1
|
Alshewered AS. The Parasitism and Tumors Carcinogenesis: A Review Subject. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:183-189. [PMID: 38489011 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00832-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-factorial reasons are an induction to cause cancer. Different infections and infestations with viruses, bacteria, and parasites have been detected for many years to be related to human carcinogenesis. PURPOSE The study aimed to review all ideas of tumor carcinogenesis and its associations with parasitic infections and infestations. METHODS We reviewed several articles (published and imprinted) by selecting, extracting, and synthesizing data about the relationship between cancers and parasites. RESULTS Several helminths infections as schistosomiasis, are highly carcinogenic agents for bladder cancer, whereas trypanosomiasis has a bi-model role in cancer development. Leishmaniasis may be a cause of hepatocarcinoma, skin cancer, and lymphomas. In addition, malaria appears to be causative in the carcinogenesis of some cancers; as Burkitt lymphoma. Also, data from previous studies suggested that Strongyloides stercoralis may be a relevant co-factor in lymphomas. CONCLUSION There are different mechanisms of parasitic infection to be enhancing in carcinogenesis of cancer in human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Salih Alshewered
- Misan Radiation Oncology Center, Misan Health Directorate, Ministry of Health/Environment, Misan, Iraq.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dias MHF, Guimarães LFF, Barcelos MG, Moreira EUM, do Nascimento MFA, de Souza TN, Pires CV, Monteiro TAF, Middeldorp JM, Soares IS, Fontes CJF, Ntumngia FB, Adams JH, Kano FS, Carvalho LH. Impact of Epstein-Barr virus co-infection on natural acquired Plasmodium vivax antibody response. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010305. [PMID: 35921373 PMCID: PMC9377613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
The simultaneous infection of Plasmodium falciparum and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) could promote the development of the aggressive endemic Burkitt’s Lymphoma (eBL) in children living in P. falciparum holoendemic areas. While it is well-established that eBL is not related to other human malaria parasites, the impact of EBV infection on the generation of human malaria immunity remains largely unexplored. Considering that this highly prevalent herpesvirus establishes a lifelong persistent infection on B-cells with possible influence on malaria immunity, we hypothesized that EBV co-infection could have impact on the naturally acquired antibody responses to P. vivax, the most widespread human malaria parasite.
Methodology/Principal findings
The study design involved three cross-sectional surveys at six-month intervals (baseline, 6 and 12 months) among long-term P. vivax exposed individuals living in the Amazon rainforest. The approach focused on a group of malaria-exposed individuals whose EBV-DNA (amplification of balf-5 gene) was persistently detected in the peripheral blood (PersVDNA, n = 27), and an age-matched malaria-exposed group whose EBV-DNA could never be detected during the follow-up (NegVDNA, n = 29). During the follow-up period, the serological detection of EBV antibodies to lytic/ latent viral antigens showed that IgG antibodies to viral capsid antigen (VCA-p18) were significantly different between groups (PersVDNA > NegVDNA). A panel of blood-stage P. vivax antigens covering a wide range of immunogenicity confirmed that in general PersVDNA group showed low levels of antibodies as compared with NegVDNA. Interestingly, more significant differences were observed to a novel DBPII immunogen, named DEKnull-2, which has been associated with long-term neutralizing antibody response. Differences between groups were less pronounced with blood-stage antigens (such as MSP1-19) whose levels can fluctuate according to malaria transmission.
Conclusions/Significance
In a proof-of-concept study we provide evidence that a persistent detection of EBV-DNA in peripheral blood of adults in a P. vivax semi-immune population may impact the long-term immune response to major malaria vaccine candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Taís N. de Souza
- Instituto René Rachou/FIOCRUZ Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camilla V. Pires
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Talita A. F. Monteiro
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde (IEC/SVS/MS), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Jaap M. Middeldorp
- Department of Pathology, Free University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irene S. Soares
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cor J. F. Fontes
- Julio Müller School Hospital, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Francis B. Ntumngia
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - John H. Adams
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Flora S. Kano
- Instituto René Rachou/FIOCRUZ Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luzia H. Carvalho
- Instituto René Rachou/FIOCRUZ Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Forconi CS, Mulama DH, Saikumar Lakshmi P, Foley J, Otieno JA, Kurtis JD, Berg LJ, Ong’echa JM, Münz C, Moormann AM. Interplay between IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-17A and PD-1 Expressing EBNA1-Specific CD4 + and CD8 + T Cell Responses in the Etiologic Pathway to Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215375. [PMID: 34771539 PMCID: PMC8582526 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL) is a common pediatric cancer in sub-Saharan Africa. The incidence of this aggressive B-cell cancer is linked to Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) co-infections during childhood. Most eBL tumors contain EBV and are characterized by the Epstein–Barr Nuclear Antigen 1 (EBNA1) latency I pattern of viral gene expression. The aim of our study was to compare the phenotypes and functions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to EBNA1 in children diagnosed with eBL and in healthy EBV-seropositive children to highlight differences that contribute to the balance between anti-viral immunity and eBL pathogenesis. Abstract Children diagnosed with endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL) are deficient in interferon-γ (IFN-γ) responses to Epstein–Barr Nuclear Antigen1 (EBNA1), the viral protein that defines the latency I pattern in this B cell tumor. However, the contributions of immune-regulatory cytokines and phenotypes of the EBNA1-specific T cells have not been characterized for eBL. Using a bespoke flow cytometry assay we measured intracellular IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-17A expression and phenotyped CD4+ and CD8+ T cell effector memory subsets specific to EBNA1 for eBL patients compared to two groups of healthy children with divergent malaria exposures. In response to EBNA1 and a malaria antigen (PfSEA-1A), the three study groups exhibited strikingly different cytokine expression and T cell memory profiles. EBNA1-specific IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cell response rates were lowest in eBL (40%) compared to children with high malaria (84%) and low malaria (66%) exposures (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0004, respectively). However, eBL patients did not differ in CD8+ T cell response rates or the magnitude of IFN-γ expression. In contrast, eBL children were more likely to have EBNA1-specific CD4+ T cells expressing IL-10, and less likely to have polyfunctional IFN-γ+IL-10+ CD4+ T cells (p = 0.02). They were also more likely to have IFN-γ+IL-17A+, IFN-γ+ and IL-17A+ CD8+ T cell subsets compared to healthy children. Cytokine-producing T cell subsets were predominantly CD45RA+CCR7+ TNAIVE-LIKE cells, yet PD-1, a marker of persistent activation/exhaustion, was more highly expressed by the central memory (TCM) and effector memory (TEM) T cell subsets. In summary, our study suggests that IL-10 mediated immune regulation and depletion of IFN-γ+ EBNA1-specific CD4+ T cells are complementary mechanisms that contribute to impaired T cell cytotoxicity in eBL pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S. Forconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; (C.S.F.); (P.S.L.); (J.F.)
