1
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Xavier CAD, Tyson C, Kerner LM, Whitfield AE. RNAi-mediated knockdown of exportin 1 negatively affected ovary development, survival and maize mosaic virus accumulation in its insect vector Peregrinus maidis. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 33:295-311. [PMID: 38551144 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Exportin 1 (XPO1) is the major karyopherin-β nuclear receptor mediating the nuclear export of hundreds of proteins and some classes of RNA and regulates several critical processes in the cell, including cell-cycle progression, transcription and translation. Viruses have co-opted XPO1 to promote nucleocytoplasmic transport of viral proteins and RNA. Maize mosaic virus (MMV) is a plant-infecting rhabdovirus transmitted in a circulative propagative manner by the corn planthopper, Peregrinus maidis. MMV replicates in the nucleus of plant and insect hosts, and it remains unknown whether MMV co-opts P. maidis XPO1 (PmXPO1) to complete its life cycle. Because XPO1 plays multiple regulatory roles in cell functions and virus infection, we hypothesized that RNAi-mediated silencing of XPO1 would negatively affect MMV accumulation and insect physiology. Although PmXPO1 expression was not modulated during MMV infection, PmXPO1 knockdown negatively affected MMV accumulation in P. maidis at 12 and 15 days after microinjection. Likewise, PmXPO1 knockdown negatively affected P. maidis survival and reproduction. PmXPO1 exhibited tissue-specific expression patterns with higher expression in the ovaries compared with the guts of adult females. Survival rate was significantly lower for PmXPO1 knockdown females, compared with controls, but no effect was observed for males. PmXPO1 knockdown experiments revealed a role for PmXPO1 in ovary function and egg production. Oviposition and egg hatch on plants were dramatically reduced in females treated with dsRNA PmXPO1. These results suggest that PmXPO1 is a positive regulator of P. maidis reproduction and that it plays a proviral role in the insect vector supporting MMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A D Xavier
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Clara Tyson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Leo M Kerner
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anna E Whitfield
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Sun BW, Zhang PP, Wang ZH, Yao X, He ML, Bai RT, Che H, Lin J, Xie T, Hui Z, Ye XY, Wang LW. Prevention and Potential Treatment Strategies for Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Molecules 2024; 29:598. [PMID: 38338343 PMCID: PMC10856762 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant viral pathogen that causes respiratory infections in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. RSV-related illnesses impose a substantial economic burden worldwide annually. The molecular structure, function, and in vivo interaction mechanisms of RSV have received more comprehensive attention in recent times, and significant progress has been made in developing inhibitors targeting various stages of the RSV replication cycle. These include fusion inhibitors, RSV polymerase inhibitors, and nucleoprotein inhibitors, as well as FDA-approved RSV prophylactic drugs palivizumab and nirsevimab. The research community is hopeful that these developments might provide easier access to knowledge and might spark new ideas for research programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wen Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Peng-Peng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zong-Hao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xia Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Meng-Lan He
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Rui-Ting Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Hao Che
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Drug Discovery, Hangzhou Haolu Pharma Co., Hangzhou 311121, China;
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zi Hui
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Li-Wei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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Merritt TN, Pei J, Leung DW. Pathogenicity and virulence of human respiratory syncytial virus: Multifunctional nonstructural proteins NS1 and NS2. Virulence 2023:2283897. [PMID: 37964591 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2283897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is a major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children under the age of two as well as in the elderly and immunocompromised worldwide. Despite its discovery over 60 years ago and the global impact on human health, limited specific and effective prophylactic or therapeutic options have been available for hRSV infections. Part of the lack of treatment options is attributed to the legacy of vaccine failure in the 1960s using a formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV), which led to enhancement of disease post exposure to hRSV infection and hampered subsequent development of vaccine candidates. Recent FDA approval of a vaccine for older adults and impending approval for a maternal vaccine are major advancements but leaves children between 6 months and 5 years of age unprotected. Part of this limitation can be attributed to a lack of complete understanding of the factors that contribute to hRSV pathogenesis. The nonstructural proteins NS1 and NS2 are multifunctional virulence factors that are unique to hRSV and that play critical roles during hRSV infection, including antagonizing interferon (IFN) signalling to modulate host responses to hRSV infection. However, the molecular mechanisms by which the nonstructural proteins mediate their IFN inhibitory functions have not been completely defined. Current progress on the characterization of NS1 and NS2 during infection provides deeper insight into their roles. Furthermore, reverse genetics systems for hRSV provide a viable strategy to generate attenuated viruses by introduction of select mutations while maintaining immunogenicity required to elicit a long-term protective response. Here we will review the current state of knowledge of the nonstructural proteins, their contributions to RSV pathogenesis, and their potential as targets for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trudy N Merritt
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jingjing Pei
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daisy W Leung
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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4
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Mghezzi-Habellah M, Prochasson L, Jalinot P, Mocquet V. Viral Subversion of the Chromosome Region Maintenance 1 Export Pathway and Its Consequences for the Cell Host. Viruses 2023; 15:2218. [PMID: 38005895 PMCID: PMC10674744 DOI: 10.3390/v15112218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the spatial distribution between cytoplasm and nucleus is essential for cell homeostasis. This dynamic distribution is selectively regulated by the nuclear pore complex (NPC), which allows the passive or energy-dependent transport of proteins between these two compartments. Viruses possess many strategies to hijack nucleocytoplasmic shuttling for the benefit of their viral replication. Here, we review how viruses interfere with the karyopherin CRM1 that controls the nuclear export of protein cargoes. We analyze the fact that the viral hijacking of CRM1 provokes are-localization of numerous cellular factors in a suitable place for specific steps of viral replication. While CRM1 emerges as a critical partner for viruses, it also takes part in antiviral and inflammatory response regulation. This review also addresses how CRM1 hijacking affects it and the benefits of CRM1 inhibitors as antiviral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vincent Mocquet
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Modélisation de la Cellule, Ecole Normale Supérieure-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, U1293, UMR5239, 69364 Lyon, France; (M.M.-H.); (L.P.); (P.J.)
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5
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Cao J, Shi M, Zhu L, Li X, Li A, Wu SY, Chiang CM, Zhang Y. The matrix protein of respiratory syncytial virus suppresses interferon signaling via RACK1 association. J Virol 2023; 97:e0074723. [PMID: 37712706 PMCID: PMC10617408 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00747-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) matrix (M) protein is indispensable for virion assembly and release. It is localized to the nucleus during early infection to perturb host transcription. However, the function of RSV M protein in other cellular activities remains poorly understood. In this study, several interferon response-associated host factors, including RACK1, were identified by proteomic analysis as RSV M interactors. Knockdown of RACK1 attenuates RSV-restricted IFN signaling leading to enhanced host defense against RSV infection, unraveling a role of M protein in antagonizing IFN response via association with RACK1. Our study uncovers a previously unrecognized mechanism of immune evasion by RSV M protein and identifies RACK1 as a novel host factor recruited by RSV, highlighting RACK1 as a potential new target for RSV therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Menghan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Lina Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangzhi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Aiying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shwu-Yuan Wu
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Cheng-Ming Chiang
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Youming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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6
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Duan Z, Zhang Q, Liu M, Hu Z. Multifunctionality of matrix protein in the replication and pathogenesis of Newcastle disease virus: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:126089. [PMID: 37532184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
As an important structural protein in virion morphogenesis, the matrix (M) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is demonstrated to be a nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking protein and plays essential roles in viral assembly and budding. In recent years, increasing lines of evidence have indicated that the M protein has obvious influence on the pathotypes of NDV, and the interaction of M protein with cellular proteins is also closely associated with the replication and pathogenicity of NDV. Although substantial progress has been made in the past 40 years towards understanding the structure and function of NDV M protein, the available information is scattered. Therefore, this review article summarizes and updates the research progress on the structural feature, virulence and pathotype correlation, and nucleocytoplasmic transport mechanism of NDV M protein, as well as the functions of M protein and cellular protein interactions in M's intracellular localization, viral RNA synthesis and transcription, viral protein synthesis, viral immune evasion, and viral budding and release, which will provide an in-depth understanding of the biological functions of M protein in the replication and pathogenesis of NDV, and also contribute to the development of effective antiviral strategies aiming at blocking the early or late steps of NDV lifecycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Qianyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Menglan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zenglei Hu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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7
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Attaianese F, Guiducci S, Trapani S, Barbati F, Lodi L, Indolfi G, Azzari C, Ricci S. Reshaping Our Knowledge: Advancements in Understanding the Immune Response to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Pathogens 2023; 12:1118. [PMID: 37764926 PMCID: PMC10536346 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is a significant cause of respiratory tract infections, particularly in young children and older adults. In this review, we aimed to comprehensively summarize what is known about the immune response to hRSV infection. We described the innate and adaptive immune components involved, including the recognition of RSV, the inflammatory response, the role of natural killer (NK) cells, antigen presentation, T cell response, and antibody production. Understanding the complex immune response to hRSV infection is crucial for developing effective interventions against this significant respiratory pathogen. Further investigations into the immune memory generated by hRSV infection and the development of strategies to enhance immune responses may hold promise for the prevention and management of hRSV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Attaianese
- Postgraduate School of Pediatrics, University of Florence, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, 50139 Florence, Italy;
| | - Sara Guiducci
- Postgraduate School of Immunology, University of Florence, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, 50139 Florence, Italy;
| | - Sandra Trapani
- Pediatric Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy; (S.T.); (G.I.)
