1
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Ming S, Zhang S, Xing J, Yang G, Zeng L, Wang J, Chu B. Alphaherpesvirus manipulates retinoic acid metabolism for optimal replication. iScience 2024; 27:110144. [PMID: 38989466 PMCID: PMC11233922 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), derived from retinol (ROL), is integral to cell growth, differentiation, and organogenesis. It is known that RA can inhibit herpes simplex virus (HSV) replication, but the interactions between alphaherpesviruses and RA metabolism are unclear. Our present study revealed that alphaherpesvirus (HSV-1 and Pseudorabies virus, PRV) infections suppressed RA synthesis from ROL by activating P53, which increased retinol reductase 3 (DHRS3) expression-an enzyme that converts retinaldehyde back to ROL. This process depended on the virus-triggered DNA damage response, the degradation of class I histone deacetylases, and the subsequent hyperacetylation of histones H3 and H4. Counteracting DHRS3 or P53 enabled higher RA synthesis and reduced viral growth. RA enhanced antiviral defenses by promoting ABCA1- and ABCG1-mediated lipid efflux. Treatment with the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonist palovarotene protected mice from HSV-1 infection, thus providing a potential therapeutic strategy against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Ming
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Shijun Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Jiayou Xing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Guoyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Beibei Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
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2
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Packard JE, Kumar N, Weitzman MD, Dembowski JA. Identifying Protein Interactions with Viral DNA Genomes during Virus Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:845. [PMID: 38932138 PMCID: PMC11209293 DOI: 10.3390/v16060845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses exploit the host cell machinery to enable infection and propagation. This review discusses the complex landscape of DNA virus-host interactions, focusing primarily on herpesviruses and adenoviruses, which replicate in the nucleus of infected cells, and vaccinia virus, which replicates in the cytoplasm. We discuss experimental approaches used to discover and validate interactions of host proteins with viral genomes and how these interactions impact processes that occur during infection, including the host DNA damage response and viral genome replication, repair, and transcription. We highlight the current state of knowledge regarding virus-host protein interactions and also outline emerging areas and future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E. Packard
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Engineering, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Namrata Kumar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew D. Weitzman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jill A. Dembowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Engineering, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
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3
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Ferrão Maciel-Fiuza M, Rengel BD, Wachholz GE, do Amaral Gomes J, de Oliveira MR, Kowalski TW, Roehe PM, Luiz Vianna FS, Schüler-Faccini L, Mayer FQ, Varela APM, Fraga LR. New candidate genes potentially involved in Zika virus teratogenesis. Comput Biol Med 2024; 173:108259. [PMID: 38522248 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Despite efforts to elucidate Zika virus (ZIKV) teratogenesis, still several issues remain unresolved, particularly on the molecular mechanisms behind the pathogenesis of Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS). To answer this question, we used bioinformatics tools, animal experiments and human gene expression analysis to investigate genes related to brain development potentially involved in CZS. Searches in databases for genes related to brain development and CZS were performed, and a protein interaction network was created. The expression of these genes was analyzed in a CZS animal model and secondary gene expression analysis (DGE) was performed in human cells exposed to ZIKV. A total of 2610 genes were identified in the databases, of which 1013 were connected. By applying centrality statistics of the global network, 36 candidate genes were identified, which, after selection resulted in nine genes. Gene expression analysis revealed distinctive expression patterns for PRKDC, PCNA, ATM, SMC3 as well as for FGF8 and SHH in the CZS model. Furthermore, DGE analysis altered expression of ATM, PRKDC, PCNA. In conclusion, systems biology are helpful tools to identify candidate genes to be validated in vitro and in vivo. PRKDC, PCNA, ATM, SMC3, FGF8 and SHH have altered expression in ZIKV-induced brain malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriãn Ferrão Maciel-Fiuza
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Genomics Medicine Laboratory, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Duarte Rengel
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Genomics Medicine Laboratory, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Elis Wachholz
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Genomics Medicine Laboratory, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Julia do Amaral Gomes
- Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Genomics Medicine Laboratory, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maikel Rosa de Oliveira
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thayne Woycinck Kowalski
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Genomics Medicine Laboratory, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Teratogen Information System, Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Bioinformatics Core, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Centro Universitário CESUCA, Cachoeirinha, Brazil
| | - Paulo Michel Roehe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Sales Luiz Vianna
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Genomics Medicine Laboratory, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Teratogen Information System, Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lavínia Schüler-Faccini
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Teratogen Information System, Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Quoos Mayer
