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Jain J, Chaudhary Y, Gaur SK, Tembhurne P, Sekar SC, Dhanavelu M, Sehrawat S, Kaul R. Peste des petits ruminants virus non-structural V and C proteins interact with the NF-κB p65 subunit and modulate pro-inflammatory cytokine gene induction. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37831061 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is known to induce transient immunosuppression in infected small ruminants by modulating several cellular pathways involved in the antiviral immune response. Our study shows that the PPRV-coded non-structural proteins C and V can interact with the cellular NF-κB p65 subunit. The PPRV-C protein interacts with the transactivation domain (TAD) while PPRV-V interacts with the Rel homology domain (RHD) of the NF-κB p65 subunit. Both viral proteins can suppress the NF-κB transcriptional activity and NF-κB-mediated transcription of cellular genes. PPRV-V protein expression can significantly inhibit the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 upon TNF-α stimulation, whereas PPRV-C does not affect it. The NF-κB-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression is significantly downregulated in cells expressing PPRV-C or PPRV-V protein. Our study provides evidence suggesting a role of PPRV non-structural proteins V and C in the modulation of NF-κB signalling through interaction with the NF-κB p65 subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Jain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Yash Chaudhary
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Sharad Kumar Gaur
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - Sharvan Sehrawat
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, India
| | - Rajeev Kaul
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
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2
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Gonzalez Lopez Ledesma MM, Costa Navarro G, Pallares HM, Paletta A, De Maio F, Iglesias NG, Gebhard L, Oviedo Rouco S, Ojeda DS, de Borba L, Giraldo M, Rajsbaum R, Ceballos A, Krogan NJ, Shah PS, Gamarnik AV. Dengue virus NS5 degrades ERC1 during infection to antagonize NF-kB activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220005120. [PMID: 37252973 PMCID: PMC10266027 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220005120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is the most important human virus transmitted by mosquitos. Dengue pathogenesis is characterized by a large induction of proinflammatory cytokines. This cytokine induction varies among the four DENV serotypes (DENV1 to 4) and poses a challenge for live DENV vaccine design. Here, we identify a viral mechanism to limit NF-κB activation and cytokine secretion by the DENV protein NS5. Using proteomics, we found that NS5 binds and degrades the host protein ERC1 to antagonize NF-κB activation, limit proinflammatory cytokine secretion, and reduce cell migration. We found that ERC1 degradation involves unique properties of the methyltransferase domain of NS5 that are not conserved among the four DENV serotypes. By obtaining chimeric DENV2 and DENV4 viruses, we map the residues in NS5 for ERC1 degradation, and generate recombinant DENVs exchanging serotype properties by single amino acid substitutions. This work uncovers a function of the viral protein NS5 to limit cytokine production, critical to dengue pathogenesis. Importantly, the information provided about the serotype-specific mechanism for counteracting the antiviral response can be applied to improve live attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ana Paletta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Universidad de Buenos Aires-National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos AiresC1121, Argentina
| | - Federico De Maio
- Fundación Instituto Leloir-CONICET, Buenos AiresC1405, Argentina
| | | | - Leopoldo Gebhard
- Fundación Instituto Leloir-CONICET, Buenos AiresC1405, Argentina
| | | | - Diego S. Ojeda
- Fundación Instituto Leloir-CONICET, Buenos AiresC1405, Argentina
| | - Luana de Borba
- Fundación Instituto Leloir-CONICET, Buenos AiresC1405, Argentina
| | - María Giraldo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX77555
| | - Ricardo Rajsbaum
- Department of Medicine, Center for Virus-Host-Innate-Immunity, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ07101
| | - Ana Ceballos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Universidad de Buenos Aires-National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos AiresC1121, Argentina
| | | | - Priya S. Shah
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA95616
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA95616
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3
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Amurri L, Reynard O, Gerlier D, Horvat B, Iampietro M. Measles Virus-Induced Host Immunity and Mechanisms of Viral Evasion. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122641. [PMID: 36560645 PMCID: PMC9781438 DOI: 10.3390/v14122641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system deploys a complex network of cells and signaling pathways to protect host integrity against exogenous threats, including measles virus (MeV). However, throughout its evolutionary path, MeV developed various mechanisms to disrupt and evade immune responses. Despite an available vaccine, MeV remains an important re-emerging pathogen with a continuous increase in prevalence worldwide during the last decade. Considerable knowledge has been accumulated regarding MeV interactions with the innate immune system through two antagonistic aspects: recognition of the virus by cellular sensors and viral ability to inhibit the induction of the interferon cascade. Indeed, while the host could use several innate adaptors to sense MeV infection, the virus is adapted to unsettle defenses by obstructing host cell signaling pathways. Recent works have highlighted a novel aspect of innate immune response directed against MeV unexpectedly involving DNA-related sensing through activation of the cGAS/STING axis, even in the absence of any viral DNA intermediate. In addition, while MeV infection most often causes a mild disease and triggers a lifelong immunity, its tropism for invariant T-cells and memory T and B-cells provokes the elimination of one primary shield and the pre-existing immunity against previously encountered pathogens, known as "immune amnesia".
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Amurri
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team Immunobiology of Viral infections, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Reynard
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team Immunobiology of Viral infections, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Denis Gerlier
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Branka Horvat
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team Immunobiology of Viral infections, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Mathieu Iampietro
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Team Immunobiology of Viral infections, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
- Correspondence:
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4
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Chithelen J, Franke H, Länder N, Grafen A, Schneider-Schaulies J. The Sphingolipid Inhibitors Ceranib-2 and SKI-II Reduce Measles Virus Replication in Primary Human Lymphocytes: Effects on mTORC1 Downstream Signaling. Front Physiol 2022; 13:856143. [PMID: 35370781 PMCID: PMC8968423 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.856143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioactive sphingolipids ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) are involved in the regulation of cell homeostasis and activity ranging from apoptosis to proliferation. We recently described that the two compounds ceranib-2 (inhibiting acid ceramidase) and SKI-II [inhibiting the sphingosine kinases 1 and − 2 (SphK1/2)] reduce mTORC1 activity and measles virus (MV) replication in human primary peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) by about one log step. We now further investigated whether mTORC1 downstream signaling and viral protein expression may be affected by ceranib-2 and/or SKI-II. Western blot analyses showed that in uninfected cells the phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) was reduced by both inhibitors. Interestingly, MV infection led to an increase of rpS6 protein levels and phosphorylation of eIF4E. Treatment with both inhibitors reduced the rpS6 protein expression, and in addition, SKI-II reduced rpS6 phosphorylation. The phosphorylation of eIF4E was slightly reduced by both inhibitors. In addition, SKI-II led to reduced levels of IKK in MV-infected cells. Both inhibitors reduced the expression of viral proteins and the titers of newly synthesized MV by approximately one log step. As expected, SKI-II and rapamycin reduced also the virally encoded GFP expression; however, ceranib-2 astonishingly led to increased levels of GFP fluorescence. Our findings suggest that the inhibitors ceranib-2 and SKI-II act via differential mechanisms on MV replication. The observed effects on mTORC1 downstream signaling, predominantly the reduction of rpS6 levels by both inhibitors, may affect the translational capacity of the cells and contribute to the antiviral effect in human primary PBL.
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Wang C, Wang T, Duan L, Chen H, Hu R, Wang X, Jia Y, Chu Z, Liu H, Wang X, Zhang S, Xiao S, Wang J, Dang R, Yang Z. Evasion of Host Antiviral Innate Immunity by Paramyxovirus Accessory Proteins. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:790191. [PMID: 35173691 PMCID: PMC8841848 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.790191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
For efficient replication, viruses have developed multiple strategies to evade host antiviral innate immunity. Paramyxoviruses are a large family of enveloped RNA viruses that comprises diverse human and animal pathogens which jeopardize global public health and the economy. The accessory proteins expressed from the P gene by RNA editing or overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) are major viral immune evasion factors antagonizing type I interferon (IFN-I) production and other antiviral innate immune responses. However, the antagonistic mechanisms against antiviral innate immunity by accessory proteins differ among viruses. Here, we summarize the current understandings of immune evasion mechanisms by paramyxovirus accessory proteins, specifically how accessory proteins directly or indirectly target the adaptors in the antiviral innate immune signaling pathway to facilitate virus replication. Additionally, some cellular responses, which are also involved in viral replication, will be briefly summarized.