| | - David H. Mulama
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu 40100, Kenya; (D.H.M.); (J.M.O.)
| | - Priya Saikumar Lakshmi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; (C.S.F.); (P.S.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Joslyn Foley
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; (C.S.F.); (P.S.L.); (J.F.)
| | - Juliana A. Otieno
- Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital, Ministry of Medical Services, Kisumu 40100, Kenya;
| | - Jonathan D. Kurtis
- Center for International Health Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA;
| | - Leslie J. Berg
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - John M. Ong’echa
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu 40100, Kenya; (D.H.M.); (J.M.O.)
| | - Christian Münz
- Department of Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Ann M. Moormann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; (C.S.F.); (P.S.L.); (J.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +508-856-8826
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The Role of Coinfections in the EBV-Host Broken Equilibrium. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071399. [PMID: 34372605 PMCID: PMC8310153 DOI: 10.3390/v13071399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a well-adapted human virus, and its infection is exclusive to our species, generally beginning in the childhood and then persisting throughout the life of most of the affected adults. Although this infection generally remains asymptomatic, EBV can trigger life-threatening conditions under unclear circumstances. The EBV lifecycle is characterized by interactions with other viruses or bacteria, which increases the probability of awakening its pathobiont capacity. For instance, EBV infects B cells with the potential to alter the germinal center reaction (GCR)—an adaptive immune structure wherein mutagenic-driven processes take place. HIV- and Plasmodium falciparum-induced B cell hyperactivation also feeds the GCR. These agents, along with the B cell tropic KSHV, converge in the ontogeny of germinal center (GC) or post-GC lymphomas. EBV oral transmission facilitates interactions with local bacteria and HPV, thereby increasing the risk of periodontal diseases and head and neck carcinomas. It is less clear as to how EBV is localized in the stomach, but together with Helicobacter pylori, they are known to be responsible for gastric cancer. Perhaps this mechanism is reminiscent of the local inflammation that attracts different herpesviruses and enhances graft damage and chances of rejection in transplanted patients. In this review, we discussed the existing evidence suggestive of EBV possessing the potential to synergize or cooperate with these agents to trigger or worsen the disease.
Collapse
|
5
|
Forconi CS, Oduor CI, Oluoch PO, Ong'echa JM, Münz C, Bailey JA, Moormann AM. A New Hope for CD56 negCD16 pos NK Cells as Unconventional Cytotoxic Mediators: An Adaptation to Chronic Diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:162. [PMID: 32373555 PMCID: PMC7186373 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells play an essential role in antiviral and anti-tumoral immune responses. In peripheral blood, NK cells are commonly classified into two major subsets: CD56brightCD16neg and CD56dimCD16pos despite the characterization of a CD56negCD16pos subset 25 years ago. Since then, several studies have described the prevalence of an CD56negCD16pos NK cell subset in viral non-controllers as the basis for their NK cell dysfunction. However, the mechanistic basis for their cytotoxic impairment is unclear. Recently, using a strict flow cytometry gating strategy to exclude monocytes, we reported an accumulation of CD56negCD16pos NK cells in Plasmodium falciparum malaria-exposed children and pediatric cancer patients diagnosed with endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL). Here, we use live-sorted cells, histological staining, bulk RNA-sequencing and flow cytometry to confirm that this CD56negCD16pos NK cell subset has the same morphological features as the other NK cell subsets and a similar transcriptional profile compared to CD56dimCD16pos NK cells with only 120 genes differentially expressed (fold change of 1.5, p < 0.01 and FDR<0.05) out of 9235 transcripts. CD56negCD16pos NK cells have a distinct profile with significantly higher expression of MPEG1 (perforin 2), FCGR3B (CD16b), FCGR2A, and FCGR2B (CD32A and B) as well as CD6, CD84, HLA-DR, LILRB1/2, and PDCD1 (PD-1), whereas Interleukin 18 (IL18) receptor genes (IL18RAP and IL18R1), cytotoxic genes such as KLRF1 (NKp80) and NCR1 (NKp46), and inhibitory HAVCR2 (TIM-3) are significantly down-regulated compared to CD56dimCD16pos NK cells. Together, these data confirm that CD56negCD16pos cells are legitimate NK cells, yet their transcriptional and protein expression profiles suggest their cytotoxic potential is mediated by pathways reliant on antibodies such as antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent respiratory burst (ADRB), and enhanced by complement receptor 3 (CR3) and FAS/FASL interaction. Our findings support the premise that chronic diseases induce NK cell modifications that circumvent proinflammatory mediators involved in direct cytotoxicity. Therefore, individuals with such altered NK cell profiles may respond differently to NK-mediated immunotherapies, infections or vaccines depending on which cytotoxic mechanisms are being engaged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S Forconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Cliff I Oduor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Peter O Oluoch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, United States.,Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - John M Ong'echa
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Christian Münz
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Experimental Immunology Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey A Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Ann M Moormann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Poorly cytotoxic terminally differentiated CD56 negCD16 pos NK cells accumulate in Kenyan children with Burkitt lymphomas. Blood Adv 2019; 2:1101-1114. [PMID: 29764843 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017015404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are critical for restricting viral infections and mediating tumor immunosurveillance. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Plasmodium falciparum malaria are known risk factors for endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL), the most common childhood cancer in equatorial Africa. To date, the composition and function of NK cells have not been evaluated in eBL etiology or pathogenesis. Therefore, using multiparameter flow cytometry and in vitro killing assays, we compared NK cells from healthy children and children diagnosed with eBL in Kenya. We defined 5 subsets based on CD56 and CD16 expression, including CD56negCD16pos We found that licensed and terminally differentiated perforin-expressing CD56negCD16pos NK cells accumulated in eBL children, particularly in those with high EBV loads (45.2%) compared with healthy children without (6.07%) or with (13.5%) malaria exposure (P = .0007 and .002, respectively). This progressive shift in NK cell proportions was concomitant with fewer CD56dimCD16pos cells. Despite high MIP-1β expression, CD56negCD16pos NK cells had diminished cytotoxicity, with lower expression of activation markers NKp46, NKp30, and CD160 and the absence of TNF-α. Of note, the accumulation of poorly cytotoxic CD56negCD16pos NK cells resolved in long-term eBL survivors. Our study demonstrates impaired NK cell-mediated immunosurveillance in eBL patients but with the potential to restore a protective NK cell repertoire after cancer treatment. Characterizing NK cell dysfunction during coinfections with malaria and EBV has important implications for designing immunotherapies to improve outcomes for children diagnosed with eBL.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ekemen S, Uzay A, Bassullu N, Dikicioglu-Cetin E, Matsuda K, Ince U, Coban C. Does it take three to tango? An unsuspected multimorbidity of CD8 + T cell lymphoproliferative disorder, malaria, and EBV infection. Malar J 2018; 17:349. [PMID: 30290813 PMCID: PMC6173833 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2497-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is known to cause acute and deadly complications. However, malaria can cause unforeseen pathologies due to its chronicity. It increases the risk of endemic Burkitt Lymphoma development by inducing DNA damage in germinal centre (GC) B cells, and leading higher frequency of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected cells in GCs. EBV is well known for its tropism for B cells. However, less is known about EBV's interaction with T cells and its association with T cell lymphoma. CASE PRESENTATION A 43-year-old Sudanese male admitted to hospital in Istanbul, Turkey, a non-endemic country, with hyperpigmented painful skin rashes on his whole body. A complete blood count and a peripheral blood smear during admission revealed large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) with abnormally higher CD8 T cell numbers. Additional skin biopsy and pathology results were compatible with CD8+ T cell lymphoproliferative disorder with skin involvement. Patient was treated and discharged. However, a pathologist noticed unusual structures in skin tissue samples. Careful evaluation of skin biopsy samples by polarized microscopy revealed birefringent crystalloid structures resembling malarial haemozoin mainly loaded in macrophages and giant histiocytes. After purification of DNA from the skin biopsy samples, nested PCR was performed for the detection of Plasmodium parasites and Plasmodium falciparum DNA was amplified. Because, the co-presence of EBV infection with malaria is a well-known aetiology of lymphoma, EBV-early RNA (EBER) transcripts were investigated in paraffin-embedded tissue samples and found to be positive in macrophage-like histiocytes. CONCLUSIONS This is a unique case of malaria and EBV infection in a T-LGL lymphoma patient who presented in a non-endemic country. This case emphasizes the clinical importance of EBV monitoring in T-LGL patients with skin involvement. Notably, Plasmodium infection should be examined in patients from malaria endemic regions by pathological and molecular investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suheyla Ekemen
- Acibadem Pathology Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Ant Uzay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Acibadem University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Kyoko Matsuda
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Umit Ince
- Acibadem Pathology Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Pathology, Acibadem University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cevayir Coban
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sall FB, Germini D, Kovina AP, Ribrag V, Wiels J, Toure AO, Iarovaia OV, Lipinski M, Vassetzky Y. Effect of Environmental Factors on Nuclear Organization and Transformation of Human B Lymphocytes. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:402-410. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918040119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
9
|
Aguilar R, Casabonne D, O’Callaghan-Gordo C, Vidal M, Campo JJ, Mutalima N, Angov E, Dutta S, Gaur D, Chitnis CE, Chauhan V, Michel A, de Sanjosé S, Waterboer T, Kogevinas M, Newton R, Dobaño C. Assessment of the Combined Effect of Epstein-Barr Virus and Plasmodium falciparum Infections on Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma Using a Multiplex Serological Approach. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1284. [PMID: 29123514 PMCID: PMC5662586 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a necessary cause of endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL), while the role of Plasmodium falciparum in eBL remains uncertain. This study aimed to generate new hypotheses on the interplay between both infections in the development of eBL by investigating the IgG and IgM profiles against several EBV and P. falciparum antigens. Serum samples collected in a childhood study in Malawi (2005-2006) from 442 HIV-seronegative children (271 eBL cases and 171 controls) between 1.4 and 15 years old were tested by quantitative suspension array technology against a newly developed multiplex panel combining 4 EBV antigens [Z Epstein-Barr replication activator protein (ZEBRA), early antigen-diffuse component (EA-D), EBV nuclear antigen 1, and viral capsid antigen p18 subunit (VCA-p18)] and 15 P. falciparum antigens selected for their immunogenicity, role in malaria pathogenesis, and presence in different parasite stages. Principal component analyses, multivariate logistic models, and elastic-net regressions were used. As expected, elevated levels of EBV IgG (especially against the lytic antigens ZEBRA, EA-D, and VCA-p18) were strongly associated with eBL [high vs low tertile odds ratio (OR) = 8.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.81-15.64]. Higher IgG responses to the merozoite surface protein 3 were observed in children with eBL compared with controls (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.02-1.64), showing an additive interaction with EBV IgGs (OR = 10.6, 95% CI = 5.1-22.2, P = 0.05). Using elastic-net regression models, eBL serological profile was further characterized by lower IgM levels against P. falciparum preerythrocytic-stage antigen CelTOS and EBV lytic antigen VCA-p18 compared with controls. In a secondary analysis, abdominal Burkitt lymphoma had lower IgM to EBV and higher IgG to EA-D levels than cases with head involvement. Overall, this exploratory study confirmed the strong role of EBV in eBL and identified differential IgG and IgM patterns to erythrocytic vs preerythrocytic P. falciparum antigens that suggest a more persistent/chronic malaria exposure and a weaker IgM immune response in children with eBL compared with controls. Future studies should continue exploring how the malaria infection status and the immune response to P. falciparum interact with EBV infection in the development of eBL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Aguilar
