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Zhou CM, Jiang ZZ, Liu N, Yu XJ. Current insights into human pathogenic phenuiviruses and the host immune system. Virulence 2024; 15:2384563. [PMID: 39072499 PMCID: PMC11290763 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2384563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Phenuiviruses are a class of segmented negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, typically consisting of three RNA segments that encode four distinct proteins. The emergence of pathogenic phenuivirus strains, such as Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) in sub-Saharan Africa, Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus (SFTSV) in East and Southeast Asia, and Heartland Virus (HRTV) in the United States has presented considerable challenges to global public health in recent years. The innate immune system plays a crucial role as the initial defense mechanism of the host against invading pathogens. In addition to continued research aimed at elucidating the epidemiological characteristics of phenuivirus, significant advancements have been made in investigating its viral virulence factors (glycoprotein, non-structural protein, and nucleoprotein) and potential host-pathogen interactions. Specifically, efforts have focused on understanding mechanisms of viral immune evasion, viral assembly and egress, and host immune networks involving immune cells, programmed cell death, inflammation, nucleic acid receptors, etc. Furthermore, a plethora of technological advancements, including metagenomics, metabolomics, single-cell transcriptomics, proteomics, gene editing, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines, have been utilized to further our understanding of phenuivirus pathogenesis and host immune responses. Hence, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the mechanisms of host recognition, viral immune evasion, and potential therapeutic approaches during human pathogenic phenuivirus infections focusing particularly on RVFV and SFTSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Min Zhou
- Gastrointestinal Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ze-Zheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Quality and Operations Management, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xue-Jie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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2
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Griesman T, McMillen CM, Negatu SG, Hulahan JJ, Whig K, Dohnalová L, Dittmar M, Thaiss CA, Jurado KA, Schultz DC, Hartman AL, Cherry S. The lipopeptide Pam3CSK4 inhibits Rift Valley fever virus infection and protects from encephalitis. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012343. [PMID: 38935789 PMCID: PMC11236204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an encephalitic bunyavirus that can infect neurons in the brain. There are no approved therapeutics that can protect from RVFV encephalitis. Innate immunity, the first line of defense against infection, canonically antagonizes viruses through interferon signaling. We found that interferons did not efficiently protect primary cortical neurons from RVFV, unlike other cell types. To identify alternative neuronal antiviral pathways, we screened innate immune ligands and discovered that the TLR2 ligand Pam3CSK4 inhibited RVFV infection, and other bunyaviruses. Mechanistically, we found that Pam3CSK4 blocks viral fusion, independent of TLR2. In a mouse model of RVFV encephalitis, Pam3CSK4 treatment protected animals from infection and mortality. Overall, Pam3CSK4 is a bunyavirus fusion inhibitor active in primary neurons and the brain, representing a new approach toward the development of treatments for encephalitic bunyavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Griesman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cynthia M. McMillen
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Seble Getenet Negatu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, Unites States of America
| | - Jesse J. Hulahan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kanupriya Whig
- High throughput screening core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lenka Dohnalová
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, Unites States of America
| | - Mark Dittmar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christoph A. Thaiss
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, Unites States of America
| | - Kellie A. Jurado
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, Unites States of America
| | - David C. Schultz
- High throughput screening core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amy L. Hartman
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, United States of America
- High throughput screening core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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3
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Xu L, Paine AC, Barbeau DJ, Alencastro F, Duncan AW, McElroy AK. Limiting viral replication in hepatocytes alters Rift Valley fever virus disease manifestations. J Virol 2023; 97:e0085323. [PMID: 37695055 PMCID: PMC10537571 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00853-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) causes mild to severe disease in humans and livestock. Outbreaks of RVFV have been reported throughout Africa and have spread outside Africa since 2000, calling for urgent worldwide attention to this emerging virus. RVFV directly infects the liver, and elevated transaminases are a hallmark of severe RVFV infection. However, the specific contribution of viral replication in hepatocytes to pathogenesis of RVFV remains undefined. To address this, we generated a recombinant miRNA-targeted virus, RVFVmiR-122, to limit hepatocellular replication. MicroRNAs are evolutionarily conserved