Safety, immunogenicity, and protection conferred by sciIV vaccination were also demonstrated in ferrets, where this immunization additionally blocked direct and aerosol transmission events. All together, our studies suggest that sciIV may have potential as a broadly protective vaccine against influenza virus.
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Recombinant IgA is sufficient to prevent influenza virus transmission in guinea pigs. J Virol 2013; 87:7793-804. [PMID: 23698296 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00979-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A serum hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titer of 40 or greater is thought to be associated with reduced influenza virus pathogenesis in humans and is often used as a correlate of protection in influenza vaccine studies. We have previously demonstrated that intramuscular vaccination of guinea pigs with inactivated influenza virus generates HAI titers greater than 300 but does not protect vaccinated animals from becoming infected with influenza virus by transmission from an infected cage mate. Only guinea pigs intranasally inoculated with a live influenza virus or a live attenuated virus vaccine, prior to challenge, were protected from transmission (A. C. Lowen et al., J. Virol. 83:2803-2818, 2009.). Because the serum HAI titer is mostly determined by IgG content, these results led us to speculate that prevention of viral transmission may require IgA antibodies or cellular immune responses. To evaluate this hypothesis, guinea pigs and ferrets were administered a potent, neutralizing mouse IgG monoclonal antibody, 30D1 (Ms 30D1 IgG), against the A/California/04/2009 (H1N1) virus hemagglutinin and exposed to respiratory droplets from animals infected with this virus. Even though HAI titers were greater than 160 1 day postadministration, Ms 30D1 IgG did not prevent airborne transmission to passively immunized recipient animals. In contrast, intramuscular administration of recombinant 30D1 IgA (Ms 30D1 IgA) prevented transmission to 88% of recipient guinea pigs, and Ms 30D1 IgA was detected in animal nasal washes. Ms 30D1 IgG administered intranasally also prevented transmission, suggesting the importance of mucosal immunity in preventing influenza virus transmission. Collectively, our data indicate that IgG antibodies may prevent pathogenesis associated with influenza virus infection but do not protect from virus infection by airborne transmission, while IgA antibodies are more important for preventing transmission of influenza viruses.
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Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Kong H, Jiang Y, Gao Y, Deng G, Shi J, Tian G, Liu L, Liu J, Guan Y, Bu Z, Chen H. H5N1 hybrid viruses bearing 2009/H1N1 virus genes transmit in guinea pigs by respiratory droplet. Science 2013; 340:1459-63. [PMID: 23641061 DOI: 10.1126/science.1229455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the past, avian influenza viruses have crossed species barriers to trigger human pandemics by reassorting with mammal-infective viruses in intermediate livestock hosts. H5N1 viruses are able to infect pigs, and some of them have affinity for the mammalian type α-2,6-linked sialic acid airway receptor. Using reverse genetics, we systematically created 127 reassortant viruses between a duck isolate of H5N1, specifically retaining its hemagglutinin (HA) gene throughout, and a highly transmissible, human-infective H1N1 virus. We tested the virulence of the reassortants in mice as a correlate for virulence in humans and tested transmissibility in guinea pigs, which have both avian and mammalian types of airway receptor. Transmission studies showed that the H1N1 virus genes encoding acidic polymerase and nonstructural protein made the H5N1 virus transmissible by respiratory droplet between guinea pigs without killing them. Further experiments implicated other H1N1 genes in the enhancement of mammal-to-mammal transmission, including those that encode nucleoprotein, neuraminidase, and matrix, as well as mutations in H5 HA that improve affinity for humanlike airway receptors. Hence, avian H5N1 subtype viruses do have the potential to acquire mammalian transmissibility by reassortment in current agricultural scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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Substitutions T200A and E227A in the hemagglutinin of pandemic 2009 influenza A virus increase lethality but decrease transmission. J Virol 2013; 87:6507-11. [PMID: 23536663 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00262-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that swine influenza virus-like substitutions T200A and E227A in the hemagglutinin (HA) of the 2009 pandemic influenza virus alter its pathogenesis and transmission. Viral replication is increased in mammalian cells. Infected mice show increased disease as measured by weight loss and lethality. Transmission in ferrets is decreased in the presence of both substitutions, suggesting that amino acids 200T and 227E are adaptive changes in the HA of swine origin influenza viruses associated with increased transmission and decreased pathogenesis.
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Reassortment complements spontaneous mutation in influenza A virus NP and M1 genes to accelerate adaptation to a new host. J Virol 2013; 87:4330-8. [PMID: 23365443 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02749-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infects a remarkably wide variety of avian and mammalian hosts. Evolution finely hones IAV genes to optimally infect and be transmitted in a particular host species. Sporadically, IAV manages to jump between species, introducing novel antigenic strains into the new host population that wreak havoc until herd immunity develops. IAV adaptation to new hosts typically involves reassortment of IAV gene segments from coinfecting virus strains adapted to different hosts in conjunction with multiple adaptive mutations in the various IAV genes. To better understand host adaptation between mammalian species in real time, we passaged mouse-adapted A/PR8/34 (PR8) in guinea pigs. Guinea pigs, unlike mice, support spontaneous and robust IAV transmission. For some IAV strains, including PR8, adaptation is required for a virus to attain transmissibility, providing an opportunity to understand the evolution of transmissibility in guinea pigs. Multiple guinea pig-adapted PR8 mutants generated by serial nasal wash passaging in independent lines replicated more efficiently and were transmitted by cocaging. All transmissible variants possessed one of two nonsynonymous mutations in M1, either alone or in combination with mutations in PB2, HA, NP, or NA. Rapid reassortment between independently selected variants combined beneficial mutations in NP and M1 to form the fittest virus capable of being transmitted. These findings provide further insight into genetic determinants in NP and M1 involved in PR8 IAV adaptation to be transmitted in a new host and clearly show the benefit of a segmented genome in rapidly generating optimal combinations of mutations in IAV evolution.
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