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.L.); (C.A.)
| | - Federica Barbati
- Postgraduate School of Pediatrics, University of Florence, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, 50139 Florence, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Lodi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.L.); (C.A.)
- Division of Immunology, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Indolfi
- Pediatric Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy; (S.T.); (G.I.)
- NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Azzari
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.L.); (C.A.)
- Division of Immunology, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Ricci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.L.); (C.A.)
- Division of Immunology, Meyer Children’s Hospital IRCCS, Viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy
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8
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Hu M, Bogoyevitch MA, Jans DA. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Matrix Protein Is Sufficient and Necessary to Remodel Host Mitochondria in Infection. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091311. [PMID: 37174711 PMCID: PMC10177070 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of respiratory infection in infants, immunosuppressed adults and the elderly worldwide, there is no licensed RSV vaccine or widely applicable antiviral therapeutics We previously reported a staged redistribution of mitochondria with compromised respiratory activities and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation during RSV infection. Here, we show for the first time that the RSV matrix protein (M) is sufficient and necessary to induce these effects. Ectopically expressed M, but not other RSV proteins, was able to induce mitochondrial perinuclear clustering, inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), and enhanced generation of mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) in infection. Truncation and mutagenic analysis revealed that the central nucleic acid-binding domain of M is essential for the effects on host mitochondria, with arginine/lysine residues 170/172 being critically important. Recombinant RSV carrying the arginine/lysine mutations in M was unable to elicit effects on host mitochondria. Further, wild-type but not mutant RSV was found to inhibit the mRNA expression of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins, including Complex I subunits. Importantly, the RSV mutant was impaired in virus production, underlining the importance of M-dependent effects on mitochondria to RSV infection. Together, our results highlight M's unique ability to remodel host cell mitochondria and its critical role in RSV infection, representing a novel, potential target for future anti-RSV strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- MengJie Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Marie A Bogoyevitch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - David A Jans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
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9
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Ghildyal R, Teng MN, Tran KC, Mills J, Casarotto MG, Bardin PG, Jans DA. Nuclear Transport of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Matrix Protein Is Regulated by Dual Phosphorylation Sites. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147976. [PMID: 35887322 PMCID: PMC9317576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory infections in infants and the elderly. Although the RSV matrix (M) protein has key roles in the nucleus early in infection, and in the cytoplasm later, the molecular basis of switching between the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments is not known. Here, we show that protein kinase CK2 can regulate M nucleocytoplasmic distribution, whereby inhibition of CK2 using the specific inhibitor 4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzo-triazole (TBB) increases M nuclear accumulation in infected cells as well as when ectopically expressed in transfected cells. We use truncation/mutagenic analysis for the first time to show that serine (S) 95 and threonine (T) 205 are key CK2 sites that regulate M nuclear localization. Dual alanine (A)-substitution to prevent phosphorylation abolished TBB- enhancement of nuclear accumulation, while aspartic acid (D) substitution to mimic phosphorylation at S95 increased nuclear accumulation. D95 also induced cytoplasmic aggregate formation, implying that a negative charge at S95 may modulate M oligomerization. A95/205 substitution in recombinant RSV resulted in reduced virus production compared with wild type, with D95/205 substitution resulting in an even greater level of attenuation. Our data support a model where unphosphorylated M is imported into the nucleus, followed by phosphorylation of T205 and S95 later in infection to facilitate nuclear export and cytoplasmic retention of M, respectively, as well as oligomerization/virus budding. In the absence of widely available, efficacious treatments to protect against RSV, the results raise the possibility of antiviral strategies targeted at CK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Ghildyal
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra 2617, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +612-6201-5755
| | - Michael N. Teng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (M.N.T.); (K.C.T.)
| | - Kim C. Tran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (M.N.T.); (K.C.T.)
| | - John Mills
- Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Burnet Institute for Medical Research, The Alfred Hospital Department of Infectious Diseases, Melbourne 3004, Australia;
| | - Marco G. Casarotto
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia;
| | - Philip G. Bardin
- Monash Lung & Sleep and Hudson Institute, Monash University, Melbourne 3181, Australia;
| | - David A. Jans
- Nuclear Signalling Lab., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne 3181, Australia;
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10
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Feng Z, Xu L, Xie Z. Receptors for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection and Host Factors Regulating the Life Cycle of Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:858629. [PMID: 35281439 PMCID: PMC8913501 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.858629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of lower respiratory tract infections and responsible for a large proportion of mortality in children and the elderly. There are no licensed vaccines available to date. Prophylaxis and therapeutic RSV-specific antibodies are limited to populations at high risk owing to high cost and uncertain clinical value. Receptors and host factors are two determinants important for virus entry and establishment of infection in vivo. The identification and understanding of viral receptors and host factors can help us to gain insight into the pathogenesis of RSV infection. Herein, we reviewed receptors and host factors that have been reported thus far. RSV could bind to CX3C chemokine receptor 1 and heparan sulfate proteoglycans via the G protein, and to nucleolin, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, epidermal growth factor, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 via the F protein. Seven host restriction factors and 13 host factors essential for RSV infection were reviewed. We characterized the functions and their roles in the life cycle of RSV, trying to provide an update on the information of RSV-related receptors and host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziheng Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lili Xu,
| | - Zhengde Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Van Royen T, Rossey I, Sedeyn K, Schepens B, Saelens X. How RSV Proteins Join Forces to Overcome the Host Innate Immune Response. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020419. [PMID: 35216012 PMCID: PMC8874859 DOI: 10.3390/v14020419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of severe acute lower respiratory tract infections in infants worldwide. Although several pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can sense RSV-derived pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), infection with RSV is typically associated with low to undetectable levels of type I interferons (IFNs). Multiple RSV proteins can hinder the host’s innate immune response. The main players are NS1 and NS2 which suppress type I IFN production and signalling in multiple ways. The recruitment of innate immune cells and the production of several cytokines are reduced by RSV G. Next, RSV N can sequester immunostimulatory proteins to inclusion bodies (IBs). N might also facilitate the assembly of a multiprotein complex that is responsible for the negative regulation of innate immune pathways. Furthermore, RSV M modulates the host’s innate immune response. The nuclear accumulation of RSV M has been linked to an impaired host gene transcription, in particular for nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins. In addition, RSV M might also directly target mitochondrial proteins which results in a reduced mitochondrion-mediated innate immune recognition of RSV. Lastly, RSV SH might prolong the viral replication in infected cells and influence cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Van Royen
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.V.R.); (I.R.); (K.S.); (B.S.)
- Department for Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Iebe Rossey
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.V.R.); (I.R.); (K.S.); (B.S.)
- Department for Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Sedeyn
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.V.R.); (I.R.); (K.S.); (B.S.)
- Department for Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Schepens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.V.R.); (I.R.); (K.S.); (B.S.)
- Department for Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (T.V.R.); (I.R.); (K.S.); (B.S.)
- Department for Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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12
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Lee A, Bogoyevitch MA, Jans DA. Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation: Quantitative Analysis of In Cell Interaction of Nuclear Transporter Importin α with Cargo Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2502:215-233. [PMID: 35412241 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2337-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation utilizes the ability of two complementary nonfluorescent fragments to reconstitute and emit fluorescence when brought together through specific interaction of attached protein fragments of interest. It has been used in several different contexts to study protein-protein interaction. Here we apply the method for the first time to study interaction of the nuclear transporter importin α and its cargoes in a cellular context. By using image analysis to quantify the extent of nuclear complexation, it is possible to gain insight into the strength of interaction in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lee
- Nuclear Signalling Laboratory, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marie A Bogoyevitch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David A Jans
- Nuclear Signalling Laboratory, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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13
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Zhu L, Li X, Xu H, Fu L, Gao GF, Liu W, Zhao L, Wang X, Jiang W, Fang M. Multiple RNA virus matrix proteins interact with SLD5 to manipulate host cell cycle. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34882534 PMCID: PMC8744269 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix protein of many enveloped RNA viruses regulates multiple stages of viral life cycle and has the characteristics of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. We have previously demonstrated that matrix protein 1 (M1) of an RNA virus, influenza virus, blocks host cell cycle progression by interacting with SLD5, a member of the GINS complex, which is required for normal cell cycle progression. In this study, we found that M protein of several other RNA viruses, including VSV, SeV and HIV, interacted with SLD5. Furthermore, VSV/SeV infection and M protein of VSV/SeV/HIV induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. Importantly, overexpression of SLD5 partially rescued the cell cycle arrest by VSV/SeV infection and VSV M protein. In addition, SLD5 suppressed VSV replication in vitro and in vivo, and enhanced type Ⅰ interferon signalling. Taken together, our results suggest that targeting SLD5 by M protein might be a common strategy used by multiple enveloped RNA viruses to block host cell cycle. Our findings provide new mechanistic insights for virus to manipulate cell cycle progression by hijacking host replication factor SLD5 during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Xinyu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Henan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Lifeng Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - George Fu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Linqing Zhao
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Wei Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Min Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China.,International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
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14
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Ubiquitination on Lysine 247 of Newcastle Disease Virus Matrix Protein Enhances Viral Replication and Virulence by Driving Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Trafficking. J Virol 2021; 96:e0162921. [PMID: 34705566 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01629-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) matrix (M) protein is the pivotal element for viral assembly, budding and proliferation. It traffics through the cellular nucleus but performs its primary function in the cytoplasm. To investigate the biological importance of M's nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking and the mechanism involved, the regulatory motif nuclear export signal (NES) and nuclear localization signal (NLS) were deeply analyzed. Here, two types of combined NLS and NES signals were identified within NDV-M. The Herts/33-type M was found to mediate efficient nuclear export and stable virus-like particle (VLP) release, while the LaSota-type M was mostly retained in the nuclei and showed retarded VLP production. Two critical residues, 247 and 263, within the motif were identified and associated with nuclear export efficiency. We identified, for the first time, residue 247 as an important monoubiquitination site, the modification of which regulates the nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking of NDV-M. Subsequently, mutant LaSota strains were rescued via reverse genetics, which contained either single or double amino acid substitutions that were similar to the M of Herts/33. The rescued rLaSota strains rLaSota-R247K, -S263R, and -DM (double mutation) showed about twofold higher HA titers and 10-fold higher EID50 titers than wild-type (wt) rLaSota. Further, the MDT and ICPI values of those recombinant viruses were slightly higher than that of wt rLaSota probably due to their higher proliferation rates. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of the replication and pathogenicity of NDV, and even those of all other paramyxoviruses. It is beneficial for the development of vaccines and therapies for paramyxoviruses. Importance Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a pathogen that is lethal to birds and causes heavy losses in the poultry industry worldwide. The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) ranked ND as the third most significant poultry disease and the eighth most important wildlife disease in the World Livestock Disease Atlas in 2011. The matrix (M) protein of NDV is very important for viral assembly and maturation. It is interesting that M proteins enter the cellular nucleus before performing their primary function in the cytoplasm. We found that NDV-M has a combined nuclear import and export signal. The ubiquitin modification of a lysine residue within this signal is critical for quick, efficient nuclear export and subsequent viral production. Our findings shed new light on viral replication and opens up new possibilities for therapeutics against NDV and other paramyxoviruses; furthermore, we demonstrate a novel approach to improving paramyxovirus vaccines.