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6
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Hennrich AA, Sawatsky B, Santos-Mandujano R, Banda DH, Oberhuber M, Schopf A, Pfaffinger V, Wittwer K, Riedel C, Pfaller CK, Conzelmann KK. Safe and effective two-in-one replicon-and-VLP minispike vaccine for COVID-19: Protection of mice after a single immunization. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009064. [PMID: 33882114 PMCID: PMC8092985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines of outstanding efficiency, safety, and public acceptance are needed to halt the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Concerns include potential side effects caused by the antigen itself and safety of viral DNA and RNA delivery vectors. The large SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein is the main target of current COVID-19 vaccine candidates but can induce non-neutralizing antibodies, which might cause vaccination-induced complications or enhancement of COVID-19 disease. Besides, encoding of a functional S in replication-competent virus vector vaccines may result in the emergence of viruses with altered or expanded tropism. Here, we have developed a safe single round rhabdovirus replicon vaccine platform for enhanced presentation of the S receptor-binding domain (RBD). Structure-guided design was employed to build a chimeric minispike comprising the globular RBD linked to a transmembrane stem-anchor sequence derived from rabies virus (RABV) glycoprotein (G). Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and RABV replicons encoding the minispike not only allowed expression of the antigen at the cell surface but also incorporation into the envelope of secreted non-infectious particles, thus combining classic vector-driven antigen expression and particulate virus-like particle (VLP) presentation. A single dose of a prototype replicon vaccine complemented with VSV G, VSVΔG-minispike-eGFP (G), stimulated high titers of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in mice, equivalent to those found in COVID-19 patients, and protected transgenic K18-hACE2 mice from COVID-19-like disease. Homologous boost immunization further enhanced virus neutralizing activity. The results demonstrate that non-spreading rhabdovirus RNA replicons expressing minispike proteins represent effective and safe alternatives to vaccination approaches using replication-competent viruses and/or the entire S antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru A. Hennrich
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute Virology, and Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bevan Sawatsky
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Dominic H. Banda
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute Virology, and Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Oberhuber
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute Virology, and Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anika Schopf
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute Virology, and Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Verena Pfaffinger
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute Virology, and Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kevin Wittwer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Christiane Riedel
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Karl-Klaus Conzelmann
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute Virology, and Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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7
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Linjie L, Xiaoling S, Xiaoxia M, Xin C, Ali A, Jialin B. Peste des petits ruminants virus non-structural C protein inhibits the induction of interferon-β by potentially interacting with MAVS and RIG-I. Virus Genes 2021; 57:60-71. [PMID: 33389635 PMCID: PMC7870622 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01811-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes an acute and highly contagious disease in domestic and wild small ruminants throughout the world, mainly by invoking immunosuppression in its natural hosts. It has been suggested that the non-structural C protein of PPRV helps in evading host responses but the molecular mechanisms by which it antagonizes the host responses have not been fully characterized. Here, we report the antagonistic effect of PPRV C protein on the expression of interferon-β (IFN-β) through both MAVS and RIG-I mediated pathways in vitro. Dual luciferase reporter assay and direct expression of IFN-β mRNA analysis indicated that PPRV C significantly down regulates IFN-β via its potential interaction with MAVS and RIG-I signaling molecules. Results further indicated that PPRV C protein significantly suppresses endogenous and exogenous IFN-β-induced anti-viral effects in PPRV, EMCV and SVS infections in vitro. Moreover, PPRV C protein not only down regulates IFN-β but also the downstream cytokines of interferon stimulated genes 56 (ISG56), ISG15, C-X-C motif chemokine (CXCL10) and RIG-I mediated activation of IFN promoter elements of ISRE and NF-κB. Further, this study deciphers that PPRV C protein could significantly inhibit the phosphorylation of STAT1 and interferes with the signal transmission in JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Collectively, this study indicates that PPRV C protein is important for innate immune evasion and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Linjie
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Shi Xiaoling
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ma Xiaoxia
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Cao Xin
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Amjad Ali
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Bai Jialin
- Key Laboratory of Bioengineering & Biotechnology of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
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8
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Meignié A, Combredet C, Santolini M, Kovács IA, Douché T, Gianetto QG, Eun H, Matondo M, Jacob Y, Grailhe R, Tangy F, Komarova AV. Proteomic Analysis Uncovers Measles Virus Protein C Interaction With p65-iASPP Protein Complex. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100049. [PMID: 33515806 PMCID: PMC7950213 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses manipulate the central machineries of host cells to their advantage. They prevent host cell antiviral responses to create a favorable environment for their survival and propagation. Measles virus (MV) encodes two nonstructural proteins MV-V and MV-C known to counteract the host interferon response and to regulate cell death pathways. Several molecular mechanisms underlining MV-V regulation of innate immunity and cell death pathways have been proposed, whereas MV-C host-interacting proteins are less studied. We suggest that some cellular factors that are controlled by MV-C protein during viral replication could be components of innate immunity and the cell death pathways. To determine which host factors are targeted by MV-C, we captured both direct and indirect host-interacting proteins of MV-C protein. For this, we used a strategy based on recombinant viruses expressing tagged viral proteins followed by affinity purification and a bottom-up mass spectrometry analysis. From the list of host proteins specifically interacting with MV-C protein in different cell lines, we selected the host targets that belong to immunity and cell death pathways for further validation. Direct protein interaction partners of MV-C were determined by applying protein complementation assay and the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer approach. As a result, we found that MV-C protein specifically interacts with p65–iASPP protein complex that controls both cell death and innate immunity pathways and evaluated the significance of these host factors on virus replication. Measles virus controls immune response and cell death pathways to achieve replication. Host proteins interaction network with measles virulence factor C protein. Cellular p65–iASPP complex is targeted by measles virus C protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Meignié
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Combredet
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France
| | - Marc Santolini
- Center for Research and Interdisciplinarity (CRI), Université de Paris, INSERM U1284, Paris, France; Network Science Institute and Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - István A Kovács
- Network Science Institute and Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA; Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Thibaut Douché
- Proteomics platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit (MSBio), Institut Pasteur, CNRS USR 2000, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Giai Gianetto
- Proteomics platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit (MSBio), Institut Pasteur, CNRS USR 2000, Paris, France; Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Computational Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, CNRS USR 3756, Paris, France
| | - Hyeju Eun
- Technology Development Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Proteomics platform, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit (MSBio), Institut Pasteur, CNRS USR 2000, Paris, France
| | - Yves Jacob
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France
| | - Regis Grailhe
- Technology Development Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France.
| | - Anastassia V Komarova
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR-3569, Paris, France.
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Hashimoto K, Hosoya M. Advances in Antiviral Therapy for Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020427. [PMID: 33467470 PMCID: PMC7830519 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a late-onset, intractable, and fatal viral disease caused by persistent infection of the central nervous system by a mutant strain of the measles virus. Ribavirin intracerebroventricular therapy has already been administered to several SSPE patients in Japan based on fundamental and clinical research findings from our group, with positive therapeutic effects reported in some patients. However, the efficacy of this treatment approach has not been unequivocally established. Hence, development of more effective therapeutic methods using new antiviral agents is urgently needed. This review describes the current status of SSPE treatment and research, highlighting promising approaches to the development of more effective therapeutic methods.
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Ayasoufi K, Pfaller CK. Seek and hide: the manipulating interplay of measles virus with the innate immune system. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 41:18-30. [PMID: 32330821 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of defense against infections with pathogens. It provides direct antiviral mechanisms to suppress the viral life cycle at multiple steps. Innate immune cells are specialized to recognize pathogen infections and activate and modulate adaptive immune responses through antigen presentation, co-stimulation and release of cytokines and chemokines. Measles virus, which causes long-lasting immunosuppression and immune-amnesia, primarily infects and replicates in innate and adaptive immune cells, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, T cells and B cells. To achieve efficient replication, measles virus has evolved multiple mechanisms to manipulate innate immune responses by both stimulation and blocking of specific signals necessary for antiviral immunity. This review will highlight our current knowledge in this and address open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoun Ayasoufi
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Immunology, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Christian K Pfaller
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany.
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11
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Phylogenomic Analysis of Two Co-Circulating Canine Distemper Virus Lineages in Colombia. Pathogens 2019; 9:pathogens9010026. [PMID: 31892101 PMCID: PMC7168600 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is considered a reemerging disease-causing agent in domestic dogs because it presents high divergence among circulating strains worldwide. In Colombia, the South America-3 and South America/North America-4 lineages co-circulate in domestic dogs, both in the Medellin metropolitan area. In this paper, two full CDV genomes from each viral lineage circulating in Medellin were sequenced; we explored the phylogenetic relationship with the available genome sequences; we described the presence of CDV mutations in the South America-3 and South America/North America-4 lineages associated with adaptation to human cells and a crossing of the species barrier and pathogenicity; and we established the evolutionary rates and time of the closest common ancestor for each gene and characterized the presentation of multiple genomic sites by positive selection.
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12
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Ferren M, Horvat B, Mathieu C. Measles Encephalitis: Towards New Therapeutics. Viruses 2019; 11:E1017. [PMID: 31684034 PMCID: PMC6893791 DOI: 10.3390/v11111017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide among vaccine preventable diseases. Recent decline in vaccination coverage resulted in re-emergence of measles outbreaks. Measles virus (MeV) infection causes an acute systemic disease, associated in certain cases with central nervous system (CNS) infection leading to lethal neurological disease. Early following MeV infection some patients develop acute post-infectious measles encephalitis (APME), which is not associated with direct infection of the brain. MeV can also infect the CNS and cause sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) in immunocompetent people or measles inclusion-body encephalitis (MIBE) in immunocompromised patients. To date, cellular and molecular mechanisms governing CNS invasion are still poorly understood. Moreover, the known MeV entry receptors are not expressed in the CNS and how MeV enters and spreads in the brain is not fully understood. Different antiviral treatments have been tested and validated in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo, mainly in small animal models. Most treatments have high efficacy at preventing infection but their effectiveness after CNS manifestations remains to be evaluated. This review describes MeV neural infection and current most advanced therapeutic approaches potentially applicable to treat MeV CNS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Ferren
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM U1111, University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France.
| | - Branka Horvat
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM U1111, University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France.
