1
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Julg B, Walker-Sperling VEK, Wagh K, Aid M, Stephenson KE, Zash R, Liu J, Nkolola JP, Hoyt A, Castro M, Serebryannyy L, Yanosick K, Speidel T, Borducchi EN, Murzda T, Maxfield L, Arduino R, McDermott AB, Gama L, Giorgi EE, Koup RA, Seaman MS, Rolle CP, DeJesus E, Li W, Korber B, Barouch DH. Safety and antiviral effect of a triple combination of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies: a phase 1/2a trial. Nat Med 2024:10.1038/s41591-024-03247-5. [PMID: 39266747 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-03247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bNAbs) have to date shown transient viral suppression when administered as monotherapy or as a cocktail of two antibodies1-4. A combination of three bNAbs provides improved neutralization coverage of global viruses, which may more potently suppress viral escape and rebound5-7. Here we performed an open-label, two-part study evaluating a single intravenous dose of HIV-1 bNAbs, PGT121, PGDM1400 and VRC07-523LS, in six adults without HIV in part 1 and a multicenter trial of up to six monthly infusions of these three bNAbs in 12 people living with HIV with an antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption in part 2. The primary endpoints were safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics, and the secondary endpoints in part 2 were antiviral activity following ART discontinuation, changes in CD4+ T cell counts and development of HIV-1 sequence mutations associated with bNAb resistance. The trial met its prespecified endpoints. The bNAb treatment was generally safe and well tolerated. In part 2, 83% of participants (10 of 12) maintained virologic suppression for the duration of antibody therapy for at least 28 weeks, and 42% of participants (5 of 12) showed virologic suppression for at least 38-44 weeks, despite the decline of serum bNAb concentrations to low or undetectable levels. In exploratory analyses, early viral rebound in two individuals correlated with baseline resistance to PGT121 and PGDM1400, whereas long-term virologic control in five individuals correlated with reduced immune activation, T cell exhaustion and proinflammatory signaling following bNAb therapy. Our data show the potential of a triple bNAb cocktail to suppress HIV-1 in the absence of ART. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT03721510 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Julg
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Kshitij Wagh
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Malika Aid
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn E Stephenson
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca Zash
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinyan Liu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph P Nkolola
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amelia Hoyt
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mike Castro
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Katherine Yanosick
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tessa Speidel
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erica N Borducchi
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tetyana Murzda
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lori Maxfield
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roberto Arduino
- Houston AIDS Research Team, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lucio Gama
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elena E Giorgi
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Wenjun Li
- University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Bette Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Zhang Z, Anang S, Nguyen HT, Fritschi C, Smith AB, Sodroski JG. Membrane HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins stabilized more strongly in a pretriggered conformation than natural virus Envs. iScience 2024; 27:110141. [PMID: 38979012 PMCID: PMC11228805 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The pretriggered conformation of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer ((gp120/gp41)3) is targeted by virus entry inhibitors and broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). The lability of pretriggered Env has hindered its characterization. Here, we produce membrane Env variants progressively stabilized in pretriggered conformations, in some cases to a degree beyond that found in natural HIV-1 strains. Pretriggered Env stability correlated with stronger trimer subunit association, increased virus sensitivity to bNAb neutralization, and decreased capacity to mediate cell-cell fusion and virus entry. For some highly stabilized Env mutants, after virus-host cell engagement, the normally inaccessible gp120 V3 region on an Env intermediate became targetable by otherwise poorly neutralizing antibodies. Thus, evolutionary pressure on HIV-1 Env to maintain trimer integrity, responsiveness to the CD4 receptor, and resistance to antibodies modulates pretriggered Env stability. The strongly stabilized pretriggered membrane Envs reported here will facilitate further characterization of this functionally important conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Zhang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Saumya Anang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hanh T. Nguyen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher Fritschi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joseph G. Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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3
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Snyder GA, Kumar S, Lewis GK, Ray K. Two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy of NADH metabolism in HIV-1 infected cells and tissues. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1213180. [PMID: 37662898 PMCID: PMC10468605 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1213180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid detection of microbial-induced cellular changes during the course of an infection is critical to understanding pathogenesis and immunological homeostasis. In the last two decades, fluorescence imaging has received significant attention for its ability to help characterize microbial induced cellular and tissue changes in in vitro and in vivo settings. However, most of these methods rely on the covalent conjugation of large exogenous probes and detection methods based on intensity-based imaging. Here, we report a quantitative, intrinsic, label-free, and minimally invasive method based on two-photon fluorescence lifetime (FLT) imaging microscopy (2p-FLIM) for imaging 1,4-dihydro-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) metabolism of virally infected cells and tissue sections. To better understand virally induced cellular and tissue changes in metabolism we have used 2p-FLIM to study differences in NADH intensity and fluorescence lifetimes in HIV-1 infected cells and tissues. Differences in NADH fluorescence lifetimes are associated with cellular changes in metabolism and changes in cellular metabolism are associated with HIV-1 infection. NADH is a critical co-enzyme and redox regulator and an essential biomarker in the metabolic processes. Label-free 2p-FLIM application and detection of NADH fluorescence using viral infection systems are in their infancy. In this study, the application of the 2p-FLIM assay and quantitative analyses of HIV-1 infected cells and tissue sections reveal increased fluorescence lifetime and higher enzyme-bound NADH fraction suggesting oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) compared to uninfected cells and tissues. 2p-FLIM measurements improve signal to background, fluorescence specificity, provide spatial and temporal resolution of intracellular structures, and thus, are suitable for quantitative studies of cellular functions and tissue morphology. Furthermore, 2p-FLIM allows distinguishing free and bound populations of NADH by their different fluorescence lifetimes within single infected cells. Accordingly, NADH fluorescence measurements of individual single cells should provide necessary insight into the heterogeneity of metabolic activity of infected cells. Implementing 2p-FLIM to viral infection systems measuring NADH fluorescence at the single or subcellular level within a tissue can provide visual evidence, localization, and information in a real-time diagnostic or therapeutic metabolic workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg A. Snyder
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sameer Kumar
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - George K. Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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4
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Curreli F, Kwon YD, Nicolau I, Burgos G, Altieri A, Kurkin AV, Verardi R, Kwong PD, Debnath AK. Antiviral Activity and Crystal Structures of HIV-1 gp120 Antagonists. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415999. [PMID: 36555641 PMCID: PMC9784924 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of our effort to discover drugs that target HIV-1 entry, we report the antiviral activity and crystal structures of two novel inhibitors in a complex with a gp120 core. NBD-14204 showed similar antiviral activity against all the clinical isolates tested. The IC50 values were in the range of 0.24-0.9 µM with an overall mean of 0.47 ± 0.03 µM, showing slightly better activity against the clinical isolates than against the lab-adapted HIV-1HXB2 (IC50 = 0.96 ± 0.1 µM). Moreover, the antiviral activity of NBD-14208 was less consistent, showing a wider range of IC50 values (0.66-5.7 µM) with an overall mean of 3 ± 0.25 µM and better activity against subtypes B and D (Mean IC50 2.2-2.5 µM) than the A, C and Rec viruses (Mean IC50 2.9-3.9 µM). SI of NBD-14204 was about 10-fold higher than NBD-14208, making it a better lead compound for further optimization. In addition, we tested these compounds against S375Y and S375H mutants of gp120, which occurred in some clades and observed these to be sensitive to NBD-14204 and NBD-14208. These inhibitors also showed modest activity against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Furthermore, we determined the crystal structures of both inhibitors in complexes with gp120 cores. As expected, both NBD-14204 and NBD-14208 bind primarily within the Phe43 cavity. It is noteworthy that the electron density of the thiazole ring in both structures was poorly defined due to the flexibility of this scaffold, suggesting that these compounds maintain substantial entropy, even when bound to the Phe43 cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Curreli
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Lindsey F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Young D. Kwon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Isabella Nicolau
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Lindsey F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Giancarla Burgos
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Lindsey F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrea Altieri
- EDASA Scientific srls, Via Stingi 37, 66050 San Salvo, Italy
| | | | - Raffaello Verardi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Asim K. Debnath
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Lindsey F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Correspondence:
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5
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Moshoette T, Papathanasopoulos MA, Killick MA. HIV-1 bispecific antibody iMab-N6 exhibits enhanced breadth but not potency over its parental antibodies iMab and N6. Virol J 2022; 19:143. [PMID: 36071449 PMCID: PMC9450465 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01876-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently published AMP trial (HVTN 703/HPTN 081 and HVTN704/HPTN 085) results have validated broad neutralising antibodies (bNAbs) as potential anti-HIV-1 agents. However, single bNAb preparations are unlikely to cope with the onslaught of existing and de novo resistance mutations, thus necessitating the use of bNAb combinations to achieve clinically relevant results. Specifically engineered antibodies incorporating two bNAbs into a single antibody structure have been developed. These bispecific antibodies (bibNAbs) retain the benefits of bNAb combinations, whilst several conformations exhibit improved neutralisation potency over the parental bNAbs. Here we report on the engineering of a bibNAb comprising of an HIV-1 spike targeting bNAb N6 and a host CD4 targeting antibody ibalizumab (iMab). Antibodies were expressed in HEK293T cells and purified by protein-A affinity chromatography followed by size exclusion chromatography to achieve homogenous, monomeric, bibNAb preparations. Antibody purity was confirmed by SDS-PAGE whilst epitope specificity and binding were confirmed by ELISA. Finally, antibody breadth and potency data were generated by HIV-1 neutralisation assay (n = 21, inclusive of the global panel). iMab-N6 exhibited better neutralisation breadth (100% coverage) in comparison to its parental bNAbs iMab (90%) and N6 (95%). This is encouraging as exceptional neutralisation breadth is necessary for HIV-1 treatment or prevention. Unfortunately, iMab-N6 did not exhibit any enhancement in potency over the most potent parental antibody, iMab (p = 0.1674, median IC50 of 0.0475 µg/ml, and 0.0665 µg/ml respectively) or the parental combination, iMab + N6 (p = 0.1964, median IC50: combination 0.0457 µg/ml). This result may point to a lack of dual engagement of the bibNAb Fab moieties necessary for potency enhancement. Against the previously reported bibNAbs; iMab-CAP256, 10E08-iMab, and PG9-iMab; iMab-N6 was the lowest performing bibNAb. The re-engineering of iMab-N6 to enhance its potency, while retaining breadth, is a worthwhile endeavour due to its clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tumelo Moshoette
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Maria Antonia Papathanasopoulos
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Mark Andrew Killick
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
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6
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Astorga-Gamaza A, Grau-Expósito J, Burgos J, Navarro J, Curran A, Planas B, Suanzes P, Falcó V, Genescà M, Buzon M. Identification of HIV-reservoir cells with reduced susceptibility to antibody-dependent immune response. eLife 2022; 11:78294. [PMID: 35616530 PMCID: PMC9177146 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV establishes a persistent infection in heterogeneous cell reservoirs, which can be maintained by different mechanisms including cellular proliferation, and represent the main obstacle to curing the infection. The expression of the Fcγ receptor CD32 has been identified as a marker of the active cell reservoirs in people on antiretroviral therapy, but if its expression has any role in conferring advantage for viral persistence is unknown. Here, we report that HIV-infected cells expressing CD32 have reduced susceptibility to natural killer (NK) antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) by a mechanism compatible with the suboptimal binding of HIV-specific antibodies. Infected CD32 cells have increased proliferative capacity in the presence of immune complexes, and are more resistant to strategies directed to potentiate NK function. Remarkably, reactivation of the latent reservoir from antiretroviral-treated people living with HIV increases the pool of infected CD32 cells, which are largely resistant to the ADCC immune mechanism. Thus, we report the existence of reservoir cells that evade part of the NK immune response through the expression of CD32.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joaquín Burgos
- Infectious Disease Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)
| | - Jordi Navarro
- Infectious Disease Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)
| | - Adrià Curran
- Infectious Disease Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)
| | - Bibiana Planas
- Infectious Disease Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)
| | - Paula Suanzes
- Infectious Disease Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)
| | - Vicenç Falcó
- Infectious Disease Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Disease Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)
| | - Maria Buzon
- Infectious Disease Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)
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7
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Safety and antiviral activity of triple combination broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody therapy against HIV-1: a phase 1 clinical trial. Nat Med 2022; 28:1288-1296. [PMID: 35551291 PMCID: PMC9205771 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01815-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 therapy with single or dual broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) has shown viral escape, indicating that at least a triple bNAb therapy may be needed for robust suppression of viremia. We performed a two-part study consisting of a single-center, randomized, double-blind, dose-escalation, placebo-controlled first-in-human trial of the HIV-1 V2-glycan-specific antibody PGDM1400 alone or in combination with the V3-glycan-specific antibody PGT121 in 24 adults without HIV in part 1, as well as a multi-center, open-label trial of the combination of PGDM1400, PGT121 and the CD4-binding-site antibody VRC07-523LS in five viremic adults living with HIV not on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in part 2 ( NCT03205917 ). The primary endpoints were safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics for both parts and antiviral activity among viremic adults living with HIV and not on ART for part 2 of the study. The secondary endpoints were changes in CD4+ T cell counts and development of HIV-1 sequence variations associated with PGDM1400, PGT121 and VRC07-523LS resistance in part 2. Intravenously administered PGDM1400 was safe and well-tolerated at doses up to 30 mg kg-1 and when given in combination with PGT121 and VRC07-523LS. A single intravenous infusion of 20 mg kg-1 of each of the three antibodies reduced plasma HIV RNA levels in viremic individuals by a maximum mean of 2.04 log10 copies per ml; however, viral rebound occurred in all participants within a median of 20 days after nadir. Rebound viruses demonstrated partial to complete resistance to PGDM1400 and PGT121 in vitro, whereas susceptibility to VRC07-523LS was preserved. Viral rebound occurred despite mean VRC07-523LS serum concentrations of 93 µg ml-1. The trial met the pre-specified endpoints. Our data suggest that future bNAb combinations likely need to achieve broad antiviral activity, while also maintaining high serum concentrations, to mediate viral control.