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15
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Li HM, Ghildyal R, Hu M, Tran KC, Starrs LM, Mills J, Teng MN, Jans DA. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Matrix Protein-Chromatin Association Is Key to Transcriptional Inhibition in Infected Cells. Cells 2021; 10:2786. [PMID: 34685766 PMCID: PMC8534903 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality caused by the globally prevalent human respiratory pathogen respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) approaches that world-wide of influenza. We previously demonstrated that the RSV matrix (M) protein shuttles, in signal-dependent fashion, between host cell nucleus and cytoplasm, and that this trafficking is central to RSV replication and assembly. Here we analyze in detail the nuclear role of M for the first time using a range of novel approaches, including quantitative analysis of de novo cell transcription in situ in the presence or absence of RSV infection or M ectopic expression, as well as in situ DNA binding. We show that M, dependent on amino acids 110-183, inhibits host cell transcription in RSV-infected cells as well as cells transfected to express M, with a clear correlation between nuclear levels of M and the degree of transcriptional inhibition. Analysis of bacterially expressed M protein and derivatives thereof mutated in key residues within M's RNA binding domain indicates that M can bind to DNA as well as RNA in a cell-free system. Parallel results for point-mutated M derivatives implicate arginine 170 and lysine 172, in contrast to other basic residues such as lysine 121 and 130, as critically important residues for inhibition of transcription and DNA binding both in situ and in vitro. Importantly, recombinant RSV carrying arginine 170/lysine 172 mutations shows attenuated infectivity in cultured cells and in an animal model, concomitant with altered inflammatory responses. These findings define an RSV M-chromatin interface critical for host transcriptional inhibition in infection, with important implications for anti-RSV therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (H.-M.L.); (R.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Reena Ghildyal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (H.-M.L.); (R.G.); (M.H.)
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia;
| | - Mengjie Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (H.-M.L.); (R.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Kim C. Tran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (K.C.T.); (M.N.T.)
| | - Lora M. Starrs
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia;
| | - John Mills
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University and the Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
| | - Michael N. Teng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (K.C.T.); (M.N.T.)
| | - David A. Jans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (H.-M.L.); (R.G.); (M.H.)
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16
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Pei J, Beri NR, Zou AJ, Hubel P, Dorando HK, Bergant V, Andrews RD, Pan J, Andrews JM, Sheehan KCF, Pichlmair A, Amarasinghe GK, Brody SL, Payton JE, Leung DW. Nuclear-localized human respiratory syncytial virus NS1 protein modulates host gene transcription. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109803. [PMID: 34644581 PMCID: PMC8609347 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of lower respiratory tract infections in the pediatric, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. RSV non-structural protein NS1 is a known cytosolic immune antagonist, but how NS1 modulates host responses remains poorly defined. Here, we observe NS1 partitioning into the nucleus of RSV-infected cells, including the human airway epithelium. Nuclear NS1 coimmunoprecipitates with Mediator complex and is chromatin associated. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation demonstrates enrichment of NS1 that overlaps Mediator and transcription factor binding within the promoters and enhancers of differentially expressed genes during RSV infection. Mutation of the NS1 C-terminal helix reduces NS1 impact on host gene expression. These data suggest that nuclear NS1 alters host responses to RSV infection by binding at regulatory elements of immune response genes and modulating host gene transcription. Our study identifies another layer of regulation by virally encoded proteins that shapes host response and impacts immunity to RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Pei
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nina R Beri
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Angela J Zou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Philipp Hubel
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried/Munich 82152, Germany
| | - Hannah K Dorando
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Valter Bergant
- Institute for Virology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Rebecca D Andrews
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jiehong Pan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jared M Andrews
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kathleen C F Sheehan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried/Munich 82152, Germany; Institute for Virology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven L Brody
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jacqueline E Payton
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Daisy W Leung
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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17
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Mathew C, Tamir S, Tripp RA, Ghildyal R. Reversible disruption of XPO1-mediated nuclear export inhibits respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) replication. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19223. [PMID: 34584169 PMCID: PMC8479129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98767-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the primary cause of serious lower respiratory tract disease in infants, young children, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Therapy for RSV infections is limited to high risk infants and there are no safe and efficacious vaccines. Matrix (M) protein is a major RSV structural protein with a key role in virus assembly. Interestingly, M is localised to the nucleus early in infection and its export into the cytoplasm by the nuclear exporter, exportin-1 (XPO1) is essential for RSV assembly. We have shown previously that chemical inhibition of XPO1 function results in reduced RSV replication. In this study, we have investigated the anti-RSV efficacy of Selective Inhibitor of Nuclear Export (SINE) compounds, KPT-335 and KPT-185. Our data shows that therapeutic administration of the SINE compounds results in reduced RSV titre in human respiratory epithelial cell culture. Within 24 h of treatment, RSV replication and XPO1 expression was reduced, M protein was partially retained in the nucleus, and cell cycle progression was delayed. Notably, the effect of SINE compounds was reversible within 24 h after their removal. Our data show that reversible inhibition of XPO1 can disrupt RSV replication by affecting downstream pathways regulated by the nuclear exporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Mathew
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia
| | | | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Reena Ghildyal
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia.