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Delphine Casabonne
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Infections and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, IDIBELL, Institut Català d’Oncologia, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Cristina O’Callaghan-Gordo
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Vidal
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joseph J. Campo
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nora Mutalima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Deepak Gaur
- ICGEB, Delhi, India
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - Silvia de Sanjosé
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Infections and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, IDIBELL, Institut Català d’Oncologia, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Tim Waterboer
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- ISGlobal, Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rob Newton
- Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Carlota Dobaño
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mpina M, Maurice NJ, Yajima M, Slichter CK, Miller HW, Dutta M, McElrath MJ, Stuart KD, De Rosa SC, McNevin JP, Linsley PS, Abdulla S, Tanner M, Hoffman SL, Gottardo R, Daubenberger CA, Prlic M. Controlled Human Malaria Infection Leads to Long-Lasting Changes in Innate and Innate-like Lymphocyte Populations. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:107-118. [PMID: 28576979 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Animal model studies highlight the role of innate-like lymphocyte populations in the early inflammatory response and subsequent parasite control following Plasmodium infection. IFN-γ production by these lymphocytes likely plays a key role in the early control of the parasite and disease severity. Analyzing human innate-like T cell and NK cell responses following infection with Plasmodium has been challenging because the early stages of infection are clinically silent. To overcome this limitation, we examined blood samples from a controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) study in a Tanzanian cohort, in which volunteers underwent CHMI with a low or high dose of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. The CHMI differentially affected NK, NKT (invariant NKT), and mucosal-associated invariant T cell populations in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in an altered composition of this innate-like lymphocyte compartment. Although these innate-like responses are typically thought of as short-lived, we found that changes persisted for months after the infection was cleared, leading to significantly increased frequencies of mucosal-associated invariant T cells 6 mo postinfection. We used single-cell RNA sequencing and TCR αβ-chain usage analysis to define potential mechanisms for this expansion. These single-cell data suggest that this increase was mediated by homeostatic expansion-like mechanisms. Together, these data demonstrate that CHMI leads to previously unappreciated long-lasting alterations in the human innate-like lymphocyte compartment. We discuss the consequences of these changes for recurrent parasite infection and infection-associated pathologies and highlight the importance of considering host immunity and infection history for vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxmillian Mpina
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, 4001 Switzerland
| | - Nicholas J Maurice
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Masanao Yajima
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Chloe K Slichter
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Hannah W Miller
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Mukta Dutta
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - John P McNevin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | | | - Salim Abdulla
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; and
| | - Marcel Tanner
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, 4001 Switzerland
| | | | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Claudia A Daubenberger
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; .,University of Basel, Basel, 4001 Switzerland
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; .,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Regulatory T Cells in Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma Patients Are Associated with Poor Outcomes: A Prospective, Longitudinal Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167841. [PMID: 28033393 PMCID: PMC5199096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiencies in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific T cell immunosurveillance appear to precede the development of endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL), a malaria-associated pediatric cancer common in sub-Saharan Africa. However, T cell contributions to eBL disease progression and survival have not been characterized. Our objective was to investigate regulatory and inflammatory T cell responses in eBL patients associated with clinical outcomes. By multi-parameter flow cytometry, we examined peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 38 eBL patients enrolled in a prospective cohort study in Kisumu, Kenya from 2008–2010, and 14 healthy age-matched Kenyan controls. Children diagnosed with eBL were prospectively followed and outcomes categorized as 2-year event-free survivors, cases of relapses, or those who died. At the time of diagnosis, eBL children with higher CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cell frequencies were less likely to survive than patients with lower Treg frequencies (p = 0·0194). Non-survivors also had higher absolute counts of CD45RA+Foxp3lo naïve and CD45RA-Foxp3hi effector Treg subsets compared to survivors and healthy controls. Once patients went into clinical remission, Treg frequencies remained low in event-free survivors. Patients who relapsed, however, showed elevated Treg frequencies months prior to their adverse event. Neither concurrent peripheral blood EBV load nor malaria infection could explain higher Treg cell frequencies. CD8+ T cell PD-1 expression was elevated in all eBL patients at time of diagnosis, but relapse patients tended to have persistently high PD-1 expression compared to long-term survivors. Non-survivors produced more CD4+ T-cell IL-10 in response to both Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen-1 (EBNA-1) (p = 0·026) and the malaria antigen Plasmodium falciparum Schizont Egress Antigen-1 (p = 0·0158) compared to survivors, and were concurrently deficient in (EBNA-1)-specific CD8+ T-cell derived IFN-γ production (p = 0·002). In addition, we identified the presence of Foxp3-IL10+ regulatory Type 1 cells responding to EBNA-1 in contrast to the malaria antigen tested. These novel findings suggest that poor outcomes in eBL patients are associated with a predominantly immuno-regulatory environment. Therefore, Treg frequencies could be a predictive biomarker of disease progression and manipulation of Treg activity has potential as a therapeutic target to improve eBL survival.