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8
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Escolano A, Gristick HB, Gautam R, DeLaitsch AT, Abernathy ME, Yang Z, Wang H, Hoffmann MA, Nishimura Y, Wang Z, Koranda N, Kakutani LM, Gao H, Gnanapragasam PNP, Raina H, Gazumyan A, Cipolla M, Oliveira TY, Ramos V, Irvine DJ, Silva M, West AP, Keeffe JR, Barnes CO, Seaman MS, Nussenzweig MC, Martin MA, Bjorkman PJ. Sequential immunization of macaques elicits heterologous neutralizing antibodies targeting the V3-glycan patch of HIV-1 Env. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabk1533. [PMID: 34818054 PMCID: PMC8932345 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abk1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV-1 develop after prolonged virus and antibody coevolution. Previous studies showed that sequential immunization with a V3-glycan patch germline-targeting HIV-1 envelope trimer (Env) followed by variant Envs can reproduce this process in mice carrying V3-glycan bNAb precursor B cells. However, eliciting bNAbs in animals with polyclonal antibody repertoires is more difficult. We used a V3-glycan immunogen multimerized on virus-like particles (VLPs), followed by boosting with increasingly native-like Env-VLPs, to elicit heterologous neutralizing antibodies in nonhuman primates (NHPs). Structures of antibody/Env complexes after prime and boost vaccinations demonstrated target epitope recognition with apparent maturation to accommodate glycans. However, we also observed increasing off-target antibodies with boosting. Eight vaccinated NHPs were subsequently challenged with simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV), and seven of eight animals became infected. The single NHP that remained uninfected after viral challenge exhibited one of the lowest neutralization titers against the challenge virus. These results demonstrate that more potent heterologous neutralization resulting from sequential immunization is necessary for protection in this animal model. Thus, improved prime-boost regimens to increase bNAb potency and stimulate other immune protection mechanisms are essential for developing anti–HIV-1 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Escolano
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Harry B. Gristick
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Rajeev Gautam
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Present address: Virology Branch, Basic Research Section, NIAID, NIH. 5601 Fisher’s Lane. Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew T. DeLaitsch
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Morgan E. Abernathy
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Zhi Yang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Haoqing Wang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Present address: Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Magnus A.G. Hoffmann
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Nishimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zijun Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nicholas Koranda
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Leesa M. Kakutani
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Han Gao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | - Henna Raina
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ana Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Melissa Cipolla
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thiago Y. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Victor Ramos
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Darrell J. Irvine
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Murillo Silva
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anthony P. West
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Keeffe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Christopher O. Barnes
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Present address: Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michel C. Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Malcolm A. Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pamela J. Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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9
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Stephenson KE, Julg B, Tan CS, Zash R, Walsh SR, Rolle CP, Monczor AN, Lupo S, Gelderblom HC, Ansel JL, Kanjilal DG, Maxfield LF, Nkolola J, Borducchi EN, Abbink P, Liu J, Peter L, Chandrashekar A, Nityanandam R, Lin Z, Setaro A, Sapiente J, Chen Z, Sunner L, Cassidy T, Bennett C, Sato A, Mayer B, Perelson AS, deCamp A, Priddy FH, Wagh K, Giorgi EE, Yates NL, Arduino RC, DeJesus E, Tomaras GD, Seaman MS, Korber B, Barouch DH. Safety, pharmacokinetics and antiviral activity of PGT121, a broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody against HIV-1: a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 1 clinical trial. Nat Med 2021; 27:1718-1724. [PMID: 34621054 PMCID: PMC8516645 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01509-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-specific broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies are currently under development to treat and prevent HIV-1 infection. We performed a single-center, randomized, double-blind, dose-escalation, placebo-controlled trial of a single administration of the HIV-1 V3-glycan-specific antibody PGT121 at 3, 10 and 30 mg kg-1 in HIV-uninfected adults and HIV-infected adults on antiretroviral therapy (ART), as well as a multicenter, open-label trial of one infusion of PGT121 at 30 mg kg-1 in viremic HIV-infected adults not on ART (no. NCT02960581). The primary endpoints were safety and tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK) and antiviral activity in viremic HIV-infected adults not on ART. The secondary endpoints were changes in anti-PGT121 antibody titers and CD4+ T-cell count, and development of HIV-1 sequence variations associated with PGT121 resistance. Among 48 participants enrolled, no treatment-related serious adverse events, potential immune-mediated diseases or Grade 3 or higher adverse events were reported. The most common reactions among PGT121 recipients were intravenous/injection site tenderness, pain and headache. Absolute and relative CD4+ T-cell counts did not change following PGT121 infusion in HIV-infected participants. Neutralizing anti-drug antibodies were not elicited. PGT121 reduced plasma HIV RNA levels by a median of 1.77 log in viremic participants, with a viral load nadir at a median of 8.5 days. Two individuals with low baseline viral loads experienced ART-free viral suppression for ≥168 days following antibody infusion, and rebound viruses in these individuals demonstrated full or partial PGT121 sensitivity. The trial met the prespecified endpoints. These data suggest that further investigation of the potential of antibody-based therapeutic strategies for long-term suppression of HIV is warranted, including in individuals off ART and with low viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Stephenson
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Boris Julg
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Sabrina Tan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca Zash
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen R Walsh
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ana N Monczor
- McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sofia Lupo
- McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Jessica L Ansel
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diane G Kanjilal
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lori F Maxfield
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Nkolola
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erica N Borducchi
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Abbink
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinyan Liu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lauren Peter
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abishek Chandrashekar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ramya Nityanandam
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zijin Lin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alessandra Setaro
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Sapiente
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhilin Chen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lisa Sunner
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tyler Cassidy
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Chelsey Bennett
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alicia Sato
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bryan Mayer
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alan S Perelson
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Allan deCamp
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Kshitij Wagh
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Elena E Giorgi
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Nicole L Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Departments of Surgery, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Roberto C Arduino
- McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Departments of Surgery, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bette Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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10
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Chawuke P, van den Berg N, Fouche G, Maharaj V, Shoko T, Johan van der Westhuizen C, Invernizzi L, Alexandre KB. Lobostemon trigonus (Thunb.) H. Buek, a medicinal plant from South Africa as a potential natural microbicide against HIV-1. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 277:114222. [PMID: 34033901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE There have been different methods proposed to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV-1 and many of them have centered on the use of anti-retrovirals as microbicides. Given that a large section of the African population still relies on herbal medicine, Lobostemon trigonus (L. trigonus), a traditionally used medicinal plant in South Africa to treat HIV-1 was further investigated for its potential as a natural microbicide to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV-1. METHODS The aerial parts of L. trigonus were oven-dried at 80 °C, ground, extracted with boiling water for 30 min and then filtered. The aqueous extract produced was then bioassayed using different HIV-1 inhibition assays. The active components were purified and chemically profiled using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-qTOF-MS). The mechanism of HIV-1 inhibition was determined by fusion arrest assay and time of addition assay. Molecular modelling and molecular dynamic simulations, using Schrödinger, were used to better understand the molecule's mechanism of entry inhibition by evaluating their docking affinity and stability against the gp120 of HIV-1. RESULTS The aqueous extract of this plant had a broad spectrum of activity against different subtypes of the virus; neutralizing subtype A, B and C in the TZM-bl cells, with IC50 values ranging from 0.10 to 7.21 μg/mL. The extract was also inhibitory to the virus induced cytopathic effects in CEM-SS cells with an EC50 of 8.9 μg/mL. In addition, it inhibited infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and macrophages with IC50 values of 0.97 and 4.4 μg/mL, respectively. In the presence of vaginal and seminal simulants, and in human semen it retained its inhibitory activity albeit with a decrease in efficiency, by about 3-fold. Studies of the mode of action suggested that the extract blocked HIV-1 attachment to target cells. No toxicity was observed when the Lactobacilli strains, L. acidophilus, L. jensenii, and L. crispatus that populate the female genital tract were cultured in the presence of L. trigonus extract. UPLC-qTOF-MS analyses of the purified fraction of the extract, confirmed the presence of six compounds of which four were identified as rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acids B and C and lithospermic acid. The additional molecular dynamic simulations provided further insight into the entry inhibitory characteristics of salvianolic acid B against the HIV-1 gp120, with a stable pose being found within the CD4 binding site. CONCLUSION The data suggests that the inhibitory effect of L. trigonus may be due to the presence of organic acids which are known to possess anti-HIV-1 properties. The molecules salvianolic acids B and C have been identified for the first time in L. trigonus species. Our study also showed that the L. trigonus extract blocked HIV-1 attachment to target cells, and that it has a broad spectrum of activity against different subtypes of the virus; thus, justifying further investigation as a HIV-1 microbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phindiwe Chawuke
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa; University of Pretoria, Department of Chemistry, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | | | - Gerda Fouche
- University of Pretoria, Department of Chemistry, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Vinesh Maharaj
- University of Pretoria, Department of Chemistry, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Tinotenda Shoko
- University of Pretoria, Department of Chemistry, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | | | - Luke Invernizzi
- University of Pretoria, Department of Chemistry, Pretoria, South Africa.