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18
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Duan Z, Yuan C, Han Y, Zhou L, Zhao J, Ruan Y, Chen J, Ni M, Ji X. TMT-based quantitative proteomics analysis reveals the attenuated replication mechanism of Newcastle disease virus caused by nuclear localization signal mutation in viral matrix protein. Virulence 2021; 11:607-635. [PMID: 32420802 PMCID: PMC7549962 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1770482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear localization of cytoplasmic RNA virus proteins mediated by intrinsic nuclear localization signal (NLS) plays essential roles in successful virus replication. We previously reported that NLS mutation in the matrix (M) protein obviously attenuates the replication and pathogenicity of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), but the attenuated replication mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we showed that M/NLS mutation not only disrupted M's nucleocytoplasmic trafficking characteristic but also impaired viral RNA synthesis and transcription. Using TMT-based quantitative proteomics analysis of BSR-T7/5 cells infected with the parental NDV rSS1GFP and the mutant NDV rSS1GFP-M/NLSm harboring M/NLS mutation, we found that rSS1GFP infection stimulated much greater quantities and more expression changes of differentially expressed proteins involved in host cell transcription, ribosomal structure, posttranslational modification, and intracellular trafficking than rSS1GFP-M/NLSm infection. Further in-depth analysis revealed that the dominant nuclear accumulation of M protein inhibited host cell transcription, RNA processing and modification, protein synthesis, posttranscriptional modification and transport; and this kind of inhibition could be weakened when most of M protein was confined outside the nucleus. More importantly, we found that the function of M protein in the cytoplasm effected the inhibition of TIFA expression in a dose-dependent manner, and promoted NDV replication by down-regulating TIFA/TRAF6/NF-κB-mediated production of cytokines. It was the first report about the involvement of M protein in NDV immune evasion. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that NDV replication is closely related to the nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of M protein, which accelerates our understanding of the molecular functions of NDV M protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University , Guiyang, China.,College of Animal Science, Guizhou University , Guiyang, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University , Guiyang, China.,College of Animal Science, Guizhou University , Guiyang, China
| | - Yifan Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University , Guiyang, China.,College of Animal Science, Guizhou University , Guiyang, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University , Guiyang, China.,College of Animal Science, Guizhou University , Guiyang, China
| | - Jiafu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University , Guiyang, China.,College of Animal Science, Guizhou University , Guiyang, China
| | - Yong Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University , Guiyang, China.,College of Animal Science, Guizhou University , Guiyang, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University , Guiyang, China
| | - Mengmeng Ni
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University , Guiyang, China.,College of Animal Science, Guizhou University , Guiyang, China
| | - Xinqin Ji
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University , Guiyang, China
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19
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Neerukonda SN. Interplay between RNA Viruses and Promyelocytic Leukemia Nuclear Bodies. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8040057. [PMID: 33807177 PMCID: PMC8065607 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs) are nuclear membrane-less sub structures that play a critical role in diverse cellular pathways including cell proliferation, DNA damage, apoptosis, transcriptional regulation, stem cell renewal, alternative lengthening of telomeres, chromatin organization, epigenetic regulation, protein turnover, autophagy, intrinsic and innate antiviral immunity. While intrinsic and innate immune functions of PML NBs or PML NB core proteins are well defined in the context of nuclear replicating DNA viruses, several studies also confirm their substantial roles in the context of RNA viruses. In the present review, antiviral activities of PML NBs or its core proteins on diverse RNA viruses that replicate in cytoplasm or the nucleus were discussed. In addition, viral counter mechanisms that reorganize PML NBs, and specifically how viruses usurp PML NB functions in order to create a cellular environment favorable for replication and pathogenesis, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabari Nath Neerukonda
- Department of Animal and Food and Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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20
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Mechanisms and consequences of Newcastle disease virus W protein subcellular localization in the nucleus or mitochondria. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02087-20. [PMID: 33441338 PMCID: PMC8092705 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02087-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that W proteins from different Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains localize in either the cytoplasm (e.g., NDV strain SG10) or the nucleus (e.g., NDV strain La Sota). To clarify the mechanism behind these cell localization differences, we overexpressed W protein derived from four different NDV strains or W protein associated with different cellular regions in Vero cells. This revealed that the key region for determining W protein localization is 180-227aa. Further experiments found that there is a nuclear export signal (NES) motif in W protein 211-224aa. W protein could be transported into the nucleus via interaction with KPNA1, KPNA2, and KPNA6 in a nuclear localization signal-dependent manner, and W protein containing an NES was transported back to the cytoplasm in a CRM1-independent manner. Interestingly, we observed that the cytoplasm-localized W protein colocalizes with mitochondria. We rescued the NES-deletion W protein NDV strain rSG10-ΔWC/WΔNES using an NDV reverse genetics system and found that the replication ability, virulence, and pathogenicity of an NDV strain were all higher when the W protein cellular localization was in the nucleus rather than the mitochondria. Further experiments revealed that W protein nuclear localization reduced the expression of IFN-β otherwise stimulated by NDV. Our research reveals the mechanism by which NDV W protein becomes localized to different parts of the cell and demonstrates the outcomes of nuclear or cytoplasmic localization both in vitro and in vivo, laying a foundation for subsequent functional studies of the W protein in NDV and other paramyxoviruses.IMPORTANCE In Newcastle disease virus (NDV), the W protein, like the V protein, is a nonstructural protein encoded by the P gene via RNA editing. Compared with V protein, W protein has a common N-terminal domain but a unique C-terminal domain. V protein is known as a key virulence factor and an important interferon antagonist across the family Paramyxoviridae In contrast, very little is known about the function of NDV W protein, and this limited information is based on studies of the Nipah virus W protein. Here, we investigated the localization mechanism of NDV W protein and its subcellular distribution in mitochondria. We found that W protein localization differences impact IFN-β production, consequently affecting NDV virulence, replication, and pathogenicity. This work provides new insights on the differential localization mechanism of NDV W proteins, along with fundamental knowledge for understanding the functions of W proteins in NDV and other paramyxoviruses.
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21
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Nuclear localization of non-structural protein 3 (NS3) during dengue virus infection. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1439-1446. [PMID: 33682072 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05026-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although dengue virus (DENV) replication occurs in the cytoplasm, the nucleus plays an essential role during infection. Both the capsid protein (C) and non-structural protein 5 (NS5) are translocated into the infected cell nucleus to favor viral replication. Previously, our group reported the nuclear localization of the NS3 protein during DENV infection of mosquito cells; however, the nuclear localization of the DENV NS3 protein in human host cells has not been described. Here, we demonstrated that NS3 is present in the nucleus of Huh7 cells at early infection times, and later, it is mainly located in the cytoplasm.
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Liao Y, Ke X, Deng T, Qin Q. The Second-Generation XPO1 Inhibitor Eltanexor Inhibits Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Replication and Promotes Type I Interferon Response. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:675112. [PMID: 34012430 PMCID: PMC8126617 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.675112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen and can be life-threatening for immunocompromised individuals. There is currently no available vaccine for the prevention of HCMV- associated diseases and most of the available antiviral drugs that target viral DNA synthesis become ineffective in treating HCMV mutants that arise after long-term use in immunocompromised patients. Here, we examined the effects of Eltanexor, a second-generation selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE), on HCMV replication. Eltanexor effectively inhibits HCMV replication in human foreskin fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner. Eltanexor does not significantly inhibit viral entry and nuclear import of viral genomic DNA, but rather suppress the transcript and protein levels of viral immediate-early (IE), early (E) and late (L) genes, and abolishes the production of infectious virions. We further found Eltanexor treatment promotes proteasome-mediated degradation of XPO1, which contributes to the nuclear retention of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3), resulting in increased expression of type I interferon as well as interferon stimulating genes ISG15 and ISG54. This study reveals a novel antiviral mechanism of Eltanexor which suggests it has potential to inhibit a broad spectrum of viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyan Liao
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiangyu Ke
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Tianyi Deng
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Qingsong Qin
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Shantou, China
- *Correspondence: Qingsong Qin,
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The Role of Protein Disorder in Nuclear Transport and in Its Subversion by Viruses. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122654. [PMID: 33321790 PMCID: PMC7764567 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport of host proteins into and out of the nucleus is key to host function. However, nuclear transport is restricted by nuclear pores that perforate the nuclear envelope. Protein intrinsic disorder is an inherent feature of this selective transport barrier and is also a feature of the nuclear transport receptors that facilitate the active nuclear transport of cargo, and the nuclear transport signals on the cargo itself. Furthermore, intrinsic disorder is an inherent feature of viral proteins and viral strategies to disrupt host nucleocytoplasmic transport to benefit their replication. In this review, we highlight the role that intrinsic disorder plays in the nuclear transport of host and viral proteins. We also describe viral subversion mechanisms of the host nuclear transport machinery in which intrinsic disorder is a feature. Finally, we discuss nuclear import and export as therapeutic targets for viral infectious disease.
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Clustered Lysine Residues of the Canine Distemper Virus Matrix Protein Regulate Membrane Association and Budding Activity. J Virol 2020; 95:JVI.01269-20. [PMID: 33028721 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01269-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The canine distemper virus (CDV) matrix (M) protein is multifunctional; it orchestrates viral assembly and budding, drives the formation of virus-like particles (VLPs), regulates viral RNA synthesis, and may support additional functions. CDV M may assemble into dimers, where each protomer is constituted by N-terminal and C-terminal domains (NTD and CTD, respectively). Here, to investigate whether electrostatic interactions between CDV M and the plasma membrane (PM) may contribute to budding activity, selected surface-exposed positively charged lysine residues, which are located within a large basic patch of CTD, were replaced by amino acids with selected properties. We found that some M mutants harboring amino acids with neutral and positive charge (methionine and arginine, respectively) maintained full functionality, including proper interaction and localization with the PM as well as intact VLP and progeny virus production as demonstrated by employing a cell exit-complementation system. Conversely, while the overall structural integrity remained mostly unaltered, most of the nonconservative M variants (carrying a glutamic acid; negatively charged) exhibited a cytosolic phenotype secondary to the lack of interaction with the PM. Consequently, such M variants were entirely defective in VLP production and viral particle formation. Furthermore, the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib significantly reduced wild-type M-mediated VLP production. Nevertheless, in the absence of the compound, all engineered M lysine variants exhibited unaffected ubiquitination profiles, consistent with other residues likely involved in this functionally essential posttranslational modification. Altogether, our data identified multiple surface-exposed lysine residues located within a basic patch of CDV M-CTD, critically contributing to PM association and ensuing membrane budding activity.IMPORTANCE Although vaccines against some morbilliviruses exist, infections still occur, which can result in dramatic brain disease or fatal outcome. Postexposure prophylaxis with antivirals would support global vaccination campaigns. Unfortunately, there is no efficient antiviral drug currently approved. The matrix (M) protein of morbilliviruses coordinates viral assembly and egress through interaction with multiple cellular and viral components. However, molecular mechanisms supporting these functions remain poorly understood, which preclude the rationale design of inhibitors. Here, to investigate potential interactions between canine distemper virus (CDV) M and the plasma membrane (PM), we combined structure-guided mutagenesis of selected surface-exposed lysine residues with biochemical, cellular, and virological assays. We identified several lysines clustering in a basic patch microdomain of the CDV M C-terminal domain, which contributed to PM association and budding activity. Our findings provide novel mechanistic information of how morbilliviruses assemble and egress from infected cells, thereby delivering bases for future antiviral drug development.