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM U1111, University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France.
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Duque-Valencia J, Sarute N, Olarte-Castillo XA, Ruíz-Sáenz J. Evolution and Interspecies Transmission of Canine Distemper Virus-An Outlook of the Diverse Evolutionary Landscapes of a Multi-Host Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070582. [PMID: 31247987 PMCID: PMC6669529 DOI: 10.3390/v11070582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a worldwide distributed virus which belongs to the genus Morbillivirus within the Paramyxoviridae family. CDV spreads through the lymphatic, epithelial, and nervous systems of domestic dogs and wildlife, in at least six orders and over 20 families of mammals. Due to the high morbidity and mortality rates and broad host range, understanding the epidemiology of CDV is not only important for its control in domestic animals, but also for the development of reliable wildlife conservation strategies. The present review aims to give an outlook of the multiple evolutionary landscapes and factors involved in the transmission of CDV by including epidemiological data from multiple species in urban, wild and peri-urban settings, not only in domestic animal populations but at the wildlife interface. It is clear that different epidemiological scenarios can lead to the presence of CDV in wildlife even in the absence of infection in domestic populations, highlighting the role of CDV in different domestic or wild species without clinical signs of disease mainly acting as reservoirs (peridomestic and mesocarnivores) that are often found in peridomestic habits triggering CDV epidemics. Another scenario is driven by mutations, which generate genetic variation on which random drift and natural selection can act, shaping the genetic structure of CDV populations leading to some fitness compensations between hosts and driving the evolution of specialist and generalist traits in CDV populations. In this scenario, the highly variable protein hemagglutinin (H) determines the cellular and host tropism by binding to signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) and nectin-4 receptors of the host; however, the multiple evolutionary events that may have facilitated CDV adaptation to different hosts must be evaluated by complete genome sequencing. This review is focused on the study of CDV interspecies transmission by examining molecular and epidemiological reports based on sequences of the hemagglutinin gene and the growing body of studies of the complete genome; emphasizing the importance of long-term multidisciplinary research that tracks CDV in the presence or absence of clinical signs in wild species, and helping to implement strategies to mitigate the infection. Integrated research incorporating the experience of wildlife managers, behavioral and conservation biologists, veterinarians, virologists, and immunologists (among other scientific areas) and the inclusion of several wild and domestic species is essential for understanding the intricate epidemiological dynamics of CDV in its multiple host infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- July Duque-Valencia
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales-GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, sede Medellín 050012, Colombia
| | - Nicolás Sarute
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo 11200, Uruguay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UIC College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ximena A Olarte-Castillo
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Agropecuarias. Universidad de Santander (UDES), sede Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
| | - Julián Ruíz-Sáenz
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales-GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, sede Medellín 050012, Colombia.
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14
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Pfaller CK, Donohue RC, Nersisyan S, Brodsky L, Cattaneo R. Extensive editing of cellular and viral double-stranded RNA structures accounts for innate immunity suppression and the proviral activity of ADAR1p150. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006577. [PMID: 30496178 PMCID: PMC6264153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon (IFN)-mediated innate immune response is the first line of defense against viruses. However, an IFN-stimulated gene, the adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1), favors the replication of several viruses. ADAR1 binds double-stranded RNA and converts adenosine to inosine by deamination. This form of editing makes duplex RNA unstable, thereby preventing IFN induction. To better understand how ADAR1 works at the cellular level, we generated cell lines that express exclusively either the IFN-inducible, cytoplasmic isoform ADAR1p150, the constitutively expressed nuclear isoform ADAR1p110, or no isoform. By comparing the transcriptome of these cell lines, we identified more than 150 polymerase II transcripts that are extensively edited, and we attributed most editing events to ADAR1p150. Editing is focused on inverted transposable elements, located mainly within introns and untranslated regions, and predicted to form duplex RNA structures. Editing of these elements occurs also in primary human samples, and there is evidence for cross-species evolutionary conservation of editing patterns in primates and, to a lesser extent, in rodents. Whereas ADAR1p150 rarely edits tightly encapsidated standard measles virus (MeV) genomes, it efficiently edits genomes with inverted repeats accidentally generated by a mutant MeV. We also show that immune activation occurs in fully ADAR1-deficient (ADAR1KO) cells, restricting virus growth, and that complementation of these cells with ADAR1p150 rescues virus growth and suppresses innate immunity activation. Finally, by knocking out either protein kinase R (PKR) or mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS)—another protein controlling the response to duplex RNA—in ADAR1KO cells, we show that PKR activation elicits a stronger antiviral response. Thus, ADAR1 prevents innate immunity activation by cellular transcripts that include extensive duplex RNA structures. The trade-off is that viruses take advantage of ADAR1 to elude innate immunity control. The innate immune response is a double-edged sword. It must protect the host from pathogens while avoiding accidental recognition of “self” molecular patterns, which can lead to autoimmune reactions. Double-stranded RNA is among the most potent inducers of cellular stress and interferon responses. We characterize here a mechanism that prevents autoimmune activation and show that an RNA virus, measles virus, can exploit it to elude innate immune responses. This mechanism relies on the enzyme adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1), which converts adenosine residues within duplex RNA structures to inosine. We identify duplex RNA structures in the 3′ untranslated regions of over 150 cellular transcripts and show that they are heavily edited in ADAR1-expressing cells. We detect the same type of editing in duplex RNA–forming defective genomes accidentally generated by measles virus. Loss of RNA editing causes strong innate immune responses and is detrimental to viral replication. Thus, by keeping the amount of duplex RNA in cells below an immune activation threshold, ADAR1 prevents autoimmunity while also favoring pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian K. Pfaller
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ryan C. Donohue
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Stepan Nersisyan
- Tauber Bioinformatics Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid Brodsky
- Tauber Bioinformatics Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Roberto Cattaneo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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MicroRNA-216a Inhibits NF-κB-Mediated Inflammatory Cytokine Production in Teleost Fish by Modulating p65. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00256-18. [PMID: 29632247 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00256-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the host self-protection mechanism to eliminate pathogen invasion. The excessive inflammatory response can result in uncontrolled inflammation, autoimmune diseases, or pathogen dissemination. Recent studies have widely shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to the regulation of inflammation in mammals by repressing gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. However, the miRNA-mediated mechanism in the inflammatory response in fish remains hazy. In the present study, the regulatory mechanism of the miR-216a-mediated inflammatory response in teleost fish was addressed. We found that the expression of miR-216a could be significantly upregulated in the miiuy croaker after challenge with Vibrio anguillarum and lipopolysaccharide. Bioinformatics predictions demonstrated a potential binding site of miR-216a in the 3' untranslated region of the p65 gene, and the result was further confirmed by luciferase assay. Moreover, both the mRNA and protein levels of p65 in macrophages were downregulated by miR-216a. Deletion mutant analysis of the miR-216a promoter showed that the Ap1 and Sp1 transcription factor binding sites are indispensable for the transcription of miR-216a. Further study revealed that overexpression of miR-216a suppresses inflammatory cytokine expression and negatively regulates NF-κB signaling, which inhibit an excessive inflammatory response. The collective results indicate that miR-216a plays a role as a negative regulator involved in modulating the bacterium-induced inflammatory response.