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11
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Md Zahid H, Kuwata T, Takahama S, Kaku Y, Biswas S, Matsumoto K, Tamamura H, Matsushita S. Functional analysis of a monoclonal antibody reactive against the C1C2 of Env obtained from a patient infected with HIV-1 CRF02_AG. Retrovirology 2021; 18:23. [PMID: 34419098 PMCID: PMC8379604 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent data suggest the importance of non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) in the development of vaccines against HIV-1 because two types of nnAbs that recognize the coreceptor binding site (CoRBS) and the C1C2 region mediate antibody-dependent cellular-cytotoxicity (ADCC) against HIV-1-infected cells. However, many studies have been conducted with nnAbs obtained from subtype B-infected individuals, with few studies in patients with non-subtype B infections. Results We isolated a monoclonal antibody 1E5 from a CRF02_AG-infected individual and constructed two forms of antibody with constant regions of IgG1 or IgG3. The epitope of 1E5 belongs to the C1C2 of gp120, and 1E5 binds to 27 out of 35 strains (77 %) across the subtypes. The 1E5 showed strong ADCC activity, especially in the form of IgG3 in the presence of small CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mc) and 4E9C (anti-CoRBS antibody), but did not show any neutralizing activity even against the isolates with strong binding activities. The enhancement in the binding of A32, anti-C1C2 antibody isolated from a patient with subtype B infection, was observed in the presence of 1E5 and the combination of 1E5, A32 and 4E9C mediated a strong ADCC activity. Conclusions These results suggest that anti-C1C2 antibodies that are induced in patients with different HIV-1 subtype infections have common functional modality and may have unexpected interactions. These data may have implications for vaccine development against HIV-1. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12977-021-00568-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Md Zahid
- Division of Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus infection, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Takeo Kuwata
- Division of Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus infection, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Shokichi Takahama
- Division of Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus infection, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunosenescence, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yu Kaku
- Division of Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus infection, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Shashwata Biswas
- Division of Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus infection, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Kaho Matsumoto
- Division of Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus infection, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuzo Matsushita
- Division of Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus infection, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
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12
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Astronomo RD, Lemos MP, Narpala SR, Czartoski J, Fleming LB, Seaton KE, Prabhakaran M, Huang Y, Lu Y, Westerberg K, Zhang L, Gross MK, Hural J, Tieu HV, Baden LR, Hammer S, Frank I, Ochsenbauer C, Grunenberg N, Ledgerwood JE, Mayer K, Tomaras G, McDermott AB, McElrath MJ. Rectal tissue and vaginal tissue from intravenous VRC01 recipients show protection against ex vivo HIV-1 challenge. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e146975. [PMID: 34166231 DOI: 10.1172/jci146975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundVRC01, a potent, broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody, inhibits simian-HIV infection in animal models. The HVTN 104 study assessed the safety and pharmacokinetics of VRC01 in humans. We extend the clinical evaluation to determine intravenously infused VRC01 distribution and protective function at mucosal sites of HIV-1 entry.MethodsHealthy, HIV-1-uninfected men (n = 7) and women (n = 5) receiving VRC01 every 2 months provided mucosal and serum samples once, 4-13 days after infusion. Eleven male and 8 female HIV-seronegative volunteers provided untreated control samples. VRC01 levels were measured in serum, secretions, and tissue, and HIV-1 inhibition was determined in tissue explants.ResultsMedian VRC01 levels were quantifiable in serum (96.2 μg/mL or 1.3 pg/ng protein), rectal tissue (0.11 pg/ng protein), rectal secretions (0.13 pg/ng protein), vaginal tissue (0.1 pg/ng protein), and cervical secretions (0.44 pg/ng protein) from all recipients. VRC01/IgG ratios in male serum correlated with those in paired rectal tissue (r = 0.893, P = 0.012) and rectal secretions (r = 0.9643, P = 0.003). Ex vivo HIV-1Bal26 challenge infected 4 of 21 rectal explants from VRC01 recipients versus 20 of 22 from controls (P = 0.005); HIV-1Du422.1 infected 20 of 21 rectal explants from VRC01 recipients and 12 of 12 from controls (P = 0.639). HIV-1Bal26 infected 0 of 14 vaginal explants of VRC01 recipients compared with 23 of 28 control explants (P = 0.003).ConclusionIntravenous VRC01 distributes into the female genital and male rectal mucosa and retains anti-HIV-1 functionality, inhibiting a highly neutralization-sensitive but not a highly resistant HIV-1 strain in mucosal tissue. These findings lend insight into VRC01 mucosal infiltration and provide perspective on in vivo protective efficacy.FundingNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena D Astronomo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Maria P Lemos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sandeep R Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie Czartoski
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lamar Ballweber Fleming
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kelly E Seaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Madhu Prabhakaran
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yiwen Lu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Katharine Westerberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lily Zhang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mary K Gross
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John Hural
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Lindsey R Baden
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott Hammer
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ian Frank
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Nicole Grunenberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Julie E Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Georgia Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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13
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Rubio AA, Filsinger Interrante MV, Bell BN, Brown CL, Bruun TUJ, LaBranche CC, Montefiori DC, Kim PS. A Derivative of the D5 Monoclonal Antibody That Targets the gp41 N-Heptad Repeat of HIV-1 with Broad Tier-2-Neutralizing Activity. J Virol 2021; 95:e0235020. [PMID: 33980592 PMCID: PMC8274607 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02350-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection is initiated by the viral glycoprotein Env, which, after interaction with cellular coreceptors, adopts a transient conformation known as the prehairpin intermediate (PHI). The N-heptad repeat (NHR) is a highly conserved region of gp41 exposed in the PHI; it is the target of the FDA-approved drug enfuvirtide and of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, to date, these mAbs have only been weakly effective against tier-1 HIV-1 strains, which are most sensitive to neutralizing antibodies. Here, we engineered and tested 11 IgG variants of D5, an anti-NHR mAb, by recombining previously described mutations in four of D5's six antibody complementarity-determining regions. One variant, D5_AR, demonstrated 6-fold enhancement in the 50% inhibitory dose (ID50) against lentivirus pseudotyped with HXB2 Env. D5_AR exhibited weak cross-clade neutralizing activity against a diverse set of tier-2 HIV-1 viruses, which are less sensitive to neutralizing antibodies than tier-1 viruses and are the target of current antibody-based vaccine efforts. In addition, the neutralization potency of D5_AR IgG was greatly enhanced in target cells expressing FcγRI, with ID50 values of <0.1 μg/ml; this immunoglobulin receptor is expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells, which are implicated in the early stages of HIV-1 infection of mucosal surfaces. D5 and D5_AR have equivalent neutralization potency in IgG, Fab, and single-chain variable-fragment (scFv) formats, indicating that neutralization is not impacted by steric hindrance. Taken together, these results provide support for vaccine strategies that target the PHI by eliciting antibodies against the gp41 NHR and support investigation of anti-NHR mAbs in nonhuman primate passive immunization studies. IMPORTANCE Despite advances in antiretroviral therapy, HIV remains a global epidemic and has claimed more than 32 million lives. Accordingly, developing an effective HIV vaccine remains an urgent public health need. The gp41 N-heptad repeat (NHR) of the HIV-1 prehairpin intermediate (PHI) is highly conserved (>90%) and is inhibited by the FDA-approved drug enfuvirtide, making it an attractive vaccine target. However, to date, anti-NHR antibodies have not been potent. Here, we engineered D5_AR, a more potent variant of the anti-NHR antibody D5, and established its ability to inhibit HIV-1 strains that are more difficult to neutralize and are more representative of circulating strains (tier-2 strains). The neutralizing activity of D5_AR was greatly potentiated in cells expressing FcγRI; FcγRI is expressed on cells that are implicated at the earliest stages of sexual HIV-1 transmission. Taken together, these results bolster efforts to target the gp41 NHR and the PHI for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis A. Rubio
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University School of Humanities & Sciences, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Maria V. Filsinger Interrante
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Biophysics Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Benjamin N. Bell
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Clayton L. Brown
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Theodora U. J. Bruun
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Celia C. LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter S. Kim
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
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14
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Sutar J, Deshpande S, Mullick R, Hingankar N, Patel V, Bhattacharya J. Geospatial HIV-1 subtype C gp120 sequence diversity and its predicted impact on broadly neutralizing antibody sensitivity. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251969. [PMID: 34029329 PMCID: PMC8143386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolving diversity in globally circulating HIV-1 subtypes presents a formidable challenge in defining and developing neutralizing antibodies for prevention and treatment. HIV-1 subtype C is responsible for majority of global HIV-1 infections. In the present study, we examined the diversity in genetic signatures and attributes that differentiate region-specific HIV-1 subtype C gp120 sequences associated with virus neutralization outcomes to key bnAbs having distinct epitope specificities. A total of 1814 full length HIV-1 subtype C gp120 sequence from 37 countries were retrieved from Los Alamos National Laboratory HIV database (www.hiv.lanl.gov). The amino acid sequences were assessed for their phylogenetic association, variable loop lengths and prevalence of potential N-linked glycosylation sites (pNLGS). Responses of these sequences to bnAbs were predicted with a machine learning algorithm ‘bNAb-ReP’ and compared with those reported in the CATNAP database. Subtype C sequences from Asian countries including India differed phylogenetically when compared with that from African countries. Variable loop lengths and charges within Indian and African clusters were also found to be distinct from each other, specifically for V1, V2 and V4 loops. Pairwise analyses at each of the 25 pNLG sites indicated distinct country specific profiles. Highly significant differences (p<0.001***) were observed in prevalence of four pNLGS (N130, N295, N392 and N448) between South Africa and India, having most disease burden associated with subtype C. Our findings highlight that distinctly evolving clusters within global intra-subtype C gp120 sequences are likely to influence the disparate region-specific sensitivity of circulating HIV-1 subtype C to bnAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Sutar
- HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New Delhi, India
| | - Suprit Deshpande
- HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Ranajoy Mullick
- HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New Delhi, India
| | - Nitin Hingankar
- HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Vainav Patel
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Jayanta Bhattacharya
- HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: ,
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15
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The high-affinity immunoglobulin receptor FcγRI potentiates HIV-1 neutralization via antibodies against the gp41 N-heptad repeat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2018027118. [PMID: 33431684 PMCID: PMC7826338 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018027118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research, an effective HIV-1 vaccine remains elusive. One potential vaccine target is the N-heptad repeat (NHR) region of gp41, which is the target of the FDA-approved drug enfuvirtide. However, monoclonal antibodies and antisera targeting this region have only been modestly neutralizing to date. Here, we show that the neutralization potency of the well-characterized anti-NHR antibody D5 is increased >5,000-fold by expression of FcγRI (CD64) on cells. Since FcγRI is expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells, which are implicated in the early establishment of HIV-1 infection following sexual transmission, these results may be important to HIV-1 vaccine development. The HIV-1 gp41 N-heptad repeat (NHR) region of the prehairpin intermediate, which is transiently exposed during HIV-1 viral membrane fusion, is a validated clinical target in humans and is inhibited by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug enfuvirtide. However, vaccine candidates targeting the NHR have yielded only modest neutralization activities in animals; this inhibition has been largely restricted to tier-1 viruses, which are most sensitive to neutralization by sera from HIV-1–infected individuals. Here, we show that the neutralization activity of the well-characterized NHR-targeting antibody D5 is potentiated >5,000-fold in TZM-bl cells expressing FcγRI compared with those without, resulting in neutralization of many tier-2 viruses (which are less susceptible to neutralization by sera from HIV-1–infected individuals and are the target of current antibody-based vaccine efforts). Further, antisera from guinea pigs immunized with the NHR-based vaccine candidate (ccIZN36)3 neutralized tier-2 viruses from multiple clades in an FcγRI-dependent manner. As FcγRI is expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells, which are present at mucosal surfaces and are implicated in the early establishment of HIV-1 infection following sexual transmission, these results may be important in the development of a prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine.
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Li H, Wang S, Lee FH, Roark RS, Murphy AI, Smith J, Zhao C, Rando J, Chohan N, Ding Y, Kim E, Lindemuth E, Bar KJ, Pandrea I, Apetrei C, Keele BF, Lifson JD, Lewis MG, Denny TN, Haynes BF, Hahn BH, Shaw GM. New SHIVs and Improved Design Strategy for Modeling HIV-1 Transmission, Immunopathogenesis, Prevention and Cure. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.00071-21. [PMID: 33658341 PMCID: PMC8139694 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00071-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that substitution of HIV-1 Env residue 375-Ser by bulky aromatic residues enhances binding to rhesus CD4 and enables primary HIV-1 Envs to support efficient replication as simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) chimeras in rhesus macaques (RMs). Here, we test this design strategy more broadly by constructing SHIVs containing ten primary Envs corresponding to HIV-1 subtypes A, B, C, AE and AG. All ten SHIVs bearing wildtype Env375 residues replicated efficiently in human CD4+ T cells, but only one replicated efficiently in primary rhesus cells. This was a subtype AE SHIV that naturally contained His at Env375. Replacement of wildtype Env375 residues by Trp, Tyr, Phe or His in the other nine SHIVs led to efficient replication in rhesus CD4+ T cells in vitro and in vivo Nine SHIVs containing optimized Env375 alleles were grown large-scale in primary rhesus CD4+ T cells to serve as challenge stocks in preclinical prevention trials. These virus stocks were genetically homogeneous, native-like in Env antigenicity and tier-2 neutralization sensitivity, and transmissible by rectal, vaginal, penile, oral or intravenous routes. To facilitate future SHIV constructions, we engineered a simplified second-generation design scheme and validated it in RMs. Overall, our findings demonstrate that SHIVs bearing primary Envs with bulky aromatic substitutions at Env375 consistently replicate in RMs, recapitulating many features of HIV-1 infection in humans. Such SHIVs are efficiently transmitted by mucosal routes common to HIV-1 infection and can be used to test vaccine efficacy in preclinical monkey trials.ImportanceSHIV infection of Indian rhesus macaques is an important animal model for studying HIV-1 transmission, prevention, immunopathogenesis and cure. Such research is timely, given recent progress with active and passive immunization and novel approaches to HIV-1 cure. Given the multifaceted roles of HIV-1 Env in cell tropism and virus entry, and as a target for neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies, Envs selected for SHIV construction are of paramount importance. Until recently, it has been impossible to strategically design SHIVs bearing clinically relevant Envs that replicate consistently in monkeys. This changed with the discovery that bulky aromatic substitutions at residue Env375 confer enhanced affinity to rhesus CD4. Here, we show that 10 new SHIVs bearing primary HIV-1 Envs with residue 375 substitutions replicated efficiently in RMs and could be transmitted efficiently across rectal, vaginal, penile and oral mucosa. These findings suggest an expanded role for SHIVs as a model of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shuyi Wang
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fang-Hua Lee
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan S Roark
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alex I Murphy
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jessica Smith
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chengyan Zhao
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Juliette Rando
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Neha Chohan
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yu Ding
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eunlim Kim
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emily Lindemuth
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Thomas N Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Immune Responses and Viral Persistence in Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIV.C.CH848-Infected Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02198-20. [PMID: 33568508 PMCID: PMC8104099 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02198-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
SHIVs have been extensively used in a nonhuman primate (NHP) model for HIV research. In this study, we investigated viral reservoirs in tissues and immune responses in an NHP model inoculated with newly generated transmitted/founder HIV-1 clade C-based SHIV.C.CH848. Chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) are widely used in nonhuman primate models to recapitulate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in humans, yet most SHIVs fail to establish persistent viral infection. We investigated immunological and virological events in rhesus macaques infected with the newly developed SHIV.C.CH848 (SHIVC) and treated with combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Similar to HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, SHIV.C.CH848 infection established viral reservoirs in CD4+ T cells and myeloid cells, accompanied by productive infection and depletion of CD4+ T cells in systemic and lymphoid tissues throughout SHIV infection. Despite 6 months of cART-suppressed viral replication, integrated proviral DNA levels remained stable, especially in CD4+ T cells, and the viral rebound was also observed after ART interruption. Autologous neutralizing antibodies to the parental HIV-1 strain CH848 were detected, with limited viral evolution at 5 months postinfection. In comparison, heterogenous neutralizing antibodies in SHIV.C.CH848-infected macaques were not detected except for 1 (1 of 10) animal at 2 years postinfection. These findings suggest that SHIV.C.CH848, a novel class of transmitted/founder SHIVs, can establish sustained viremia and viral reservoirs in rhesus macaques with clinical immunodeficiency consequences, providing a valuable SHIV model for HIV research. IMPORTANCE SHIVs have been extensively used in a nonhuman primate (NHP) model for HIV research. In this study, we investigated viral reservoirs in tissues and immune responses in an NHP model inoculated with newly generated transmitted/founder HIV-1 clade C-based SHIV.C.CH848. The data show that transmitted founder (T/F) SHIVC infection of macaques more closely recapitulates the virological and clinical features of HIV infection, including persistent viremia and viral rebound once antiretroviral therapy is discontinued. These results suggest this CCR5-tropic, SHIVC strain is valuable for testing responses to HIV vaccines and therapeutics.