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25
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Entamoeba histolytica protein CaBP3 uses a calcium dependent nuclear localisation pathway in mammalian cells. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/exp.2020.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractEntamoeba histolytica is a major cause of dysentery that leads to a high level of morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. Calmodulin-like calcium binding protein EhCaBP3 of E. histolytica is directly involved in disease mechanisms with roles in cytoskeleton dynamics and scission during erythrophagocytosis in a calcium dependent fashion. Interestingly, EhCaBP3 is also present in the nucleus of E. histolytica. We have used a transfected cell system to show that EhCaBP3 is capable of calcium dependent nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. Our data confirms and extends recent findings suggesting presence of a calcium dependent nuclear transport pathway in E. histolytica.
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26
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Uddin MH, Zonder JA, Azmi AS. Exportin 1 inhibition as antiviral therapy. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1775-1781. [PMID: 32569833 PMCID: PMC7305737 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19; caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2) is a currently global health problem. Previous studies showed that blocking nucleocytoplasmic transport with exportin 1 (XPO1) inhibitors originally developed as anticancer drugs can quarantine key viral accessory proteins and genomic materials in the nucleus of host cell and reduce virus replication and immunopathogenicity. These observations support the concept of the inhibition of nuclear export as an effective strategy against an array of viruses, including influenza A, B, and SARS-CoV. Clinical studies using the XPO1 inhibitor selinexor as a therapy for COVID-19 infection are in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Hafiz Uddin
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Zonder
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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27
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Walker JS, Garzon R, Lapalombella R. Selinexor for advanced hematologic malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma 2020; 61:2335-2350. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2020.1775210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janek S. Walker
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ramiro Garzon
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rosa Lapalombella
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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28
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Hu M, Bogoyevitch MA, Jans DA. Impact of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection on Host Functions: Implications for Antiviral Strategies. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1527-1594. [PMID: 32216549 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of viral respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised worldwide, causing more deaths each year than influenza. Years of research into RSV since its discovery over 60 yr ago have elucidated detailed mechanisms of the host-pathogen interface. RSV infection elicits widespread transcriptomic and proteomic changes, which both mediate the host innate and adaptive immune responses to infection, and reflect RSV's ability to circumvent the host stress responses, including stress granule formation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and programmed cell death. The combination of these events can severely impact on human lungs, resulting in airway remodeling and pathophysiology. The RSV membrane envelope glycoproteins (fusion F and attachment G), matrix (M) and nonstructural (NS) 1 and 2 proteins play key roles in modulating host cell functions to promote the infectious cycle. This review presents a comprehensive overview of how RSV impacts the host response to infection and how detailed knowledge of the mechanisms thereof can inform the development of new approaches to develop RSV vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- MengJie Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marie A Bogoyevitch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A Jans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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29
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Heaton SM, Atkinson SC, Sweeney MN, Yang SNY, Jans DA, Borg NA. Exportin-1-Dependent Nuclear Export of DEAD-box Helicase DDX3X is Central to its Role in Antiviral Immunity. Cells 2019; 8:E1181. [PMID: 31575075 PMCID: PMC6848931 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DEAD-box helicase 3, X-linked (DDX3X) regulates the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR)-mediated antiviral response, but can also be a host factor contributing to the replication of viruses of significance to human health, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). These roles are mediated in part through its ability to actively shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm to modulate gene expression, although the trafficking mechanisms, and impact thereof on immune signaling and viral infection, are incompletely defined. We confirm that DDX3X nuclear export is mediated by the nuclear transporter exportin-1/CRM1, dependent on an N-terminal, leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) and the monomeric guanine nucleotide binding protein Ran in activated GTP-bound form. Transcriptome profiling and ELISA show that exportin-1-dependent export of DDX3X to the cytoplasm strongly impacts IFN-β production and the upregulation of immune genes in response to infection. That this is key to DDX3X's antiviral role was indicated by enhanced infection by human parainfluenza virus-3 (hPIV-3)/elevated virus production when the DDX3X NES was inactivated. Our results highlight a link between nucleocytoplasmic distribution of DDX3X and its role in antiviral immunity, with strong relevance to hPIV-3, as well as other viruses such as HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Heaton
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Sarah C Atkinson
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Melissa N Sweeney
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Sundy N Y Yang
- Nuclear Signaling Laboratory, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - David A Jans
- Nuclear Signaling Laboratory, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Natalie A Borg
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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30
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Tessier TM, Dodge MJ, Prusinkiewicz MA, Mymryk JS. Viral Appropriation: Laying Claim to Host Nuclear Transport Machinery. Cells 2019; 8:E559. [PMID: 31181773 PMCID: PMC6627039 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein nuclear transport is an integral process to many cellular pathways and often plays a critical role during viral infection. To overcome the barrier presented by the nuclear membrane and gain access to the nucleus, virally encoded proteins have evolved ways to appropriate components of the nuclear transport machinery. By binding karyopherins, or the nuclear pore complex, viral proteins influence their own transport as well as the transport of key cellular regulatory proteins. This review covers how viral proteins can interact with different components of the nuclear import machinery and how this influences viral replicative cycles. We also highlight the effects that viral perturbation of nuclear transport has on the infected host and how we can exploit viruses as tools to study novel mechanisms of protein nuclear import. Finally, we discuss the possibility that drugs targeting these transport pathways could be repurposed for treating viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner M Tessier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Mackenzie J Dodge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Martin A Prusinkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Joe S Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Department of Oncology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada.
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31
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Jorquera PA, Mathew C, Pickens J, Williams C, Luczo JM, Tamir S, Ghildyal R, Tripp RA. Verdinexor (KPT-335), a Selective Inhibitor of Nuclear Export, Reduces Respiratory Syncytial Virus Replication In Vitro. J Virol 2019; 93:e01684-18. [PMID: 30541831 PMCID: PMC6364025 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01684-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of hospitalization of infants and young children, causing considerable respiratory disease and repeat infections that may lead to chronic respiratory conditions such as asthma, wheezing, and bronchitis. RSV causes ∼34 million new episodes of lower respiratory tract illness (LRTI) in children younger than 5 years of age, with >3 million hospitalizations due to severe RSV-associated LRTI. The standard of care is limited to symptomatic relief as there are no approved vaccines and few effective antiviral drugs; thus, a safe and efficacious RSV therapeutic is needed. Therapeutic targeting of host proteins hijacked by RSV to facilitate replication is a promising antiviral strategy as targeting the host reduces the likelihood of developing drug resistance. The nuclear export of the RSV M protein, mediated by the nuclear export protein exportin 1 (XPO1), is crucial for RSV assembly and budding. Inhibition of RSV M protein export by leptomycin B correlated with reduced RSV replication in vitro In this study, we evaluated the anti-RSV efficacy of Verdinexor (KPT-335), a small molecule designed to reversibly inhibit XPO1-mediated nuclear export. KPT-335 inhibited XPO1-mediated transport and reduced RSV replication in vitro KPT-335 was effective against RSV A and B strains and reduced viral replication following prophylactic or therapeutic administration. Inhibition of RSV replication by KPT-335 was due to a combined effect of reduced XPO1 expression, disruption of the nuclear export of RSV M protein, and inactivation of the NF-κB signaling pathway.IMPORTANCE RSV is an important cause of LRTI in infants and young children for which there are no suitable antiviral drugs offered. We evaluated the efficacy of KPT-335 as an anti-RSV drug and show that KPT-335 inhibits XPO1-mediated nuclear export, leading to nuclear accumulation of RSV M protein and reduction in RSV levels. KPT-335 treatment also resulted in inhibition of proinflammatory pathways, which has important implications for its effectiveness in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Jorquera
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Cynthia Mathew
- Respiratory Virology Group, Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jennifer Pickens
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Colin Williams
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jasmina M Luczo
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Sharon Tamir
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Inc., Newton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Reena Ghildyal
- Respiratory Virology Group, Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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32
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Ohtsuka J, Matsumoto Y, Ohta K, Fukumura M, Tsurudome M, Nosaka T, Nishio M. Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the human parainfluenza virus type 2 phosphoprotein. Virology 2018; 528:54-63. [PMID: 30576860 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus type 2 phosphoprotein (P) is an essential component of viral polymerase. The P gene encodes both P and accessory V proteins by a specific gene editing mechanism. Therefore, the N-terminal 164 amino acids of P protein are common to V protein. Interestingly, while P protein is located in the cytoplasm, V protein is found mainly in the nucleus. Using deletion mutants, we show the presence of a nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the P/V common domain, and a nuclear export signal (NES) in the C-terminal P specific region. The NLS region makes a complex with importin α5 or 7. In the presence of leptomycin B, P protein is retained in the nucleus, indicating that it contains a CRM1-dependent NES. We identified the NLS (65PVKPRRKK72) and the NES (225IIELLKGLDL234) using β-galactosidase fusion proteins. Moreover, nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of P protein appears to be important for efficient viral polymerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Ohtsuka
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan; Biocomo Inc., Mie, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ohta
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fukumura
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan; Biocomo Inc., Mie, Japan
| | - Masato Tsurudome