non-coding RNAs that regulate mRNA expression by targeting them for degradation. RVFVmiR-122 includes an insertion of four target sequences of the liver-specific miR-122. In contrast to control RVFVmiR-184, which contains four target sequences of mosquito-specific miR-184, RVFVmiR-122 has restricted replication in vitro in primary mouse hepatocytes. RVFVmiR-122-infected C57BL/6 mice survived acute hepatitis and instead developed late-onset encephalitis. This difference in clinical outcome was eliminated in Mir-122 KO mice, confirming the specificity of the finding. Interestingly, C57BL/6 mice infected with higher doses of RVFVmiR-122 had a higher survival rate which was correlated with faster clearance of virus from the liver, suggesting a role for activation of host immunity in the phenotype. Together, our data demonstrate that miR-122 can specifically restrict the replication of RVFVmiR-122 in liver tissue both in vitro and in vivo, and this restriction alters the clinical course of disease following RVFVmiR-122 infection. IMPORTANCE Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a hemorrhagic fever virus that causes outbreaks in humans and livestock throughout Africa and has spread to continents outside Africa since 2000. However, no commercial vaccine or treatment is currently available for human use against RVFV. Although the liver has been demonstrated as a key target of RVFV, the contribution of viral replication in hepatocytes to overall RVFV pathogenesis is less well defined. In this study we addressed this question by using a recombinant miRNA-targeted virus with restricted replication in hepatocytes. We gained a better understanding of how this individual cell type contributes to the development of disease caused by RVFV. Techniques used in this study provide an innovative tool to the RVFV field that could be applied to study the consequences of limited RVFV replication in other target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqing Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alden C. Paine
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dominique J. Barbeau
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Frances Alencastro
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew W. Duncan
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anita K. McElroy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Wang X, Yuan Y, Liu Y, Zhang L. Arm race between Rift Valley fever virus and host. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1084230. [PMID: 36618346 PMCID: PMC9813963 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1084230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic disease caused by Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), an emerging arbovirus within the Phenuiviridae family of Bunyavirales that has potential to cause severe diseases in both humans and livestock. It increases the incidence of abortion or foetal malformation in ruminants and leads to clinical manifestations like encephalitis or haemorrhagic fever in humans. Upon virus invasion, the innate immune system from the cell or the organism is activated to produce interferon (IFN) and prevent virus proliferation. Meanwhile, RVFV initiates countermeasures to limit antiviral responses at transcriptional and protein levels. RVFV nonstructural proteins (NSs) are the key virulent factors that not only perform immune evasion but also impact the cell replication cycle and has cytopathic effects. In this review, we summarize the innate immunity host cells employ depending on IFN signal transduction pathways, as well as the immune evasion mechanisms developed by RVFV primarily with the inhibitory activity of NSs protein. Clarifying the arms race between host innate immunity and RVFV immune evasion provides new avenues for drug target screening and offers possible solutions to current and future epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China,Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China,Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yupei Yuan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China,Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Leiliang Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China,Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China,Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China,*Correspondence: Leiliang Zhang,
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5
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Hum NR, Bourguet FA, Sebastian A, Lam D, Phillips AM, Sanchez KR, Rasley A, Loots GG, Weilhammer DR. MAVS mediates a protective immune response in the brain to Rift Valley fever virus. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010231. [PMID: 35584192 PMCID: PMC9154093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a highly pathogenic mosquito-borne virus capable of causing hepatitis, encephalitis, blindness, hemorrhagic syndrome, and death in humans and livestock. Upon aerosol infection with RVFV, the brain is a major site of viral replication and tissue damage, yet pathogenesis in this organ has been understudied. Here, we investigated the immune response in the brain of RVFV infected mice. In response to infection, microglia initiated robust transcriptional upregulation of antiviral immune genes, as well as increased levels of activation markers and cytokine secretion that is dependent on mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) and independent of toll-like receptors 3 and 7. In vivo, Mavs-/- mice displayed enhanced susceptibility to RVFV as determined by increased brain viral burden and higher mortality. Single-cell RNA sequence analysis identified defects in type I interferon and interferon responsive gene expression within microglia in Mavs-/- mice, as well as dysregulated lymphocyte infiltration. The results of this study provide a crucial step towards understanding the precise molecular