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Infection of Chinese Rhesus Monkeys with a Subtype C SHIV Resulted in Attenuated In Vivo Viral Replication Despite Successful Animal-to-Animal Serial Passages. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030397. [PMID: 33801437 PMCID: PMC7998229 DOI: 10.3390/v13030397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhesus macaques can be readily infected with chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIV) as a suitable virus challenge system for testing the efficacy of HIV vaccines. Three Chinese-origin rhesus macaques (ChRM) were inoculated intravenously (IV) with SHIVC109P4 in a rapid serial in vivo passage. SHIV recovered from the peripheral blood of the final ChRM was used to generate a ChRM-adapted virus challenge stock. This stock was titrated for the intrarectal route (IR) in 8 ChRMs using undiluted, 1:10 or 1:100 dilutions, to determine a suitable dose for use in future vaccine efficacy testing via repeated low-dose IR challenges. All 11 ChRMs were successfully infected, reaching similar median peak viraemias at 1–2 weeks post inoculation but undetectable levels by 8 weeks post inoculation. T-cell responses were detected in all animals and Tier 1 neutralizing antibodies (Nab) developed in 10 of 11 infected ChRMs. All ChRMs remained healthy and maintained normal CD4+ T cell counts. Sequence analyses showed >98% amino acid identity between the original inoculum and virus recovered at peak viraemia indicating only minimal changes in the env gene. Thus, while replication is limited over time, our adapted SHIV can be used to test for protection of virus acquisition in ChRMs.
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Curreli F, Ahmed S, Benedict Victor SM, Iusupov IR, Spiridonov EA, Belov DS, Altieri A, Kurkin AV, Debnath AK. Design, synthesis, and antiviral activity of a series of CD4-mimetic small-molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 32:116000. [PMID: 33461144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We presented our continuing stride to optimize the second-generation NBD entry antagonist targeted to the Phe43 cavity of HIV-1 gp120. We have synthesized thirty-eight new and novel analogs of NBD-14136, earlier designed based on a CH2OH "positional switch" hypothesis, and derived a comprehensive SAR. The antiviral data confirmed that the linear alcohol towards the "N" (C4) of the thiazole ring yielded more active inhibitors than those towards the "S" (C5) of the thiazole ring. The best inhibitor, NBD-14273 (compound 13), showed both improved antiviral activity and selectivity index (SI) against HIV-1HXB2 compared to NBD-14136. We also tested NBD-14273 against a large panel of 50 HIV-1 Env-pseudotyped viruses representing clinical isolates of diverse subtypes. The overall mean data indicate that antiviral potency against these isolates improved by ~3-fold, and SI also improved ~3-fold compared to NBD-14136. This new and novel inhibitor is expected to pave the way for further optimization to a more potent and clinically relevant inhibitor against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Curreli
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, 310 E 67th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shahad Ahmed
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, 310 E 67th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sofia M Benedict Victor
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, 310 E 67th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ildar R Iusupov
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Bld. 75, 77-101b, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny A Spiridonov
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Bld. 75, 77-101b, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Belov
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Bld. 75, 77-101b, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrea Altieri
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Bld. 75, 77-101b, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V Kurkin
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Bld. 75, 77-101b, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Asim K Debnath
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, 310 E 67th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Yin L, Chang KF, Nakamura KJ, Kuhn L, Aldrovandi GM, Goodenow MM. Unique genotypic features of HIV-1 C gp41 membrane proximal external region variants during pregnancy relate to mother-to-child transmission via breastfeeding. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PEDIATRICS AND NEONATOLOGY 2021; 1:9-20. [PMID: 34553192 PMCID: PMC8454918 DOI: 10.46439/pediatrics.1.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) through breastfeeding remains a major source of pediatric HIV-1 infection worldwide. To characterize plasma HIV-1 subtype C populations from infected mothers during pregnancy that related to subsequent breast milk transmission, an exploratory study was designed to apply next generation sequencing and a custom bioinformatics pipeline for HIV-1 gp41 extending from heptad repeat region 2 (HR2) through the membrane proximal external region (MPER) and the membrane spanning domain (MSD). MPER harbors linear and highly conserved epitopes that repeatedly elicits HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies with exceptional breadth. Viral populations during pregnancy from women who transmitted by breastfeeding, compared to those who did not, displayed greater biodiversity, more frequent amino acid polymorphisms, lower hydropathy index and greater positive charge. Viral characteristics were restricted to MPER, failed to extend into flanking HR2 or MSD regions, and were unrelated to predicted neutralization resistance. Findings provide novel parameters to evaluate an association between maternal MPER variants present during gestation and lactogenesis with subsequent transmission outcomes by breastfeeding. IMPORTANCE HIV-1 transmission through breastfeeding accounts for 39% of MTCT and continues as a major route of pediatric infection in developing countries where access to interventions for interrupting transmission is limited. Identifying women who are likely to transmit HIV-1 during breastfeeding would focus therapies, such as broad neutralizing HIV monoclonal antibodies (bn-HIV-Abs), during the breastfeeding period to reduce MTCT. Findings from our pilot study identify novel characteristics of gestational viral MPER quasispecies related to transmission outcomes and raise the possibility for predicting MTCT by breastfeeding based on identifying mothers with high-risk viral populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yin
- Molecular HIV Host Interaction Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kai-Fen Chang
- Molecular HIV Host Interaction Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Louise Kuhn
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Grace M. Aldrovandi
- Department of Pediatrics, Sabin Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maureen M. Goodenow
- Molecular HIV Host Interaction Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Differential utilization of CD4+ by transmitted/founder and chronic envelope glycoproteins in a MSM HIV-1 subtype B transmission cluster. AIDS 2020; 34:2187-2200. [PMID: 32932339 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV-1 transmission leads to a genetic bottleneck, with one or a few variants of the donor quasispecies establishing an infection in the new host. We aimed to characterize this bottleneck in more detail, by comparing the properties of HIV envelope glycoproteins from acute and chronic infections within the particular context of a male-to-male transmission cluster. DESIGN We compared the genotypic and phenotypic properties of envelope glycoproteins from viral variants derived from five study participants from the same transmission cluster. METHODS We used single-genome amplification to generate a collection of full-length env sequences. We then constructed pseudotyped viruses expressing selected Env variants from the quasispecies infecting each study participant and compared their infectivities and sensitivities to various entry inhibitors. RESULTS The genotypic analyses confirmed the genetic bottleneck expected after HIV transmission, with a limited number of variants identified in four study participants during acute infection. However, the transmitted sequences harbored no evident common signature and belonged to various genetic lineages. The phenotypic analyses revealed no difference in infectivity, susceptibility to the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc, the fusion inhibitor enfurvitide or type-I interferon between viruses from participants with acute and chronic infections. The key property distinguishing transmitted viruses was a higher resistance to soluble CD4, correlated with greater sensitivity to occupation of the CD4 receptor by the anti-CD4 antibodies LM52 and SK3. CONCLUSION These results suggest that envelope glycoproteins from transmitted/founder viruses bind CD4 less efficiently than those of viruses from chronic infections.
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22
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Characteristics of HIV-1 env genes from Chinese chronically infected donors with highly broad cross-neutralizing activity. Virology 2020; 551:16-25. [PMID: 33010671 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge about the special characteristics of HIV-1 envelope (env) glycoproteins in rare individuals developing >90% neutralization breadth in Chinese subtype B' slow progressors may provide insights for vaccine design against local viruses. We performed a cross-sectional analysis on 7 samples. We tested the neutralization breadth and geometric mean ID50 titers (GMTs) of these samples, and divided them into hBCN+ and hBCN- group according to whether their neutralization breadth >90%. We obtained env sequences in these samples through single genome amplification (SGA) assay. By comparing with hBCN-, subtype B chronically infected group (B-SP), and Chinese subtype B group (B-Database), we analyzed the characteristics of the env sequences of hBCN+ group. Longer V1 and V4 regions with more glycosylation sites were found in hBCN+ samples compared to hBCN- samples. Further analysis compared to B-SP and B-Database showed that hBCN+ group exhibited unique extra-long V1 region containing higher proportion of N-glycan sites and additional cysteines.
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Hessell AJ, Powell R, Jiang X, Luo C, Weiss S, Dussupt V, Itri V, Fox A, Shapiro MB, Pandey S, Cheever T, Fuller DH, Park B, Krebs SJ, Totrov M, Haigwood NL, Kong XP, Zolla-Pazner S. Multimeric Epitope-Scaffold HIV Vaccines Target V1V2 and Differentially Tune Polyfunctional Antibody Responses. Cell Rep 2020; 28:877-895.e6. [PMID: 31340151 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The V1V2 region of the HIV-1 envelope is the target of several broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Antibodies to V1V2 elicited in the RV144 clinical trial correlated with a reduced risk of HIV infection, but these antibodies were without broad neutralizing activity. Antibodies targeting V1V2 also correlated with a reduced viral load in immunized macaques challenged with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) or simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV). To focus immune responses on V1V2, we engrafted the native, glycosylated V1V2 domain onto five different multimeric scaffold proteins and conducted comparative immunogenicity studies in macaques. Vaccinated macaques developed high titers of plasma and mucosal antibodies that targeted structurally distinct V1V2 epitopes. Plasma antibodies displayed limited neutralizing activity but were functionally active for ADCC and phagocytosis, which was detectable 1-2 years after immunizations ended. This study demonstrates that multivalent, glycosylated V1V2-scaffold protein immunogens focus the antibody response on V1V2 and are differentially effective at inducing polyfunctional antibodies with characteristics associated with protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann J Hessell
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
| | - Rebecca Powell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Xunqing Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Christina Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Svenja Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Vincent Dussupt
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Vincenza Itri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alisa Fox
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mariya B Shapiro
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Shilpi Pandey
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Tracy Cheever
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Deborah H Fuller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Byung Park
- Primate Genetics Program, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Shelly J Krebs
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | | | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239.
