1
|
Sun C, Kang YF, Fang XY, Liu YN, Bu GL, Wang AJ, Li Y, Zhu QY, Zhang H, Xie C, Kong XW, Peng YJ, Lin WJ, Zhou L, Chen XC, Lu ZZ, Xu HQ, Hong DC, Zhang X, Zhong L, Feng GK, Zeng YX, Xu M, Zhong Q, Liu Z, Zeng MS. A gB nanoparticle vaccine elicits a protective neutralizing antibody response against EBV. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1882-1897.e10. [PMID: 37848029 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a global public health concern, as it is known to cause multiple diseases while also being etiologically associated with a wide range of epithelial and lymphoid malignancies. Currently, there is no available prophylactic vaccine against EBV. gB is the EBV fusion protein that mediates viral membrane fusion and participates in host recognition, making it critical for EBV infection in both B cells and epithelial cells. Here, we present a gB nanoparticle, gB-I53-50 NP, that displays multiple copies of gB. Compared with the gB trimer, gB-I53-50 NP shows improved structural integrity and stability, as well as enhanced immunogenicity in mice and non-human primate (NHP) preclinical models. Immunization and passive transfer demonstrate a robust and durable protective antibody response that protects humanized mice against lethal EBV challenge. This vaccine candidate demonstrates significant potential in preventing EBV infection, providing a possible platform for developing prophylactic vaccines for EBV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Yin-Feng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Xin-Yan Fang
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yi-Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Guo-Long Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Ao-Jie Wang
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Qian-Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Chu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Xiang-Wei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Yong-Jian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Wen-Jie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Xin-Chun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Zheng-Zhou Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Hui-Qin Xu
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Dong-Chun Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Ling Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Guo-Kai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Miao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Qian Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China.
| | - Zheng Liu
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhong L, Krummenacher C, Zhang W, Hong J, Feng Q, Chen Y, Zhao Q, Zeng MS, Zeng YX, Xu M, Zhang X. Urgency and necessity of Epstein-Barr virus prophylactic vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:159. [PMID: 36494369 PMCID: PMC9734748 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a γ-herpesvirus, is the first identified oncogenic virus, which establishes permanent infection in humans. EBV causes infectious mononucleosis and is also tightly linked to many malignant diseases. Various vaccine formulations underwent testing in different animals or in humans. However, none of them was able to prevent EBV infection and no vaccine has been approved to date. Current efforts focus on antigen selection, combination, and design to improve the efficacy of vaccines. EBV glycoproteins such as gH/gL, gp42, and gB show excellent immunogenicity in preclinical studies compared to the previously favored gp350 antigen. Combinations of multiple EBV proteins in various vaccine designs become more attractive approaches considering the complex life cycle and complicated infection mechanisms of EBV. Besides, rationally designed vaccines such as virus-like particles (VLPs) and protein scaffold-based vaccines elicited more potent immune responses than soluble antigens. In addition, humanized mice, rabbits, as well as nonhuman primates that can be infected by EBV significantly aid vaccine development. Innovative vaccine design approaches, including polymer-based nanoparticles, the development of effective adjuvants, and antibody-guided vaccine design, will further enhance the immunogenicity of vaccine candidates. In this review, we will summarize (i) the disease burden caused by EBV and the necessity of developing an EBV vaccine; (ii) previous EBV vaccine studies and available animal models; (iii) future trends of EBV vaccines, including activation of cellular immune responses, novel immunogen design, heterologous prime-boost approach, induction of mucosal immunity, application of nanoparticle delivery system, and modern adjuvant development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhong
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong PR China
| | - Claude Krummenacher
- grid.262671.60000 0000 8828 4546Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ USA
| | - Wanlin Zhang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong PR China
| | - Junping Hong
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian PR China
| | - Qisheng Feng
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong PR China
| | - Yixin Chen
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian PR China
| | - Qinjian Zhao
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong PR China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong PR China
| | - Miao Xu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong PR China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong PR China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shechter O, Sausen DG, Gallo ES, Dahari H, Borenstein R. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Epithelial Associated Malignancies: Exploring Pathologies and Current Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:14389. [PMID: 36430864 PMCID: PMC9699474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is one of eight known herpesviruses with the potential to infect humans. Globally, it is estimated that between 90-95% of the population has been infected with EBV. EBV is an oncogenic virus that has been strongly linked to various epithelial malignancies such as nasopharyngeal and gastric cancer. Recent evidence suggests a link between EBV and breast cancer. Additionally, there are other, rarer cancers with weaker evidence linking them to EBV. In this review, we discuss the currently known epithelial malignancies associated with EBV. Additionally, we discuss and establish which treatments and therapies are most recommended for each cancer associated with EBV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oren Shechter
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, USA
| | - Daniel G. Sausen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, USA
| | - Elisa S. Gallo
- Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Division of Dermatology, Tel-Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Harel Dahari
- The Program for Experimental and Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Ronen Borenstein
- The Program for Experimental and Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rozman M, Korać P, Jambrosic K, Židovec Lepej S. Progress in Prophylactic and Therapeutic EBV Vaccine Development Based on Molecular Characteristics of EBV Target Antigens. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080864. [PMID: 36014985 PMCID: PMC9414479 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) was discovered in 1964 in the cell line of Burkitt lymphoma and became first known human oncogenic virus. EBV belongs to the Herpesviridae family, and is present worldwide as it infects 95% of people. Infection with EBV usually happens during childhood when it remains asymptomatic; however, in adults, it can cause an acute infection known as infectious mononucleosis. In addition, EBV can cause wide range of tumors with origins in B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and NK cells. Its oncogenicity and wide distribution indicated the need for vaccine development. Research on mice and cultured cells as well as human clinical trials have been in progress for a few decades for both prophylactic and therapeutic EBV vaccines. The main targets of the vaccines are EBV envelope glycoproteins such as gp350 and EBV latent genes. The long wait for the EBV vaccine is due to the complexity of the EBV replication cycle and the wide range of its host cells. Although some strategies such as the use of dendritic cells and recombinant Vaccinia viral vectors have shown success, ongoing clinical trials using mRNA-based vaccines as well as new delivery systems as nanoparticles are yet to show the best choice of vaccine target and its production strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marija Rozman