mechanisms by which RVFV infection is controlled in the brain and will help inform the development of vaccines and antiviral therapies that are effective in preventing encephalitis. Rift Valley fever virus causes severe disease in humans and livestock and in some cases can be fatal. There is concern about the use of Rift Valley fever virus as a bioweapon since it can be transmitted through the air, and there are no vaccines or antiviral treatments. Airborne transmission of the virus causes severe inflammation of the brain, yet little is known about the immune response against the virus in this organ. Here, we investigated the immune response in the brain to Rift Valley fever virus following intranasal infection. We determined that microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, initiate a robust response to Rift Valley fever virus infection and identified a key immune pathway that is critical for the ability of microglia to respond to infection. When this immune pathway is rendered non-functional, mice have a dysregulated response to infection in the brain. This study provides insight into how the immune response can control Rift Valley fever virus infection of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R. Hum
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Feliza A. Bourguet
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Aimy Sebastian
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Doris Lam
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Ashlee M. Phillips
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Kristina R. Sanchez
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Amy Rasley
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriela G. Loots
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Dina R. Weilhammer
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Stone ET, Hassert M, Geerling E, Wagner C, Brien JD, Ebel GD, Hirsch AJ, German C, Smith JL, Pinto AK. Balanced T and B cell responses are required for immune protection against Powassan virus in virus-like particle vaccination. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110388. [PMID: 35172138 PMCID: PMC8919300 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Powassan virus (POWV) is a tick-borne pathogen for which humans are an incidental host. POWV infection can be fatal or result in long-term neurological sequelae; however, there are no approved vaccinations for POWV. Integral to efficacious vaccine development is the identification of correlates of protection, which we accomplished in this study by utilizing a murine model of POWV infection. Using POWV lethal and sub-lethal challenge models, we show that (1) robust B and T cell responses are necessary for immune protection, (2) POWV lethality can be attributed to both viral- and host-mediated drivers of disease, and (3) knowledge of the immune correlates of protection against POWV can be applied in a virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccination approach that provides protection from lethal POWV challenge. Identification of these immune protection factors is significant as it will aid in the rational design of POWV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Taylor Stone
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Mariah Hassert
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Elizabeth Geerling
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Colleen Wagner
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - James D Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Gregory D Ebel
- Center for Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Alec J Hirsch
- The Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Cody German
- The Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jessica L Smith
- The Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Amelia K Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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7
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White LA, Bisom TC, Grimes HL, Hayashi M, Lanchy JM, Lodmell JS. Tra2beta-Dependent Regulation of RIO Kinase 3 Splicing During Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection Underscores the Links Between Alternative Splicing and Innate Antiviral Immunity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:799024. [PMID: 35127560 PMCID: PMC8807687 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.799024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an emerging pathogen that has potential to cause severe disease in humans and domestic livestock. Propagation of RVFV strain MP-12 is negatively impacted by the actions of RIOK3, a protein involved in the cellular immune response to viral infection. During RVFV infection, RIOK3 mRNA is alternatively spliced to produce an isoform that correlates with the inhibition of interferon β signaling. Here, we identify splicing factor TRA2-β (also known as TRA2beta and hTRA2-β) as a key regulator governing the relative abundance of RIOK3 splicing isoforms. Using RT-PCR and minigenes, we determined that TRA2-β interaction with RIOK3 pre-mRNA was necessary for constitutive splicing of RIOK3 mRNA, and conversely, lack of TRA2-β engagement led to increased alternative splicing. Expression of TRA2-β was found to be necessary for RIOK3's antiviral effect against RVFV. Intriguingly, TRA2-β mRNA is also alternatively spliced during RVFV infection, leading to a decrease in cellular TRA2-β protein levels. These results suggest that splicing modulation serves as an immune evasion strategy by RVFV and/or is a cellular mechanism to prevent excessive immune response. Furthermore, the results suggest that TRA2-β can act as a key regulator of additional steps of the innate immune response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Adam White
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Thomas C. Bisom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Hunter L. Grimes