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biotechnology Center, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Muterle Varela
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Rosa Fraga
- Genomics Medicine Laboratory, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Teratogen Information System, Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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4
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Justice JL, Reed TJ, Phelan B, Greco TM, Hutton JE, Cristea IM. DNA-PK and ATM drive phosphorylation signatures that antagonistically regulate cytokine responses to herpesvirus infection or DNA damage. Cell Syst 2024; 15:339-361.e8. [PMID: 38593799 PMCID: PMC11098675 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The DNA-dependent protein kinase, DNA-PK, is an essential regulator of DNA damage repair. DNA-PK-driven phosphorylation events and the activated DNA damage response (DDR) pathways are also components of antiviral intrinsic and innate immune responses. Yet, it is not clear whether and how the DNA-PK response differs between these two forms of nucleic acid stress-DNA damage and DNA virus infection. Here, we define DNA-PK substrates and the signature cellular phosphoproteome response to DNA damage or infection with the nuclear-replicating DNA herpesvirus, HSV-1. We establish that DNA-PK negatively regulates the ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) DDR kinase during viral infection. In turn, ATM blocks the binding of DNA-PK and the nuclear DNA sensor IFI16 to viral DNA, thereby inhibiting cytokine responses. However, following DNA damage, DNA-PK enhances ATM activity, which is required for IFN-β expression. These findings demonstrate that the DDR autoregulates cytokine expression through the opposing modulation of DDR kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Justice
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Tavis J Reed
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Brett Phelan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Todd M Greco
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Josiah E Hutton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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5
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Salazar S, Luong KTY, Koyuncu OO. Cell Intrinsic Determinants of Alpha Herpesvirus Latency and Pathogenesis in the Nervous System. Viruses 2023; 15:2284. [PMID: 38140525 PMCID: PMC10747186 DOI: 10.3390/v15122284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha herpesvirus infections (α-HVs) are widespread, affecting more than 70% of the adult human population. Typically, the infections start in the mucosal epithelia, from which the viral particles invade the axons of the peripheral nervous system. In the nuclei of the peripheral ganglia, α-HVs establish a lifelong latency and eventually undergo multiple reactivation cycles. Upon reactivation, viral progeny can move into the nerves, back out toward the periphery where they entered the organism, or they can move toward the central nervous system (CNS). This latency-reactivation cycle is remarkably well controlled by the intricate actions of the intrinsic and innate immune responses of the host, and finely counteracted by the viral proteins in an effort to co-exist in the population. If this yin-yang- or Nash-equilibrium-like balance state is broken due to immune suppression or genetic mutations in the host response factors particularly in the CNS, or the presence of other pathogenic stimuli, α-HV reactivations might lead to life-threatening pathologies. In this review, we will summarize the molecular virus-host interactions starting from mucosal epithelia infections leading to the establishment of latency in the PNS and to possible CNS invasion by α-HVs, highlighting the pathologies associated with uncontrolled virus replication in the NS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Orkide O. Koyuncu
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine and Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (S.S.); (K.T.Y.L.)
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6
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Haubold MK, Aquino JNP, Rubin SR, Jones IK, Larsen CIS, Pham E, Majumder K. Genomes of the autonomous parvovirus minute virus of mice induce replication stress through RPA exhaustion. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011203. [PMID: 37253065 PMCID: PMC10256180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The oncolytic autonomous parvovirus Minute Virus of Mice (MVM) establishes infection in the nuclear environment by usurping host DNA damage signaling proteins in the vicinity of cellular DNA break sites. MVM replication induces a global cellular DNA Damage Response (DDR) that is dependent on signaling by the ATM kinase and inactivates the cellular ATR-kinase pathway. However, the mechanism of how MVM generates cellular DNA breaks remains unknown. Using single molecule DNA Fiber Analysis, we have discovered that MVM infection leads to a shortening of host replication forks as infection progresses, as well as induction of replication stress prior to the initiation of virus replication. Ectopically expressed viral non-structural proteins NS1 and NS2 are sufficient to cause host-cell replication stress, as is the presence of UV-inactivated non-replicative MVM genomes. The host single-stranded DNA binding protein Replication Protein A (RPA) associates with the UV-inactivated MVM genomes, suggesting MVM genomes might serve as a sink for cellular stores of RPA. Overexpressing RPA in host cells prior to UV-MVM infection rescues DNA fiber lengths and increases MVM replication, confirming that MVM genomes deplete RPA stores to cause replication stress. Together, these results indicate that parvovirus genomes induce replication stress through RPA exhaustion, rendering the host genome vulnerable to additional DNA breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- MegAnn K. Haubold
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jessica N. Pita Aquino
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sarah R. Rubin
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Isabella K. Jones
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Clairine I. S. Larsen
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Edward Pham
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kinjal Majumder
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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7