- Department of Immunological and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia;
| | - Petra Korać
- Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia;
| | - Karlo Jambrosic
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry and Biogeochemistry of Organic Compounds, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb 10000, Croatia;
| | - Snjezana Židovec Lepej
- Department of Immunological and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases Zagreb, Zagreb 10000, Croatia;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bingöl EN, Taştekil I, Yay C, Keskin N, Ozbek P. How Epstein-Barr virus envelope glycoprotein gp350 tricks the CR2? A molecular dynamics study. J Mol Graph Model 2022; 114:108196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
6
|
Zhu QY, Shan S, Yu J, Peng SY, Sun C, Zuo Y, Zhong LY, Yan SM, Zhang X, Yang Z, Peng YJ, Shi X, Cao SM, Wang X, Zeng MS, Zhang L. A potent and protective human neutralizing antibody targeting a novel vulnerable site of Epstein-Barr virus. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6624. [PMID: 34785638 PMCID: PMC8595662 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a range of epithelial and B cell malignancies as well as autoimmune disorders, for which there are still no specific treatments or effective vaccines. Here, we isolate EBV gH/gL-specific antibodies from an EBV-infected individual. One antibody, 1D8, efficiently neutralizes EBV infection of two major target cell types, B cells and epithelial cells. In humanized mice, 1D8 provides protection against a high-dose EBV challenge by substantially reducing viral loads and associated tumor burden. Crystal structure analysis reveals that 1D8 binds to a key vulnerable interface between the D-I/D-II domains of the viral gH/gL protein, especially the D-II of the gH, thereby interfering with the gH/gL-mediated membrane fusion and binding to target cells. Overall, we identify a potent and protective neutralizing antibody capable of reducing the EBV load. The novel vulnerable site represents an attractive target that is potentially important for antibody and vaccine intervention against EBV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Ying Zhu
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), 510060 Guangzhou, China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518003 PR China
| | - Sisi Shan
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Jinfang Yu
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | | | - Cong Sun
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), 510060 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanan Zuo
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Lan-Yi Zhong
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), 510060 Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Mei Yan
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), 510060 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), 510060 Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziqing Yang
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Jian Peng
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), 510060 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuanling Shi
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Su-Mei Cao
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Cancer Prevention Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), 510060 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), 510060, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Linqi Zhang
- NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China. .,Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China. .,Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, 518132, Shenzhen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shah S, Chougule MB, Kotha AK, Kashikar R, Godugu C, Raghuvanshi RS, Singh SB, Srivastava S. Nanomedicine based approaches for combating viral infections. J Control Release 2021; 338:80-104. [PMID: 34375690 PMCID: PMC8526416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Millions of people die each year from viral infections across the globe. There is an urgent need to overcome the existing gap and pitfalls of the current antiviral therapy which include increased dose and dosing frequency, bioavailability challenges, non-specificity, incidences of resistance and so on. These stumbling blocks could be effectively managed by the advent of nanomedicine. Current review emphasizes over an enhanced understanding of how different lipid, polymer and elemental based nanoformulations could be potentially and precisely used to bridle the said drawbacks in antiviral therapy. The dawn of nanotechnology meeting vaccine delivery, role of RNAi therapeutics in antiviral treatment regimen, various regulatory concerns towards clinical translation of nanomedicine along with current trends and implications including unexplored research avenues for advancing the current drug delivery have been discussed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Mahavir Bhupal Chougule
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, USA; Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Arun K Kotha
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, USA; Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Rama Kashikar
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS, USA; Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Chandraiah Godugu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajeev Singh Raghuvanshi
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang X, Zhao B, Ding M, Song S, Kang Y, Yu Y, Xu M, Xiang T, Gao L, Feng Q, Zhao Q, Zeng MS, Krummenacher C, Zeng YX. A novel vaccine candidate based on chimeric virus-like particle displaying multiple conserved epitope peptides induced neutralizing antibodies against EBV infection. Theranostics 2020; 10:5704-5718. [PMID: 32483413 PMCID: PMC7255000 DOI: 10.7150/thno.42494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the causative pathogen for infectious mononucleosis and many kinds of malignancies including several lymphomas such as Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma and NK/T cell lymphoma as well as carcinomas such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBV-GC). However, to date no available prophylactic vaccine was launched to the market for clinical use. Methods: To develop a novel vaccine candidate to prevent EBV infection and diseases, we designed chimeric virus-like particles (VLPs) based on the hepatitis B core antigen (HBc149). Various VLPs were engineered to present combinations of three peptides derived from the receptor binding domain of EBV gp350. All the chimeric virus-like particles were injected into Balb/C mice for immunogenicity evaluation. Neutralizing titer of mice sera were detected using an in vitro cell model. Results: All chimeric HBc149 proteins self-assembled into VLPs with gp350 epitopes displayed on the surface of spherical particles. Interestingly, the different orders of the three epitopes in the chimeric proteins induced different immune responses in mice. Two constructs (149-3A and 149-3B) induced high serum titer against the receptor-binding domain of gp350. Most importantly, these two VLPs elicited neutralizing antibodies in immunized mice, which efficiently blocked EBV infection in cell culture. Competition analysis showed that sera from these mice contained antibodies to a major neutralizing epitope recognized by the strong neutralizing mAb 72A1. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that HBc149 chimeric VLPs provide a valuable platform to present EBV gp350 antigens and offer a robust basis for the development of peptide-based candidate vaccines against EBV.