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Miyuki Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Jean-Marc Lanchy
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - J. Stephen Lodmell
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States,Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States,*Correspondence: J. Stephen Lodmell,
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8
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Odendaal L, Davis AS, Venter EH. Insights into the Pathogenesis of Viral Haemorrhagic Fever Based on Virus Tropism and Tissue Lesions of Natural Rift Valley Fever. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040709. [PMID: 33923863 PMCID: PMC8073615 DOI: 10.3390/v13040709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) infects humans and a wide range of ungulates and historically has caused devastating epidemics in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Lesions of naturally infected cases of Rift Valley fever (RVF) have only been described in detail in sheep with a few reports concerning cattle and humans. The most frequently observed lesion in both ruminants and humans is randomly distributed necrosis, particularly in the liver. Lesions supportive of vascular endothelial injury are also present and include mild hydropericardium, hydrothorax and ascites; marked pulmonary congestion and oedema; lymph node congestion and oedema; and haemorrhages in many tissues. Although a complete understanding of RVF pathogenesis is still lacking, antigen-presenting cells in the skin are likely the early targets of the virus. Following suppression of type I IFN production and necrosis of dermal cells, RVFV spreads systemically, resulting in infection and necrosis of other cells in a variety of organs. Failure of both the innate and adaptive immune responses to control infection is exacerbated by apoptosis of lymphocytes. An excessive pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine response leads to microcirculatory dysfunction. Additionally, impairment of the coagulation system results in widespread haemorrhages. Fatal outcomes result from multiorgan failure, oedema in many organs (including the lungs and brain), hypotension, and circulatory shock. Here, we summarize current understanding of RVF cellular tropism as informed by lesions caused by natural infections. We specifically examine how extant knowledge informs current understanding regarding pathogenesis of the haemorrhagic fever form of RVF, identifying opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieza Odendaal
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
- Correspondence: (L.O.); (A.S.D.)
| | - A Sally Davis
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Correspondence: (L.O.); (A.S.D.)
| | - Estelle H Venter
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;
- College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Discipline Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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9
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Odendaal L, Davis AS, Fosgate GT, Clift SJ. Lesions and Cellular Tropism of Natural Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection in Young Lambs. Vet Pathol 2019; 57:66-81. [PMID: 31842723 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819882633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A clear distinction can be made regarding the susceptibility to and the severity of lesions in young lambs when compared to adult sheep. In particular, there are important differences in the lesions and tropism of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in the liver, kidneys, and lymphoid tissues of young lambs. A total of 84 lambs (<6 weeks old), necropsied during the 2010 to 2011 Rift Valley fever (RVF) outbreak in South Africa, were examined by histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Of the 84 lambs, 71 were positive for RVFV. The most striking diagnostic feature in infected lambs was diffuse necrotizing hepatitis with multifocal liquefactive hepatic necrosis (primary foci) against a background of diffuse hepatocellular death. Lymphocytolysis was present in all lymphoid organs except for the thymus. Lesions in the kidney rarely progressed beyond hydropic change and occasional pyknosis or karyolysis in renal tubular epithelial cells. Viral antigen was diffusely present in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, but this labeling was noticeably sparse in primary foci. Immunolabeling for RVFV in young lambs was also detected in macrophages, vascular smooth muscle cells, adrenocortical epithelial cells, renal tubular epithelial cells, renal perimacular cells, and cardiomyocytes. RVFV immunolabeling was also often present in capillaries and small blood vessels either as non-cell-associated viral antigen, as antigen in endothelial cells, or intravascular cellular debris. Specimens from the liver, spleen, kidney, and lungs were adequate to confirm a diagnosis of RVF. Characteristic lesions were present in these organs with the liver and spleen being the most consistently positive for RVFV by IHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieza Odendaal
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A Sally Davis
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Geoffrey T Fosgate
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sarah J Clift
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
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10