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Shen X, Xu X, Guo Y, Yang H, He J, Xie P. Borna disease virus 1 impairs DNA double-strand break repair through the ATR/Chk1 signalling pathway, resulting in learning and memory impairment in rats. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 36748530 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) is a highly neurotropic RNA virus that can establish persistent infection in the central nervous system and cause cognitive dysfunction in neonatally infected rats. However, the mechanisms that lead to this cognitive impairment remain unclear. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and their repair are associated with brain development and cognition. If DNA repair in the brain is reduced or delayed and DNA damage accumulates, abnormal cognitive function may result. We generated a rat model of BoDV-1 infection during the neonatal period and assessed behavioural changes using the open field test and Morris water maze. The levels of DSBs were determined by immunofluorescence and comet assays. Western blotting assessed proteins associated with DNA repair pathways. The results showed that BoDV-1 downregulated the ATR/Chk1 signalling pathway in the brain, impairing DNA damage repair and increasing the number of DSBs, which ultimately leads to cognitive dysfunction. Our findings suggest a molecular mechanism by which BoDV-1 interferes with DNA damage repair to cause learning and memory impairment. This provides a theoretical basis for elucidating BoDV-1-induced neurodevelopmental impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yujie Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Hongli Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Juan He
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
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8
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Erickson JR, Kalejta RF, Friesen PD. Ataxia Telangiectasia-Mutated Is Activated but Not Required for Productive Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus Infection. J Virol 2022; 96:e0126922. [PMID: 36314821 PMCID: PMC9682986 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01269-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiplication of the invertebrate DNA baculoviruses activates the host DNA damage response (DDR), which promotes virus DNA replication. DDR signaling is initiated by the host insect's phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase-related kinases (PIKKs), including ataxia telangiectasia-mutated kinase (ATM). Like other PIKKs, ATM phosphorylates an array of host DDR proteins at serine/threonine glutamine (S/TQ) motifs, the result of which leads to cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, or apoptosis. To define the role of host PIKKs in baculovirus replication, we compared replication levels of the baculovirus prototype species Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus in permissive Spodoptera frugiperda (SF21) cells with and without ATM function. Caffeine, which inhibits multiple DDR kinases, and the ATM-specific inhibitors KU-55933 and KU-60019 each prevented phosphorylation of Spodoptera histone H2AX (SfH2AX), a recognized indicator of ATM activity. However, only caffeine reduced autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV)-induced bulk phosphorylation of S/TQ protein motifs. Furthermore, only caffeine, not KU-55933 or KU-60019, reduced AcMNPV yields, suggesting a limited role for ATM. To investigate further, we identified and edited the Spodoptera ATM gene (sfatm). Consistent with ATM's known functions, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of sfatm eliminated DNA damage-induced phosphorylation of DDR marker SfH2AX in SF21 cells. However, loss of sfatm failed to affect the levels of AcMNPV multiplication. These findings suggested that in the absence of the kinase SfATM, another caffeine-sensitive host DDR kinase promotes S/TQ phosphorylation and baculovirus multiplication. Thus, baculoviruses activate and utilize the host insect DDR in an ATM-independent manner. IMPORTANCE The DDR, while necessary for the maintenance and fidelity of the host genome, represents an important cellular response to viral infection. The prolific DNA baculoviruses activate and manipulate the invertebrate DDR by using mechanisms that positively impact virus multiplication, including virus DNA replication. As the key DDR initiator kinase, ATM was suspected to play a critical role in this host response. However, we show here that baculovirus AcMNPV activates an ATM-independent DDR. By identifying the insect host ATM ortholog (Spodoptera frugiperda SfATM) and evaluating genetic knockouts, we show that SfATM is dispensable for AcMNPV activation of the DDR and for virus replication. Thus, another PIKK, possibly the closely related kinase ATR (ATM- and Rad3-related kinase), is responsible for efficient baculovirus multiplication. These findings better define the host pathways used by invertebrates to engage viral pathogens, including DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared R. Erickson
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Robert F. Kalejta
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Paul D. Friesen
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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9
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Ciszewski WM, Sobierajska K, Stasiak A, Wagner W. Lactate drives cellular DNA repair capacity: Role of lactate and related short-chain fatty acids in cervical cancer chemoresistance and viral infection. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1012254. [PMID: 36340042 PMCID: PMC9627168 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1012254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The characteristic feature of a cancer microenvironment is the presence of a highly elevated concentration of L-lactate in the tumor niche. The lactate-rich environment is also maintained by commensal mucosal microbiota, which has immense potential for affecting cancer cells through its receptoric and epigenetic modes of action. Some of these lactate activities might be associated with the failure of anticancer therapy as a consequence of the drug resistance acquired by cancer cells. Upregulation of cellular DNA repair capacity and enhanced drug efflux are the most important cellular mechanisms that account for ineffective radiotherapy and drug-based therapies. Here, we present the recent scientific knowledge on the role of the HCA1 receptor for lactate and lactate intrinsic activity as an HDAC inhibitor in the development of an anticancer therapy-resistant tumor phenotype, with special focus on cervical cancer cells. In addition, a recent study highlighted the viable role of interactions between mammalian cells and microorganisms in the female reproductive tract and demonstrated an interesting mechanism regulating the efficacy of retroviral transduction through lactate-driven modulation of DNA-PKcs cellular localization. To date, very few studies have focused on the mechanisms of lactate-driven enhancement of DNA repair and upregulation of particular multidrug-resistance proteins in cancer cells with respect to their intracellular regulatory mechanisms triggered by lactate. This review presents the main achievements in the field of lactate impact on cell biology that may promote undesirable alterations in cancer physiology and mitigate retroviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Stasiak