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Abstract
Measles is an acute systemic viral disease with initial amplification of infection in lymphoid tissue and subsequent spread over 10–14 days to multiple organs. Failure of the innate response to control initial measles virus (MeV) replication is associated with the ability of MeV to inhibit the induction of type I interferon and interferon-stimulated antiviral genes. Rather, the innate response is characterized by the expression of proteins regulated by nuclear factor kappa B and the inflammasome. With eventual development of the adaptive response, the rash appears with immune cell infiltration into sites of virus replication to initiate the clearance of infectious virus. However, MeV RNA is cleared much more slowly than recoverable infectious virus and remains present in lymphoid tissue for at least 6 months after infection. Persistence of viral RNA and protein suggests persistent low-level replication in lymphoid tissue that may facilitate maturation of the immune response, resulting in lifelong protection from reinfection, while persistence in other tissues (for example, the nervous system) may predispose to development of late disease such as subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Further studies are needed to identify mechanisms of viral clearance and to understand the relationship between persistence and development of lifelong immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Wen-Hsuan W Lin
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Ashley N Nelson
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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17
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Yang B, Qi X, Chen Z, Chen S, Xue Q, Jia P, Wang T, Wang J. Binding and entry of peste des petits ruminants virus into caprine endometrial epithelial cells profoundly affect early cellular gene expression. Vet Res 2018; 49:8. [PMID: 29368634 PMCID: PMC5784595 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0504-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), the etiological agent of peste des petits ruminants (PPR), causes an acute or subacute disease in small ruminants. Although abortion is observed in an unusually large proportion of pregnant goats during outbreaks of PPR, the pathogenic mechanism underlying remains unclear. Here, the gene expression profile of caprine endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) infected with PPRV Nigeria 75/1 was determined by DNA microarray to investigate the cellular response immediately after viral entry. The microarray analysis revealed that a total of 146 genes were significantly dysregulated by PPRV internalization within 1 h post-infection (hpi). Of these, 85 genes were upregulated and 61 genes were downregulated. Most of these genes, including NFKB1A, JUNB, and IL1A, have not previously been reported in association with PPRV infection in goats. Following viral replication (24 hpi), the expression of 307 genes were significantly upregulated and that of 261 genes were downregulated. The data for the genes differentially expressed in EECs were subjected to a time sequence profile analysis, gene network analysis and pathway analysis. The gene network analysis showed that 13 genes (EIF2AK3, IL10, TLR4, ZO3, NFKBIB, RAC1, HSP90AA1, SMAD7, ARG2, JUNB, ZFP36, APP, and IL1A) were located in the core of the network. We clearly demonstrate that PPRV infection upregulates the expression of nectin-4 after 1 hpi, which peaked at 24 hpi in EECs. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the early cellular gene expression in the caprine endometrial epithelial cells after the binding and entry of PPRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuefeng Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhijie Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuying Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qinghong Xue
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Peilong Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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18
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Cosby SL, Weir L. Measles vaccination: Threat from related veterinary viruses and need for continued vaccination post measles eradication. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:229-233. [PMID: 29173050 PMCID: PMC5791572 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1403677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) is the only human virus within the morbillivirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae. The veterinary members are canine distemper virus (CDV), peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), Rinderpest Virus (RPV) as well as the marine morbilliviruses phocine distemper virus (PDV), dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) and porpoise morbillivirus (PMV). Morbilliviruses have a severe impact on humans and animal species. They confer diseases which have contributed to morbidity and mortality of the population on a global scale. There is substantial evidence from both natural and experimental infections that morbilliviruses can readily cross species barriers. Of most concern with regard to zoonosis is the more recently reported fatal infection of primates in Japan and China with strains of CDV which have adapted to this host. The close genetic relationship, shared cell entry receptors and similar pathogenesis between the morbilliviruses highlights the potential consequences of complete withdrawal of MV vaccination after eradication. Therefore, it would be prudent to continue the current MV vaccination. Ultimately development of novel, safe vaccines which have higher efficacy against the veterinary morbilliviruses is a priority. These would to protect the human population long term against the threat of zoonosis by these veterinary viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Louise Cosby
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Veterinary Sciences Division, Stormont, Belfast, UK
- Queen's University Belfast, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Belfast, UK
| | - Leanne Weir
- Queen's University Belfast, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Belfast, UK
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19
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Pfeffermann K, Dörr M, Zirkel F, von Messling V. Morbillivirus Pathogenesis and Virus-Host Interactions. Adv Virus Res 2018; 100:75-98. [PMID: 29551144 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of safe and effective vaccines against measles and several animal morbilliviruses, they continue to cause regular outbreaks and epidemics in susceptible populations. Morbilliviruses are highly contagious and share a similar pathogenesis in their respective hosts. This review provides an overview of morbillivirus history and the general replication cycle and recapitulates Morbillivirus pathogenesis focusing on common and unique aspects seen in different hosts. It also summarizes the state of knowledge regarding virus-host interactions on the cellular level with an emphasis on viral interference with innate immune response activation, and highlights remaining knowledge gaps.
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20
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Petkova DS, Verlhac P, Rozières A, Baguet J, Claviere M, Kretz-Remy C, Mahieux R, Viret C, Faure M. Distinct Contributions of Autophagy Receptors in Measles Virus Replication. Viruses 2017; 9:v9050123. [PMID: 28531150 PMCID: PMC5454435 DOI: 10.3390/v9050123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a potent cell autonomous defense mechanism that engages the lysosomal pathway to fight intracellular pathogens. Several autophagy receptors can recognize invading pathogens in order to target them towards autophagy for their degradation after the fusion of pathogen-containing autophagosomes with lysosomes. However, numerous intracellular pathogens can avoid or exploit autophagy, among which is measles virus (MeV). This virus induces a complete autophagy flux, which is required to improve viral replication. We therefore asked how measles virus interferes with autophagy receptors during the course of infection. We report that in addition to NDP52/CALCOCO2 and OPTINEURIN/OPTN, another autophagy receptor, namely T6BP/TAXIBP1, also regulates the maturation of autophagosomes by promoting their fusion with lysosomes, independently of any infection. Surprisingly, only two of these receptors, NDP52 and T6BP, impacted measles virus replication, although independently, and possibly through physical interaction with MeV proteins. Thus, our results suggest that a restricted set of autophagosomes is selectively exploited by measles virus to replicate in the course of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denitsa S Petkova
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France.
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Avenue Tony Garnier 69365 Lyon CEDEX 07, France.
| | - Pauline Verlhac
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France.
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Avenue Tony Garnier 69365 Lyon CEDEX 07, France.
| | - Aurore Rozières
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France.
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Avenue Tony Garnier 69365 Lyon CEDEX 07, France.
| | - Joël Baguet
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France.
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Avenue Tony Garnier 69365 Lyon CEDEX 07, France.
| | - Mathieu Claviere
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France.
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Avenue Tony Garnier 69365 Lyon CEDEX 07, France.
| | - Carole Kretz-Remy
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon France.
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France.
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Avenue Tony Garnier 69365 Lyon CEDEX 07, France.
- Equipe labellisée Ligue nationale contre le cancer, France.
| | - Christophe Viret
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France.
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Avenue Tony Garnier 69365 Lyon CEDEX 07, France.
| | - Mathias Faure
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France.
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Avenue Tony Garnier 69365 Lyon CEDEX 07, France.
- Equipe labellisée Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale FRM, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, France.
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21
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The matrix protein of rabies virus binds to RelAp43 to modulate NF-κB-dependent gene expression related to innate immunity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39420. [PMID: 28000711 PMCID: PMC5175135 DOI: 10.1038/srep39420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The matrix (M) protein of wild isolates of rabies virus such as Tha (M-Tha) was previously shown to be able to interact with RelAp43, a protein of the NF-κB family, and to efficiently suppress NF-κB-dependent reporter gene expression, in contrast with the vaccine strain SAD. Here, we analyze the mechanisms involved in RelAp43-M protein interaction. We demonstrate that the central part of M-Tha, and the specific C-terminal region of RelAp43 are required for this interaction. Four differences in the corresponding amino acid sequences of the M-Tha and M-SAD are shown to be crucial for RelAp43 interaction and subsequent modulation of innate immune response. Furthermore, the capacity of M-Tha to interact with RelAp43 was shown to be crucial for the control of the expression of four genes (IFN, TNF, IL8 and CXCL2) during viral infection. These findings reveal that RelAp43 is a potent regulator of transcription of genes involved in innate immune response during rabies virus infection and that the M protein of wild isolates of rabies virus is a viral immune-modulatory factor playing an important role in this RelAp43-mediated host innate immunity response in contrast to M protein of vaccine strains, which have lost this property.