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Leyva-Grado VH, Ermler ME, Schotsaert M, Gonzalez MG, Gillespie V, Lim JK, García-Sastre A. Contribution of the Purinergic Receptor P2X7 to Development of Lung Immunopathology during Influenza Virus Infection. mBio 2017; 8:e00229-17. [PMID: 28351919 PMCID: PMC5371412 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00229-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An exacerbated immune response is one of the main causes of influenza-induced lung damage during infection. The molecular mechanisms regulating the fate of the initial immune response to infection, either as a protective response or as detrimental immunopathology, are not well understood. The purinergic receptor P2X7 is an ionotropic nucleotide-gated ion channel receptor expressed on immune cells that has been implicated in induction and maintenance of excessive inflammation. Here, we analyze the role of this receptor in a mouse model of influenza virus infection using a receptor knockout (KO) mouse strain. Our results demonstrate that the absence of the P2X7 receptor results in a better outcome to influenza virus infection characterized by reduced weight loss and increased survival upon experimental influenza challenge compared to wild-type mice. This effect was not virus strain specific. Overall lung pathology and apoptosis were reduced in virus-infected KO mice. Production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) was also reduced in the lungs of the infected KO mice. Infiltration of neutrophils and depletion of CD11b+ macrophages, characteristic of severe influenza virus infection in mice, were lower in the KO animals. Together, these results demonstrate that activation of the P2X7 receptor is involved in the exacerbated immune response observed during influenza virus infection.IMPORTANCE A hallmark of influenza virus infection is the development of lung pathology induced by an exacerbated immune response. The mechanisms shared by the antiviral host defense required for viral clearance and those required for development of immunopathology are not clearly understood. Purinergic receptors, and in particular the purinergic receptor P2X7 (P2X7r), are involved in activation of the immune response. We used mice lacking the P2X7r (P2X7r KO mice) to better understand the mechanisms that lead to development of lung pathology during influenza virus infection. In our studies, we observed that P2X7r KO mice developed less lung immunopathology and had better survival than the wild-type mice. These results implicate P2X7r in the induction of an exacerbated local immune response to influenza virus and help us to better understand the mechanisms leading to the lung immunopathology observed during severe viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor H Leyva-Grado
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Megan E Ermler
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ma G Gonzalez
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Virginia Gillespie
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jean K Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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11
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Ly HJ, Ikegami T. Rift Valley fever virus NSs protein functions and the similarity to other bunyavirus NSs proteins. Virol J 2016; 13:118. [PMID: 27368371 PMCID: PMC4930582 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease that affects both ruminants and humans. The nonstructural (NS) protein, which is a major virulence factor for Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), is encoded on the S-segment. Through the cullin 1-Skp1-Fbox E3 ligase complex, the NSs protein promotes the degradation of at least two host proteins, the TFIIH p62 and the PKR proteins. NSs protein bridges the Fbox protein with subsequent substrates, and facilitates the transfer of ubiquitin. The SAP30-YY1 complex also bridges the NSs protein with chromatin DNA, affecting cohesion and segregation of chromatin DNA as well as the activation of interferon-β promoter. The presence of NSs filaments in the nucleus induces DNA damage responses and causes cell-cycle arrest, p53 activation, and apoptosis. Despite the fact that NSs proteins have poor amino acid similarity among bunyaviruses, the strategy utilized to hijack host cells are similar. This review will provide and summarize an update of recent findings pertaining to the biological functions of the NSs protein of RVFV as well as the differences from those of other bunyaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoai J Ly
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Tetsuro Ikegami
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA. .,The Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA. .,The Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
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12
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Wuerth JD, Weber F. Phleboviruses and the Type I Interferon Response. Viruses 2016; 8:v8060174. [PMID: 27338447 PMCID: PMC4926194 DOI: 10.3390/v8060174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Phlebovirus of the family Bunyaviridae contains a number of emerging virus species which pose a threat to both human and animal health. Most prominent members include Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), sandfly fever Naples virus (SFNV), sandfly fever Sicilian virus (SFSV), Toscana virus (TOSV), Punta Toro virus (PTV), and the two new members severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) and Heartland virus (HRTV). The nonstructural protein NSs is well established as the main phleboviral virulence factor in the mammalian host. NSs acts as antagonist of the antiviral type I interferon (IFN) system. Recent progress in the elucidation of the molecular functions of a growing list of NSs proteins highlights the astonishing variety of strategies employed by phleboviruses to evade the IFN system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Deborah Wuerth
- Institute for Virology, FB10-Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen 35392, Germany.
| | - Friedemann Weber
- Institute for Virology, FB10-Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen 35392, Germany.