- Department of Hormone Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Waldemar Wagner
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
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Su Y, Wu T, Yu XY, Huo WB, Wang SH, Huan C, Liu YM, Liu JM, Cui MN, Li XH, Yu JH. Inhibitory effect of tanshinone IIA, resveratrol and silibinin on enterovirus 68 production through inhibiting ATM and DNA-PK pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 99:153977. [PMID: 35305353 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human enterovirus 68 (EV68) is a primary etiological agent for respiratory illnesses, while no effective drug has yet used in clinics largely because the pathogenesis of EV68 is not clear. DNA damage response (DDR) responds to cellular DNA breaks and is also involved in viral replication. Three DDR pathways includes ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ATM and Rad3-related (ATR), and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). Natural products proved to be an excellent source for the discovery and isolation of novel antivirals. Among them, tanshinone IIA, resveratrol, silibinin, rutin and quercetin are reported to target DDR, therefore their roles in anti-EV68 are investigated in this study. PURPOSE This study investigated the anti-EV68 ability of various natural compounds related to DDR. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The methods include cell counting, flow cytometry, western blot, Immunofluorescence staining, comet assays, quantitative real-time RT PCR and short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for analysis of cell number, cell cycle, protein expression, protein location, DNA damage, mRNA level and knock down target gene, respectively. RESULTS EV68 infection induced DDR. Down-regulation or inhibition of ATM or DNA-PK lowered DDR in EV68-infected cells and mitigated viral protein expression, however, down-regulation or inhibition of ATR unexpectedly up-regulated DDR, and promoted viral protein expression. Meanwhile tanshinone IIA, resveratrol, and silibinin inhibited ATM and/or DNA-PK activation and decreased viral proliferation, while rutin and quercetin inhibited ATR activation and promoted viral production. The role of them in ATM, DNA-PK and ATR activation was consistent with previous reports. CONCLUSION Tanshinone IIA, resveratrol and silibinin inhibited EV68 proliferation through inhibiting ATM and/or DNA-PK activation, and they were effective anti-EV68 candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Su
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yu
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wen-Bo Huo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shao-Hua Wang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chen Huan
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu-Meng Liu
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jin-Ming Liu
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Min-Na Cui
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin-Hua Li
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing-Hua Yu
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China; Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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11
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Wang F, Zhao M, Chang B, Zhou Y, Wu X, Ma M, Liu S, Cao Y, Zheng M, Dang Y, Xu J, Chen L, Liu T, Tang F, Ren Y, Xu Z, Mao Z, Huang K, Luo M, Li J, Liu H, Ge B. Cytoplasmic PARP1 links the genome instability to the inhibition of antiviral immunity through PARylating cGAS. Mol Cell 2022; 82:2032-2049.e7. [PMID: 35460603 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Virus infection modulates both host immunity and host genomic stability. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is a key nuclear sensor of DNA damage, which maintains genomic integrity, and the successful application of PARP1 inhibitors for clinical anti-cancer therapy has lasted for decades. However, precisely how PARP1 gains access to cytoplasm and regulates antiviral immunity remains unknown. Here, we report that DNA virus induces a reactive nitrogen species (RNS)-dependent DNA damage and activates DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). Activated DNA-PK phosphorylates PARP1 on Thr594, thus facilitating the cytoplasmic translocation of PARP1 to inhibit the antiviral immunity both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, cytoplasmic PARP1 interacts with and directly PARylates cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) on Asp191 to inhibit its DNA-binding ability. Together, our findings uncover an essential role of PARP1 in linking virus-induced genome instability with inhibition of host immunity, which is of relevance to cancer, autoinflammation, and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Clinical Translation Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Clinical Translation Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Boran Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yilong Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China; Clinical Translation Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mingtong Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yajuan Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China; Clinical Translation Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mengge Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China; Clinical Translation Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yifang Dang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China; Clinical Translation Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Junfang Xu
- Clinical Translation Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Li Chen