Collapse
|
9
|
Genes dysregulated in the blood of people with Williams syndrome are enriched in protein-coding genes positively selected in humans. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:103828. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.103828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
10
|
Wey B, Heavner ME, Wittmeyer KT, Briese T, Hopper KR, Govind S. Immune Suppressive Extracellular Vesicle Proteins of Leptopilina heterotoma Are Encoded in the Wasp Genome. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2020; 10:1-12. [PMID: 31676506 PMCID: PMC6945029 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Leptopilina heterotoma are obligate parasitoid wasps that develop in the body of their Drosophila hosts. During oviposition, female wasps introduce venom into the larval hosts' body cavity. The venom contains discrete, 300 nm-wide, mixed-strategy extracellular vesicles (MSEVs), until recently referred to as virus-like particles. While the crucial immune suppressive functions of L. heterotoma MSEVs have remained undisputed, their biotic nature and origin still remain controversial. In recent proteomics analyses of L. heterotoma MSEVs, we identified 161 proteins in three classes: conserved eukaryotic proteins, infection and immunity related proteins, and proteins without clear annotation. Here we report 246 additional proteins from the L. heterotoma MSEV proteome. An enrichment analysis of the entire proteome supports vesicular nature of these structures. Sequences for more than 90% of these proteins are present in the whole-body transcriptome. Sequencing and de novo assembly of the 460 Mb-sized L. heterotoma genome revealed 90% of MSEV proteins have coding regions within the genomic scaffolds. Altogether, these results explain the stable association of MSEVs with their wasps, and like other wasp structures, their vertical inheritance. While our results do not rule out a viral origin of MSEVs, they suggest that a similar strategy for co-opting cellular machinery for immune suppression may be shared by other wasps to gain advantage over their hosts. These results are relevant to our understanding of the evolution of figitid and related wasp species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Wey
- Biology Department, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, 10031
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York
| | - Mary Ellen Heavner
- Biology Department, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, 10031
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, 10016
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Biology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, 10065
| | - Kameron T Wittmeyer
- USDA-ARS, Beneficial Insect Introductions Research Unit, Newark, DE 19713, and
| | - Thomas Briese
- Center of Infection and Immunity, and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, 10032
| | - Keith R Hopper
- USDA-ARS, Beneficial Insect Introductions Research Unit, Newark, DE 19713, and
| | - Shubha Govind
- Biology Department, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, 10031,
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, 10016
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sternbæk L, Draborg AH, Østerlund MT, Iversen LV, Troelsen L, Theander E, Nielsen CT, Jacobsen S, Houen G. Increased antibody levels to stage-specific Epstein-Barr virus antigens in systemic autoimmune diseases reveal a common pathology. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2019; 79:7-16. [PMID: 30727744 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2018.1550807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The immune responses to antigens from different stages of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) life cycle were investigated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjögren's syndrome (SS), and systemic sclerosis (SSc) to gain knowledge of EBV's involvement in the etiology of systemic autoimmune diseases (SADs) and for an overview of the humoral immune responses against EBV. Investigations were performed by the use of ELISA. IgM, IgA, and IgG antibody binding to 11 EBV antigens: EBNA1, EBNA2, BALF5, EAD, BALF2, EA/R, VCA p18, VCA p23, gB, gp350, and gp42 were examined in serum pools from SAD patients and healthy controls (HCs). Increased antibody levels against the 11 EBV antigens in the SAD pools were seen compared to the HC pool. Specifically, SLE was characterized by strongly increased IgA to EAD both compared to HCs and other SADs, and RA was characterized by increased IgM levels to several EBV antigens. The SADs may be partly distinguished by their differential immune responses to various antigens in the EBV life cycle. All together, these findings support an association between EBV infection and SADs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anette H Draborg
- b Biomedical Laboratory Science Education , University College Lillebaelt , Odense , Denmark
| | - Mark T Østerlund
- c Statens Serum Institut , Section for Food-borne Infections , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Line V Iversen
- d Department of Dermatology , Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Lone Troelsen
- e Department of Clinical Immunology , Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Elke Theander
- f Department of Rheumatology , Lund University, Skåne University Hospital , Malmö , Sweden
| | - Christoffer T Nielsen
- g Copenhagen Lupus & Vasculitis Clinic, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Disease, Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Søren Jacobsen
- g Copenhagen Lupus & Vasculitis Clinic, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Disease, Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Gunnar Houen
- h Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang Y, Guo J, Ning L, Tian J, Yao X, Liu H. The molecular mechanism of pH-regulating C3d-CR2 interactions: Insights from molecular dynamics simulation. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 93:628-637. [PMID: 30566277 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of complement receptor 2 (CR2) and the degradation fragment C3d of complement component C3 mediate the innate and adaptive immune systems. Due to the importance of C3d-CR2 interaction in the design of vaccines, many studies have indicated the interactions are pH-dependent. Moreover, C3d-CR2 interactions at pH 5.0 are unknown. To investigate the molecular mechanism of pH-regulating C3d-CR2 interaction, molecular dynamics simulations for C3d-CR2 complex in different pH are performed. Our results revealed that the protonation of His9 in C3d at pH 6.0 slightly weakens C3d-CR2 association as reducing pH from 7.4 to 6.0, initiated from a key hydrogen bond formed between Gly270 and His9 in C3d at pH 6.0. When reducing pH from 6.0 to 5.0, the protonation of His33 in C3d weakens C3d-SCR1 association by changing the hydrogen-bond network of Asp36, Glu37, and Glu39 in C3d with Arg13 in CR2. In addition, the protonation of His90 significantly enhances C3d-SCR2 association. This is because the enhanced hydrogen-bond interactions of His90 with Glu63 and Ser69 of the linker change the conformations of the linker, Cys112-Asn116 and Pro87-Gly91 regions. This study uncovers the molecular mechanism of the mediation of pH on C3d-CR2 interaction, which is valuable for vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Lulu Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huanxiang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Diao X, Liu A. Identification of core pathways based on attractor and crosstalk in ischemic stroke. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:1520-1524. [PMID: 29434737 PMCID: PMC5776172 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability around the world. It is an important task to identify dysregulated pathways which infer molecular and functional insights existing in high-throughput experimental data. Gene expression profile of E-GEOD-16561 was collected. Pathways were obtained from the database of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Retrieval of Interacting Genes was used to download protein-protein interaction sets. Attractor and crosstalk approaches were applied to screen dysregulated pathways. A total of 20 differentially expressed genes were identified in ischemic stroke. Thirty-nine significant differential pathways were identified according to P<0.01 and 28 pathways were identified with RP<0.01 and 17 pathways were identified with impact factor >250. On the basis of the three criteria, 11 significant dysfunctional pathways were identified. Among them, Epstein-Barr virus infection was the most significant differential pathway. In conclusion, with the method based on attractor and crosstalk, significantly dysfunctional pathways were identified. These pathways are expected to provide molecular mechanism of ischemic stroke and represents a novel potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Diao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Aijuan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Relative Impact of Complement Receptors CD21/35 (Cr2/1) on Scrapie Pathogenesis in Mice. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00493-17. [PMID: 29202042 PMCID: PMC5700378 DOI: 10.1128/mspheredirect.00493-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian prion diseases are caused by prions, unique infectious agents composed primarily, if not solely, of a pathologic, misfolded form of a normal host protein, the cellular prion protein (PrPC). Prions replicate without a genetic blueprint, but rather contact PrPC and coerce it to misfold into more prions, which cause neurodegeneration akin to other protein-misfolding diseases like Alzheimer’s disease. A single gene produces two alternatively spliced mRNA transcripts that encode mouse complement receptors CD21/35, which promote efficient prion replication in the lymphoid system and eventual movement to the brain. Here we show that CD21/35 are high-affinity prion receptors, but mice expressing only CD21 die from prion disease sooner than CD35-expressing mice, which contain less prions early after infection and exhibit delayed terminal disease, likely due to their less organized splenic follicles. Thus, CD21 appears to be more important for defining splenic architecture that influences prion pathogenesis. Complement receptors 1 and 2 (CR1/2 or CD35/CD21) recognize complement-opsonized antigens to initiate innate and adaptive immunity, respectively. CD35 stimulates phagocytosis on macrophages and antigen presentation on follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). CD21 helps activate B cells as part of the B cell coreceptor with CD19 and CD81. Differential splicing of transcripts from the mouse Cr2 gene generates isoforms with both shared and unique complement binding capacities and cell-type expression. In mouse models, genetic depletion of Cr2 causes either a delay or complete prevention of prion disease, but the relative importance of CD35 versus CD21 in promoting prion disease remains unknown. Here we show that both isoforms act as high-affinity cell surface prion receptors. However, mice lacking CD21 succumbed to terminal prion disease significantly later than mice lacking CD35 or wild-type and hemizygous mice. CD21-deficient mice contained fewer splenic prions than CD35 knockout mice early after infection that contributed to delayed prion neuroinvasion and terminal disease, despite forming follicular networks closer to proximal nerves. While we observed no difference in B cell networks, PrPC expression, or number of follicles, CD21-deficient mice formed more fragmented, less organized follicular networks with fewer Mfge8-positive FDCs and/or tingible body macrophages (TBMφs) than wild-type or CD35-deficient mice. In toto, these data demonstrate a more prominent role for CD21 for proper follicular development and organization leading to more efficient lymphoid prion replication and expedited prion disease than in mice expressing the CD35 isoform. IMPORTANCE Mammalian prion diseases are caused by prions, unique infectious agents composed primarily, if not solely, of a pathologic, misfolded form of a normal host protein, the cellular prion protein (PrPC). Prions replicate without a genetic blueprint, but rather contact PrPC and coerce it to misfold into more prions, which cause neurodegeneration akin to other protein-misfolding diseases like Alzheimer’s disease. A single gene produces two alternatively spliced mRNA transcripts that encode mouse complement receptors CD21/35, which promote efficient prion replication in the lymphoid system and eventual movement to the brain. Here we show that CD21/35 are high-affinity prion receptors, but mice expressing only CD21 die from prion disease sooner than CD35-expressing mice, which contain less prions early after infection and exhibit delayed terminal disease, likely due to their less organized splenic follicles. Thus, CD21 appears to be more important for defining splenic architecture that influences prion pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
15
|
Computer-Aided Design of an Epitope-Based Vaccine against Epstein-Barr Virus. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:9363750. [PMID: 29119120 PMCID: PMC5651165 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9363750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus is a very common human virus that infects 90% of human adults. EBV replicates in epithelial and B cells and causes infectious mononucleosis. EBV infection is also linked to various cancers, including Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinomas, and autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Currently, there are no effective drugs or vaccines to treat or prevent EBV infection. Herein, we applied a computer-aided strategy to design a prophylactic epitope vaccine ensemble from experimentally defined T and B cell epitopes. Such strategy relies on identifying conserved epitopes in conjunction with predictions of HLA presentation for T cell epitope selection and calculations of accessibility and flexibility for B cell epitope selection. The T cell component includes 14 CD8 T cell epitopes from early antigens and 4 CD4 T cell epitopes, targeted during the course of a natural infection and providing a population protection coverage of over 95% and 81.8%, respectively. The B cell component consists of 3 experimentally defined B cell epitopes from gp350 plus 4 predicted B cell epitopes from other EBV envelope glycoproteins, all mapping in flexible and solvent accessible regions. We discuss the rationale for the formulation and possible deployment of this epitope vaccine ensemble.
Collapse
|
16
|
Pekalski ML, García AR, Ferreira RC, Rainbow DB, Smyth DJ, Mashar M, Brady J, Savinykh N, Dopico XC, Mahmood S, Duley S, Stevens HE, Walker NM, Cutler AJ, Waldron-Lynch F, Dunger DB, Shannon-Lowe C, Coles AJ, Jones JL, Wallace C, Todd JA, Wicker LS. Neonatal and adult recent thymic emigrants produce IL-8 and express complement receptors CR1 and CR2. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93739. [PMID: 28814669 PMCID: PMC5621870 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of peripheral naive T lymphocytes in humans is dependent on their homeostatic division, not continuing emigration from the thymus, which undergoes involution with age. However, postthymic maintenance of naive T cells is still poorly understood. Previously we reported that recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) are contained in CD31+CD25− naive T cells as defined by their levels of signal joint T cell receptor rearrangement excision circles (sjTRECs). Here, by differential gene expression analysis followed by protein expression and functional studies, we define that the naive T cells having divided the least since thymic emigration express complement receptors (CR1 and CR2) known to bind complement C3b- and C3d-decorated microbial products and, following activation, produce IL-8 (CXCL8), a major chemoattractant for neutrophils in bacterial defense. We also observed an IL-8–producing memory T cell subpopulation coexpressing CR1 and CR2 and with a gene expression signature resembling that of RTEs. The functions of CR1 and CR2 on T cells remain to be determined, but we note that CR2 is the receptor for Epstein-Barr virus, which is a cause of T cell lymphomas and a candidate environmental factor in autoimmune disease. Complement receptors (CR1 and CR2) and IL-8 production identify T cells that have recently left the thymus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin L Pekalski
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Arcadio Rubio García
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo C Ferreira
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel B Rainbow
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah J Smyth
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Meghavi Mashar
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Brady
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Savinykh
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Xaquin Castro Dopico
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sumiyya Mahmood