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nosaka
- Department of Microbiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Machiko Nishio
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
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33
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Preugschas HF, Hrincius ER, Mewis C, Tran GVQ, Ludwig S, Ehrhardt C. Late activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway is required for translocation of the respiratory syncytial virus F protein to the plasma membrane and efficient viral replication. Cell Microbiol 2018; 21:e12955. [PMID: 30223301 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK cascade is required for efficient propagation of several RNA and DNA viruses, including human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). In RSV infection, activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK cascade is biphasic. An early induction within minutes after infection is associated with viral attachment. Subsequently, a second activation occurs with, so far, unknown function in the viral life cycle. In this study, we aimed to characterise the role of Raf/MEK/ERK-mediated signalling during ongoing RSV infection. Our data show that inhibition of the kinase MEK after the virus has been internalised results in a reduction of viral titers. Further functional investigations revealed that the late-stage activation of ERK is required for a specific step in RSV replication, namely, the secretory transport of the RSV fusion protein F. Thus, MEK inhibition resulted in impaired surface accumulation of the F protein. F protein surface expression is essential for efficient replication as it is involved in viral filament formation, cell fusion, and viral transmission. In summary, we provide detailed insights of how host cell signalling interferes with RSV replication and identified the Raf/MEK/ERK kinase cascade as potential target for novel anti-RSV strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah F Preugschas
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University (WWU) Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Eike R Hrincius
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University (WWU) Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Carolin Mewis
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University (WWU) Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Giao V Q Tran
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University (WWU) Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,The Graduate School of the Cluster of Excellence "Cells-in-Motion" (EXC 1003-CiM), WWU Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University (WWU) Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Cells-in-Motion" (EXC 1003-CiM), WWU Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center of Clinical Research (IZKF), WWU Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christina Ehrhardt
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University (WWU) Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Cells-in-Motion" (EXC 1003-CiM), WWU Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center of Clinical Research (IZKF), WWU Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Section for Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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34
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Shahriari S, Wei KJ, Ghildyal R. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Matrix (M) Protein Interacts with Actin In Vitro and in Cell Culture. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100535. [PMID: 30274351 PMCID: PMC6213044 DOI: 10.3390/v10100535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The virus–host protein interactions that underlie respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) assembly are still not completely defined, despite almost 60 years of research. RSV buds from the apical surface of infected cells, once virion components have been transported to the budding sites. Association of RSV matrix (M) protein with the actin cytoskeleton may play a role in facilitating this transport. We have investigated the interaction of M with actin in vitro and cell culture. Purified wildtype RSV M protein was found to bind directly to polymerized actin in vitro. Vero cells were transfected to express full-length M (1–256) as a green fluorescent protein-(GFP) tagged protein, followed by treatment with the microfilament destabilizer, cytochalasin D. Destabilization of the microfilament network resulted in mislocalization of full-length M, from mostly cytoplasmic to diffused across both cytoplasm and nucleus, suggesting that M interacts with microfilaments in this system. Importantly, treatment of RSV-infected cells with cytochalasin D results in lower infectious virus titers, as well as mislocalization of M to the nucleus. Finally, using deletion mutants of M in a transfected cell system, we show that both the N- and C-terminus of the protein are required for the interaction. Together, our data suggest a possible role for M–actin interaction in transporting virion components in the infected cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Shahriari
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra ACT 2617, Australia.
| | - Ke-Jun Wei
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra ACT 2617, Australia.
| | - Reena Ghildyal
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra ACT 2617, Australia.
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Duan Z, Xu H, Ji X, Zhao J, Xu H, Hu Y, Deng S, Hu S, Liu X. Importin α5 negatively regulates importin β1-mediated nuclear import of Newcastle disease virus matrix protein and viral replication and pathogenicity in chicken fibroblasts. Virulence 2018. [PMID: 29532715 PMCID: PMC5955436 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1449507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix (M) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is demonstrated to localize in the nucleus via intrinsic nuclear localization signal (NLS), but cellular proteins involved in the nuclear import of NDV M protein and the role of M's nuclear localization in the replication and pathogenicity of NDV remain unclear. In this study, importin β1 was screened to interact with NDV M protein by yeast two-hybrid screening. This interaction was subsequently confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays. In vitro binding studies indicated that the NLS region of M protein and the amino acids 336–433 of importin β1 that belonged to the RanGTP binding region were important for binding. Importantly, a recombinant virus with M/NLS mutation resulted in a pathotype change of NDV and attenuated viral replication and pathogenicity in chicken fibroblasts and SPF chickens. In agreement with the binding data, nuclear import of NDV M protein in digitonin-permeabilized HeLa cells required both importin β1 and RanGTP. Interestingly, importin α5 was verified to interact with M protein through binding importin β1. However, importin β1 or importin α5 depletion by siRNA resulted in different results, which showed the obviously cytoplasmic or nuclear accumulation of M protein and the remarkably decreased or increased replication ability and pathogenicity of NDV in chicken fibroblasts, respectively. Our findings therefore demonstrate for the first time the nuclear import mechanism of NDV M protein and the negative regulation role of importin α5 in importin β1-mediated nuclear import of M protein and the replication and pathogenicity of a paramyxovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Duan
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang , China.,b College of Animal Science , Guizhou University , Guiyang , China
| | - Haixu Xu
- c Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , China
| | - Xinqin Ji
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang , China.,b College of Animal Science , Guizhou University , Guiyang , China
| | - Jiafu Zhao
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang , China.,b College of Animal Science , Guizhou University , Guiyang , China
| | - Houqiang Xu
- a Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Guiyang , China.,b College of Animal Science , Guizhou University , Guiyang , China
| | - Yan Hu
- b College of Animal Science , Guizhou University , Guiyang , China
| | - Shanshan Deng
- b College of Animal Science , Guizhou University , Guiyang , China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- c Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- c Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , China
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Electrostatic Interactions between Hendra Virus Matrix Proteins Are Required for Efficient Virus-Like-Particle Assembly. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00143-18. [PMID: 29695428 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00143-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus belonging to the genus Henipavirus HeV is highly pathogenic, and it can cause severe neurological and respiratory illnesses in both humans and animals, with an extremely high mortality rate of up to 70%. Among the genes that HeV encodes, the matrix (M) protein forms an integral part of the virion structure and plays critical roles in coordinating viral assembly and budding. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of this process is not fully elucidated. Here, we determined the crystal structure of HeV M to 2.5-Å resolution. The dimeric structural configuration of HeV M is similar to that of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) M and is fundamental to protein stability and effective virus-like-particle (VLP) formation. Analysis of the crystal packing revealed a notable interface between the α1 and α2 helices of neighboring HeV M dimers, with key residues sharing degrees of sequence conservation among henipavirus M proteins. Structurally, a network of electrostatic interactions dominates the α1-α2 interactions, involving residues Arg57 from the α1 helix and Asp105 and Glu108 from the α2 helix. The disruption of the α1-α2 interactions using engineered charge reversal substitutions (R57E, R57D, and E108R) resulted in significant reduction or abrogation of VLP production. This phenotype was reversible with an R57E E108R mutant that was designed to partly restore salt bridge contacts. Collectively, our results define and validate previously underappreciated regions of henipavirus M proteins that are crucial for productive VLP assembly.IMPORTANCE Hendra virus is a henipavirus associated with lethal infections in humans. It is classified as a biosafety level 4 (BSL4) agent, and there are currently no preventive or therapeutic treatments available against HeV. Vital to henipavirus pathogenesis, the structural protein M has been implicated in viral assembly and budding, as well as host-virus interactions. However, there is no structural information available for henipavirus M, and the basis of M-driven viral assembly is not fully elucidated. We demonstrate the first three-dimensional structure of a henipavirus M protein. We show the dimeric organization of HeV M as a basic unit for higher-order oligomerization. Additionally, we define key regions/residues of HeV M that are required for productive virus-like-particle formation. These findings provide the first insight into the mechanism of M-driven assembly in henipavirus.
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Intersectin goes nuclear: secret life of an endocytic protein. Biochem J 2018; 475:1455-1472. [PMID: 29599122 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Intersectin 1-short (ITSN1-s) is a 1220 amino acid ubiquitously expressed scaffold protein presenting a multidomain structure that allows to spatiotemporally regulate the functional interaction of a plethora of proteins. Besides its well-established role in endocytosis, ITSN1-s is involved in the regulation of cell signaling and is implicated in tumorigenesis processes, although the signaling pathways involved are still poorly understood. Here, we identify ITSN1-s as a nucleocytoplasmic trafficking protein. We show that, by binding to importin (IMP)α, a small fraction of ITSN1-s localizes in the cell nucleus at the steady state, where it preferentially associates with the nuclear envelope and interacts with lamin A/C. However, upon pharmacological ablation of chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM-1)-dependent nuclear export pathway, the protein accumulates into the nucleus, thus revealing its moonlighting nature. Analysis of deletion mutants revealed that the coiled coil (CC) and Src homology (SH3) regions play the major role in its nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. While no evidence of nuclear localization signal (NLS) was detected in the CC region, a functional bipartite NLS was identified within the SH3D region of ITSN1-s (RKKNPGGWWEGELQARGKKRQIGW-1127), capable of conferring energy-dependent nuclear accumulation to reporter proteins and whose mutational ablation affects nuclear import of the whole SH3 region. Thus, ITSN1-s is an endocytic protein, which shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in a CRM-1- and IMPα-dependent fashion.