- Clinical Translation Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China; Central Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tianhao Liu
- Clinical Translation Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China; Central Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fen Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yefei Ren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Zhu Xu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhiyong Mao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Clinical Center for Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Minhua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jinsong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Haipeng Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Clinical Translation Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China; Central Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Baoxue Ge
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; Clinical Translation Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Yu J, Zhang W, Huo W, Meng X, Zhong T, Su Y, Liu Y, Liu J, Wang Z, Song F, Zhang S, Li Z, Yu X, Yu X, Hua S. Regulation of host factor γ-H2AX level and location by enterovirus A71 for viral replication. Virulence 2022; 13:241-257. [PMID: 35067196 PMCID: PMC8786350 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2028482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous viruses manipulate host factors for viral production. We demonstrated that human enterovirus A71 (EVA71), a primary causative agent for hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), increased the level of the DNA damage response (DDR) marker γ-H2AX. DDR is primarily mediated by the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ATM and Rad3-related (ATR), or DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) pathways. Upregulation of γ-H2AX by EVA71 was dependent on the ATR but not the ATM or DNA-PK pathway. As a nuclear factor, there is no previous evidence of cytoplasmic distribution of γ-H2AX. However, the present findings demonstrated that EVA71 encouraged the localization of γ-H2AX to the cytoplasm. Of note, γ-H2AX formed a complex with structural protein VP3, non-structural protein 3D, and the viral genome. Treatment with an inhibitor or CRISPR/Cas9 technology to decrease or silence the expression of γ-H2AX decreased viral genome replication in host cells; this effect was accompanied by decreased viral protein expression and virions. In animal experiments, caffeine was used to inhibit DDR; the results revealed that caffeine protected neonatal mice from death after infection with EVA71, laying the foundation for new therapeutic applications of caffeine. More importantly, in children with HFMD, γ-H2AX was upregulated in peripheral blood lymphocytes. The consistent in vitro and in vivo data on γ-H2AX from this study suggested that caffeine or other inhibitors of DDR might be novel therapeutic agents for HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Yu
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenbo Huo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangling Meng
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ting Zhong
- Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Su
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yumeng Liu
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinming Liu
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zengyan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fengmei Song
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuxia Zhang
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaolong Li
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yu
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaofang Yu
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shucheng Hua
- Department of Internal Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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13
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Pseudorabies Virus Infection Triggers NF-κB Activation via the DNA Damage Response but Actively Inhibits NF-κB-Dependent Gene Expression. J Virol 2021; 95:e0166621. [PMID: 34613805 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01666-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway is known to integrate signaling associated with very diverse intra- and extracellular stressors, including virus infections, and triggers a powerful (proinflammatory) response through the expression of NF-κB-regulated genes. Typically, the NF-κB pathway collects and transduces threatening signals at the cell surface or in the cytoplasm leading to nuclear import of activated NF-κB transcription factors. In the current work, we demonstrate that the swine alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) induces a peculiar mode of NF-κB activation known as "inside-out" NF-κB activation. We show that PRV triggers the DNA damage response (DDR) and that this DDR response drives NF-κB activation since inhibition of the nuclear ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) kinase, a chief controller of DDR, abolished PRV-induced NF-κB activation. Initiation of the DDR-NF-κB signaling axis requires viral protein synthesis but occurs before active viral genome replication. In addition, the initiation of the DDR-NF-κB signaling axis is followed by a virus-induced complete shutoff of NF-κB-dependent gene expression that depends on viral DNA replication. In summary, the results presented in this study reveal that PRV infection triggers a noncanonical DDR-NF-κB activation signaling axis and that the virus actively inhibits the (potentially antiviral) consequences of this pathway, by inhibiting NF-κB-dependent gene expression. IMPORTANCE The NF-κB signaling pathway plays a critical role in coordination of innate immune responses that are of vital importance in the control of infections. The current report generates new insights into the interaction of the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) with the NF-κB pathway, as they reveal that (i) PRV infection leads to NF-κB activation via a peculiar "inside-out" nucleus-to-cytoplasm signal that is triggered via the DNA damage response (DDR), (ii) the DDR-NF-κB signaling axis requires expression of viral proteins but is initiated before active PRV replication, and (iii) late viral factor(s) allow PRV to actively and efficiently inhibit NF-κB-dependent (proinflammatory) gene expression. These data suggest that activation of the DDR-NF-κB during PRV infection is host driven and that its potential antiviral consequences are actively inhibited by the virus.