Collapse
|
12
|
van Tong H, Brindley PJ, Meyer CG, Velavan TP. Parasite Infection, Carcinogenesis and Human Malignancy. EBioMedicine 2016; 15:12-23. [PMID: 27956028 PMCID: PMC5233816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer may be induced by many environmental and physiological conditions. Infections with viruses, bacteria and parasites have been recognized for years to be associated with human carcinogenicity. Here we review current concepts of carcinogenicity and its associations with parasitic infections. The helminth diseases schistosomiasis, opisthorchiasis, and clonorchiasis are highly carcinogenic while the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, the causing agent of Chagas disease, has a dual role in the development of cancer, including both carcinogenic and anticancer properties. Although malaria per se does not appear to be causative in carcinogenesis, it is strongly associated with the occurrence of endemic Burkitt lymphoma in areas holoendemic for malaria. The initiation of Plasmodium falciparum related endemic Burkitt lymphoma requires additional transforming events induced by the Epstein-Barr virus. Observations suggest that Strongyloides stercoralis may be a relevant co-factor in HTLV-1-related T cell lymphomas. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms of parasitic infection-induced carcinogenicity. The helminth diseases schistosomiasis, opisthorchiasis, and clonorchiasis are highly carcinogenic. Trypanosoma cruzi has a dual role in cancer development including both carcinogenic and anticancer properties. Initiation of Plasmodium falciparum related endemic Burkitt lymphoma requires additional transforming events induced by EBV. Strongyloides stercoralis may be a relevant co-factor in HTLV-1-related T cell lymphomas.
We searched MEDLINE database and PubMed for articles from 1970 through June 30, 2016. Search terms used in various combinations were “parasite infection”, “carcinogenesis”, “cancer”, “human malignancy”, “parasite and cancer”, “infection-associated cancer”, “parasite-associated cancer” “schistosomiasis”, “opisthorchiasis”, “malaria”, “Chagas disease”, and “strongyloidiasis”. Articles resulting from these searches and relevant references cited in those articles were selected based on their related topics and were reviewed. Abstracts and reports from meetings were also included. Articles published in English were included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoang van Tong
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applied Research Center, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Christian G Meyer
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Health Focus GmbH, Potsdam, Germany; Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Vietnamese - German Centre for Medical Research (VG-CARE), Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thirumalaisamy P Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Vietnamese - German Centre for Medical Research (VG-CARE), Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Moormann AM, Bailey JA. Malaria - how this parasitic infection aids and abets EBV-associated Burkitt lymphomagenesis. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 20:78-84. [PMID: 27689909 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is >90% EBV-associated when this pediatric cancer is diagnosed in regions heavily burden by endemic Plasmodium falciparum malaria and thus has been geographically classified as endemic BL. The incidence of endemic BL is 10-fold higher compared to BL diagnosed in non-malarious regions of the world. The other forms of BL have been classified as sporadic BL which contain EBV in ∼30% of cases and immunodeficiency BL which occurs in HIV-infected adults with ∼40% of tumors containing EBV. Within malaria endemic regions, epidemiologic studies replicating Denis Burkitt's seminal observation continue to show differences in endemic BL incidence linked to intensity of malaria transmission. However, the mechanisms by which malaria contributes to B cell tumorigenesis have not been resolved to the point of designing cancer prevention strategies. The focus of this review is to summarize our current knowledge regarding the influence of prolonged, chronic malaria exposure on defects in immunosurveillance that would otherwise control persistent EBV infections. And thus, set the stage for ensuing mechanisms by which malaria could instigate B cell activation and aberrant activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression initiating somatic hypermutation and thereby increasing the likelihood of an Ig/Myc translocation, the hallmark of all BL tumors. Malaria appears to play multiple, sequential and simultaneous roles in endemic BL etiology; the complexity of these interactions are being revealed by applying computational methods to human immunology. Remaining questions yet to be addressed and prevention strategies will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Moormann
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Jeffrey A Bailey
- Program for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
PD-1/CTLA-4 Blockade Inhibits Epstein-Barr Virus-Induced Lymphoma Growth in a Cord Blood Humanized-Mouse Model. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005642. [PMID: 27186886 PMCID: PMC4871349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection causes B cell lymphomas in humanized mouse models and contributes to a variety of different types of human lymphomas. T cells directed against viral antigens play a critical role in controlling EBV infection, and EBV-positive lymphomas are particularly common in immunocompromised hosts. We previously showed that EBV induces B cell lymphomas with high frequency in a cord blood-humanized mouse model in which EBV-infected human cord blood is injected intraperitoneally into NOD/LtSz-scid/IL2Rγnull (NSG) mice. Since our former studies showed that it is possible for T cells to control the tumors in another NSG mouse model engrafted with both human fetal CD34+ cells and human thymus and liver, here we investigated whether monoclonal antibodies that block the T cell inhibitory receptors, PD-1 and CTLA-4, enhance the ability of cord blood T cells to control the outgrowth of EBV-induced lymphomas in the cord-blood humanized mouse model. We demonstrate that EBV-infected lymphoma cells in this model express both the PD-L1 and PD-L2 inhibitory ligands for the PD-1 receptor, and that T cells express the PD-1 and CTLA-4 receptors. Furthermore, we show that the combination of CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockade strikingly reduces the size of lymphomas induced by a lytic EBV strain (M81) in this model, and that this anti-tumor effect requires T cells. PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade markedly increases EBV-specific T cell responses, and is associated with enhanced tumor infiltration by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In addition, PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade decreases the number of both latently, and lytically, EBV-infected B cells. These results indicate that PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade enhances the ability of cord blood T cells to control outgrowth of EBV-induced lymphomas, and suggest that PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade might be useful for treating certain EBV-induced diseases in humans. EBV is a human herpesvirus that remains in the host for life, but is normally well controlled by the host immune response. Nevertheless, EBV causes lymphomas in certain individuals, particularly when T cell function is impaired. Antibodies against two different inhibitory receptors on T cells, PD-1 and CTLA-4, have been recently shown to improve T cell cytotoxic function against a subset of non-virally associated tumors. Here we have used an EBV-infected cord blood-humanized mouse model to show that EBV-infected lymphomas express both the PD-L1 and PD-L2 inhibitory ligands for PD-1. Importantly, we find that the combination of PD-1 and CTLA-4 blockade decreases the growth of EBV-induced lymphomas in this model, and demonstrate that this anti-tumor effect requires T cells and enhances their responses to EBV. Our results suggest that PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade might be useful for treating certain EBV-associated diseases in humans.