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Trevisan M, Di Antonio V, Radeghieri A, Palù G, Ghildyal R, Alvisi G. Molecular Requirements for Self-Interaction of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Matrix Protein in Living Mammalian Cells. Viruses 2018; 10:v10030109. [PMID: 29510513 PMCID: PMC5869502 DOI: 10.3390/v10030109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important human pathogen, which infects respiratory tract epithelial cells causing bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children and the elderly. Recent studies have linked RSV matrix (M) ability to self-interaction and viral budding. However, RSV M has been crystalized both as a monomer and a dimer, and no formal proof exists to date that it forms dimers in cells. Here, by using a combination of confocal laser scanning microscopy and bioluminescent resonant energy transfer applied to differently tagged deletion mutants of RSV M, we show that the protein can self-interact in living mammalian cells and that both the N and C-terminus of the protein are strictly required for the process, consistent with the reported dimeric crystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Trevisan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy.
| | | | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy.
| | - Reena Ghildyal
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra 2617, Australia.
| | - Gualtiero Alvisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy.
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Pickens JA, Tripp RA. Verdinexor Targeting of CRM1 is a Promising Therapeutic Approach against RSV and Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:E48. [PMID: 29361733 PMCID: PMC5795461 DOI: 10.3390/v10010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two primary causes of respiratory tract infections are respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza viruses, both of which remain major public health concerns. There are a limited number of antiviral drugs available for the treatment of RSV and influenza, each having limited effectiveness and each driving selective pressure for the emergence of drug-resistant viruses. Novel broad-spectrum antivirals are needed to circumvent problems with current disease intervention strategies, while improving the cytokine-induced immunopathology associated with RSV and influenza infections. In this review, we examine the use of Verdinexor (KPT-335, a novel orally bioavailable drug that functions as a selective inhibitor of nuclear export, SINE), as an antiviral with multifaceted therapeutic potential. KPT-335 works to (1) block CRM1 (i.e., Chromosome Region Maintenance 1; exportin 1 or XPO1) mediated export of viral proteins critical for RSV and influenza pathogenesis; and (2) repress nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation, thus reducing cytokine production and eliminating virus-associated immunopathology. The repurposing of SINE compounds as antivirals shows promise not only against RSV and influenza virus but also against other viruses that exploit the nucleus as part of their viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Pickens
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Ward C, Maselko M, Lupfer C, Prescott M, Pastey MK. Interaction of the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus matrix protein with cellular adaptor protein complex 3 plays a critical role in trafficking. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184629. [PMID: 29028839 PMCID: PMC5640227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (HRSV) is a leading cause of bronchopneumonia in infants and the elderly. To date, knowledge of viral and host protein interactions within HRSV is limited and are critical areas of research. Here, we show that HRSV Matrix (M) protein interacts with the cellular adaptor protein complex 3 specifically via its medium subunit (AP-3Mu3A). This novel protein-protein interaction was first detected via yeast-two hybrid screen and was further confirmed in a mammalian system by immunofluorescence colocalization and co-immunoprecipitation. This novel interaction is further substantiated by the presence of a known tyrosine-based adaptor protein MU subunit sorting signal sequence, YXXФ: where Ф is a bulky hydrophobic residue, which is conserved across the related RSV M proteins. Analysis of point-mutated HRSV M derivatives indicated that AP-3Mu3A- mediated trafficking is contingent on the presence of the tyrosine residue within the YXXL sorting sequence at amino acids 197–200 of the M protein. AP-3Mu3A is up regulated at 24 hours post-infection in infected cells versus mock-infected HEp2 cells. Together, our data suggests that the AP-3 complex plays a critical role in the trafficking of HRSV proteins specifically matrix in epithelial cells. The results of this study add new insights and targets that may lead to the development of potential antivirals and attenuating mutations suitable for candidate vaccines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Ward
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Maciej Maselko
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Christopher Lupfer
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Meagan Prescott
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Manoj K. Pastey
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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41
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Mitochondrial protein p32/HAPB1/gC1qR/C1qbp is required for efficient respiratory syncytial virus production. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 489:460-465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Whelan JN, Reddy KD, Uversky VN, Teng MN. Functional correlations of respiratory syncytial virus proteins to intrinsic disorder. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 12:1507-26. [PMID: 27062995 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00122j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein intrinsic disorder is an important characteristic demonstrated by the absence of higher order structure, and is commonly detected in multifunctional proteins encoded by RNA viruses. Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) of proteins exhibit high flexibility and solvent accessibility, which permit several distinct protein functions, including but not limited to binding of multiple partners and accessibility for post-translational modifications. IDR-containing viral proteins can therefore execute various functional roles to enable productive viral replication. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a globally circulating, non-segmented, negative sense (NNS) RNA virus that causes severe lower respiratory infections. In this study, we performed a comprehensive evaluation of predicted intrinsic disorder of the RSV proteome to better understand the functional role of RSV protein IDRs. We included 27 RSV strains to sample major RSV subtypes and genotypes, as well as geographic and temporal isolate differences. Several types of disorder predictions were applied to the RSV proteome, including per-residue (PONDR®-FIT and PONDR® VL-XT), binary (CH, CDF, CH-CDF), and disorder-based interactions (ANCHOR and MoRFpred). We classified RSV IDRs by size, frequency and function. Finally, we determined the functional implications of RSV IDRs by mapping predicted IDRs to known functional domains of each protein. Identification of RSV IDRs within functional domains improves our understanding of RSV pathogenesis in addition to providing potential therapeutic targets. Furthermore, this approach can be applied to other NNS viruses that encode essential multifunctional proteins for the elucidation of viral protein regions that can be manipulated for attenuation of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian N Whelan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Joy McCann Culverhouse Airway Diseases Research Center, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Krishna D Reddy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA and Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142292 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Michael N Teng
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Joy McCann Culverhouse Airway Diseases Research Center, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.
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43
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Mathew C, Ghildyal R. CRM1 Inhibitors for Antiviral Therapy. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1171. [PMID: 28702009 PMCID: PMC5487384 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major global concern and despite major advancements in medical research, still cause significant morbidity and mortality. Progress in antiviral therapy is particularly hindered by appearance of mutants capable of overcoming the effects of drugs targeting viral components. Alternatively, development of drugs targeting host proteins essential for completion of viral lifecycle holds potential as a viable strategy for antiviral therapy. Nucleocytoplasmic trafficking pathways in particular are involved in several pathological conditions including cancer and viral infections, where hijacking or alteration of function of key transporter proteins, such as Chromosome Region Maintenance1 (CRM1) is observed. Overexpression of CRM1-mediated nuclear export is evident in several solid and hematological malignancies. Interestingly, CRM1-mediated nuclear export of viral components is crucial in various stages of the viral lifecycle and assembly. This review summarizes the role of CRM1 in cancer and selected viruses. Leptomycin B (LMB) is the prototypical inhibitor of CRM1 potent against various cancer cell lines overexpressing CRM1 and in limiting viral infections at nanomolar concentrations in vitro. However, the irreversible shutdown of nuclear export results in high cytotoxicity and limited efficacy in vivo. This has prompted search for synthetic and natural CRM1 inhibitors that can potentially be developed as broadly active antivirals, some of which are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reena Ghildyal
- Respiratory Virology Group, Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Health Research Institute, University of CanberraCanberra, ACT, Australia
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44
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McLinton EC, Wagstaff KM, Lee A, Moseley GW, Marsh GA, Wang LF, Jans DA, Lieu KG, Netter HJ. Nuclear localization and secretion competence are conserved among henipavirus matrix proteins. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:563-576. [PMID: 28056216 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses of the genus Henipavirus of the family Paramyxoviridae are zoonotic pathogens, which have emerged in Southeast Asia, Australia and Africa. Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus are highly virulent pathogens transmitted from bats to animals and humans, while the henipavirus Cedar virus seems to be non-pathogenic in infection studies. The full replication cycle of the Paramyxoviridae occurs in the host cell's cytoplasm, where viral assembly is orchestrated by the matrix (M) protein. Unexpectedly, the NiV-M protein traffics through the nucleus as an essential step to engage the plasma membrane in preparation for viral budding/release. Comparative studies were performed to assess whether M protein nuclear localization is a common feature of the henipaviruses, including the recently sequenced (although not yet isolated) Ghanaian bat henipavirus (Kumasi virus, GH-M74a virus) and Mojiang virus. Live-cell confocal microscopy revealed that nuclear translocation of GFP-fused M protein is conserved between henipaviruses in both human- and bat-derived cell lines. However, the efficiency of M protein nuclear localization and virus-like particle budding competency varied. Additionally, Cedar virus-, Kumasi virus- and Mojiang virus-M proteins were mutated in a bipartite nuclear localization signal, indicating that a key lysine residue is essential for nuclear import, export and induction of budding events, as previously reported for NiV-M. The results of this study suggest that the M proteins of henipaviruses may utilize a similar nucleocytoplasmic trafficking pathway as an essential step during viral replication in both humans and bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth C McLinton
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kylie M Wagstaff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Alexander Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Gregory W Moseley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science & Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Glenn A Marsh
- CSIRO Biosecurity Flagship, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3219, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - David A Jans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kim G Lieu
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Present address: Commonwealth Serum Laboratories Limited, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Hans J Netter
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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c-Jun N-terminal kinase activity is required for efficient respiratory syncytial virus production. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 483:64-68. [PMID: 28062184 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory infections in infants and the elderly, leading to more deaths than influenza each year worldwide. With no RSV antiviral or efficacious vaccine currently available, improved understanding of the host-RSV interaction is urgently required. Here we examine the contribution to RSV infection of the host stress-regulated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), for the first time. Peak JNK1/2 phosphoactivation is observed at ∼24 h post-infection, correlating with the time of virus assembly. The release of infectious RSV virions from infected cells was significantly reduced by either JNK1/2 siRNA knockdown or treatment with the JNK-specific inhibitor, JNK-IN-VIII. High resolution microscopy confirmed RSV accumulation in the host cell cytoplasm. The results implicate JNK1/2 as a key host factor for RSV virus production, raising the possibility of agents targeting JNK activity as potential anti-RSV therapeutics.