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Abstract
Cells activate their DNA damage response (DDR) in response to DNA virus infection, including adenoviruses, papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses, and herpesviruses. In this study, we found that the DDR kinase pathways activated in normal human fibroblasts by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) input genomic DNA, HSV-1 replicating DNA, and progeny DNA and in uninfected cells treated with etoposide are different. We also found using clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9 technology that different host gene products are required for the DDR in uninfected versus infected cells. Individual DDR components can be proviral or antiviral in that ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and p53 promote and Mre11 restricts replication of ICP0-null HSV-1, but ICP0 expression eliminates these DDR effects. Thus, in total, these results argue that HSV-1 manipulates the host cell DDR to utilize specific components for its optimal replication while inactivating the antiviral aspects of the DDR.IMPORTANCE We investigated the relationship between the DNA damage response, a collection of vital cellular pathways that repair potentially lethal damage to the genome, and the DNA virus herpes simplex virus 1. We found that infection by the virus triggers the DNA damage response, and key proteins that mediate this response have opposing effects on the replication and production of progeny viruses. Our work provides novel insights into the relationship between DNA virus infection and the cellular response to the viral genome. We speculate that viral gene products modulate this response, providing potentially novel targets for therapeutic intervention against the virus.
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15
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Su A, Wang H, Zheng D, Wu Z. TUDCA inhibits HSV-1 replication by the modulating unfolded protein response pathway. J Med Virol 2020; 92:3628-3637. [PMID: 32356915 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), an endogenous bile acid, was used to protect liver function through antiapoptosis or reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress). Previous studies showed that ER stress was modulated by herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) infection to facilitate viral replication. Here, we investigated the effect of TUDCA on HSV-1 infection of HEC-1-A cells and showed that both replication and multiplication of the virus were inhibited by TUDCA in a dose dependent manner. Unfolded protein response was induced to deliver stress signals from ER to nucleus. We found that TUDCA alleviated activating transcription factor 6 branch inhibition, partially enhanced protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase pathway activation, and repressed inositol-requiring protein 1α arm activation significantly in infected cells. The findings of this study suggest that TUDCA inhibits HSV-1 replication through ER stress pathway, which may provide a potential therapeutic strategy for HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airong Su
- Clinical Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Huanru Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Datong Zheng
- Clinical Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Children's Health Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Second Clinical School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Li D, Lopez A, Sandoval C, Nichols Doyle R, Fregoso OI. HIV Vpr Modulates the Host DNA Damage Response at Two Independent Steps to Damage DNA and Repress Double-Strand DNA Break Repair. mBio 2020; 11:e00940-20. [PMID: 32753492 PMCID: PMC7407082 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00940-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is a signaling cascade that is vital to ensuring the fidelity of the host genome in the presence of genotoxic stress. Growing evidence has emphasized the importance of both activation and repression of the host DDR by diverse DNA and RNA viruses. Previous work has shown that HIV-1 is also capable of engaging the host DDR, primarily through the conserved accessory protein Vpr. However, the extent of this engagement has remained unclear. Here, we show that HIV-1 and HIV-2 Vpr directly induce DNA damage and stall DNA replication, leading to the activation of several markers of double- and single-strand DNA breaks. Despite causing damage and activating the DDR, we found that Vpr represses the repair of double-strand breaks (DSB) by inhibiting homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). Mutational analyses of Vpr revealed that DNA damage and DDR activation are independent from repression of HR and Vpr-mediated cell cycle arrest. Moreover, we show that repression of HR does not require cell cycle arrest but instead may precede this long-standing enigmatic Vpr phenotype. Together, our