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Differential Pressures of SERINC5 and IFITM3 on HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein over the Course of HIV-1 Infection. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00514-20. [PMID: 32493821 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00514-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is subject to restriction by cellular factors. Serine incorporator 5 (SERINC5) and interferon-inducible transmembrane 3 (IFITM3) proteins represent two of these restriction factors, which inhibit HIV-1 entry into target cells. Both proteins impede fusion of the viral membrane with the cellular membrane and the formation of a viral fusion pore, and both are countered by the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env). Given the immense and lasting pressure which Env endures from host adaptive immune responses, it is important to understand whether and how HIV-1 Env is able to maintain the resistance to SERINC5 and IFITM3 throughout the course of infection. We have thus examined a panel of HIV-1 Env clones that were isolated at different stages of viral infection-transmission, acute, and chronic. While HIV-1 Env clones from the transmission stage are resistant to both SERINC5 and IFITM3, as infection progresses into the acute and chronic stages, the resistance to IFITM3 but not to SERINC5 is gradually lost. We further discovered a significant correlation between the resistance of HIV-1 Env to soluble CD4 inhibition and the resistance to SERINC5 but not to IFITM3. Interestingly, the miniprotein CD4 mimetic M48U1 sensitizes HIV-1 Env to the inhibition by SERINC5 but not IFITM3. Together, these data indicate that SERINC5 and IFITM3 exert differential inhibitory pressures on HIV-1 Env over different stages of HIV-1 infection and that HIV-1 Env uses varied strategies to resist these two restriction factors.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 Env protein is exposed to the inhibition not only by humoral response, but also by host restriction factors, including serine incorporator 5 (SERINC5) and interferon-inducible transmembrane 3 (IFITM3). This study investigates how HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) manages to overcome the pressures from all these different host inhibition mechanisms over the long course of viral infection. HIV-1 Env preserves the resistance to SERINC5 but becomes sensitive to IFITM3 when infection progresses into the chronic stage. Our study also supports the possibility of using CD4 mimetic compounds to sensitize HIV-1 Env to the inhibition by SERINC5 as a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Curreli F, Ahmed S, Benedict Victor SM, Iusupov IR, Belov DS, Markov PO, Kurkin AV, Altieri A, Debnath AK. Preclinical Optimization of gp120 Entry Antagonists as anti-HIV-1 Agents with Improved Cytotoxicity and ADME Properties through Rational Design, Synthesis, and Antiviral Evaluation. J Med Chem 2020; 63:1724-1749. [PMID: 32031803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported a milestone in the optimization of NBD-11021, an HIV-1 gp120 antagonist, by developing a new and novel analogue, NBD-14189 (Ref1), which showed antiviral activity against HIV-1HXB2, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 89 nM. However, cytotoxicity remained high, and the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) data showed relatively poor aqueous solubility. To optimize these properties, we replaced the phenyl ring in the compound with a pyridine ring and synthesized a set of 48 novel compounds. One of the new analogues, NBD-14270 (8), showed a marked improvement in cytotoxicity, with 3-fold and 58-fold improvements in selectivity index value compared with that of Ref1 and NBD-11021, respectively. Furthermore, the in vitro ADME data clearly showed improvements in aqueous solubility and other properties compared with those for Ref1. The data for 8 indicated that the pyridine scaffold is a good bioisostere for phenyl, allowing the further optimization of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Curreli
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute , New York Blood Center , 310 E 67th Street , New York 10065 , New York , United States
| | - Shahad Ahmed
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute , New York Blood Center , 310 E 67th Street , New York 10065 , New York , United States
| | - Sofia M Benedict Victor
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute , New York Blood Center , 310 E 67th Street , New York 10065 , New York , United States
| | - Ildar R Iusupov
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park , Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory Bld. 75, 77-101b , Moscow 119992 , Russia
| | - Dmitry S Belov
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park , Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory Bld. 75, 77-101b , Moscow 119992 , Russia
| | - Pavel O Markov
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park , Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory Bld. 75, 77-101b , Moscow 119992 , Russia
| | - Alexander V Kurkin
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park , Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory Bld. 75, 77-101b , Moscow 119992 , Russia
| | - Andrea Altieri
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park , Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory Bld. 75, 77-101b , Moscow 119992 , Russia
| | - Asim K Debnath
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute , New York Blood Center , 310 E 67th Street , New York 10065 , New York , United States
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26
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Alexandre K, Malatji K, Mulaudzi T. Comparison of the antiviral activity of the microbicide candidate griffithsin and its tandemers derivatives against different modes of HIV-1 transmission. Virology 2020; 544:12-20. [PMID: 32174510 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tandemers 2MG, 2MG3, 3MG and 4MG are derivatives of the potent anti-HIV-1 microbicide candidate griffithsin (GRFT). We compared these compounds anti-HIV-1 activity to GRFT using the viruses CAP206.08 and CAAN5342.A2 that have decreased sensitivity to this lectin. The 2MG and 2MG3 tandemers had similar activity to GRFT against cell-free and cell-associated viruses, while 3MG and 4MG were significantly more potent. Furthermore, the restoration of the 234N or 295N glycan in these viruses, known to increase sensitivity to GRFT, also increased sensitivity to 2MG and 2MG3, and not to 3MG and 4MG. In addition, GRFT resistant viruses generated in-vitro were equally resistant to 2MG and 2MG3 while they had considerably low resistance to 3MG and 4MG. Lastly, all five compounds showed increased inhibitory activity in seminal and vaginal simulants although the effect was more pronounced in the former. These data support further studies of tandemers as potential microbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabamba Alexandre
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Emerging Research Area Platform, Next Generation Health Cluster, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | - Kanyane Malatji
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Emerging Research Area Platform, Next Generation Health Cluster, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa; University of the Witwatersrand, School of Pathology, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Takalani Mulaudzi
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Emerging Research Area Platform, Next Generation Health Cluster, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa; University of the Witwatersrand, School of Pathology, Johannesburg, South Africa
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27
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Onoriode Digban T, Chucks Iweriebor B, Chikwelu Obi L, Nwodo U, Ifeanyi Okoh A. Analyses of HIV-1 integrase gene sequences among treatment-naive patients in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. J Med Virol 2020; 92:1165-1172. [PMID: 31889319 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance has been recognized in all available therapeutic class of medications for the management of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infected patients. This makes the continuous study of HIV drug resistance and new treatment options pertinent to patients and researchers globally. The aim of this study is to analyze the complete HIV-1 integrase gene for the possible occurrence of resistance mutations or polymorphisms. We performed genetic analyses on 48 treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients using nested polymerase chain reaction. Integrase drug-related resistance mutation (DRMs) analysis was performed on all generated sequences according to Stanford HIV drug interpretation program and the International AIDS Society-USA guidelines while phylogenetic analysis was inferred using MEGA 6. The study revealed no major resistance-associated mutation. However, E157Q (2.1%), L74M/I (4.2%), and P142T (2.1%) were the observed accessory and polymorphic mutations. Naturally occurring polymorphism observed were E11D, K14R, D25E, V31I, M50I, V72I, P90T, F100Y, L101I, T124A, T125A, K136Q, D167E, V201I, L234I, A265V, A269K, D278A, and S283G. Phylogenetic analysis delineated all the sequences as HIV-1 subtype C. The study revealed the absence of major integrase inhibitors associated resistance mutations in a setting where integrase inhibitor is administered as salvage therapy in patients developing resistance to first and second-line antiretroviral treatment. However minor and natural polymorphisms were observed and thus may influence the outcome of each treatment regimen. However, additional studies are required to precisely evaluate the impact of these mutations on integrase inhibitors in the Eastern Cape of South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tennison Onoriode Digban
- South Africa Medical Research Council and Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa.,Applied Environmental and Microbiology Research Group, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa.,Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Benson Chucks Iweriebor
- School of Science and Technology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Larry Chikwelu Obi
- School of Science and Technology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Uchechuwku Nwodo
- South Africa Medical Research Council and Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa.,Applied Environmental and Microbiology Research Group, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa.,Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
- South Africa Medical Research Council and Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa.,Applied Environmental and Microbiology Research Group, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa.,Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa
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28
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Giel-Moloney M, Esteban M, Oakes BH, Vaine M, Asbach B, Wagner R, Mize GJ, Spies AG, McElrath J, Perreau M, Roger T, Ives A, Calandra T, Weiss D, Perdiguero B, Kibler KV, Jacobs B, Ding S, Tomaras GD, Montefiori DC, Ferrari G, Yates NL, Roederer M, Kao SF, Foulds KE, Mayer BT, Bennett C, Gottardo R, Parrington M, Tartaglia J, Phogat S, Pantaleo G, Kleanthous H, Pugachev KV. Recombinant HIV-1 vaccine candidates based on replication-defective flavivirus vector. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20005. [PMID: 31882800 PMCID: PMC6934588 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56550-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple approaches utilizing viral and DNA vectors have shown promise in the development of an effective vaccine against HIV. In this study, an alternative replication-defective flavivirus vector, RepliVax (RV), was evaluated for the delivery of HIV-1 immunogens. Recombinant RV-HIV viruses were engineered to stably express clade C virus Gag and Env (gp120TM) proteins and propagated in Vero helper cells. RV-based vectors enabled efficient expression and correct maturation of Gag and gp120TM proteins, were apathogenic in a sensitive suckling mouse neurovirulence test, and were similar in immunogenicity to recombinant poxvirus NYVAC-HIV vectors in homologous or heterologous prime-boost combinations in mice. In a pilot NHP study, immunogenicity of RV-HIV viruses used as a prime or boost for DNA or NYVAC candidates was compared to a DNA prime/NYVAC boost benchmark scheme when administered together with adjuvanted gp120 protein. Similar neutralizing antibody titers, binding IgG titers measured against a broad panel of Env and Gag antigens, and ADCC responses were observed in the groups throughout the course of the study, and T cell responses were elicited. The entire data demonstrate that RV vectors have the potential as novel HIV-1 vaccine components for use in combination with other promising candidates to develop new effective vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Esteban
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - B H Oakes
- Sanofi Pasteur, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - M Vaine
- Sanofi Pasteur, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - B Asbach
- University of Regensburg (UREG), Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - R Wagner
- University of Regensburg (UREG), Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- University Hospital Regensburg, Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - G J Mize
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - A G Spies
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - J McElrath
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - M Perreau
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T Roger
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Ives
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T Calandra
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D Weiss
- Bioqual Inc, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA
| | - B Perdiguero
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - K V Kibler
- Arizona State University (ASU), Tucson, AZ, 85745, USA
| | - B Jacobs
- Arizona State University (ASU), Tucson, AZ, 85745, USA
| | - S Ding
- EuroVacc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G D Tomaras
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - D C Montefiori
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - G Ferrari
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - N L Yates
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - M Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - S F Kao
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - K E Foulds
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - B T Mayer
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - C Bennett
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - R Gottardo
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | | | | | - S Phogat
- Sanofi Pasteur, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - G Pantaleo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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Fischer K, Nguyen K, LiWang PJ. Griffithsin Retains Anti-HIV-1 Potency with Changes in gp120 Glycosylation and Complements Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies PGT121 and PGT126. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 64:e01084-19. [PMID: 31611356 PMCID: PMC7187567 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01084-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Griffithsin (Grft) is an antiviral lectin that has been shown to potently inhibit HIV-1 by binding high-mannose N-linked glycosylation sites on HIV-1 gp120. A key factor for Grft potency is glycosylation at N295 of gp120, which is directly adjacent to N332, a target glycan for an entire class of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Here, we unify previous work on the importance of other glycans to Grft potency against HIV-1 and Grft's role in mediating the conformational change of gp120 by mutating nearly every glycosylation site in gp120. In addition to a significant loss of Grft activity by the removal of glycosylation at N295, glycan absence at N332 or N448 was found to have moderate effects on Grft potency. Interestingly, in the absence of N295, Grft effectiveness could be improved by a mutation that results in the glycan at N448 shifting to N446, indicating that the importance of individual glycans may be related to their effect on glycosylation density. Grft's ability to alter the structure of gp120, exposing the CD4 binding site, correlated with the presence of glycosylation at N295 only in clade B strains, not clade C strains. We further demonstrate that Grft can rescue the activity of the bNAbs PGT121 and PGT126 in the event of a loss or a shift of glycosylation at N332, where the bNAbs suffer a drastic loss of potency. Despite targeting the same region, Grft in combination with PGT121 and PGT126 produced additive effects. This indicates that Grft could be an important combinational therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Fischer
- Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, USA
| | - Kimberly Nguyen
- Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, USA
| | - Patricia J LiWang
- Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, USA
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, USA
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30