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Duley
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E Stevens
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Neil M Walker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Antony J Cutler
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Waldron-Lynch
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David B Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics, MRL Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, NIHR Cambridge Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Shannon-Lowe
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy and Centre for Human Virology, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair J Coles
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne L Jones
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Wallace
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John A Todd
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Linda S Wicker
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
High Epstein-Barr Virus Load and Genomic Diversity Are Associated with Generation of gp350-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies following Acute Infectious Mononucleosis. J Virol 2016; 91:JVI.01562-16. [PMID: 27733645 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01562-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) gp350 glycoprotein interacts with the cellular receptor to mediate viral entry and is thought to be the major target for neutralizing antibodies. To better understand the role of EBV-specific antibodies in the control of viral replication and the evolution of sequence diversity, we measured EBV gp350-specific antibody responses and sequenced the gp350 gene in samples obtained from individuals experiencing primary EBV infection (acute infectious mononucleosis [AIM]) and again 6 months later (during convalescence [CONV]). EBV gp350-specific IgG was detected in the sera of 17 (71%) of 24 individuals at the time of AIM and all 24 (100%) individuals during CONV; binding antibody titers increased from AIM through CONV, reaching levels equivalent to those in age-matched, chronically infected individuals. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP) was rarely detected during AIM (4 of 24 individuals; 17%) but was commonly detected during CONV (19 of 24 individuals; 79%). The majority (83%) of samples taken during AIM neutralized infection of primary B cells; all samples obtained at 6 months postdiagnosis neutralized EBV infection of cultured and primary target cells. Deep sequencing revealed interpatient gp350 sequence variation but conservation of the CR2-binding site. The levels of gp350-specific neutralizing activity directly correlated with higher peripheral blood EBV DNA levels during AIM and a greater evolution of diversity in gp350 nucleotide sequences from AIM to CONV. In summary, we conclude that the viral load and EBV gp350 diversity during early infection are associated with the development of neutralizing antibody responses following AIM. IMPORTANCE Antibodies against viral surface proteins can blunt the spread of viral infection by coating viral particles, mediating uptake by immune cells, or blocking interaction with host cell receptors, making them a desirable component of a sterilizing vaccine. The EBV surface protein gp350 is a major target for antibodies. We report the detection of EBV gp350-specific antibodies capable of neutralizing EBV infection in vitro The majority of gp350-directed vaccines focus on glycoproteins from lab-adapted strains, which may poorly reflect primary viral envelope diversity. We report some of the first primary gp350 sequences, noting that the gp350 host receptor binding site is remarkably stable across patients and time. However, changes in overall gene diversity were detectable during infection. Patients with higher peripheral blood viral loads in primary infection and greater changes in viral diversity generated more efficient antibodies. Our findings provide insight into the generation of functional antibodies, necessary for vaccine development.
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang Y, Guo J, Li L, Liu X, Yao X, Liu H. The solvent at antigen-binding site regulated C3d–CR2 interactions through the C-terminal tail of C3d at different ion strengths: insights from molecular dynamics simulation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2220-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
19
|
Zhang Y, Peng X, Tang Y, Gan X, Wang C, Xie L, Xie X, Gan R, Wu Y. Identification of IgH gene rearrangement and immunophenotype in an animal model of Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphomas. J Med Virol 2016; 88:1804-13. [PMID: 26991077 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human oncogenic herpesvirus associated with lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Because the susceptible hosts of EB virus are limited to human and cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), there have been no appropriate animal models until the lymphoma model induced by EBV in human peripheral blood lymphocyte (hu-PBL)/SCID chimeric mice was reported. However, it is still controversial whether the EBV-associated lymphoma induced in hu-PBL/SCID mice is a monoclonal tumor. In this study, we transplanted normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes (hu-PBL) from six donors infected with EBV into SCID mice to construct hu-PBL/SCID chimeric mice. The induced tumors were found in the mediastinum or abdominal cavity of SCID mice. Microscopic observation exhibited tumor cells that were large and had a plasmablastic, centroblastic or immunoblastic-like appearance. Immunophenotyping assays showed the induced tumors were LCA-positive, CD20/CD79a-positive (markers of B cells), and CD3/CD45RO-negative (markers of T cells). A human-specific Alu sequence could be amplified by Alu-PCR. This confirmed that induced tumors were B-cell lymphomas originating from the transplanted human lymphocytes rather than mouse cells. EBER in situ hybridization detected positive signals in the nuclei of the tumor cells. Expression of EBV-encoded LMP1, EBNA-1, and EBNA-2 in the tumors was significantly positive. PCR-based capillary electrophoresis analysis of IgH gene rearrangement revealed a monoclonal peak and single amplification product in all six cases of induced tumors. This indicated that EBV can induce monoclonal proliferation of human B lymphocytes and promotes the development of lymphoma. J. Med. Virol. 88:1804-1813, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xueqin Peng
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Yunlian Tang
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoning Gan
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Chengkun Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Lu Xie
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology (SCBIT), Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Xie
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Runliang Gan
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Yimou Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogen Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang M, Jiang S, Han Z, Zhao B, Wang L, Zhou Z, Wang Y. Expression and immunogenic characterization of recombinant gp350 for developing a subunit vaccine against Epstein-Barr virus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:1221-1230. [PMID: 26433969 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus that is linked to the development of various malignancies. There is an urgent need for effective vaccines against EBV. EBV envelope glycoprotein gp350 is an attractive candidate for a prophylactic vaccine. This study was undertaken to produce the truncated (codons 1-443) gp350 protein (gp350(1-443)) in Pichia pastoris and evaluate its immunogenicity. The gp350(1-443) protein was expressed as a secretory protein with an N-terminal His-tag in P. pastoris and purified through Ni-NTA chromatography. Immunization with the recombinant gp350(1-443) could elicit high levels of gp350(1-443)-specific antibodies in mice. Moreover, gp350(1-443)-immunized mice developed strong lymphoproliferative and Th1/Th2 cytokine responses. Furthermore, the recombinant gp350(1-443) could stimulate CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses in vaccinated mice. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that the yeast-expressed gp350(1-443) retained strong immunogenicity. This study will provide a useful source for developing EBV subunit vaccine candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China.