data uncover that Vpr globally modulates the host DDR at at least two independent steps, offering novel insight into the primary functions of lentiviral Vpr and the roles of the DNA damage response in lentiviral replication.IMPORTANCE The DNA damage response (DDR) is a signaling cascade that safeguards the genome from genotoxic agents, including human pathogens. However, the DDR has also been utilized by many pathogens, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), to enhance infection. To properly treat HIV-positive individuals, we must understand how the virus usurps our own cellular processes. Here, we have found that an important yet poorly understood gene in HIV, Vpr, targets the DDR at two unique steps: it causes damage and activates DDR signaling, and it represses the ability of cells to repair this damage, which we hypothesize is central to the primary function of Vpr. In clarifying these important functions of Vpr, our work highlights the multiple ways human pathogens engage the DDR and further suggests that modulation of the DDR is a novel way to help in the fight against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew Lopez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carina Sandoval
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Randilea Nichols Doyle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Oliver I Fregoso
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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The Role of Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutant and Rad3-Related DNA Damage Response in Pathogenesis of Human Papillomavirus. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060506. [PMID: 32585979 PMCID: PMC7350315 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection leads to a variety of benign lesions and malignant tumors such as cervical cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Several HPV vaccines have been developed that can help to prevent cervical carcinoma, but these vaccines are only effective in individuals with no prior HPV infection. Thus, it is still important to understand the HPV life cycle and in particular the association of HPV with human pathogenesis. HPV production requires activation of the DNA damage response (DDR), which is a complex signaling network composed of multiple sensors, mediators, transducers, and effectors that safeguard cellular DNAs to maintain the host genome integrity. In this review, we focus on the roles of the ataxia telangiectasia mutant and Rad3-related (ATR) DNA damage response in HPV DNA replication. HPV can induce ATR expression and activate the ATR pathway. Inhibition of the ATR pathway results in suppression of HPV genome maintenance and amplification. The mechanisms underlying this could be through various molecular pathways such as checkpoint signaling and transcriptional regulation. In light of these findings, other downstream mechanisms of the ATR pathway need to be further investigated for better understanding HPV pathogenesis and developing novel ATR DDR-related inhibitors against HPV infection.
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Risso-Ballester J, Sanjuán R. High Fidelity Deep Sequencing Reveals No Effect of ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK Cellular DNA Damage Response Pathways on Adenovirus Mutation Rate. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100938. [PMID: 31614688 PMCID: PMC6832117 DOI: 10.3390/v11100938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Most DNA viruses exhibit relatively low rates of spontaneous mutation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying DNA virus genetic stability remain unclear. In principle, mutation rates should not depend solely on polymerase fidelity, but also on factors such as DNA damage and repair efficiency. Most eukaryotic DNA viruses interact with the cellular DNA damage response (DDR), but the role of DDR pathways in preventing mutations in the virus has not been tested empirically. To address this goal, we serially transferred human adenovirus type 5 in cells in which the telangiectasia-mutated PI3K-related protein kinase (ATM), the ATM/Rad3-related (ATR) kinase, and the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) were chemically inactivated, as well as in control cells displaying normal DDR pathway functioning. High-fidelity deep sequencing of these viral populations revealed mutation frequencies in the order of one-millionth, with no detectable effect of the inactivation of DDR mediators ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK on adenovirus sequence variability. This suggests that these DDR pathways do not play a major role in determining adenovirus genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Risso-Ballester
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Paterna, 46980 València, Spain.
| | - Rafael Sanjuán
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Paterna, 46980 València, Spain.