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Moshoette T, Ali SA, Papathanasopoulos MA, Killick MA. Engineering and characterising a novel, highly potent bispecific antibody iMab-CAP256 that targets HIV-1. Retrovirology 2019; 16:31. [PMID: 31703699 PMCID: PMC6842167 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0493-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The existing repertoire of HIV-1 patient derived broadly neutralising antibodies (bNAbs) that target the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) present numerous and exciting opportunities for immune-based therapeutic and preventative strategies against HIV-1. Combination antibody therapy is required to ensure greater neutralization coverage and limit Env mediated escape mutations following treatment pressure. Engineered bispecific bNAbs (bibNAbs) assimilate the advantages of combination therapy into a single antibody molecule with several configurations reporting potency enhancement as a result of the increased avidity and simultaneous engagement of targeted epitopes. We report the engineering of a novel bibNAb (iMab-CAP256) comprising the highly potent, CAP256.VRC26.25 bNAb with anticipated extension in neutralization coverage through pairing with the host directed, anti-CD4 antibody, ibalizumab (iMab). Recombinant expression of parental monoclonal antibodies and the iMab-CAP256 bibNAb was performed in HEK293T (Human embryonic kidney 293 T antigen) cells, purified to homogeneity by Protein-A affinity chromatography followed by size exclusion chromatography. Antibody assembly and binding functionality of Fab moieties was confirmed by SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and ELISA, respectively. Breadth and potency were evaluated against a geographical diverse HIV-1 pseudovirus panel (n = 20). Overall, iMab-CAP256 demonstrated an expanded neutralizing coverage, neutralizing single, parental antibody resistant pseudovirus strains and an enhanced neutralization potency against all dual sensitive strains (average fold increase over the more potent parental antibody of 11.4 (range 2 to 31.8). Potency enhancement was not observed for the parental antibody combination treatment (iMab + CAP256) suggesting the presence of a synergistic relationship between the CAP256 and iMab paratope combination in this bibNAb configuration. In addition, iMab-CAP256 bibNAbs exhibited comparable efficacy to other bibNAbs PG9-iMab and 10E08-iMab previously reported in the literature. The enhanced neutralization coverage and potency of iMAb-CAP256 over the parental bNAbs should facilitate superior clinical performance as a therapeutic or preventative strategy against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tumelo Moshoette
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Stuart Alvaro Ali
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Maria Antonia Papathanasopoulos
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Mark Andrew Killick
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
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31
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Alam MM, Kuwata T, Tanaka K, Alam M, Takahama S, Shimura K, Matsuoka M, Fukuda N, Morioka H, Tamamura H, Matsushita S. Synergistic inhibition of cell-to-cell HIV-1 infection by combinations of single chain variable fragments and fusion inhibitors. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 20:100687. [PMID: 31650039 PMCID: PMC6804516 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell spread of HIV permits ongoing viral replication in the presence of antiretroviral therapy and is suggested to be a major contributor to sexual transmission by mucosal routes. Fusion inhibitors that prevent viral entry have been developed, but their clinical applications have been limited by weak antiviral activity, short half-life, and the low genetic barrier to development of resistance. We examined the inhibitory activities of a series of single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) targeting the V3 and CD4i epitopes against both cell-free and cell-to-cell HIV infection. We found that all anti-V3 scFvs, including two newly constructed scFvs, showed broad neutralization activity against a panel of subtype B viruses compared with the corresponding IgGs. All scFvs neutralized cell-free infection by HIV-1JR-FL WT and fusion inhibitor-resistant mutants. In addition, all anti-V3 scFvs and some CD4i scFvs significantly inhibited cell fusion, while their IgG counterparts did not. Furthermore, scFvs-fusion inhibitors combinations, such as C34 and SC34, showed synergistic inhibition of cell fusion by both HIV-1JR-FL WT and fusion inhibitor-resistant mutants. The most prominent combinational effect was observed for 916B2 CD4i scFv with SC34. The delayed fusion kinetics of fusion inhibitor-resistant mutants partly explain their synergistic inhibition by such combinations. Our data demonstrate the advantages of using scFvs over their parent IgGs for inhibiting both cell-free and cell-to-cell infection. High synergistic inhibition of cell fusion by using scFvs-fusion inhibitors combinations suggests the possibility of intensification therapy adding this combination to current anti-HIV treatment regimens. Newly constructed anti-V3 scFvs showed broader HIV-1 neutralization activity. HIV-1 cell fusion was inhibited by scFvs better than the corresponding IgGs. Combinations of scFvs with fusion inhibitors synergistically inhibit cell fusion. Combination therapy with scFvs and fusion inhibitors may be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mamun Alam
- Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection Clinical Retrovirology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takeo Kuwata
- Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection Clinical Retrovirology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tanaka
- Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection Clinical Retrovirology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Muntasir Alam
- Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection Clinical Retrovirology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shokichi Takahama
- Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection Clinical Retrovirology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shimura
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Natsuki Fukuda
- Department of Analytical and Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Morioka
- Department of Analytical and Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuzo Matsushita
- Clinical Retrovirology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection Clinical Retrovirology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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32
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Agrawal P, DeVico AL, Foulke JS, Lewis GK, Pazgier M, Ray K. Stoichiometric Analyses of Soluble CD4 to Native-like HIV-1 Envelope by Single-Molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Cell Rep 2019; 29:176-186.e4. [PMID: 31577947 PMCID: PMC6897359 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Analyses of HIV-1 envelope (Env) binding to CD4, and the conformational changes the interactions induce, inform the molecular mechanisms and factors governing HIV-1 infection. To address these questions, we used a single-molecule detection (SMD) approach to study the nature of reactions between soluble CD4 (sCD4) and soluble HIV-1 trimers. SMD of these reactions distinguished a mixture of one, two, or three CD4-bound trimer species. Single-ligand trimers were favored at early reaction times and ligand-saturated trimers later. Furthermore, some trimers occupied by one sCD4 molecule did not bind additional ligands, whereas the majority of two ligand-bound species rapidly transitioned to the saturated state. Quantification of liganded trimers observed in reactions with various sCD4 concentrations reflected an overall negative cooperativity in ligand binding. Collectively, our results highlight the general utility of SMD in studying protein interactions and provide critical insights on the nature of sCD4-HIV-1 Env interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Agrawal
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Anthony L DeVico
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - James S Foulke
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - George K Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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33
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Cavrois M, Hilton JF, Roan NR, Takeda M, Seidman D, Averbach S, Chang E, Raman N, Greenblatt R, Shacklett BL, Smith-McCune K. Effects of the levonorgestrel-containing intrauterine device, copper intrauterine device, and levonorgestrel-containing oral contraceptive on susceptibility of immune cells from cervix, endometrium and blood to HIV-1 fusion measured ex vivo. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221181. [PMID: 31437197 PMCID: PMC6705759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, HIV/AIDS is a leading cause of morbidity worldwide among reproductive-aged cisgender women, highlighting the importance of understanding effects of contraceptives on HIV-1 risk. Some observational studies suggest there may be an increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition among women using the long-acting injectable progestin contraceptive, depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate. The potential mechanism of this susceptibility is unclear. There are few data on the role of the upper female reproductive tract in HIV-1 transmission, and the mechanisms of HIV-1 infection are likely to differ in the upper compared to the lower reproductive tract due to differences in tissue composition and variable effects of sex steroids on mucosal immune cell distribution and activity. In this study, we measured the susceptibility of mucosal immune cells from the upper female reproductive tract to HIV-1 entry using the virion-based HIV-1 fusion assay in samples from healthy female volunteers. We studied 37 infectious molecular clones for their ability to fuse to cells from endometrial biopsies in three participants and found that subtype (B or C) and origin of the virus (transmitted founder or chronic control) had little influence on HIV-1 fusion susceptibility. We studied the effect of contraceptives on HIV-1 susceptibility of immune cells from the cervix, endometrium and peripheral blood by comparing fusion susceptibility in four groups: users of the copper intrauterine device (IUD), levonorgestrel-containing oral contraceptive, levonorgestrel-containing IUD and unexposed controls (n = 58 participants). None of the contraceptives was associated with higher rates of HIV-1 entry into female reproductive tract cells compared to control samples from the mid-luteal phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Cavrois
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joan F. Hilton
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nadia R. Roan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Margaret Takeda
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Dominika Seidman
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah Averbach
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Chang
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nandhini Raman
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ruth Greenblatt
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara L. Shacklett
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Karen Smith-McCune
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Serra-Peinado C, Grau-Expósito J, Luque-Ballesteros L, Astorga-Gamaza A, Navarro J, Gallego-Rodriguez J, Martin M, Curran A, Burgos J, Ribera E, Raventós B, Willekens R, Torrella A, Planas B, Badía R, Garcia F, Castellví J, Genescà M, Falcó V, Buzon MJ. Expression of CD20 after viral reactivation renders HIV-reservoir cells susceptible to Rituximab. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3705. [PMID: 31420544 PMCID: PMC6697690 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11556-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of exclusive markers to target HIV-reservoir cells will represent a significant advance in the search for therapies to cure HIV. Here, we identify the B lymphocyte antigen CD20 as a marker for HIV-infected cells in vitro and in vivo. The CD20 molecule is dimly expressed in a subpopulation of CD4-positive (CD4+) T lymphocytes from blood, with high levels of cell activation and heterogeneous memory phenotypes. In lymph node samples from infected patients, CD20 is present in productively HIV-infected cells, and ex vivo viral infection selectively upregulates the expression of CD20 during early infection. In samples from patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) this subpopulation is significantly enriched in HIV transcripts, and the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody Rituximab induces cell killing, which reduces the pool of HIV-expressing cells when combined with latency reversal agents. We provide a tool for targeting this active HIV-reservoir after viral reactivation in patients while on ART. Here, the authors identify B lymphocyte antigen CD20 as a marker for HIV-infected T cells and provide evidence for the potential use of anti-CD20 antibodies in combination with latency reversing agents for depletion of viral reactivated CD4 T cells in patients on antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Serra-Peinado
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Grau-Expósito
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Luque-Ballesteros
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Astorga-Gamaza
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Navarro
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jenny Gallego-Rodriguez
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Martin
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrià Curran
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquin Burgos
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteban Ribera
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Berta Raventós
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rein Willekens
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Torrella
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bibiana Planas
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Badía
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe Garcia
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Castellví
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenç Falcó
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J Buzon
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Ray K, Mengistu M, Orlandi C, Pazgier M, Lewis GK, DeVico AL. Concurrent Exposure of Neutralizing and Non-neutralizing Epitopes on a Single HIV-1 Envelope Structure. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1512. [PMID: 31338095 PMCID: PMC6628914 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The trimeric envelope spikes on the HIV-1 virus surface initiate infection and comprise key targets for antiviral humoral responses. Circulating virions variably present intact envelope spikes, which react with neutralizing antibodies; and altered envelope structures, which bind non-neutralizing antibodies. Once bound, either type of antibody can enable humoral effector mechanisms with the potential to control HIV-1 infection in vivo. However, it is not clear how the presentation of neutralizing vs. non-neutralizing epitopes defines distinct virus populations and/or envelope structures on single particles. Here we used single-virion fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and two-color coincidence FCS approaches to examine whether neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies are presented by the same envelope structure. Given the spatial requirements for donor-acceptor energy transfer (≤10 nm), FRET signals generated by paired neutralizing and non-neutralizing fluorescent Fabs should occur via proximal binding to the same target antigen. Fluorescent-labeled Fabs of the neutralizing anti-gp120 antibodies 2G12 and b12 were combined with Fabs of the non-neutralizing anti-gp41 antibody F240, previously thought to mainly bind gp41 "stumps." We find that both 2G12-F240 and/or b12-F240 Fab combinations generate FRET signals on multiple types of virions in solution. FRET efficiencies position the neutralizing and non-neutralizing epitopes between 7.1 and 7.8 nm apart; potentially fitting within the spatial dimensions of a single trimer-derived structure. Further, the frequency of FRET detection suggests that at least one of such structures occurs on the majority of particles in a virus population. Thus, there is frequent, overlapping presentation of non-neutralizing and neutralizing epitope on freely circulating HIV-1 surfaces. Such information provides a broader perspective of how anti-HIV humoral immunity interfaces with circulating virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishanu Ray
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,*Correspondence: Krishanu Ray
| | - Meron Mengistu
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Chiara Orlandi
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - George K. Lewis
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Anthony L. DeVico
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Strokappe NM, Hock M, Rutten L, Mccoy LE, Back JW, Caillat C, Haffke M, Weiss RA, Weissenhorn W, Verrips T. Super Potent Bispecific Llama VHH Antibodies Neutralize HIV via a Combination of gp41 and gp120 Epitopes. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8020038. [PMID: 31544844 PMCID: PMC6640723 DOI: 10.3390/antib8020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Broad and potent neutralizing llama single domain antibodies (VHH) against HIV-1 targeting the CD4 binding site (CD4bs) have previously been isolated upon llama immunization. Here we describe the epitopes of three additional VHH groups selected from phage libraries. The 2E7 group binds to a new linear epitope in the first heptad repeat of gp41 that is only exposed in the fusion-intermediate conformation. The 1B5 group competes with co-receptor binding and the 1F10 group interacts with the crown of the gp120 V3 loop, occluded in native Env. We present biophysical and structural details on the 2E7 interaction with gp41. In order to further increase breadth and potency, we constructed bi-specific VHH. The combination of CD4bs VHH (J3/3E3) with 2E7 group VHH enhanced strain-specific neutralization with potencies up to 1400-fold higher than the mixture of the individual VHHs. Thus, these new bivalent VHH are potent new tools to develop therapeutic approaches or microbicide intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika M Strokappe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- QVQ Holding bv, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Miriam Hock
- Institute de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CNRS, CEA, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
- Immunocore Ltd., 101 Park Drive, Milto, Abingdon OX14 4RY, UK.
| | - Lucy Rutten
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- QVQ Holding bv, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Laura E Mccoy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Jaap W Back
- Pepscan B.V., Zuidersluisweg 2, 8243 RC Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | - Christophe Caillat
- Institute de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CNRS, CEA, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Matthias Haffke
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble, France.