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22
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Jiang Y, Qin Y, Chen M. Host-Pathogen Interactions in Measles Virus Replication and Anti-Viral Immunity. Viruses 2016; 8:v8110308. [PMID: 27854326 PMCID: PMC5127022 DOI: 10.3390/v8110308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The measles virus (MeV) is a contagious pathogenic RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Morbillivirus, that can cause serious symptoms and even fetal complications. Here, we summarize current molecular advances in MeV research, and emphasize the connection between host cells and MeV replication. Although measles has reemerged recently, the potential for its eradication is promising with significant progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of its replication and host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanliang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Yali Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Mingzhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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23
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Griffin DE. The Immune Response in Measles: Virus Control, Clearance and Protective Immunity. Viruses 2016; 8:v8100282. [PMID: 27754341 PMCID: PMC5086614 DOI: 10.3390/v8100282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles is an acute systemic viral infection with immune system interactions that play essential roles in multiple stages of infection and disease. Measles virus (MeV) infection does not induce type 1 interferons, but leads to production of cytokines and chemokines associated with nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) signaling and activation of the NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein (NLRP3) inflammasome. This restricted response allows extensive virus replication and spread during a clinically silent latent period of 10–14 days. The first appearance of the disease is a 2–3 day prodrome of fever, runny nose, cough, and conjunctivitis that is followed by a characteristic maculopapular rash that spreads from the face and trunk to the extremities. The rash is a manifestation of the MeV-specific type 1 CD4+ and CD8+ T cell adaptive immune response with lymphocyte infiltration into tissue sites of MeV replication and coincides with clearance of infectious virus. However, clearance of viral RNA from blood and tissues occurs over weeks to months after resolution of the rash and is associated with a period of immunosuppression. However, during viral RNA clearance, MeV-specific antibody also matures in type and avidity and T cell functions evolve from type 1 to type 2 and 17 responses that promote B cell development. Recovery is associated with sustained levels of neutralizing antibody and life-long protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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24
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Chlamydial Protease-Like Activity Factor and Type III Secreted Effectors Cooperate in Inhibition of p65 Nuclear Translocation. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.01427-16. [PMID: 27677792 PMCID: PMC5040114 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01427-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The chlamydial protease-like activity factor (CPAF) is hypothesized to be an important secreted virulence factor; however, challenges in denaturing its proteolytic activity have hampered attempts to identify its legitimate targets. Here, we use a genetic and proteomic approach to identify authentic CPAF targets. Human epithelial cells infected with CPAF-sufficient and CPAF-deficient chlamydiae were lysed using known CPAF-denaturing conditions. Their protein profiles were analyzed using isobaric mass tags and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Comparative analysis of CPAF-sufficient and CPAF-deficient infections identified a limited number of CPAF host and chlamydial protein targets. Host targets were primarily interferon-stimulated gene products, whereas chlamydial targets were type III secreted proteins. We provide evidence supporting a cooperative role for CPAF and type III secreted effectors in blocking NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation, resulting in decreased beta interferon and proinflammatory cytokine synthesis. Genetic complementation of null organisms with CPAF restored p65 nuclear translocation inhibition and proteolysis of chlamydial type III secreted effector proteins (T3SEs). We propose that CPAF and T3SEs cooperate in the inhibition of host innate immunity. Chlamydia trachomatis is an important human pathogen responsible for over 100 million infections each year worldwide. Its success as an intracellular pathogen revolves around its ability to evade host immunity. The chlamydial protease-like activity factor (CPAF) is a conserved serine protease secreted into the host cytosol of infected cells that is thought to play an important role in immune evasion. Currently, CPAF’s authentic in situ target(s) and mechanism of action in immune evasion are poorly characterized. Using a CPAF-deficient strain and high-throughput proteomics, we report novel CPAF host and chlamydial targets. Host targets were primarily interferon-stimulated genes, whereas chlamydial targets were exclusively type III secreted proteins. We propose a novel mechanism for CPAF and type III secreted proteins in the evasion of host innate immune responses. These findings provide new insights into CPAF’s function as a virulence factor and a better understanding of how chlamydiae evade host immunity.
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Audsley MD, Jans DA, Moseley GW. Roles of nuclear trafficking in infection by cytoplasmic negative-strand RNA viruses: paramyxoviruses and beyond. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2463-2481. [PMID: 27498841 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome replication and virion production by most negative-sense RNA viruses (NSVs) occurs exclusively in the cytoplasm, but many NSV-expressed proteins undergo active nucleocytoplasmic trafficking via signals that exploit cellular nuclear transport pathways. Nuclear trafficking has been reported both for NSV accessory proteins (including isoforms of the rabies virus phosphoprotein, and V, W and C proteins of paramyxoviruses) and for structural proteins. Trafficking of the former is thought to enable accessory functions in viral modulation of antiviral responses including the type I IFN system, but the intranuclear roles of structural proteins such as nucleocapsid and matrix proteins, which have critical roles in extranuclear replication and viral assembly, are less clear. Nevertheless, nuclear trafficking of matrix protein has been reported to be critical for efficient production of Nipah virus and Respiratory syncytial virus, and nuclear localization of nucleocapsid protein of several morbilliviruses has been linked to mechanisms of immune evasion. Together, these data point to the nucleus as a significant host interface for viral proteins during infection by NSVs with otherwise cytoplasmic life cycles. Importantly, several lines of evidence now suggest that nuclear trafficking of these proteins may be critical to pathogenesis and thus could provide new targets for vaccine development and antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Audsley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - David A Jans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Gregory W Moseley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BIO21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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Relevance of the Measles Virus Expression in Cancer - an Update. Pathol Oncol Res 2016; 22:661-6. [PMID: 27287391 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-016-0080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Evidence of an association between classical Hodgkin lymphoma and the measles virus has previously been presented by our group. Arguments held against our thesis were reevaluated. Substantiation of a relationship between the measles virus and additional solid tumors was submitted. Moreover, a pathogenic pathway was suggested to support a possible contribution of the measles virus to the development of classical Hodgkin lymphoma. We have chosen to exclude a discussion of measles virotherapy, since this carries distinct implications. We now add new evidence regarding the expression of the measles virus phosphoprotein in a few cancers. We also suggest a role in this context for atypical measles syndrome in malignant tumors. Last, we propose a collaboration which may make the best, on the one hand of our cohort of classical Hodgkin lymphoma, half of which carry the measles virus expression in their tumor cells. The planned study will also look into the patients vaccination records and into a previous history of the measles disease. On the other hand, cohorts of patients diagnosed with late onset measles will be assessed for the eventual diagnosis of atypical measles syndrome and will be followed up for the subsequent development of a malignant tumor.
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Abstract
During viral infection, RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are activated upon dephosphorylation by the phosphatase PP1, resulting in type I interferon production. In this issue, Davis et al. (2014) and Mesman et al. (2014) show that measles virus inhibits this antiviral response by targeting PP1 and thus preventing RLR dephosphorylation and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Seya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University Kita-ku, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
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Mesman AW, Zijlstra-Willems EM, Kaptein TM, de Swart RL, Davis ME, Ludlow M, Duprex WP, Gack MU, Gringhuis SI, Geijtenbeek TBH. Measles virus suppresses RIG-I-like receptor activation in dendritic cells via DC-SIGN-mediated inhibition of PP1 phosphatases. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 16:31-42. [PMID: 25011106 PMCID: PMC4159752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are targets of measles virus (MV) and play central roles in viral dissemination. However, DCs express the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) RIG-I and Mda5 that sense MV and induce type I interferon (IFN) production. Given the potency of this antiviral response, RLRs are tightly regulated at various steps, including dephosphorylation by PP1 phosphatases, which induces their activation. We demonstrate that MV suppresses RIG-I and Mda5 by activating the C-type lectin DC-SIGN and inducing signaling that prevents RLR dephosphorylation. MV binding to DC-SIGN leads to activation of the kinase Raf-1, which induces the association of PP1 inhibitor I-1 with GADD34-PP1 holoenzymes, thereby inhibiting phosphatase activity. Consequently, GADD34-PP1 holoenzymes are unable to dephosphorylate RIG-I and Mda5, hence suppressing type I IFN responses and enhancing MV replication. Blocking DC-SIGN signaling allows RLR activation and suppresses MV infection of DCs. Thus, MV subverts DC-SIGN to control RLR activation and escape antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies W Mesman
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esther M Zijlstra-Willems
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tanja M Kaptein
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rik L de Swart
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Meredith E Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Martin Ludlow
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - W Paul Duprex
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sonja I Gringhuis
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Teunis B H Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nonstructural protein 4 antagonizes beta interferon expression by targeting the NF-κB essential modulator. J Virol 2014; 88:10934-45. [PMID: 25008936 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01396-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a highly infectious pathogen that causes severe diseases in pigs and great economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Type I interferons (IFNs) play a crucial role in antiviral immunity. In the present study, we demonstrated that infection with the highly pathogenic PRRSV strain JXwn06 antagonized type I IFN expression induced by poly(I·C) in both porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and blood monocyte-derived macrophages (BMo). Subsequently, we showed that the inhibition of poly(I·C)-induced IFN-β production by PRRSV was dependent on the blocking of NF-κB signaling pathways. By screening PRRSV nonstructural and structural proteins, we demonstrated that nonstructural protein 4 (nsp4), a viral 3C-like serine protease, significantly suppressed IFN-β expression. Moreover, we verified that nsp4 inhibited NF-κB activation induced by signaling molecules, including RIG-I, VISA, TRIF, and IKKβ. nsp4 was shown to target the NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) at the E349-S350 site to mediate its cleavage. Importantly, nsp4 mutants with defective protease activity abolished its ability to cleave NEMO and inhibit IFN-β production. These findings might have implications for our understanding of PRRSV pathogenesis and its mechanisms for evading the host immune response. IMPORTANCE Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major agent of respiratory diseases in pigs. Like many other viruses, PRRSV has evolved a variety of strategies to evade host antiviral innate immunity for survival and propagation. In this study, we show that PRRSV nsp4 is a novel antagonist of the NF-κB signaling pathway, which is responsible for regulating the expression of type I interferons and other crucial cytokines. We then investigated the underlying mechanism used by nsp4 to suppress NF-κB-mediated IFN-β production. We found that nsp4 interfered with the NF-κB signaling pathway through the cleavage of NEMO (a key regulator of NF-κB signaling) at the E349-S350 site, leading to the downregulation of IFN-β production induced by poly(I·C). The data presented here may help us to better understand PRRSV pathogenesis.