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19
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Full F, Ensser A. Early Nuclear Events after Herpesviral Infection. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091408. [PMID: 31500286 PMCID: PMC6780142 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are important pathogens that can cause significant morbidity and mortality in the human population. Herpesviruses have a double-stranded DNA genome, and viral genome replication takes place inside the nucleus. Upon entering the nucleus, herpesviruses have to overcome the obstacle of cellular proteins in order to enable viral gene expression and genome replication. In this review, we want to highlight cellular proteins that sense incoming viral genomes of the DNA-damage repair (DDR) pathway and of PML-nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) that all can act as antiviral restriction factors within the first hours after the viral genome is released into the nucleus. We show the function and significance of both nuclear DNA sensors, the DDR and PML-NBs, and demonstrate for three human herpesviruses of the alpha-, beta- and gamma-subfamilies, HSV-1, HCMV and KSHV respectively, how viral tegument proteins antagonize these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Full
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Armin Ensser
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Simões M, Freitas FB, Leitão A, Martins C, Ferreira F. African swine fever virus replication events and cell nucleus: New insights and perspectives. Virus Res 2019; 270:197667. [PMID: 31319112 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is currently matter for major concerns in global swine industry as it is highly contagious and causes acute fatal haemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs and wild boar. The absence of effective vaccines and treatments pushes ASF control to relay on strict sanitary and stamping out measures with costly socio-economic impacts. The current epidemic scenario of fast spreading throughout Asiatic countries impels further studies on prevention and combat strategies against ASF. Herein we review knowledge on African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) interactions with the host cell nucleus and on the functional properties of different viral DNA-replication related proteins. This entails, the confirmation of an intranuclear viral DNA replication phase, the characterization of cellular DNA damage responses (DDR), the subnuclear compartments disruption due to viral modulation, and the unravelling of the biological role of several viral proteins (A104R, I215 L, P1192R, QP509 L and Q706 L), so to contribute to underpin rational strategies for vaccine candidates development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Simões
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal; Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ferdinando B Freitas
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Leitão
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos Martins
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Tomer E, Cohen EM, Drayman N, Afriat A, Weitzman MD, Zaritsky A, Kobiler O. Coalescing replication compartments provide the opportunity for recombination between coinfecting herpesviruses. FASEB J 2019; 33:9388-9403. [PMID: 31107607 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900032r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is considered a major driving force of evolution because it generates and expands genetic diversity. Evidence of HR between coinfecting herpesvirus DNA genomes can be found frequently both in vitro and in clinical isolates. Each herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication compartment (RC) derives from a single incoming genome and maintains a specific territory within the nucleus. This raises intriguing questions about where and when coinfecting viral genomes interact. To study the spatiotemporal requirements for intergenomic recombination, we developed an assay with dual-color FISH that enables detection of HR between different pairs of coinfecting HSV-1 genomes. Our results revealed that HR increases intermingling of RCs derived from different genomes. Furthermore, inhibition of RC movement reduces the rate of HR events among coinfecting viruses. Finally, we observed correlation between nuclear size and the number of RCs per nucleus. Our findings suggest that both viral replication and recombination are subject to nuclear spatial constraints. Other DNA viruses and cellular DNA are likely to encounter similar restrictions.-Tomer, E., Cohen, E. M., Drayman, N., Afriat, A., Weitzman, M. D., Zaritsky, A., Kobiler, O. Coalescing replication compartments provide the opportunity for recombination between coinfecting herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enosh Tomer
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Efrat M Cohen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Drayman
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology and Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amichay Afriat
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Matthew D Weitzman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Assaf Zaritsky
- Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Oren Kobiler
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Lund Human Mesencephalic (LUHMES) Neuronal Cell Line Supports Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Latency In Vitro. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02210-18. [PMID: 30602607 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02210-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lund human mesencephalic (LUHMES) cells are human embryonic neuronal precursor cells that can be maintained as proliferating cells due to the expression of a tetracycline-regulatable (Tet-off) v-myc transgene. They can be differentiated to postmitotic neurons by the addition of tetracycline, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and dibutyryl cAMP. We demonstrate that these cells can be infected with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 3 with the majority of cells surviving. By 6 days postinfection, there is a loss of lytic gene transcription and an increase in the numbers of neurons that express the latency-associated transcripts (LATs). Importantly, the virus can then be reactivated by the addition of a phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor, which has previously been shown to reactivate HSV-1 in rat neuron cultures. While rodent primary culture neuron systems have been described, these are limited by their lack of scalability, as it is difficult to obtain more than 500,000 neurons to employ for a given experiment. Several recent papers have described a human dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron culture model and human induced pleuripotent stem cell (iPSC) neuron culture models that are scalable, but they require that the presence of an antiviral suppression be maintained following HSV-1 infection. The human LUHMES cell model of HSV-1 infection described here may be especially useful for studying HSV-1 latency and reactivation on account of its scalability, its amenability to maintenance of latency without the continual use of antiviral inhibitors, and its latent gene expression profile which mirrors many properties observed in vivo, importantly, the heterogeneity of cells expressing the LATs.IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is responsible for significant morbidity in humans due to its ability to cause oral and genital lesions, ocular disease, and encephalitis. While antivirals can attenuate the severity and frequency of disease, there is no vaccine or cure. Understanding the molecular details of HSV latency and reactivation is key to the development of new therapies. One of the difficulties in studying HSV latency has been the need to rely on establishment of latent infections in animal models. While rodent primary neuron culture models have shown promise, they yield relatively small numbers of latently infected neurons for biochemical and molecular analyses. Here we present the use of a human central nervous system (CNS)-derived conditionally proliferating cell line that can be differentiated into mature neurons and latently infected with HSV-1. This model shows promise as a scalable tool to study molecular and biochemical aspects of HSV-1 latency and reactivation in human neurons.
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