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13
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Oreshkova N, Wichgers Schreur PJ, Spel L, Vloet RPM, Moormann RJM, Boes M, Kortekaas J. Nonspreading Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection of Human Dendritic Cells Results in Downregulation of CD83 and Full Maturation of Bystander Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142670. [PMID: 26575844 PMCID: PMC4648518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines based on nonspreading Rift Valley fever virus (NSR) induce strong humoral and robust cellular immune responses with pronounced Th1 polarisation. The present work was aimed to gain insight into the molecular basis of NSR-mediated immunity. Recent studies have demonstrated that wild-type Rift Valley fever virus efficiently targets and replicates in dendritic cells (DCs). We found that NSR infection of cultured human DCs results in maturation of DCs, characterized by surface upregulation of CD40, CD80, CD86, MHC-I and MHC-II and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IFN-β, IL-6 and TNF. Interestingly, expression of the most prominent marker of DC maturation, CD83, was consistently downregulated at 24 hours post infection. Remarkably, NSR infection also completely abrogated CD83 upregulation by LPS. Downregulation of CD83 was not associated with reduced mRNA levels or impaired CD83 mRNA transport from the nucleus and could not be prevented by inhibition of the proteasome or endocytic degradation pathways, suggesting that suppression occurs at the translational level. In contrast to infected cells, bystander DCs displayed full maturation as evidenced by upregulation of CD83. Our results indicate that bystander DCs play an important role in NSR-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Oreshkova
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute, part of Wageningen University and Research Centre, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J. Wichgers Schreur
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute, part of Wageningen University and Research Centre, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte Spel
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht/Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rianka P. M. Vloet
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute, part of Wageningen University and Research Centre, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J. M. Moormann
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute, part of Wageningen University and Research Centre, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Boes
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht/Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kortekaas
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute, part of Wageningen University and Research Centre, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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14
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Preliminary Evaluation of a Bunyavirus Vector for Cancer Immunotherapy. J Virol 2015; 89:9124-7. [PMID: 26085169 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01105-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Replicon particles of Rift Valley fever virus, referred to as nonspreading Rift Valley fever virus (NSR), are intrinsically safe and highly immunogenic. Here, we demonstrate that NSR-infected human dendritic cells can activate CD8(+) T cells in vitro and that prophylactic and therapeutic vaccinations of mice with NSR encoding a tumor-associated CD8 peptide can control the outgrowth of lymphoma cells in vivo. These results suggest that the NSR system holds promise for cancer immunotherapy.
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15
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Fan X, Dong S, Li Y, Ding SW, Wang M. RIG-I-dependent antiviral immunity is effective against an RNA virus encoding a potent suppressor of RNAi. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:1035-40. [PMID: 25843799 PMCID: PMC4426002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nodamura virus (NoV) lethally infects suckling mice and contains a segmented positive-strand RNA genome that encodes a potent suppressor of RNA interference (RNAi). Recent studies have demonstrated immune detection and subsequent processing of NoV dsRNA replicative intermediates by the mouse RNAi machinery. However, diverse RNA viruses, including Encephalomyocarditis virus that also triggers Dicer-dependent biogenesis of viral siRNAs in mouse cells, are targeted in mammals by RIG-I-like receptors that initiate an IFN-dependent antiviral response. Using mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) for NoV infection, here we show that MEFs derived from mice knockout for RIG-I, but not those knockout for MDA5, LGP2, TLR3 or TLR7, exhibited an enhanced susceptibility to NoV. Further studies indicate that NoV infection induced an IFN-dependent antiviral response mediated by RIG-I. Our findings suggest that RIG-I directs a typical IFN-dependent antiviral response against an RNA virus capable of suppressing the RNAi response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Shuwei Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Shou-wei Ding
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bioproduction and Veterinary Medicine of the Ministry of Agriculture, Zhongmu Institute of China Animal Husbandry Industry Co., Ltd, No. 156 Beiqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100095, China.