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Robin A Weiss
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- Institute de Biologie Structurale (IBS), CNRS, CEA, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Theo Verrips
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- QVQ Holding bv, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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van den Berg FT, Makoah NA, Ali SA, Scott TA, Mapengo RE, Mutsvunguma LZ, Mkhize NN, Lambson BE, Kgagudi PD, Crowther C, Abdool Karim SS, Balazs AB, Weinberg MS, Ely A, Arbuthnot PB, Morris L. AAV-Mediated Expression of Broadly Neutralizing and Vaccine-like Antibodies Targeting the HIV-1 Envelope V2 Region. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 14:100-112. [PMID: 31334303 PMCID: PMC6616373 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection continues to be a global health challenge and a vaccine is urgently needed. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are considered essential as they inhibit multiple HIV-1 strains, but they are difficult to elicit by conventional immunization. In contrast, non-neutralizing antibodies that correlated with reduced risk of infection in the RV144 HIV vaccine trial are relatively easy to induce, but responses are not durable. To overcome these obstacles, adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors were used to provide long-term expression of antibodies targeting the V2 region of the HIV-1 envelope protein, including the potent CAP256-VRC26.25 bNAb, as well as non-neutralizing CAP228 antibodies that resemble those elicited by vaccination. AAVs mediated effective antibody expression in cell culture and immunocompetent mice. Mean concentrations of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) in mouse sera increased rapidly following a single AAV injection, reaching 8–60 μg/mL for CAP256 antibodies and 44–220 μg/mL for CAP228 antibodies over 24 weeks, but antibody concentrations varied for individual mice. Secreted antibodies collected from serum retained the expected binding and neutralizing activity. The vectors generated here are, therefore, suitable for the delivery of V2-targeting HIV antibodies, and they could be used in a vectored immunoprophylaxis (VIP) approach to sustain the level of antibody expression required to prevent HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona T van den Berg
- Wits-SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine & Hematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine & Hematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nigel A Makoah
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stuart A Ali
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine & Hematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tristan A Scott
- Wits-SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine & Hematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine & Hematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rutendo E Mapengo
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Lorraine Z Mutsvunguma
- HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine & Hematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nonhlanhla N Mkhize
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Bronwen E Lambson
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Prudence D Kgagudi
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Carol Crowther
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Salim S Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Marc S Weinberg
- Wits-SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine & Hematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,HIV Pathogenesis Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine & Hematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Abdullah Ely
- Wits-SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine & Hematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Patrick B Arbuthnot
- Wits-SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine & Hematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Warren CJ, Meyerson NR, Dirasantha O, Feldman ER, Wilkerson GK, Sawyer SL. Selective use of primate CD4 receptors by HIV-1. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000304. [PMID: 31181085 PMCID: PMC6586362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals chronically infected with HIV-1 harbor complex viral populations within their bloodstreams. Recently, it has come to light that when these people infect others, the new infection is typically established by only one or a small number of virions from within this complex viral swarm. An important goal is to characterize the biological properties of HIV-1 virions that seed and exist early in new human infections because these are potentially the only viruses against which a prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine would need to elicit protection. This includes understanding how the Envelope (Env) protein of these virions interacts with the T-cell receptor CD4, which supports attachment and entry of HIV-1 into target cells. We examined early HIV-1 isolates for their ability to infect cells via the CD4 receptor of 15 different primate species. Primates were the original source of HIV-1 and now serve as valuable animal models for studying HIV-1. We find that most primary isolates of HIV-1 from the blood, including early isolates, are highly selective and enter cells through some primate CD4 receptor orthologs but not others. This phenotype is remarkably consistent, regardless of route of transmission, viral subtype, or time of isolation post infection. We show that the weak CD4 binding affinity of blood-derived HIV-1 isolates is what makes them sensitive to the small sequence differences in CD4 from one primate species to the next. To substantiate this, we engineered an early HIV-1 Env to have high, medium, or low binding affinity to CD4, and we show that it loses the ability to enter cells via the CD4 receptor of many primate species as the binding affinity gets weaker. Based on the phenotype of selective use of primate CD4, we find that weak CD4 binding appears to be a nearly universal property of HIV-1 circulating in the bloodstream. Therefore, weak binding to CD4 must be a selected and important property in the biology of HIV-1 in the body. We identify six primate species that encode CD4 receptors that fully support the entry of early HIV-1 isolates despite their low binding affinity for CD4. These findings will help inform long-standing efforts to model HIV-1 transmission and early disease in primates. The current animal model for HIV, the macaque, encodes a CD4 receptor that is non-permissive for HIV entry. This paper reveals that six primate species encode CD4 receptors compatible with HIV infection, potentially making them powerful tools for the study of HIV biology. Furthermore, weak CD4 binding is a nearly constant, and apparently selected, property of HIV circulating in the human bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J. Warren
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nicholas R. Meyerson
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Obaiah Dirasantha
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Emily R. Feldman
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Gregory K. Wilkerson
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sara L. Sawyer
- BioFrontiers Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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39
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Zhang Y, Wang C, Gao N, Zhang X, Yu X, Xu J, Gao F. Determination of neutralization activities by a new versatile assay using an HIV-1 genome carrying the Gaussia luciferase gene. J Virol Methods 2019; 267:22-28. [PMID: 30817948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of neutralizing activities are critical to evaluation of the neutralization potency and breadth of monoclonal antibodies or anti-HIV-1 sera elicited during natural HIV-1 infection or by vaccines. We have developed a new neutralization method using the SG3Δenv genome carrying the Gaussia luciferase gene between the env and nef genes. Pseudotype viruses generated using this new SG3Δenv-GLuc backbone together with HIV-1 env genes were infectious to TZM-bl cells, T cell lines and primary T cells. Viral infection can be detected by measuring luciferase activities with both lysed cells and culture supernatants. Neutralization titers in sera from HIV-1-infected individuals against tier 1 and tier 2 viruses were comparable to those determined by the gold standard TZM-bl-firefly method. Since the neutralization activities can be determined by repeatedly measuring luciferase activities in culture supernatants of any cells that are infected by SG3Δenv-GLuc-Env pseudotype viruses, this new method can serve as a versatile and high throughput assay to determine neutralization activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuepeng Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Chu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Nan Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Xianghui Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Feng Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China; Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Abstract
Purpose of review HIV-1 isolates are often classified on the basis of neutralization ‘tier’ phenotype. Tier classification has important implications for the monitoring and interpretation of vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibody responses. The molecular basis that distinguishes the multiple neutralization phenotypes of HIV-1 has been unclear. We present a model based on the dynamic nature of the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins and its impact on epitope exposure. We also describe a new approach for ranking HIV-1 vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibody responses. Recent findings The unliganded trimeric HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein spike spontaneously transitions through at least three conformations. Neutralization tier phenotypes correspond to the frequency by which the trimer exists in a closed (tiers 2 and 3), open (tier 1A), or intermediate (tier 1B) conformation. An increasing number of epitopes become exposed as the trimer opens, making the virus more sensitive to neutralization by certain antibodies. The closed conformation is stabilized by many broadly neutralizing antibodies. Summary The tier 2 neutralization phenotype is typical of most circulating strains and is associated with a predominantly closed Env trimer configuration that is a high priority to target with vaccines. Assays with tier 1A viruses should be interpreted with caution and with the understanding that they detect many antibody specificities that do not neutralize tier 2 viruses and do not protect against HIV-1 infection.
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Sensitivity to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies of Recently Transmitted HIV-1 Clade CRF02_AG Viruses with a Focus on Evolution over Time. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01492-18. [PMID: 30404804 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01492-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are promising agents for prevention and/or treatment of HIV-1 infection. However, the diversity among HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoproteins impacts bnAb potency and breadth. Neutralization data on the CRF02_AG clade are scarce although it is highly prevalent in West Africa and Europe. We assessed the sensitivity to bnAbs of a panel of 33 early transmitted CRF02_AG viruses over a 15-year period of the French epidemic (1997 to 2012). Env pseudotyped CRF02_AG viruses were best neutralized by the CD4 binding site (CD4bs)-directed bnAbs (VRC01, 3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W, and N6) and the gp41 membrane-proximal external region (MPER)-directed bnAb 10E8 in terms of both potency and breadth. We observed a higher resistance to bnAbs targeting the V1V2-glycan region (PG9 and PGT145) and the V3-glycan region (PGT121 and 10-1074). Combinations were required to achieve full coverage across this subtype. We observed increased resistance to bnAbs targeting the CD4bs linked to the diversification of CRF02_AG Env over the course of the epidemic, a phenomenon which was previously described for subtypes B and C. These data on the sensitivity to bnAbs of CRF02_AG viruses, including only recently transmitted viruses, will inform future passive immunization studies. Considering the drift of the HIV-1 species toward higher resistance to neutralizing antibodies, it appears necessary to keep updating existing panels for evaluation of future vaccine and passive immunization studies.IMPORTANCE Major progress occurred during the last decade leading to the isolation of human monoclonal antibodies, termed broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) due to their capacity to neutralize various strains of HIV-1. Several clinical trials are under way in order to evaluate their efficacy in preventive or therapeutic strategies. However, no single bnAb is active against 100% of strains. It is important to gather data on the sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies of all genotypes, especially those more widespread in regions where the prevalence of HIV-1 infection is high. Here, we assembled a large panel of clade CRF02_AG viruses, the most frequent genotype circulating in West Africa and the second most frequent found in several European countries. We evaluated their sensitivities to bnAbs, including those most advanced in clinical trials, and looked for the best combinations. In addition, we observed a trend toward increased resistance to bnAbs over the course of the epidemic.
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Variable infectivity and conserved engagement in cell-to-cell viral transfer by HIV-1 Env from Clade B transmitted founder clones. Virology 2018; 526:189-202. [PMID: 30415130 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 transmission is usually initiated by a single viral strain called transmitted/ founder (T/F) virus. In in vitro models, HIV-1 can efficiently spread via cell-free and virological synapse (VS)-mediated cell-to-cell infection. Both modes of infection require the viral glycoprotein Envelope (Env). The efficiency with which T/F Envs initiate VS and mediate cell-to-cell infection has not been well characterized. Here we tested a panel of isogenic HIV-1 molecular clones that carry different Clade B T/F Envs. We found that despite variable infectivity among different Env clones in the two modes of infection, T/F Envs generally mediated efficient VS formation and subsequent cell-to-cell transfer. In contrast, in vitro infectivity of the T/F Env clones was more variable and strongly correlated with intrinsic fusogenicity of various Envs. We speculate that the conservation of cell-to-cell transfer by T/F Env is indicative of a biologically important function of Env.