| | - Shuai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhenwei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Li'ao Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Zhixia Zhou
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Yefu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kanekiyo M, Bu W, Joyce MG, Meng G, Whittle JRR, Baxa U, Yamamoto T, Narpala S, Todd JP, Rao SS, McDermott AB, Koup RA, Rossmann MG, Mascola JR, Graham BS, Cohen JI, Nabel GJ. Rational Design of an Epstein-Barr Virus Vaccine Targeting the Receptor-Binding Site. Cell 2015; 162:1090-100. [PMID: 26279189 PMCID: PMC4757492 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) represents a major global health problem. Though it is associated with infectious mononucleosis and ∼200,000 cancers annually worldwide, a vaccine is not available. The major target of immunity is EBV glycoprotein 350/220 (gp350) that mediates attachment to B cells through complement receptor 2 (CR2/CD21). Here, we created self-assembling nanoparticles that displayed different domains of gp350 in a symmetric array. By focusing presentation of the CR2-binding domain on nanoparticles, potent neutralizing antibodies were elicited in mice and non-human primates. The structurally designed nanoparticle vaccine increased neutralization 10- to 100-fold compared to soluble gp350 by targeting a functionally conserved site of vulnerability, improving vaccine-induced protection in a mouse model. This rational approach to EBV vaccine design elicited potent neutralizing antibody responses by arrayed presentation of a conserved viral entry domain, a strategy that can be applied to other viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Bu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M Gordon Joyce
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Geng Meng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - James R R Whittle
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ulrich Baxa
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sandeep Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John-Paul Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Srinivas S Rao
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael G Rossmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Gary J Nabel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Peptides designed to spatially depict the Epstein-Barr virus major virion glycoprotein gp350 neutralization epitope elicit antibodies that block virus-neutralizing antibody 72A1 interaction with the native gp350 molecule. J Virol 2015; 89:4932-41. [PMID: 25694592 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03269-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the etiologic agent of infectious mononucleosis and the root cause of B-cell lymphoproliferative disease in individuals with a weakened immune system, as well as a principal cofactor in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, various lymphomas, and other cancers. The EBV major virion surface glycoprotein gp350 is viewed as the best vaccine candidate to prevent infectious mononucleosis in healthy EBV-naive persons and EBV-related cancers in at-risk individuals. Previous epitope mapping of gp350 revealed only one dominant neutralizing epitope, which has been shown to be the target of the monoclonal antibody 72A1. Computer modeling of the 72A1 antibody interaction with the gp350 amino terminus was used to identify gp350 amino acids that could form strong ionic, electrostatic, or hydrogen bonds with the 72A1 antibody. Peptide DDRTTLQLAQNPVYIPETYPYIKWDN (designated peptide 2) and peptide GSAKPGNGSYFASVKTEMLGNEID (designated peptide 3) were designed to spatially represent the gp350 amino acids predicted to interact with the 72A1 antibody paratope. Peptide 2 bound to the 72A1 antibody and blocked 72A1 antibody recognition of the native gp350 molecule. Peptide 2 and peptide 3 were recognized by human IgG and shown to elicit murine antibodies that could target gp350 and block its recognition by the 72A1 antibody. This work provides a structural mapping of the interaction between the EBV-neutralizing antibody 72A1 and the major virion surface protein gp350. gp350 mimetic peptides that spatially depict the EBV-neutralizing epitope would be useful as a vaccine to focus the immune system exclusively to this important virus epitope. IMPORTANCE The production of virus-neutralizing antibodies targeting the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) major surface glycoprotein gp350 is important for the prevention of infectious mononucleosis and EBV-related cancers. The data presented here provide the first in silico map of the gp350 interaction with a virus-blocking monoclonal antibody. Immunization with gp350 peptides identified by in silico mapping generated antibodies that cross-react with the EBV gp350 molecule and block recognition of the gp350 molecule by a virus-neutralizing antibody. Through its ability to focus the immune system exclusively on the gp350 sequence important for viral entry, these peptides may form the basis of an EBV vaccine candidate. This strategy would sidestep the production of other irrelevant gp350 antibodies that divert the immune system from generating a protective antiviral response or that impede access to the virus-blocking epitope by protective antibodies.
Collapse
|
23
|
Santpere G, Darre F, Blanco S, Alcami A, Villoslada P, Mar Albà M, Navarro A. Genome-wide analysis of wild-type Epstein-Barr virus genomes derived from healthy individuals of the 1,000 Genomes Project. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 6:846-60. [PMID: 24682154 PMCID: PMC4104767 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Most people in the world (∼90%) are infected by the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), which establishes itself permanently in B cells. Infection by EBV is related to a number of diseases including infectious mononucleosis, multiple sclerosis, and different types of cancer. So far, only seven complete EBV strains have been described, all of them coming from donors presenting EBV-related diseases. To perform a detailed comparative genomic analysis of EBV including, for the first time, EBV strains derived from healthy individuals, we reconstructed EBV sequences infecting lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from the 1000 Genomes Project. As strain B95-8 was used to transform B cells to obtain LCLs, it is always present, but a specific deletion in its genome sets it apart from natural EBV strains. After studying hundreds of individuals, we determined the presence of natural EBV in at least 10 of them and obtained a set of variants specific to wild-type EBV. By mapping the natural EBV reads into the EBV reference genome (NC007605), we constructed nearly complete wild-type viral genomes from three individuals. Adding them to the five disease-derived EBV genomic sequences available in the literature, we performed an in-depth comparative genomic analysis. We found that latency genes harbor more nucleotide diversity than lytic genes and that six out of nine latency-related genes, as well as other genes involved in viral attachment and entry into host cells, packaging, and the capsid, present the molecular signature of accelerated protein evolution rates, suggesting rapid host–parasite coevolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Santpere