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Tumor Restrictions to Oncolytic Virus. Biomedicines 2014; 2:163-194. [PMID: 28548066 PMCID: PMC5423468 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines2020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy has advanced since the days of its conception but therapeutic efficacy in the clinics does not seem to reach the same level as in animal models. One reason is premature oncolytic virus clearance in humans, which is a reasonable assumption considering the immune-stimulating nature of the oncolytic agents. However, several studies are beginning to reveal layers of restriction to oncolytic virotherapy that are present before an adaptive neutralizing immune response. Some of these barriers are present constitutively halting infection before it even begins, whereas others are raised by minute cues triggered by virus infection. Indeed, we and others have noticed that delivering viruses to tumors may not be the biggest obstacle to successful therapy, but instead the physical make-up of the tumor and its capacity to mount antiviral defenses seem to be the most important efficacy determinants. In this review, we summarize the constitutive and innate barriers to oncolytic virotherapy and discuss strategies to overcome them.
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John L, Samuel CE. Induction of stress granules by interferon and down-regulation by the cellular RNA adenosine deaminase ADAR1. Virology 2014; 454-455:299-310. [PMID: 24725957 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) deficient in C protein (C(ko)) expression efficiently induces both stress granules (SG) and interferon (IFNβ), whereas isogenic wild-type (WT) and V mutant (V(ko)) viruses do not. We therefore examined the effect of IFNβ pretreatment on SG formation, and the roles played by the IFN-inducible double-stranded (ds) RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) and dsRNA adenosine deaminase (ADAR1). SG formation in ADAR1-sufficient cells infected with WT or V(ko) mutant virus was enhanced by IFN treatment and was PKR-dependent. SG formation in C(ko) virus-infected cells was already high without IFN treatment and was not further enhanced by IFN. IFN treatment alone, in the absence of infection, induced SG formation in ADAR1-deficient but not ADAR1-sufficient cells. Type I IFN-induced enhancement in SG formation occurred by a canonical IFN signaling response dependent upon STAT1 and STAT2. These results further establish ADAR1 as a suppressor of the interferon and SG innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijo John
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Charles E Samuel
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States; Biomolecular Sciences and Engineering Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States.
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Wang Y, Hu L, Tong X, Ye X. Casein kinase 1γ1 inhibits the RIG-I/TLR signaling pathway through phosphorylating p65 and promoting its degradation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 192:1855-61. [PMID: 24442433 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The casein kinase 1 (CK1) plays an important role in various biological processes by phosphorylating its target proteins. In this study, we demonstrate that CK1γ1 inhibits RNA virus-mediated activation of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) signaling by affecting the stability of NF-κB subunit p65. First, we found that ectopic expression of CK1γ1 inhibits RIG-I pathway-mediated activation of IFN-β, whereas knockdown of CK1γ1 potentiates the activation of IFN-β and NF-κB induced by Sendai virus (SeV). We then revealed that CK1γ1 interacts with p65 and specifically enhances its phosphorylation at Ser(536) induced by SeV. By using an in vitro kinase assay, we confirmed that CK1γ1 can phosphorylate p65 at Ser(536). We also showed that the kinase dead mutants CK1γ1K73A and CK1γ1N169A did not inhibit SeV-induced activation of IFN-β and NF-κB, suggesting that the kinase activity of CK1γ1 is critical for its inhibitory effect on RIG-I signaling. Additionally, we found that CK1γ1 also has the similar effect on TLR signaling. Further analysis indicated that CK1γ1 phosphorylates p65 and consequently promotes its degradation by ubiquitin E3 ligases CUL2 and COMMD1. These results revealed a novel negative regulatory manner of CK1γ1 on innate immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetao Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
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33
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Vijayan M, Hahm B. Influenza viral manipulation of sphingolipid metabolism and signaling to modulate host defense system. SCIENTIFICA 2014; 2014:793815. [PMID: 24672735 PMCID: PMC3920843 DOI: 10.1155/2014/793815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Viruses attempt to create a distinctive cellular environment to favor viral replication and spread. Recent studies uncovered new functions of the sphingolipid signaling/metabolism during pathogenic virus infections. While sphingolipids such as sphingomyelin and ceramide were reported to influence the entry step of several viruses, sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes could directly alter viral replication processes. Influenza virus was shown to increase the level of sphingosine kinase (SK) 1 to promote virus propagation. The mechanism involves regulation of intracellular signaling pathways, leading to the amplification of influenza viral RNA synthesis and nuclear export of viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex. However, bovine viral diarrhea virus inhibits SK1 to enhance the efficacy of virus replication, demonstrating the presence of virus-specific strategies for modulation of the sphingolipid system. Therefore, investigating the sphingolipid metabolism and signaling in the context of virus replication could help us design innovative therapeutic approaches to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuvanthi Vijayan
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Bumsuk Hahm
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- University of Missouri-Columbia, One Hospital Drive, Medical Sciences Building, NW301C, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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Vijayan M, Seo YJ, Pritzl CJ, Squires SA, Alexander S, Hahm B. Sphingosine kinase 1 regulates measles virus replication. Virology 2013; 450-451:55-63. [PMID: 24503067 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) manipulates host factors to facilitate virus replication. Sphingosine kinase (SK) is an enzyme catalyzing the formation of sphingosine 1-phosphate and modulates multiple cellular processes including the host defense system. Here, we determined the role of SK1 in MV replication. Overexpression of SK1 enhanced MV replication. In contrast, inhibition of SK impaired viral protein expression and infectious virus production from cells expressing MV receptor, SLAM or Nectin-4. The inhibition of virus replication was observed when the cells were infected by vaccine strain or wild type MV or V/C gene-deficient MV. Importantly, SK inhibition suppressed MV-induced activation of NF-κB. The inhibitors specific to NF-κB signal pathway repressed the synthesis of MV proteins, revealing the importance of NF-κB activation for efficient MV replication. Therefore, SK inhibition restricts MV replication and modulates the NF-κB signal pathway, demonstrating that SK is a cellular factor critical for MV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuvanthi Vijayan
- Departments of Surgery & Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Young-Jin Seo
- Departments of Surgery & Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Curtis John Pritzl
- Departments of Surgery & Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Sarah Angela Squires
- Departments of Surgery & Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Stephen Alexander
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Bumsuk Hahm
- Departments of Surgery & Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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Measles virus C protein impairs production of defective copyback double-stranded viral RNA and activation of protein kinase R. J Virol 2013; 88:456-68. [PMID: 24155404 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02572-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) lacking expression of C protein (C(KO)) is a potent activator of the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase (PKR), whereas the isogenic parental virus expressing C protein is not. Here, we demonstrate that significant amounts of dsRNA accumulate during C(KO) mutant infection but not following parental virus infection. dsRNA accumulated during late stages of infection and localized with virus replication sites containing N and P proteins. PKR autophosphorylation and stress granule formation correlated with the timing of dsRNA appearance. Phospho-PKR localized to dsRNA-containing structures as revealed by immunofluorescence. Production of dsRNA was sensitive to cycloheximide but resistant to actinomycin D, suggesting that dsRNA is a viral product. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses revealed reduced viral RNA synthesis and a steepened transcription gradient in C(KO) virus-infected cells compared to those in parental virus-infected cells. The observed alterations were further reflected in lower viral protein expression levels and reduced C(KO) virus infectious yield. RNA deep sequencing confirmed the viral RNA expression profile differences seen by qPCR between C(KO) mutant and parental viruses. After one subsequent passage of the C(KO) virus, defective interfering RNA (DI-RNA) with a duplex structure was obtained that was not seen with the parental virus. We conclude that in the absence of C protein, the amount of PKR activator RNA, including DI-RNA, is increased, thereby triggering innate immune responses leading to impaired MV growth.
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Herpes simplex virus 1 E3 ubiquitin ligase ICP0 protein inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced NF-κB activation by interacting with p65/RelA and p50/NF-κB1. J Virol 2013; 87:12935-48. [PMID: 24067962 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01952-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NF-κB plays central roles in regulation of diverse biological processes, including innate and adaptive immunity and inflammation. HSV-1 is the archetypal member of the alphaherpesviruses, with a large genome encoding over 80 viral proteins, many of which are involved in virus-host interactions and show immune modulatory capabilities. In this study, we demonstrated that the HSV-1 ICP0 protein, a viral E3 ubiquitin ligase, was shown to significantly suppress tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-mediated NF-κB activation. ICP0 was demonstrated to bind to the NF-κB subunits p65 and p50 by coimmunoprecipitation analysis. ICP0 bound to the Rel homology domain (RHD) of p65. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that ICP0 abolished nuclear translocation of p65 upon TNF-α stimulation. Also, ICP0 degraded p50 via its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. The RING finger (RF) domain mutant ICP0 (ICP0-RF) lost its ability to inhibit TNF-α-mediated NF-κB activation and p65 nuclear translocation and degrade p50. Notably, the RF domain of ICP0 was sufficient to interact with p50 and abolish NF-κB reporter gene activity. Here, it is for the first time shown that HSV-1 ICP0 interacts with p65 and p50, degrades p50 through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, and prevents NF-κB-dependent gene expression, which may contribute to immune evasion and pathogenesis of HSV-1.