Collapse
|
15
|
Rochford R. Epstein-Barr virus infection of infants: implications of early age of infection on viral control and risk for Burkitt lymphoma. BOLETIN MEDICO DEL HOSPITAL INFANTIL DE MEXICO 2016; 73:41-46. [PMID: 29421232 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmhimx.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its first description by Denis Burkitt, endemic Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), the most common childhood cancer in sub-Saharan Africa, has led scientists to search for clues to the origins of this malignancy. The discovery of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in BL cells over 50 years ago led to extensive sero-epidemiology studies and revealed that rather than being a virus restricted to areas where BL is endemic, EBV is ubiquitous in the world's population with an estimated greater than 90% of adults worldwide infected. A second pathogen, Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) malaria is also linked to BL. In this review, we will discuss recent studies that indicate a role for P. falciparum malaria in dysregulating EBV infection, and increasing the risk for BL in children living where P. falciparum malaria transmission is high.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Rochford
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is arguably one of the most successful pathogens of humans, persistently infecting over ninety percent of the world's population. Despite this high frequency of carriage, the virus causes apparently few adverse effects in the vast majority of infected individuals. Nevertheless, the potent growth transforming ability of EBV means the virus has the potential to cause malignancies in infected individuals. Indeed, EBV is thought to cause 1% of human malignancies, equating to 200,000 malignancies each year. A clear factor as to why virus-induced disease is relatively infrequent in healthy infected individuals is the presence of a potent immune response to EBV, in particular, that mediated by T cells. Thus, patient groups with immunodeficiencies or whose cellular immune response is suppressed have much higher frequencies of EBV-induced disease and, in at least some cases, these diseases can be controlled by restoration of the T-cell compartment. In this chapter, we will primarily review the role the αβ subset of T cells in the control of EBV in healthy and diseased individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Hislop
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Graham S Taylor
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Smith C, Khanna R. Adoptive therapy for EBV-induced cancers: driving success with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder to other EBV-derived tumors. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:563-72. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection is associated with a range of human malignancies of lymphocytic and epithelial cell origin. In addition to viral-mediated and genetic oncogenic events that lead to the establishment of EBV-associated malignancies, defects in the immune control of EBV likely play a significant role in promoting the survival of malignant cells. This breakdown in immune surveillance is most evident in immunocompromised transplant patients who are susceptible to the development of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Observations over the last two decades have shown that reconstitution of EBV-specific cellular immunity via adoptive cell therapy can have a dramatic effect on both preventing and treating post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders, leading to hope that similar strategies could be effective in preventing more prevalent EBV-associated malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corey Smith
- QIMR Berghofer, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane 4006, Australia
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- QIMR Berghofer, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane 4006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Budiongo AN, Ngiyulu RM, Lebwaze BM, Gini-Ehungu JL, Mafuta EM, Ekulu PM, Kabongo-Mpolesha JM, Aloni MN. Pediatric non-Hodgkin lymphomas: first report from Central Africa. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2015; 32:239-49. [PMID: 25871614 DOI: 10.3109/08880018.2015.1013231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information on presentation and outcome of pediatric non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is limited from Africa. The demographic characteristics, distribution of different subtypes were noted and compared with published reports from other parts of the world. METHODS The study was conducted in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of Congo between January 2002 and December 2012. RESULTS A total of 63 cases of pediatric non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were retrospectively analyzed. This cohort represents the largest series of pediatric non-Hodgkin's lymphoma presented from sub-Saharan Africa. Median age was 8.7±3.6 years. There were 43 (68.3%) males. A mean of 82 ± 59 days passed from detection of the first sign to referral to oncology unit. Morphology distribution showed that 42 cases (66.7%) had a diagnosis of Burkitt lymphoma, 16 cases (25.4%) had diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and 5 cases (7.9%) had NHL-not otherwise specified. The majority of patients (82.5%) had advanced stage (stage III and IV). Immunohistochemistry findings were available for 32 biopsy samples. All (100%) cases were B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and immunohistochemistry had identified 18 (56.3%) cases of Burkitt lymphoma. In our cohort, 22 of 32 cases expressed positive bcl-2 and 12 (37.5%) were found to be positive for bcl-6. Thirty-one (96.7%) cases were positive for high Ki-67 antigen expression. Assuming that cases lost to follow-up worsened and died, the mortality would be 98.4%. CONCLUSION In comparison to western data, we observed higher proportion of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt Lymphoma and patients with bcl-2 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aléine Nzazi Budiongo
- Division of Paediatric Hemato-Oncology and Nephrology, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of Kinshasa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa , Kinshasa , Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jayasooriya S, de Silva TI, Njie-jobe J, Sanyang C, Leese AM, Bell AI, McAulay KA, Yanchun P, Long HM, Dong T, Whittle HC, Rickinson AB, Rowland-Jones SL, Hislop AD, Flanagan KL. Early virological and immunological events in asymptomatic Epstein-Barr virus infection in African children. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004746. [PMID: 25816224 PMCID: PMC4376400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection often occurs in early childhood and is asymptomatic. However, if delayed until adolescence, primary infection may manifest as acute infectious mononucleosis (AIM), a febrile illness characterised by global CD8+ T-cell lymphocytosis, much of it reflecting a huge expansion of activated EBV-specific CD8+ T-cells. While the events of AIM have been intensely studied, little is known about how these relate to asymptomatic primary infection. Here Gambian children (14-18 months old, an age at which many acquire the virus) were followed for the ensuing six months, monitoring circulating EBV loads, antibody status against virus capsid antigen (VCA) and both total and virus-specific CD8+ T-cell numbers. Many children were IgG anti-VCA-positive and, though no longer IgM-positive, still retained high virus loads comparable to AIM patients and had detectable EBV-specific T-cells, some still expressing activation markers. Virus loads and the frequency/activation status of specific T-cells decreased over time, consistent with resolution of a relatively recent primary infection. Six children with similarly high EBV loads were IgM anti-VCA-positive, indicating very recent infection. In three of these donors with HLA types allowing MHC-tetramer analysis, highly activated EBV-specific T-cells were detectable in the blood with one individual epitope response reaching 15% of all CD8+ T-cells. That response was culled and the cells lost activation markers over time, just as seen in AIM. However, unlike AIM, these events occurred without marked expansion of total CD8+ numbers. Thus asymptomatic EBV infection in children elicits a virus-specific CD8+ T-cell response that can control the infection without over-expansion; conversely, in AIM it appears the CD8 over-expansion, rather than virus load per se, is the cause of disease symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shamanthi Jayasooriya