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16
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Hise AG, Traylor Z, Hall NB, Sutherland LJ, Dahir S, Ermler ME, Muiruri S, Muchiri EM, Kazura JW, LaBeaud AD, King CH, Stein CM. Association of symptoms and severity of rift valley fever with genetic polymorphisms in human innate immune pathways. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003584. [PMID: 25756647 PMCID: PMC4355584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple recent outbreaks of Rift Valley Fever (RVF) in Africa, Madagascar, and the Arabian Peninsula have resulted in significant morbidity, mortality, and financial loss due to related livestock epizootics. Presentation of human RVF varies from mild febrile illness to meningoencephalitis, hemorrhagic diathesis, and/or ophthalmitis with residual retinal scarring, but the determinants for severe disease are not understood. The aim of the present study was to identify human genes associated with RVF clinical disease in a high-risk population in Northeastern Province, Kenya. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We conducted a cross-sectional survey among residents (N = 1,080; 1-85 yrs) in 6 villages in the Sangailu Division of Ijara District. Participants completed questionnaires on past symptoms and exposures, physical exam, vision testing, and blood collection. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping was performed on a subset of individuals who reported past clinical symptoms consistent with RVF and unrelated subjects. Four symptom clusters were defined: meningoencephalitis, hemorrhagic fever, eye disease, and RVF-not otherwise specified. SNPs in 46 viral sensing and response genes were investigated. Association was analyzed between SNP genotype, serology and RVF symptom clusters. The meningoencephalitis symptom phenotype cluster among seropositive patients was associated with polymorphisms in DDX58/RIG-I and TLR8. Having three or more RVF-related symptoms was significantly associated with polymorphisms in TICAM1/TRIF, MAVS, IFNAR1 and DDX58/RIG-I. SNPs significantly associated with eye disease included three different polymorphisms TLR8 and hemorrhagic fever symptoms associated with TLR3, TLR7, TLR8 and MyD88. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Of the 46 SNPs tested, TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, MyD88, TRIF, MAVS, and RIG-I were repeatedly associated with severe symptomatology, suggesting that these genes may have a robust association with RVFV-associated clinical outcomes. Studies of these and related genetic polymorphisms are warranted to advance understanding of RVF pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy G. Hise
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Zachary Traylor
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Noémi B. Hall
- Division of Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Laura J. Sutherland
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Saidi Dahir
- Division of Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Megan E. Ermler
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Samuel Muiruri
- Division of Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric M. Muchiri
- Division of Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James W. Kazura
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - A. Desirée LaBeaud
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Charles H. King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Catherine M. Stein
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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17
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Terasaki K, Makino S. Interplay between the Virus and Host in Rift Valley Fever Pathogenesis. J Innate Immun 2015; 7:450-8. [PMID: 25766761 DOI: 10.1159/000373924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) belongs to the genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae, and carries single-stranded tripartite RNA segments. The virus is transmitted by mosquitoes and has caused large outbreaks among ruminants and humans in sub-Saharan African and Middle East countries. The disease is characterized by a sudden onset of fever, headache, muscle pain, joint pain, photophobia, and weakness. In most cases, patients recover from the disease after a period of weeks, but some also develop retinal or macular changes, which result in vision impairment that lasts for an undefined period of time, and severe disease, characterized by hemorrhagic fever or encephalitis. The virus also causes febrile illness resulting in a high rate of spontaneous abortions in ruminants. The handling of wild-type RVFV requires high-containment facilities, including biosafety level 4 or enhanced biosafety level 3 laboratories. Nonetheless, studies clarifying the mechanisms of the RVFV-induced diseases and preventing them are areas of active research throughout the world. By primarily referring to recent studies using several animal model systems, protein expression systems, and specific mutant viruses, this review describes the current knowledge about the mechanisms of pathogenesis of RVF and biological functions of various viral proteins that affect RVFV pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Terasaki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex., USA
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18
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Activation of the chicken type I interferon response by infectious bronchitis coronavirus. J Virol 2014; 89:1156-67. [PMID: 25378498 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02671-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Coronaviruses from both the Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus genera interfere with the type I interferon (IFN) response in various ways, ensuring the limited activation of the IFN response in most cell types. Of the gammacoronaviruses that mainly infect birds, little is known about the activation of the host immune response. We show that the prototypical Gammacoronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), induces a delayed activation of the IFN response in primary renal cells, tracheal epithelial cells, and a chicken cell line. In fact, Ifnβ expression is delayed with respect to the peak of viral replication and the accompanying accumulation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). In addition, we demonstrate that MDA5 is the primary sensor for Gammacoronavirus infections in chicken cells. Furthermore, we provide evidence that accessory proteins 3a and 3b of IBV modulate the response at the transcriptional and translational levels. Finally, we show that, despite the lack of activation of the IFN response during the early phase of IBV infection, the signaling of nonself dsRNA through both MDA5 and TLR3 remains intact in IBV-infected cells. Taken together, this study provides the first comprehensive analysis of host-virus interactions of a Gammacoronavirus with avian innate immune responses. IMPORTANCE Our results demonstrate that IBV has evolved multiple strategies to avoid the activation of the type I interferon response. Taken together, the present study closes a gap in the understanding of host-IBV interaction and paves the way for further characterization of the mechanisms underlying immune evasion strategies as well as the pathogenesis of gammacoronaviruses.