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Human parainfluenza virus type 2 V protein inhibits TRAF6-mediated ubiquitination of IRF7 to prevent TLR7- and TLR9-dependent interferon induction. J Virol 2013; 87:7966-76. [PMID: 23678181 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03525-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramyxovirus V proteins block Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)- and TLR9-dependent signaling leading to alpha interferon production. Our recent study has provided evidence that interaction of the V proteins with IRF7 is important for the blockade. However, the detailed mechanisms still remain unclear. Here we reexamined the interaction of the human parainfluenza virus type 2 (HPIV2) V protein with signaling molecules involved in TLR7/9-dependent signaling. Immunoprecipitation experiments in HEK293T cells transfected with V protein and one of the signaling molecules revealed that the V protein interacted with not only IRF7 but also TRAF6, IKKα, and MyD88. Whereas overexpression of TRAF6 markedly enhanced the level of V protein associating with IRF7, IKKα, and MyD88 in HEK293T cells, the level of V protein associating with TRAF6 was little affected by overexpression of IRF7, IKKα, and MyD88. Moreover, knockdown or knockout of endogenous TRAF6 in HEK293T or mouse embryonic fibroblast cells resulted in dissociation of the V protein from IRF7, IKKα, and MyD88. These results demonstrate that binding of the V protein to IRF7, IKKα, and MyD88 is largely indirect and mediated by endogenous TRAF6. It was found that the V protein inhibited TRAF6-mediated lysine 63 (K63)-linked polyubiquitination of IRF7, which is prerequisite for IRF7 activation. Disruption of the tryptophan-rich motif of the V protein significantly affected its TRAF6-binding efficiency, which correlated well with the magnitude of inhibition of K63-linked polyubiquitination and the resultant activation of IRF7. Taken together, these results suggest that the HPIV2 V protein prevents TLR7/9-dependent interferon induction by inhibiting TRAF6-mediated K63-linked polyubiquitination of IRF7.
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Stat2 loss leads to cytokine-independent, cell-mediated lethality in LPS-induced sepsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:8656-61. [PMID: 23653476 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1221652110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulated Toll-like receptor (TLR)-triggered inflammatory responses that depend on NF-κB are detrimental to the host via excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α. Stat2 is a critical component of type I IFN signaling, but it is not thought to participate in TLR signaling. Our study shows that LPS-induced lethality in Stat2(-/-) mice is accelerated as a result of increased cellular transmigration. Blocking intercellular adhesion molecule-1 prevents cellular egress and confers survival of Stat2(-/-) mice. The main determinant of cellular egress in Stat2(-/-) mice is the genotype of the host and not the circulating leukocyte. Surprisingly, lethality and cellular egress observed on Stat2(-/-) mice are not associated with excessive increases in classical sepsis cytokines or chemokines. Indeed, in the absence of Stat2, cytokine production in response to multiple TLR agonists is reduced. We find that Stat2 loss leads to reduced expression of NF-κB target genes by affecting nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Thus, our data reveal the existence of a different mechanism of LPS-induced lethality that is independent of NF-κB triggered cytokine storm but dependent on cellular egress.
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39
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Zhang J, Wang S, Wang K, Zheng C. Herpes simplex virus 1 DNA polymerase processivity factor UL42 inhibits TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation by interacting with p65/RelA and p50/NF-κB1. Med Microbiol Immunol 2013; 202:313-25. [PMID: 23636254 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-013-0295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is the archetypal member of the alphaherpesvirus with a large genome encoding over 80 viral proteins, many of which are involved in virus-host interactions and show immune modulatory capabilities. In this study, we demonstrated that the HSV-1 UL42 protein, a DNA polymerase processivity factor, was a novel antagonism of the canonical NF-κB signaling pathway. UL42 was shown to significantly suppress TNF-α mediated NF-κB activation. Co-immunoprecipitation experiment revealed that UL42 bound to the NF-κB subunits p65 and p50. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that UL42 abolished nuclear translocation of p65 and p50 upon TNF-α-stimulation. But the inhibiting capacity of UL42 2R/2A (R279A, R280A) and UL42 3R/3A (R113A, R279A and R280A) mutants were less than wild type UL42. Also UL42 bound to the Rel homology domain of the NF-κB subunit p65 and p50. Notably, the N-terminal of UL42 was sufficient to interact with p65 and p50 and abolished NF-κB reporter gene activity. Thus, it was first time we demonstrated that HSV-1 UL42 appeared to prevent NF-κB-dependent gene expression by retaining p65 and p50 in the cytoplasm, and UL42-dependent transcriptional activation were inherently coupled to promote HSV-1 lytic replication, which also may contribute to immune evasion and pathogenesis of HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Molecular Virology and Viral Immunology Research Group, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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40
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Taylor KE, Mossman KL. Recent advances in understanding viral evasion of type I interferon. Immunology 2013; 138:190-7. [PMID: 23173987 PMCID: PMC3573272 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The type I interferon (IFN) system mediates a wide variety of antiviral effects and represents an important first barrier to virus infection. Consequently, viruses have developed an impressive diversity of tactics to circumvent IFN responses. Evasion strategies can involve preventing initial virus detection, via the disruption of the Toll‐like receptors or the retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG‐I) ‐like receptors, or by avoiding the initial production of the ligands recognized by these receptors. An alternative approach is to preclude IFN production by disarming or degrading the transcription factors involved in the expression of IFN, such as interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)/IRF7, nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB), or ATF‐2/c‐jun, or by inducing a general block on host cell transcription. Viruses also oppose IFN signalling, both by disturbing the type I IFN receptor and by impeding JAK/STAT signal transduction upon IFN receptor engagement. In addition, the global expression of IFN‐stimulated genes (ISGs) can be obstructed via interference with epigenetic signalling, and specific ISGs can also be selectively targeted for inhibition. Finally, some viruses disrupt IFN responses by co‐opting negative regulatory systems, whereas others use antiviral mechanisms to their own advantage. Here, we review recent developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryne E Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Ryzhakov G, Teixeira A, Saliba D, Blazek K, Muta T, Ragoussis J, Udalova IA. Cross-species analysis reveals evolving and conserved features of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) proteins. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:11546-54. [PMID: 23508954 PMCID: PMC3630861 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.451153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB is a key regulator of immune gene expression in metazoans. It is currently unclear what changes occurred in NF-κB during animal evolution and what features remained conserved. To address this question, we compared the biochemical and functional properties of NF-κB proteins derived from human and the starlet sea anemone (Nematostella vectensis) in 1) a high-throughput assay of in vitro preferences for DNA sequences, 2) ChIP analysis of in vivo recruitment to the promoters of target genes, 3) a LUMIER-assisted examination of interactions with cofactors, and 4) a transactivation assay. We observed a remarkable evolutionary conservation of the DNA binding preferences of the animal NF-κB orthologs. We also show that NF-κB dimerization properties, nuclear localization signals, and binding to cytosolic IκBs are conserved. Surprisingly, the Bcl3-type nuclear IκB proteins functionally pair up only with NF-κB derived from their own species. The basis of the differential NF-κB recognition by IκB subfamilies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigory Ryzhakov
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, London W6 8LH, United Kingdom.
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Immune regulation and evasion of Mammalian host cell immunity during viral infection. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2013; 24:1-15. [PMID: 24426252 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-013-0130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian host immune system has wide array of defence mechanisms against viral infections. Depending on host immunity and the extent of viral persistence, either the host immune cells might clear/restrict the viral load and disease progression or the virus might evade host immunity by down regulating host immune effector response(s). Viral antigen processing and presentation in the host cells through major histocompatibility complex (MHC) elicit subsequent anti-viral effector T cell response(s). However, modulation of such response(s) might generate one of the important viral immune evasion strategies. Viral peptides are mostly generated by proteolytic cleavage in the cytosol of the infected host cells. CD8(+) T lymphocytes play critical role in the detection of viral infection by recognizing these peptides displayed at the plasma membrane by MHC-I molecules. The present review summarises the current knowledge on the regulation of mammalian host innate and adaptive immune components, which are operative in defence mechanisms against viral infections and the variety of strategies that viruses have evolved to escape host cell immunity. The understanding of viral immune evasion strategies is important for designing anti-viral immunotherapies.
