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Zhu X, Dong Q, Zhang K, Zou Y, Zhang G, Du Y, Mo X, Wu A, Ouyang K, Chen Y, Wei Z, Qin Y, Pan Y, Huang W. Hunnivirus structural protein VP2 inhibits beta interferon production by targeting the IRF3 essential modulator. Vet Microbiol 2024; 295:110148. [PMID: 38851152 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Water buffalo Hunnivirus (BufHuV) belongs to the family Picornaviridae and is a newly discovered member of the Hunnivirus A genus. It causes intestinal diseases in cattle, mainly lead to subclinical infections, thereby seriously threatening the health of cattle herds. In addition, it can also bring about various clinical disease syndromes which results in severe economic losses to the cattle industry. To date, there have been no reports worldwide on the study of Hunnivirus virus infecting host cells and causing innate immune responses. In this study, we found that interferon treatment effectively blocked BufHuV replication and infection with the virus weakened the host antiviral responses. Inhibiting the transcription of IFN-β and ISGs induced by either Sendai virus (SeV) or poly(I:C) in MDBK and HCT-8 cells, were dependent on the IRF3 or NF-κB signaling pathways, and this inhibited the activation of IFN-β promoter by TBK1 and its upstream molecules, RIGI and MDA5. By constructing and screening five BufHuV proteins, we found that VP2, 2 C, 3 C and 3D inhibited the activation of IFN-β promoter induced by SeV. Subsequently, we showed that VP2 inhibited the activation of IRF3 induced by SeV or poly (I:C), and it inhibited IRF3 activation by inhibiting its phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. In addition, we confirmed that VP2 inhibited the activation of IFNβ induced by signaling molecules, MDA5 and TBKI. In summary, these findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of Hunnivirus and its mechanisms involved in evading host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhu
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Qinting Dong
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kang Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yanlin Zou
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Guangxin Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yiyang Du
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xiaoke Mo
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Aoqi Wu
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yifeng Qin
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Yan Pan
- Guangxi Agricultural Vocational University, Nanning, China.
| | - Weijian Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Nanning 530004, China.
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2
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Kombe Kombe AJ, Fotoohabadi L, Nanduri R, Gerasimova Y, Daskou M, Gain C, Sharma E, Wong M, Kelesidis T. The Role of the Nrf2 Pathway in Airway Tissue Damage Due to Viral Respiratory Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7042. [PMID: 39000157 PMCID: PMC11241721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses constitute a significant cause of illness and death worldwide. Respiratory virus-associated injuries include oxidative stress, ferroptosis, inflammation, pyroptosis, apoptosis, fibrosis, autoimmunity, and vascular injury. Several studies have demonstrated the involvement of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the pathophysiology of viral infection and associated complications. It has thus emerged as a pivotal player in cellular defense mechanisms against such damage. Here, we discuss the impact of Nrf2 activation on airway injuries induced by respiratory viruses, including viruses, coronaviruses, rhinoviruses, and respiratory syncytial viruses. The inhibition or deregulation of Nrf2 pathway activation induces airway tissue damage in the presence of viral respiratory infections. In contrast, Nrf2 pathway activation demonstrates protection against tissue and organ injuries. Clinical trials involving Nrf2 agonists are needed to define the effect of Nrf2 therapeutics on airway tissues and organs damaged by viral respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud John Kombe Kombe
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (A.J.K.K.)
| | - Leila Fotoohabadi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (A.J.K.K.)
| | - Ravikanth Nanduri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (A.J.K.K.)
| | - Yulia Gerasimova
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (A.J.K.K.)