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19
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Murakami S, Terasaki K, Ramirez SI, Morrill JC, Makino S. Development of a novel, single-cycle replicable rift valley Fever vaccine. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2746. [PMID: 24651859 PMCID: PMC3961198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) (genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae) is an arbovirus that causes severe disease in humans and livestock in sub-Saharan African countries. Although the MP-12 strain of RVFV is a live attenuated vaccine candidate, neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence of MP-12 in mice may be a concern when vaccinating certain individuals, especially those that are immunocompromised. We have developed a novel, single-cycle replicable MP-12 (scMP-12), which carries an L RNA, M RNA mutant encoding a mutant envelope protein lacking an endoplasmic reticulum retrieval signal and defective for membrane fusion function, and S RNA encoding N protein and green fluorescent protein. The scMP-12 underwent efficient amplification, then formed plaques and retained the introduced mutation after serial passages in a cell line stably expressing viral envelope proteins. However, inoculation of the scMP-12 into naïve cells resulted in a single round of viral replication, and production of low levels of noninfectious virus-like particles. Intracranial inoculation of scMP-12 into suckling mice did not cause clinical signs or death, a finding which demonstrated that the scMP-12 lacked neurovirulence. Mice immunized with a single dose of scMP-12 produced neutralizing antibodies, whose titers were higher than in mice immunized with replicon particles carrying L RNA and S RNA encoding N protein and green fluorescent protein. Moreover, 90% of the scMP-12-immunized mice were protected from wild-type RVFV challenge by efficiently suppressing viremia and replication of the challenge virus in the liver and the spleen. These data demonstrated that scMP-12 is a safe and immunogenic RVFV vaccine candidate.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Mice
- Mutant Proteins/genetics
- Mutant Proteins/metabolism
- Rift Valley Fever/prevention & control
- Rift Valley fever virus/genetics
- Rift Valley fever virus/immunology
- Rift Valley fever virus/physiology
- Survival Analysis
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/adverse effects
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Virus Internalization
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Murakami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kaori Terasaki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sydney I. Ramirez
- Department of Pathology, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - John C. Morrill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shinji Makino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- UTMB Center for Tropical Diseases, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Antiviral autophagy restrictsRift Valley fever virus infection and is conserved from flies to mammals. Immunity 2013; 40:51-65. [PMID: 24374193 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy has been implicated as a component of host defense, but the significance of antimicrobial autophagy in vivo and the mechanism by which it is regulated during infection are poorly defined. Here we found that antiviral autophagy was conserved in flies and mammals during infection with Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), a mosquito-borne virus that causes disease in humans and livestock. In Drosophila, Toll-7 limited RVFV replication and mortality through activation of autophagy. RVFV infection also elicited autophagy in mouse and human cells, and viral replication was increased in the absence of autophagy genes. The mammalian Toll-like receptor adaptor, MyD88, was required for anti-RVFV autophagy, revealing an evolutionarily conserved requirement for pattern-recognition receptors in antiviral autophagy. Pharmacologic activation of autophagy inhibited RVFV infection in mammalian cells, including primary hepatocytes and neurons. Thus, autophagy modulation might be an effective strategy for treating RVFV infection, which lacks approved vaccines and therapeutics.
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21
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Ermler ME, Traylor Z, Patel K, Schattgen SA, Vanaja SK, Fitzgerald KA, Hise AG. Rift Valley fever virus infection induces activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Virology 2013; 449:174-80. [PMID: 24418550 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasome activation is gaining recognition as an important mechanism for protection during viral infection. Here, we investigate whether Rift Valley fever virus, a negative-strand RNA virus, can induce inflammasome responses and IL-1β processing in immune cells. We have determined that RVFV induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation in murine dendritic cells, and that this process is dependent upon ASC and caspase-1. Furthermore, absence of the cellular RNA helicase adaptor protein MAVS/IPS-1 significantly reduces extracellular IL-1β during infection. Finally, direct imaging using confocal microscopy shows that the MAVS protein co-localizes with NLRP3 in the cytoplasm of RVFV infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Ermler
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Zachary Traylor
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Krupen Patel
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Stefan A Schattgen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sivapriya K Vanaja
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Amy G Hise
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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