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Motz C, Schuhmann KM, Kirchhofer A, Moldt M, Witte G, Conzelmann KK, Hopfner KP. Paramyxovirus V proteins disrupt the fold of the RNA sensor MDA5 to inhibit antiviral signaling. Science 2013; 339:690-3. [PMID: 23328395 DOI: 10.1126/science.1230949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) senses cytoplasmic viral RNA and activates antiviral innate immunity. To reveal how paramyxoviruses counteract this response, we determined the crystal structure of the MDA5 adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-hydrolysis domain in complex with the viral inhibitor V protein. The V protein unfolded the ATP-hydrolysis domain of MDA5 via a β-hairpin motif and recognized a structural motif of MDA5 that is normally buried in the conserved helicase fold. This leads to disruption of the MDA5 ATP-hydrolysis site and prevention of RNA-bound MDA5 filament formation. The structure explains why V proteins inactivate MDA5, but not RIG-I, and mutating only two amino acids in RIG-I induces robust V protein binding. Our results suggest an inhibition mechanism of RLR signalosome formation by unfolding of receptor and inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Motz
- Department of Biochemistry and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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44
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Brunen D, Mesman AW, Geijtenbeek TBH. RIG-I-like receptors and intracellular Toll-like receptors in antiviral immunity. Future Virol 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Viral recognition by pattern recognition receptors is a crucial step in antiviral immunity. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) represent two classes of nucleic acid-sensing pattern recognition receptors that play a major role in inducing an antiviral response. Whereas nucleic acid-recognizing TLRs are transmembrane receptors localized in endosomes, RLRs are distributed within the cytoplasm. Recognition of viral nucleic acid by either class of receptors results in activation of downstream signaling pathways. This eventually induces expression of type I IFN and inflammatory cytokines via activation of the transcription factors IRF3, NF-κB and AP-1. Many viruses, such as the extensively studied family of Paramyxoviridae, have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to evade these responses. This review focuses on the differences between viral recognition, signaling pathways and induction of adaptive immunity evoked by RLRs and intracellular TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diede Brunen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies W Mesman
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teunis BH Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Nagai Y. Reverse Genetics of Mononegavirales: The Rabies Virus Paradigm. SENDAI VIRUS VECTOR 2013. [PMCID: PMC7121350 DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-54556-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The neurotropic rabies virus (RABV) is a prototype member of the Mononegavirales order of viruses and is the most significant human pathogen of the Rhabdoviridae family. A reverse genetics system for RABV was established almost 20 years ago, providing a paradigm for other Mononegavirales members as well. The availability of engineered recombinant viruses opened a new era to study common aspects of Mononegavirales biology and specific aspects of the unique lifestyle and pathogenesis of individual members. Above all, the knowledge gained has allowed engineering of beneficial biomedical tools such as viral vectors, vaccines, and tracers. In this chapter, the development of the classical rabies virus reverse genetics approach is described, and some of the most exciting biomedical applications for recombinant RABV and other Mononegavirales are briefly addressed.
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Luco S, Delmas O, Vidalain PO, Tangy F, Weil R, Bourhy H. RelAp43, a member of the NF-κB family involved in innate immune response against Lyssavirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1003060. [PMID: 23271966 PMCID: PMC3521698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB transcription factors are crucial for many cellular processes. NF-κB is activated by viral infections to induce expression of antiviral cytokines. Here, we identified a novel member of the human NF-κB family, denoted RelAp43, the nucleotide sequence of which contains several exons as well as an intron of the RelA gene. RelAp43 is expressed in all cell lines and tissues tested and exhibits all the properties of a NF-κB protein. Although its sequence does not include a transactivation domain, identifying it as a class I member of the NF-κB family, it is able to potentiate RelA-mediated transactivation and stabilize dimers comprising p50. Furthermore, RelAp43 stimulates the expression of HIAP1, IRF1, and IFN-β - three genes involved in cell immunity against viral infection. It is also targeted by the matrix protein of lyssaviruses, the agents of rabies, resulting in an inhibition of the NF-κB pathway. Taken together, our data provide the description of a novel functional member of the NF-κB family, which plays a key role in the induction of anti-viral innate immune response. The homeostasis of living cells is tightly regulated by signaling pathways, most of them being pleiotropic, which makes their understanding crucial in biology. One of them, the NF-κB pathway, includes a family of transcription factors involved in cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and cell immunity. In this study, we identified a novel human member of the NF-κB family that we named RelAp43. It shares all the main characteristics of the already known NF-κB family members. Moreover, we demonstrated that RelAp43 induced specifically the expression of genes involved in the innate immune response against viruses. Interestingly, we showed that RelAp43 is specifically targeted by the matrix protein of rabies virus, which contributes to the pathogenesis of the virus and its escape from innate immune response. Taken together, our data provide the description of a novel functional member of the NF-κB family, which is involved in the induction of innate immune response against virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Luco
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Dynamique des Lyssavirus et Adaptation à l'Hôte, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Delmas
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Dynamique des Lyssavirus et Adaptation à l'Hôte, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Frédéric Tangy
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génomique virale et vaccination, Paris, France
| | - Robert Weil
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Signalisation moléculaire et Activation cellulaire, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Dynamique des Lyssavirus et Adaptation à l'Hôte, Paris, France
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Delpeut S, Noyce RS, Siu RWC, Richardson CD. Host factors and measles virus replication. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:773-83. [PMID: 23146309 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review takes a general approach to describing host cell factors that facilitate measles virus (MeV) infection and replication. It relates our current understanding of MeV entry receptors, with emphasis on how these host cell surface proteins contribute to pathogenesis within its host. The roles of SLAM/CD150 lymphocyte receptor and the newly discovered epithelial receptor PVRL4/nectin-4 are highlighted. Host cell factors such as HSP72, Prdx1, tubulin, casein kinase, and actin, which are known to impact viral RNA synthesis and virion assembly, are also discussed. Finally the review describes strategies used by measles virus to circumvent innate immunity and confound the effects of interferon within the host cell. Proteomic studies and genome wide RNAi screens will undoubtedly advance our knowledge in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Delpeut
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1X5, Canada
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48
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Abstract
The WHO has set regional elimination goals for measles eradication to be achieved by 2020 or earlier. A major question is whether an opportunity for veterinary virus infection of humans may arise when measles is eradicated and if vaccination is discontinued. Lessons have been learned from animal to human virus transmission i.e., HIV and more recently from severe acute respiratory syndrome and avian influenza virus infections. We are therefore alerted to the risk of zoonosis from the veterinary morbilliviruses. In this review the evidence from viral genomics, animal studies and cell culture experiments will be explored to evaluate the possibility of cross-infection of humans with these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Louise Cosby
- Queen’s University, Belfast, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Infection & Immunity, 4th Floor, Medical Biology Centre, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL
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Chang TH, Chen SR, Yu CY, Lin YS, Chen YS, Kubota T, Matsuoka M, Lin YL. Dengue virus serotype 2 blocks extracellular signal-regulated kinase and nuclear factor-κB activation to downregulate cytokine production. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41635. [PMID: 22927911 PMCID: PMC3425550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue virus (DENV) infection is the most common mosquito-borne viral disease threatening human health around the world. Type I interferon (IFN) and cytokine production are crucial in the innate immune system. We previously reported that DENV serotype 2 (DENV-2) induced low levels of interferon regulatory factor 3 and NF-κB activation, thus leading to reduced production of IFN-β in the early phase of infection. Here, we determined whether DENV infection not only hampers type I IFN activation but also cytokine production triggered by Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Methodology/Principal Findings We used quantitative RT-PCR and found that only low levels of IFN-β and inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 10 (IL-10), IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) mRNA were detected in DENV-2–infected bone-marrow–derived dendritic cells. Furthermore, DENV-2 infection repressed cytokine production triggered by TLR signaling. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying this suppression event, we measured NF-κB activation by p65 nuclear translocation and luciferase reporter assay and found that NF-κB activation triggered by TLR ligands was blocked by DENV-2 infection. As well, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity was suppressed by DENV-2 infection. Conclusions/Significance To downregulate the host innate immunity, DENV-2 by itself is a weak inducer of type I IFN and cytokines, furthermore DENV-2 can also block the TLR-triggered ERK–NF-κB activation and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Hsien Chang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (THC); (YLL)
| | - Siang-Ru Chen
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You-Sheng Lin
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Shen Chen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Toru Kubota
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Matsuoka
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (THC); (YLL)
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50
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Abstract
Arenaviruses include several causative agents of hemorrhagic fever (HF) disease in humans that are associated with high morbidity and significant mortality. Morbidity and lethality associated with HF arenaviruses are believed to involve the dysregulation of the host innate immune and inflammatory responses that leads to impaired development of protective and efficient immunity. The molecular mechanisms underlying this dysregulation are not completely understood, but it is suggested that viral infection leads to disruption of early host defenses and contributes to arenavirus pathogenesis in humans. We demonstrate in the accompanying paper that the prototype member in the family, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), disables the host innate defense by interfering with type I interferon (IFN-I) production through inhibition of the interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) activation pathway and that the viral nucleoprotein (NP) alone is responsible for this inhibitory effect (C. Pythoud, W. W. Rodrigo, G. Pasqual, S. Rothenberger, L. Martínez-Sobrido, J. C. de la Torre, and S. Kunz, J. Virol. 86:7728-7738, 2012). In this report, we show that LCMV-NP, as well as NPs encoded by representative members of both Old World (OW) and New World (NW) arenaviruses, also inhibits the nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Similar to the situation previously reported for IRF3, Tacaribe virus NP (TCRV-NP) does not inhibit NF-κB nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity to levels comparable to those seen with other members in the family. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that arenavirus infection inhibits NF-κB-dependent innate immune and inflammatory responses, possibly playing a key role in the pathogenesis and virulence of arenavirus.
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