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (Universitat Pompeu Fabra - CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zandieh A, Izad M, Fakhri M, Amirifard H, Khazaeipour Z, Harirchian MH. Cytometric profiling in various clinical forms of multiple sclerosis with respect to CD21+, CD32+, and CD35+ B and T cells. Transl Neurodegener 2013; 2:14. [PMID: 23819946 PMCID: PMC3706361 DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-2-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to evaluate the frequency of various types of B and T cells expressing CD21, CD32, and CD35 in multiple sclerosis (MS) clinical courses. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cell from 30 MS patients (17 relapsing remitting [RRMS], six secondary progressive [SPMS], and seven primary progressive MS [PPMS]) and 18 healthy subjects were analyzed. All patients were in acute attack. Healthy controls were matched for age and gender ratio. The frequencies of various subsets of B and T cells were determined using flow cytometry. Results The frequency of CD4+T cells was lower in MS patients compared to control subjects (41.14 ± 9.45% vs. 46.88 ± 6.98%, respectively, P < 0.05). The CD32+ fraction of CD4+T cells and the CD21+ fraction of CD8+T cells were higher in MS patients (2.85 ± 3.72% vs. 1.06 ± 0.62% for CD32+CD4+T cells, 2.71 ± 1.86% vs. 1.16 ± 0.99% for CD21+CD8+T cells in MS patients and control subjects, respectively, P < 0.05). After dividing subjects by type of MS course, higher values of these two T cell subsets were found in SPMS patients compared to control subjects (P < 0.05). Further, RRMS patients had lower levels of CD32+CD4+T cells than SPMS patients and also they had lower levels of CD32+CD8+T cells than PPMS patients (P < 0.05). However, neither the expression of CD35 on T cells nor the various B cell subsets were statistically different between the compared groups. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that T cell subsets expressing CD21 and CD32 may differ with respect to the presence or clinical forms of MS disease. By contrast, CD35+T cells and different subsets of B cells are not altered in various MS clinical courses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zandieh
- Department of Neurology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14197, Tehran, Iran.,Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Izad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Fakhri
- Department of Neurology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14197, Tehran, Iran.,Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Amirifard
- Department of Neurology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14197, Tehran, Iran.,Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Khazaeipour
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Harirchian
- Department of Neurology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14197, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Thurman JM, Kulik L, Orth H, Wong M, Renner B, Sargsyan SA, Mitchell LM, Hourcade DE, Hannan JP, Kovacs JM, Coughlin B, Woodell AS, Pickering MC, Rohrer B, Holers VM. Detection of complement activation using monoclonal antibodies against C3d. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2218-30. [PMID: 23619360 DOI: 10.1172/jci65861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During complement activation the C3 protein is cleaved, and C3 activation fragments are covalently fixed to tissues. Tissue-bound C3 fragments are a durable biomarker of tissue inflammation, and these fragments have been exploited as addressable binding ligands for targeted therapeutics and diagnostic agents. We have generated cross-reactive murine monoclonal antibodies against human and mouse C3d, the final C3 degradation fragment generated during complement activation. We developed 3 monoclonal antibodies (3d8b, 3d9a, and 3d29) that preferentially bind to the iC3b, C3dg, and C3d fragments in solution, but do not bind to intact C3 or C3b. The same 3 clones also bind to tissue-bound C3 activation fragments when injected systemically. Using mouse models of renal and ocular disease, we confirmed that, following systemic injection, the antibodies accumulated at sites of C3 fragment deposition within the glomerulus, the renal tubulointerstitium, and the posterior pole of the eye. To detect antibodies bound within the eye, we used optical imaging and observed accumulation of the antibodies within retinal lesions in a model of choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Our results demonstrate that imaging methods that use these antibodies may provide a sensitive means of detecting and monitoring complement activation-associated tissue inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Thurman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Luo B, Liu M, Chao Y, Wang Y, Jing Y, Sun Z. Characterization of Epstein-Barr virus gp350/220 gene variants in virus isolates from gastric carcinoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Arch Virol 2011; 157:207-16. [PMID: 22038027 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1148-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To characterize the sequence variation of the gp350/220 and explore its potential association with EBV-associated tumors, the gp350/220 gene was sequenced from 41 EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) and 81 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) biopsies as well as 35 throat washing (TW) samples from healthy donors. Preferential linkages between variants of the N-terminus of gp350/220 and EBNA3C variants were detected, and type A/BLLF1-a was the dominant variant in this study. The dominant variant in the C-terminal region of gp350/220 was 9P. The similar distribution of gp350/220 variants in NPC, EBVaGC and healthy donors suggest that gp350/220 variations are geographically restricted rather than tumor-specific polymorphisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Luo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Vallhov H, Gutzeit C, Johansson SM, Nagy N, Paul M, Li Q, Friend S, George TC, Klein E, Scheynius A, Gabrielsson S. Exosomes Containing Glycoprotein 350 Released by EBV-Transformed B Cells Selectively Target B Cells through CD21 and Block EBV Infection In Vitro. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:73-82. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
28
|
Shaw CD, Storek MJ, Young KA, Kovacs JM, Thurman JM, Holers VM, Hannan JP. Delineation of the complement receptor type 2-C3d complex by site-directed mutagenesis and molecular docking. J Mol Biol 2010; 404:697-710. [PMID: 20951140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between the complement receptor type 2 (CR2) and the C3 complement fragments C3d, C3dg, and iC3b are essential for the initiation of a normal immune response. A crystal-derived structure of the two N-terminal short consensus repeat (SCR1-2) domains of CR2 in complex with C3d has previously been elucidated. However, a number of biochemical and biophysical studies targeting both CR2 and C3d appear to be in conflict with these structural data. Previous mutagenesis and heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy studies directed toward the C3d-binding site on CR2 have indicated that the CR2-C3d cocrystal structure may represent an encounter/intermediate or nonphysiological complex. With regard to the CR2-binding site on C3d, mutagenesis studies by Isenman and coworkers [Isenman, D. E., Leung, E., Mackay, J. D., Bagby, S. & van den Elsen, J. M. H. (2010). Mutational analyses reveal that the staphylococcal immune evasion molecule Sbi and complement receptor 2 (CR2) share overlapping contact residues on C3d: Implications for the controversy regarding the CR2/C3d cocrystal structure. J. Immunol. 184, 1946-1955] have implicated an electronegative "concave" surface on C3d in the binding process. This surface is discrete from the CR2-C3d interface identified in the crystal structure. We generated a total of 18 mutations targeting the two (X-ray crystallographic- and mutagenesis-based) proposed CR2 SCR1-2 binding sites on C3d. Using ELISA analyses, we were able to assess binding of mutant forms of C3d to CR2. Mutations directed toward the concave surface of C3d result in substantially compromised CR2 binding. By contrast, targeting the CR2-C3d interface identified in the cocrystal structure and the surrounding area results in significantly lower levels of disruption in binding. Molecular modeling approaches used to investigate disparities between the biochemical data and the X-ray structure of the CR2-C3d cocrystal result in highest-scoring solutions in which CR2 SCR1-2 is docked within the concave surface of C3d.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig D Shaw