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Thushan I. de Silva
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia
- Department of Infection and Immunity, The University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chilel Sanyang
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Alison M. Leese
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew I. Bell
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Karen A. McAulay
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Peng Yanchun
- The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Heather M. Long
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Tao Dong
- The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hilton C. Whittle
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan B. Rickinson
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L. Rowland-Jones
- Nuffied Department of Medicine, NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Hislop
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Katie L. Flanagan
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Commercial Road, Prahran, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Skowera A, Ladell K, McLaren JE, Dolton G, Matthews KK, Gostick E, Kronenberg-Versteeg D, Eichmann M, Knight RR, Heck S, Powrie J, Bingley PJ, Dayan CM, Miles JJ, Sewell AK, Price DA, Peakman M. β-cell-specific CD8 T cell phenotype in type 1 diabetes reflects chronic autoantigen exposure. Diabetes 2015; 64:916-925. [PMID: 25249579 PMCID: PMC4557541 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive CD8 T cells play a central role in the destruction of pancreatic islet β-cells that leads to type 1 diabetes, yet the key features of this immune-mediated process remain poorly defined. In this study, we combined high-definition polychromatic flow cytometry with ultrasensitive peptide-human leukocyte antigen class I tetramer staining to quantify and characterize β-cell-specific CD8 T cell populations in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes and healthy control subjects. Remarkably, we found that β-cell-specific CD8 T cell frequencies in peripheral blood were similar between subject groups. In contrast to healthy control subjects, however, patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes displayed hallmarks of antigen-driven expansion uniquely within the β-cell-specific CD8 T cell compartment. Molecular analysis of selected β-cell-specific CD8 T cell populations further revealed highly skewed oligoclonal T cell receptor repertoires comprising exclusively private clonotypes. Collectively, these data identify novel and distinctive features of disease-relevant CD8 T cells that inform the immunopathogenesis of type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ania Skowera
- Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - James E. McLaren
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Garry Dolton
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Katherine K. Matthews
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emma Gostick
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Martin Eichmann
- Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Robin R. Knight
- Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Susanne Heck
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s & St Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jake Powrie
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Guy’s & St Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Colin M. Dayan
- Institute of Molecular & Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - John J. Miles
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew K. Sewell
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - David A. Price
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mark Peakman
- Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London School of Medicine, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Endemic Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) remains the most prevalent pediatric cancer in sub-Saharan Africa even though it was the first human cancer with a viral etiology described over 50 years ago. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was discovered in a BL tumor in 1964 and has since been implicated in other malignancies. The etiology of endemic BL has been linked to EBV and Plasmodium falciparum malaria co-infection. While epidemiologic studies have yielded insight into EBV infection and the etiology of endemic BL, the modulation of viral persistence in children by malaria and deficits in EBV immunosurveillance has more recently been reified. Renewed efforts to design prophylactic and therapeutic EBV vaccines provide hope of preventing EBV-associated BL as well as increasing the ability to cure this cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Rochford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
| | - Ann M Moormann
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Faure E. Malarial pathocoenosis: beneficial and deleterious interactions between malaria and other human diseases. Front Physiol 2014; 5:441. [PMID: 25484866 PMCID: PMC4240042 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, organisms are commonly infected by an assemblage of different parasite species or by genetically distinct parasite strains that interact in complex ways. Linked to co-infections, pathocoenosis, a term proposed by M. Grmek in 1969, refers to a pathological state arising from the interactions of diseases within a population and to the temporal and spatial dynamics of all of the diseases. In the long run, malaria was certainly one of the most important component of past pathocoenoses. Today this disease, which affects hundreds of millions of individuals and results in approximately one million deaths each year, is always highly endemic in over 20% of the world and is thus co-endemic with many other diseases. Therefore, the incidences of co-infections and possible direct and indirect interactions with Plasmodium parasites are very high. Both positive and negative interactions between malaria and other diseases caused by parasites belonging to numerous taxa have been described and in some cases, malaria may modify the process of another disease without being affected itself. Interactions include those observed during voluntary malarial infections intended to cure neuro-syphilis or during the enhanced activations of bacterial gastro-intestinal diseases and HIV infections. Complex relationships with multiple effects should also be considered, such as those observed during helminth infections. Moreover, reports dating back over 2000 years suggested that co- and multiple infections have generally deleterious consequences and analyses of historical texts indicated that malaria might exacerbate both plague and cholera, among other diseases. Possible biases affecting the research of etiological agents caused by the protean manifestations of malaria are discussed. A better understanding of the manner by which pathogens, particularly Plasmodium, modulate immune responses is particularly important for the diagnosis, cure, and control of diseases in human populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Faure