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43
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Curreli F, Belov DS, Ahmed S, Ramesh RR, Kurkin AV, Altieri A, Debnath AK. Synthesis, Antiviral Activity, and Structure-Activity Relationship of 1,3-Benzodioxolyl Pyrrole-Based Entry Inhibitors Targeting the Phe43 Cavity in HIV-1 gp120. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:2332-2348. [PMID: 30257071 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The pathway by which HIV-1 enters host cells is a prime target for novel drug discovery because of its critical role in the life cycle of HIV-1. The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 plays an important role in initiating virus entry by targeting the primary cell receptor CD4. We explored the substitution of bulky molecular groups in region I in the NBD class of entry inhibitors. Previous attempts at bulky substituents in that region abolished antiviral activity, even though the binding site is hydrophobic. We synthesized a series of entry inhibitors containing the 1,3-benzodioxolyl moiety or its bioisostere, 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole. The introduction of the bulkier groups was well tolerated, and despite only minor improvements in antiviral activity, the selectivity index of these compounds improved significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Curreli
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, 310 East 67th Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Dmitry S Belov
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Boulevard 75, 77-101b, 119992, Moscow, Russia
| | - Shahad Ahmed
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, 310 East 67th Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Ranjith R Ramesh
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, 310 East 67th Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Alexander V Kurkin
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Boulevard 75, 77-101b, 119992, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrea Altieri
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Boulevard 75, 77-101b, 119992, Moscow, Russia
| | - Asim K Debnath
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, 310 East 67th Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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44
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Subbaraman H, Schanz M, Trkola A. Broadly neutralizing antibodies: What is needed to move from a rare event in HIV-1 infection to vaccine efficacy? Retrovirology 2018; 15:52. [PMID: 30055627 PMCID: PMC6064177 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0433-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is considered crucial for an effective, preventive HIV-1 vaccine. Led by the discovery of a new generation of potent bnAbs, the field has significantly advanced over the past decade. There is a wealth of knowledge about the development of bnAbs in natural infection, their specificity, potency, breadth and function. Yet, devising immunogens and vaccination regimens that evoke bnAb responses has not been successful. Where are the roadblocks in their development? What can we learn from natural infection, where bnAb induction is possible but rare? Herein, we will reflect on key discoveries and discuss open questions that may bear crucial insights needed to move towards creating effective bnAb vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Subbaraman
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Merle Schanz
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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45
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Joag V, Sivro A, Yende-Zuma N, Imam H, Samsunder N, Abdool Karim Q, Abdool Karim S, McKinnon L, Kaul R. Ex vivo HIV entry into blood CD4+ T cells does not predict heterosexual HIV acquisition in women. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200359. [PMID: 29985942 PMCID: PMC6037376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A blood-based assay that could quantify HIV susceptibility would be very valuable for HIV prevention research. Previously, we developed and validated an ex vivo, flow-based, HIV entry assay to assess genital HIV susceptibility in endocervical CD4+ T cells. Methods Here we assessed whether this tool could be used to predict HIV risk using blood-derived CD4+ T cells in a rigorously-blinded, nested case-control study using blood samples collected from high-risk, HIV-uninfected South African women enrolled in the CAPRISA 004 clinical trial. Cases, subsequently acquiring HIV were sampled prior to HIV infection and compared with controls, who remained HIV-uninfected. The primary endpoint was ex vivo entry of a CCR5-tropic HIV founder virus into blood CD4+ T cells. Secondary endpoints included HIV entry into CD4+ central (TCM) and effector (TEM) memory T cells, and into CD4+ T cell subsets expressing CCR5, CD69, CCR6, α4β1 or α4β7. Results Compared to bulk CD4+ T cells (4.9% virus entry), CD4+ T cells expressing CCR5, CCR6 or α4β1 and TEM were highly susceptible (15.5%, 8.8%, 8.2% and 10.8% entry, respectively, all p<0.0001), while TCM, CD69+ or α4β7+ CD4+ cells were moderately susceptible (6.4%, 6.0% and 5.8% respectively, p ≤ 0.003). While the proportion of the aforementioned highly susceptible cells correlated with overall virus entry into CD4+ T cells within an individual (r = 0.68, 0.47, 0.67, and 0.60 respectively, p<0.0001), blood virus entry did not predict subsequent mucosal HIV acquisition after controlling for sexual behaviour and condom use (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.77–1.11, p = 0.40). Conclusions Although virus entry identified several previously known highly susceptible cellular HIV targets, blood HIV entry did not predict subsequent heterosexual HIV acquisition. Assessment of mucosal HIV susceptibility may require sampling at the site of HIV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Joag
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (VJ); (RK)
| | - Aida Sivro
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Nonhlanhla Yende-Zuma
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hajra Imam
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha Samsunder
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Quarraisha Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Salim Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lyle McKinnon
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Rupert Kaul
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (VJ); (RK)
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46
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Curreli F, Belov DS, Kwon YD, Ramesh R, Furimsky AM, O'Loughlin K, Byrge PC, Iyer LV, Mirsalis JC, Kurkin AV, Altieri A, Debnath AK. Structure-based lead optimization to improve antiviral potency and ADMET properties of phenyl-1H-pyrrole-carboxamide entry inhibitors targeted to HIV-1 gp120. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 154:367-391. [PMID: 29860061 PMCID: PMC5993640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We are continuing our concerted effort to optimize our first lead entry antagonist, NBD-11021, which targets the Phe43 cavity of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120, to improve antiviral potency and ADMET properties. In this report, we present a structure-based approach that helped us to generate working hypotheses to modify further a recently reported advanced lead entry antagonist, NBD-14107, which showed significant improvement in antiviral potency when tested in a single-cycle assay against a large panel of Env-pseudotyped viruses. We report here the synthesis of twenty-nine new compounds and evaluation of their antiviral activity in a single-cycle and multi-cycle assay to derive a comprehensive structure-activity relationship (SAR). We have selected three inhibitors with the high selectivity index for testing against a large panel of 55 Env-pseudotyped viruses representing a diverse set of clinical isolates of different subtypes. The antiviral activity of one of these potent inhibitors, 55 (NBD-14189), against some clinical isolates was as low as 63 nM. We determined the sensitivity of CD4-binding site mutated-pseudoviruses to these inhibitors to confirm that they target HIV-1 gp120. Furthermore, we assessed their ADMET properties and compared them to the clinical candidate attachment inhibitor, BMS-626529. The ADMET data indicate that some of these new inhibitors have comparable ADMET properties to BMS-626529 and can be optimized further to potential clinical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Curreli
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, 310 E 67th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dmitry S Belov
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Bld. 75, 77-101b, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Young Do Kwon
- Structural Biology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ranjith Ramesh
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, 310 E 67th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anna M Furimsky
- SRI International, Biosciences Division, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Kathleen O'Loughlin
- SRI International, Biosciences Division, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Patricia C Byrge
- SRI International, Biosciences Division, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Lalitha V Iyer
- SRI International, Biosciences Division, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jon C Mirsalis
- SRI International, Biosciences Division, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Alexander V Kurkin
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Bld. 75, 77-101b, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrea Altieri
- EDASA Scientific, Scientific Park, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory Bld. 75, 77-101b, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Asim K Debnath
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, 310 E 67th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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47
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Functional Relevance of Improbable Antibody Mutations for HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Development. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23:759-765.e6. [PMID: 29861171 PMCID: PMC6002614 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) require high levels of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-catalyzed somatic mutations for optimal neutralization potency. Probable mutations occur at sites of frequent AID activity, while improbable mutations occur where AID activity is infrequent. One bottleneck for induction of bnAbs is the evolution of viral envelopes (Envs) that can select bnAb B cell receptors (BCR) with improbable mutations. Here we define the probability of bnAb mutations and demonstrate the functional significance of key improbable mutations in three bnAb B cell lineages. We show that bnAbs are enriched for improbable mutations, which implies that their elicitation will be critical for successful vaccine induction of potent bnAb B cell lineages. We discuss a mutation-guided vaccine strategy for identification of Envs that can select B cells with BCRs that have key improbable mutations required for bnAb development. HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies are enriched with low-probability mutations Improbable mutations can be functionally critical for bnAb neutralization breadth Critical improbable mutations are high-value targets for selection with vaccines
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48
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Yates NL, deCamp AC, Korber BT, Liao HX, Irene C, Pinter A, Peacock J, Harris LJ, Sawant S, Hraber P, Shen X, Rerks-Ngarm S, Pitisuttithum P, Nitayapan S, Berman PW, Robb ML, Pantaleo G, Zolla-Pazner S, Haynes BF, Alam SM, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD. HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins from Diverse Clades Differentiate Antibody Responses and Durability among Vaccinees. J Virol 2018; 92:e01843-17. [PMID: 29386288 PMCID: PMC5874409 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01843-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of broadly cross-reactive antiviral humoral responses with the capacity to target globally diverse circulating strains is a key goal for HIV-1 immunogen design. A major gap in the field is the identification of diverse HIV-1 envelope antigens to evaluate vaccine regimens for binding antibody breadth. In this study, we define unique antigen panels to map HIV-1 vaccine-elicited antibody breadth and durability. Diverse HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins were selected based on genetic and geographic diversity to cover the global epidemic, with a focus on sexually acquired transmitted/founder viruses with a tier 2 neutralization phenotype. Unique antigenicity was determined by nonredundancy (Spearman correlation), and antigens were clustered using partitioning around medoids (PAM) to identify antigen diversity. Cross-validation demonstrated that the PAM method was better than selection by reactivity and random selection. Analysis of vaccine-elicited V1V2 binding antibody in longitudinal samples from the RV144 clinical trial revealed the striking heterogeneity among individual vaccinees in maintaining durable responses. These data support the idea that a major goal for vaccine development is to improve antibody levels, breadth, and durability at the population level. Elucidating the level and durability of vaccine-elicited binding antibody breadth needed for protection is critical for the development of a globally efficacious HIV vaccine.IMPORTANCE The path toward an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine will require characterization of vaccine-induced immunity that can recognize and target the highly genetically diverse virus envelope glycoproteins. Antibodies that target the envelope glycoproteins, including diverse sequences within the first and second hypervariable regions (V1V2) of gp120, were identified as correlates of risk for the one partially efficacious HIV-1 vaccine. To build upon this discovery, we experimentally and computationally evaluated humoral responses to define envelope glycoproteins representative of the antigenic diversity of HIV globally. These diverse envelope antigens distinguished binding antibody breadth and durability among vaccine candidates, thus providing insights for advancing the most promising HIV-1 vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bette T Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carmela Irene
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Abraham Pinter
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - James Peacock
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Linda J Harris
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sheetal Sawant
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter Hraber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Supachai Rerks-Ngarm
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health, Department of Disease Control, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Phillip W Berman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Merlin L Robb
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA and the U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Service of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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49
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Abstract
Mutable viruses, such as HIV, pose difficult obstacles to prevention and/or control by vaccination. Mutable viruses rapidly diversify in populations and in individuals, impeding development of effective vaccines. We devised the 'mutable vaccine' to appropriate the properties of mutable viruses that undermine conventional strategies. The vaccine consists of a DNA construct encoding viral antigen and regulatory sequences that upon delivery to B cells target the enzymatic apparatus of 'somatic hypermutation' causing the construct to mutate one million-times baseline rates and allowing production and presentation of antigen variants. We postulate the mutable vaccine might thus anticipate diversification of mutable viruses, allowing direct control or slowing of evolution. Initial work presented here should encourage consideration of this novel approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Cascalho
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Samuel J Balin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Platt
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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50
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Alam SM, Aussedat B, Vohra Y, Meyerhoff RR, Cale EM, Walkowicz WE, Radakovich NA, Anasti K, Armand L, Parks R, Sutherland L, Scearce R, Joyce MG, Pancera M, Druz A, Georgiev IS, Von Holle T, Eaton A, Fox C, Reed SG, Louder M, Bailer RT, Morris L, Abdool-Karim SS, Cohen M, Liao HX, Montefiori DC, Park PK, Fernández-Tejada A, Wiehe K, Santra S, Kepler TB, Saunders KO, Sodroski J, Kwong PD, Mascola JR, Bonsignori M, Moody MA, Danishefsky S, Haynes BF. Mimicry of an HIV broadly neutralizing antibody epitope with a synthetic glycopeptide. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:9/381/eaai7521. [PMID: 28298421 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aai7521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A goal for an HIV-1 vaccine is to overcome virus variability by inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). One key target of bnAbs is the glycan-polypeptide at the base of the envelope (Env) third variable loop (V3). We have designed and synthesized a homogeneous minimal immunogen with high-mannose glycans reflective of a native Env V3-glycan bnAb epitope (Man9-V3). V3-glycan bnAbs bound to Man9-V3 glycopeptide and native-like gp140 trimers with similar affinities. Fluorophore-labeled Man9-V3 glycopeptides bound to bnAb memory B cells and were able to be used to isolate a V3-glycan bnAb from an HIV-1-infected individual. In rhesus macaques, immunization with Man9-V3 induced V3-glycan-targeted antibodies. Thus, the Man9-V3 glycopeptide closely mimics an HIV-1 V3-glycan bnAb epitope and can be used to isolate V3-glycan bnAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Baptiste Aussedat
- Department of Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yusuf Vohra
- Department of Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - R Ryan Meyerhoff
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Evan M Cale
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William E Walkowicz
- Department of Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nathan A Radakovich
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kara Anasti
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lawrence Armand
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Laura Sutherland
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Richard Scearce
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - M Gordon Joyce
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aliaksandr Druz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ivelin S Georgiev
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tarra Von Holle
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christopher Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Steven G Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Mark Louder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert T Bailer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa.,Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Salim S Abdool-Karim
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa.,Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Myron Cohen
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Peter K Park
- Department of Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sampa Santra
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Thomas B Kepler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Samuel Danishefsky
- Department of Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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