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kovacs JM, Hannan JP, Eisenmesser EZ, Holers VM. Biophysical investigations of complement receptor 2 (CD21 and CR2)-ligand interactions reveal amino acid contacts unique to each receptor-ligand pair. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:27251-27258. [PMID: 20558730 PMCID: PMC2930724 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.106617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human complement receptor type 2 (CR2 and CD21) is a cell membrane receptor, with 15 or 16 extracellular short consensus repeats (SCRs), that promotes B lymphocyte responses and bridges innate and acquired immunity. The most distally located SCRs, SCR1-2, mediate the interaction of CR2 with its four known ligands (C3d, EBV gp350, IFNalpha, and CD23). To ascertain specific interacting residues on CR2, we utilized NMR studies wherein gp350 and IFNalpha were titrated into (15)N-labeled SCR1-2, and chemical shift changes indicative of specific inter-molecular interactions were identified. With backbone assignments made, the chemical shift changes were mapped onto the crystal structure of SCR1-2. With regard to gp350, the binding region of CR2 is primarily focused on SCR1 and the inter-SCR linker, specifically residues Asn(11), Arg(13), Ala(22), Arg(28), Ser(32), Arg(36), Lys(41), Lys(57), Tyr(64), Lys(67), Tyr(68), Arg(83), Gly(84), and Arg(89). With regard to IFNalpha, the binding is similar to the CR2-C3d interaction with specific residues being Arg(13), Tyr(16), Arg(28), Ser(42), Lys(48), Lys(50), Tyr(68), Arg(83), Gly(84), and Arg(89). We also report thermodynamic properties of each ligand-receptor pair determined using isothermal titration calorimetry. The CR2-C3d interaction was characterized as a two-mode binding interaction with K(d) values of 0.13 and 160 microm, whereas the CR2-gp350 and CR2-IFNalpha interactions were characterized as single site binding events with affinities of 0.014 and 0.035 microm, respectively. The compilation of chemical binding maps suggests specific residues on CR2 that are uniquely important in each of these three binding interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Kovacs
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Jonathan P Hannan
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Elan Z Eisenmesser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - V Michael Holers
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Epstein-Barr viruses that express a CD21 antibody provide evidence that gp350's functions extend beyond B-cell surface binding. J Virol 2009; 84:1139-47. [PMID: 19889766 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01953-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The gp350 glycoprotein encoded by BLLF1 is crucial for efficient Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection of resting B cells. Gp350 binds to CD21, but whether this interaction sums up its functions remains unknown. We generated gp350-null EBVs that display CD19-, CD21-, or CD22-specific antibodies at their surface (designated as DeltaBLLF1-Ab). Gp350-complemented (DeltaBLLF1-C) and DeltaBLLF1-Ab were found to bind equally well to B cells. Surprisingly, DeltaBLLF1 binding was reduced only 1.7-fold relative to its complemented counterparts. Furthermore, B cells exposed to DeltaBLLF1-Ab or DeltaBLLF1 viruses presented structural antigens with comparable efficiency and achieved 25 to 80% of the T-cell activation elicited by DeltaBLLF1-C. These findings show that the gp350-CD21 interaction pair plays only a modest role during virus transfer to the endosomal compartment. However, primary B cells or Raji B cells infected with DeltaBLLF1-C viruses displayed a 35- to 70-fold higher infection rates than those exposed to DeltaBLLF1, DeltaBLLF1-CD22Ab, or DeltaBLLF1-CD19Ab viruses. Complementation of the gp350 knockout phenotype with CD21Ab substantially enhanced infection rates relative to DeltaBLLF1 but remained sevenfold (Raji B-cell line) to sixfold (primary B cells) less efficient than with gp350. We therefore infer that gp350 mainly exerts its functions after the internalization step, presumably during release of the viral capsid from the endosomal compartment, and that CD21-dependent but also CD21-independent molecular mechanisms are involved in this process. The latter appear to be characteristic of B-cell infection since transfection of CD21 in 293 cells improved the infection rates with both DeltaBLLF1-CD21Ab and DeltaBLLF1-C to a similar extent.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
DNA-tumor viruses comprise enveloped and non-enveloped agents that cause malignancies in a large variety of cell types and tissues by interfering with cell cycle control and immortalization. Those DNA-tumor viruses that replicate in the nucleus use cellular mechanisms to transport their genome and newly synthesized viral proteins into the nucleus. This requires cytoplasmic transport and nuclear import of their genome. Agents that employ this strategy include adenoviruses, hepadnaviruses, herpesviruses, and likely also papillomaviruses, and polyomaviruses, but not poxviruses which replicate in the cytoplasm. Here, we discuss how DNA-tumor viruses enter cells, take advantage of cytoplasmic transport, and import their DNA genome through the nuclear pore complex into the nucleus. Remarkably, nuclear import of incoming genomes does not necessarily follow the same pathways used by the structural proteins of the viruses during the replication and assembly phases of the viral life cycle. Understanding the mechanisms of DNA nuclear import can identify new pathways of cell regulation and anti-viral therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urs F Greber
- Institute of Zoology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kovacs JM, Hannan JP, Eisenmesser EZ, Holers VM. Mapping of the C3d ligand binding site on complement receptor 2 (CR2/CD21) using nuclear magnetic resonance and chemical shift analysis. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:9513-20. [PMID: 19164292 PMCID: PMC2666603 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808404200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement receptor 2 (CR2, CD21) is a cell membrane protein, with 15 or 16 extracellular short consensus repeats (SCRs), that promotes B lymphocyte responses and bridges innate and acquired immunity. The most distally located SCRs (SCR1-2) mediate the interaction of CR2 with its four known ligands (C3d, Epstein-Barr virus gp350, interferon-alpha, and CD23). Inhibitory monoclonal antibodies against SCR1-2 block binding of all ligands. To develop ligand-specific inhibitors that would also assist in identifying residues unique to each receptor-ligand interaction, phage were selected from randomly generated libraries by panning with recombinant SCR1-2, followed by specific ligand-driven elution. Derived peptides were tested by competition ELISA. One peptide, C3dp1 (APQHLSSQYSRT) exhibited ligand-specific inhibition at midmicromolar IC(50). C3d was titrated into (15)N-labeled SCR1-2, which revealed chemical shift changes indicative of specific intermolecular interactions. With backbone assignments made, the chemical shift changes were mapped onto the crystal structure of SCR1-2. With regard to C3d, the binding surface includes regions of SCR1, SCR2, and the inter-SCR linker, specifically residues Arg(13), Tyr(16), Arg(28), Tyr(29), Ser(32), Thr(34), Lys(48), Asp(56), Lys(57), Tyr(68), Arg(83), Gly(84), Asn(101), Asn(105), and Ser(109). SCR1 and SCR2 demonstrated distinct binding modes. The CR2 binding surface incorporating SCR1 is inconsistent with a previous x-ray CR2-C3d co-crystal analysis but consistent with mutagenesis, x-ray neutron scattering, and inhibitory monoclonal antibody epitope mapping. Titration with C3dp1 yielded chemical shift changes (Arg(13), Tyr(16), Thr(34), Lys(48), Asp(56), Lys(57), Tyr(68), Arg(83), Gly(84), Asn(105), and Ser(109)) overlapping with C3d, indicating that C3dp1 interacts at the same CR2 site as C3d.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Kovacs
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|