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centrale Marseille, I2M, UMR 7373Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kløverpris HN, McGregor R, McLaren JE, Ladell K, Stryhn A, Koofhethile C, Brener J, Chen F, Riddell L, Graziano L, Klenerman P, Leslie A, Buus S, Price DA, Goulder P. Programmed death-1 expression on HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells is shaped by epitope specificity, T-cell receptor clonotype usage and antigen load. AIDS 2014; 28:2007-21. [PMID: 24906112 PMCID: PMC4166042 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although CD8+ T cells play a critical role in the control of HIV-1 infection,their antiviral efficacy can be limited by antigenic variation and immune exhaustion.The latter phenomenon is characterized by the upregulation of multiple inhibitory receptors, such as programmed death-1 (PD-1), CD244 and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), which modulate the functional capabilities of CD8+ T cells. DESIGN AND METHODS Here, we used an array of different human leukocyte antigen(HLA)-B*15:03 and HLA-B*42:01 tetramers to characterize inhibitory receptor expression as a function of differentiation on HIV-1-specific CD8+ T-cell populations(n = 128) spanning 11 different epitope targets. RESULTS Expression levels of PD-1, but not CD244 or LAG-3, varied substantially across epitope specificities both within and between individuals. Differential expression of PD-1 on T-cell receptor (TCR) clonotypes within individual HIV-1-specific CD8+ T-cell populations was also apparent, independent of clonal dominance hierarchies. Positive correlations were detected between PD-1 expression and plasma viral load, which were reinforced by stratification for epitope sequence stability and dictated by effector memory CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSION Collectively, these data suggest that PD-1 expression on HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells tracks antigen load at the level of epitope specificity and TCR clonotype usage. These findings are important because they provide evidence that PD-1 expression levels are influenced by peptide/HLA class I antigen exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik N. Kløverpris
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, Oxford
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, K-RITH, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Reuben McGregor
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, Oxford
| | - James E. McLaren
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anette Stryhn
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | - Jacqui Brener
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, Oxford
| | - Fabian Chen
- Department of Sexual Health, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading
| | - Lynn Riddell
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Northamptonshire Healthcare National Health Service Trust, Northampton General Hospital, Cliftonville, Northampton
| | - Luzzi Graziano
- Department of Sexual Health, Wycombe Hospital, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire
| | - Paul Klenerman
- The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, K-RITH, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Søren Buus
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - David A. Price
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- David A. Price and Philip Goulder contributed equally to this study
| | - Philip Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, Oxford
- David A. Price and Philip Goulder contributed equally to this study
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rickinson AB. Co-infections, inflammation and oncogenesis: future directions for EBV research. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 26:99-115. [PMID: 24751797 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is aetiologically linked to a wide range of human tumours. Some arise as accidents of the virus' lifestyle in its natural niche, the B lymphoid system; these include B-lymphoproliferative disease of the immunocompromised, Hodgkin Lymphoma, Burkitt Lymphoma and particular forms of diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Interestingly, HIV infection increases the incidence of each of these B cell malignancies, though by different degrees and for different reasons. Other EBV-associated tumours arise through rare viral entry into unnatural target tissues; these include all cases of nasal T/NK cell lymphoma and of undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma plus a small but significant subset of gastric carcinomas, a tumour type more generally associated with chronic Helicobacter pylori infection. Understanding EBV's involvement in the pathogenesis of these different malignancies is an important long-term goal. This article focuses on two overlapping, but relatively neglected, areas of research that could contribute to that goal. The first addresses the mechanisms whereby coincident infections with other pathogens increase the risk of EBV-positive malignancies, and takes as its paradigm the actions of holoendemic malaria and HIV infections as co-factors in Burkitt lymphomagenesis. The second widens the argument to include both infectious and non-infectious sources of chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of EBV-positive tumours such as T/NK cell lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and gastric carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A B Rickinson
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses to latent antigen EBNA-1 and lytic antigen BZLF-1 during persistent lymphocryptovirus infection of rhesus macaques. J Virol 2013; 87:8351-62. [PMID: 23698300 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00852-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection leads to lifelong viral persistence through its latency in B cells. EBV-specific T cells control reactivations and prevent the development of EBV-associated malignancies in most healthy carriers, but infection can sometimes cause chronic disease and malignant transformation. Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) is the only viral protein consistently expressed during all forms of latency and in all EBV-associated malignancies and is a promising target for a therapeutic vaccine. Here, we studied the EBNA-1-specific immune response using the EBV-homologous rhesus lymphocryptovirus (rhLCV) infection in rhesus macaques. We assessed the frequency, phenotype, and cytokine production profiles of rhLCV EBNA-1 (rhEBNA-1)-specific T cells in 15 rhesus macaques and compared them to the lytic antigen of rhLCV BZLF-1 (rhBZLF-1). We were able to detect rhEBNA-1-specific CD4(+) and/or CD8(+) T cells in 14 of the 15 animals screened. In comparison, all 15 animals had detectable rhBZLF-1 responses. Most peptide-specific CD4(+) T cells exhibited a resting phenotype of central memory (TCM), while peptide-specific CD8(+) T cells showed a more activated phenotype, belonging mainly to the effector cell subset. By comparing our results to the human EBV immune response, we demonstrate that the rhLCV model is a valid system for studying chronic EBV infection and for the preclinical development of therapeutic vaccines.
Collapse
|
26
|
Smith C, Khanna R. Epstein?Barr virus-associated malignancies: pathobiology and emerging therapeutic options. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/ma13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|