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46
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Yu X, Shahriari S, Li HM, Ghildyal R. Measles Virus Matrix Protein Inhibits Host Cell Transcription. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161360. [PMID: 27551716 PMCID: PMC4994966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) is a highly contagious virus that still causes annual epidemics in developing countries despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine. Additionally, importation from endemic countries causes frequent outbreaks in countries where it has been eliminated. The M protein of MeV plays a key role in virus assembly and cytopathogenesis; interestingly, M is localised in nucleus, cytoplasm and membranes of infected cells. We have used transient expression of M in transfected cells and in-cell transcription assays to show that only some MeV M localizes to the nucleus, in addition to cell membranes and the cytoplasm as previously described, and can inhibit cellular transcription via binding to nuclear factors. Additionally, MeV M was able to inhibit in vitro transcription in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, a proportion of M is also localized to nucleus of MeV infected cells at early times in infection, correlating with inhibition of cellular transcription. Our data show, for the first time, that MeV M may play a role early in infection by inhibiting host cell transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Yu
- Section of Epidemiology & Statistics, Department of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, 393 XinYi Road, Urumqi, PR China
| | - Shadi Shahriari
- Respiratory Virology Group, Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of ESTeM, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Canberra, Australia
| | - Hong-Mei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Wellington Parade, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Reena Ghildyal
- Respiratory Virology Group, Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of ESTeM, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Canberra, Australia
- * E-mail:
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47
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Audsley MD, Jans DA, Moseley GW. Roles of nuclear trafficking in infection by cytoplasmic negative-strand RNA viruses: paramyxoviruses and beyond. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2463-2481. [PMID: 27498841 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome replication and virion production by most negative-sense RNA viruses (NSVs) occurs exclusively in the cytoplasm, but many NSV-expressed proteins undergo active nucleocytoplasmic trafficking via signals that exploit cellular nuclear transport pathways. Nuclear trafficking has been reported both for NSV accessory proteins (including isoforms of the rabies virus phosphoprotein, and V, W and C proteins of paramyxoviruses) and for structural proteins. Trafficking of the former is thought to enable accessory functions in viral modulation of antiviral responses including the type I IFN system, but the intranuclear roles of structural proteins such as nucleocapsid and matrix proteins, which have critical roles in extranuclear replication and viral assembly, are less clear. Nevertheless, nuclear trafficking of matrix protein has been reported to be critical for efficient production of Nipah virus and Respiratory syncytial virus, and nuclear localization of nucleocapsid protein of several morbilliviruses has been linked to mechanisms of immune evasion. Together, these data point to the nucleus as a significant host interface for viral proteins during infection by NSVs with otherwise cytoplasmic life cycles. Importantly, several lines of evidence now suggest that nuclear trafficking of these proteins may be critical to pathogenesis and thus could provide new targets for vaccine development and antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Audsley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - David A Jans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Gregory W Moseley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BIO21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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Bohmwald K, Espinoza JA, Rey-Jurado E, Gómez RS, González PA, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Infection and Pathology. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 37:522-37. [PMID: 27486734 PMCID: PMC7171722 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is by far the major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) worldwide in infants and children younger than 2 years. The overwhelming number of hospitalizations due to hRSV-induced ALRTI each year is due, at least in part, to the lack of licensed vaccines against this virus. Thus, hRSV infection is considered a major public health problem and economic burden in most countries. The lung pathology developed in hRSV-infected individuals is characterized by an exacerbated proinflammatory and unbalanced Th2-type immune response. In addition to the adverse effects in airway tissues, hRSV infection can also cause neurologic manifestations in the host, such as seizures and encephalopathy. Although the origins of these extrapulmonary symptoms remain unclear, studies with patients suffering from neurological alterations suggest an involvement of the inflammatory response against hRSV. Furthermore, hRSV has evolved numerous mechanisms to modulate and evade the immune response in the host. Several studies have focused on elucidating the interactions between hRSV virulence factors and the host immune system, to rationally design new vaccines and therapies against this virus. Here, we discuss about the infection, pathology, and immune response triggered by hRSV in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Janyra A Espinoza
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emma Rey-Jurado
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto S Gómez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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49
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Screening for Host Factors Directly Interacting with RSV Protein: Microfluidics. Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 27464694 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3687-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
We present a high-throughput microfluidics platform to identify novel host cell binding partners of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) matrix (M) protein. The device consists of thousands of reaction chambers controlled by micro-mechanical valves. The microfluidic device is mated to a microarray-printed custom-made gene library. These genes are then transcribed and translated on-chip, resulting in a protein array ready for binding to RSV M protein.Even small viral proteome, such as that of RSV, presents a challenge due to the fact that viral proteins are usually multifunctional and thus their interaction with the host is complex. Protein microarrays technology allows the interrogation of protein-protein interactions, which could possibly overcome obstacles by using conventional high throughput methods. Using microfluidics platform we have identified new host interactors of M involved in various cellular pathways. A number of microfluidics based assays have already provided novel insights into the virus-host interactome, and the results have important implications for future antiviral strategies aimed at targets of viral protein interactions with the host.
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50
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Do LAH, Wilm A, van Doorn HR, Lam HM, Sim S, Sukumaran R, Tran AT, Nguyen BH, Tran TTL, Tran QH, Vo QB, Dac NAT, Trinh HN, Nguyen TTH, Binh BTL, Le K, Nguyen MT, Thai QT, Vo TV, Ngo NQM, Dang TKH, Cao NH, Tran TV, Ho LV, Farrar J, de Jong M, Chen S, Nagarajan N, Bryant JE, Hibberd ML. Direct whole-genome deep-sequencing of human respiratory syncytial virus A and B from Vietnamese children identifies distinct patterns of inter- and intra-host evolution. J Gen Virol 2016; 96:3470-3483. [PMID: 26407694 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children ,2 years of age. Little is known about RSV intra-host genetic diversity over the course of infection or about the immune pressures that drive RSV molecular evolution. We performed whole-genome deep-sequencing on 53 RSV-positive samples (37 RSV subgroup A and 16 RSV subgroup B) collected from the upper airways of hospitalized children in southern Vietnam over two consecutive seasons. RSV A NA1 and RSV B BA9 were the predominant genotypes found in our samples, consistent with other reports on global RSV circulation during the same period. For both RSV A and B, the M gene was the most conserved, confirming its potential as a target for novel therapeutics. The G gene was the most variable and was the only gene under detectable positive selection. Further, positively selected sites inG were found in close proximity to and in some cases overlapped with predicted glycosylation motifs, suggesting that selection on amino acid glycosylation may drive viral genetic diversity. We further identified hotspots and coldspots of intra-host genetic diversity in the RSV genome, some of which may highlight previously unknown regions of functional importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Anh Ha Do
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Andreas Wilm
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Genome Building, 138672 Singapore
| | - H Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ha Minh Lam
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Shuzhen Sim
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Genome Building, 138672 Singapore
| | - Rashmi Sukumaran
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Genome Building, 138672 Singapore
| | - Anh Tuan Tran
- Children's Hospital 1, Ward 10, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Bach Hue Nguyen
- Children's Hospital 1, Ward 10, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thu Loan Tran
- Children's Hospital 2, Ben Nghe Ward, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Quynh Huong Tran
- Children's Hospital 2, Ben Nghe Ward, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Quoc Bao Vo
- Children's Hospital 2, Ben Nghe Ward, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Hong Nhien Trinh
- Children's Hospital 1, Ward 10, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Bao Tinh Le Binh
- Children's Hospital 1, Ward 10, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Khanh Le
- Children's Hospital 1, Ward 10, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Minh Tien Nguyen
- Children's Hospital 1, Ward 10, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Quang Tung Thai
- Children's Hospital 1, Ward 10, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Vu Vo
- Children's Hospital 1, Ward 10, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Thi Kim Huyen Dang
- Children's Hospital 2, Ben Nghe Ward, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Huong Cao
- Children's Hospital 2, Ben Nghe Ward, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thu Van Tran
- Children's Hospital 2, Ben Nghe Ward, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Lu Viet Ho
- Children's Hospital 2, Ben Nghe Ward, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Jeremy Farrar
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Menno de Jong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Swaine Chen
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Genome Building, 138672 Singapore
| | | | - Juliet E Bryant
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin L Hibberd
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Genome Building, 138672 Singapore
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