| | - Maria Daskou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chandrima Gain
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eashan Sharma
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael Wong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Theodoros Kelesidis
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (A.J.K.K.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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3
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Hao J, Wang H, Lu X, Li Z, Zhang X. TLR4 signalling: the key to controlling EV71 replication and inflammatory response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1393680. [PMID: 38938877 PMCID: PMC11208322 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1393680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease caused by enterovirus 71 (EV71) that frequently affects children, leading to severe infections in some cases. In general, when infection occurs, the body upregulates inflammatory responses to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms to protect the host from infection. However, EV71 may inhibit host's innate immunity to promote virus infection. At present, it is not fully understood how EV71 hijack the host cells for its own replication. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a natural immune receptor, historically associated with bacterial endotoxin-induced inflammatory responses. However, it is still unclear whether and how TLR4 is altered during EV71 infection. In this study, we observed a reduction in both TLR4 protein and gene transcript levels in RD, GES-1, and Vero cells following EV71 infection, as detected by RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence staining and western blot. Furthermore, we observed that the TLR4 downstream molecules of MYD88, p-NF-κB p65, p-TBK1 and related inflammatory cytokines were also reduced, suggesting that antiviral innate immune and inflammatory response were suppressed. To determine the impact of TLR4 changes on EV71 infection, we interfered EV71-infected RD cells with TLR4 agonist or inhibitor and the results showed that activation of TLR4 inhibited EV71 replication, while inhibition of TLR4 promote EV71 replication. Besides, EV71 replication was also promoted in TLR4 siRNA-transfected and EV71-infected RD cells. This suggests that down-regulation the expression of TLR4 by EV71 can inhibit host immune defense to promote EV71 self-replication. This novel mechanism may be a strategy for EV71 to evade host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine of Fenyang College, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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4
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Zhang X, Yin Z, Zhang J, Guo H, Li J, Nie X, Wang S, Zhang L. Enterovirus 71 Activates Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell-Dependent PSGL-1 Binding Independent of Productive Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1782-1790. [PMID: 38629901 PMCID: PMC11102030 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a significant causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease, with potential serious neurologic complications or fatal outcomes. The lack of effective treatments for EV71 infection is attributed to its elusive pathogenicity. Our study reveals that human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), the main type I IFN-producing cells, selectively express scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (SCARB2) and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1), crucial cellular receptors for EV71. Some strains of EV71 can replicate within pDCs and stimulate IFN-α production. The activation of pDCs by EV71 is hindered by Abs to PSGL-1 and soluble PSGL-1, whereas Abs to SCARB2 and soluble SCARB2 have a less pronounced effect. Our data suggest that only strains binding to PSGL-1, more commonly found in severe cases, can replicate in pDCs and induce IFN-α secretion, highlighting the importance of PSGL-1 in these processes. Furthermore, IFN-α secretion by pDCs can be triggered by EV71 or UV-inactivated EV71 virions, indicating that productive infection is not necessary for pDC activation. These findings provide new insights into the interaction between EV71 and pDCs, suggesting that pDC activation could potentially mitigate the severity of EV71-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyuan Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Jialong Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Guo
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyun Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohua Nie
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shouli Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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Wei J, Lv L, Wang T, Gu W, Luo Y, Feng H. Recent Progress in Innate Immune Responses to Enterovirus A71 and Viral Evasion Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5688. [PMID: 38891876 PMCID: PMC11172324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a major pathogen causing hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in children worldwide. It can lead to severe gastrointestinal, pulmonary, and neurological complications. The innate immune system, which rapidly detects pathogens via pathogen-associated molecular patterns or pathogen-encoded effectors, serves as the first defensive line against EV-A71 infection. Concurrently, the virus has developed various sophisticated strategies to evade host antiviral responses and establish productive infection. Thus, the virus-host interactions and conflicts, as well as the ability to govern biological events at this first line of defense, contribute significantly to the pathogenesis and outcomes of EV-A71 infection. In this review, we update recent progress on host innate immune responses to EV-A71 infection. In addition, we discuss the underlying strategies employed by EV-A71 to escape host innate immune responses. A better understanding of the interplay between EV-A71 and host innate immunity may unravel potential antiviral targets, as well as strategies that can improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialong Wei
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (J.W.); (L.L.); (T.W.); (W.G.)
| | - Linxi Lv
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (J.W.); (L.L.); (T.W.); (W.G.)
| | - Tian Wang
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (J.W.); (L.L.); (T.W.); (W.G.)
| | - Wei Gu
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (J.W.); (L.L.); (T.W.); (W.G.)
| | - Yang Luo
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (J.W.); (L.L.); (T.W.); (W.G.)
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Hui Feng
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (J.W.); (L.L.); (T.W.); (W.G.)
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6
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Liu J, Liu L, Zeng S, Meng X, Lei N, Yang H, Li R, Mu X, Guo X. Inhibition of EV71 replication by an interferon-stimulated gene product L3HYPDH. Virus Res 2024; 342:199336. [PMID: 38342315 PMCID: PMC10875296 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the common causative agent of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD). Despite evidence in mice model suggested that the interferon (IFN) signaling pathways play a role in defending against this virus, knowledge on the IFN-mediated antiviral response is still limited. Here we identified an IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) called L3HYPDH, whose expression inhibits EV71 replication. Mapping assay indicated that amino acids 61-120 and 295-354 are critical for its optimal antiviral activity. Mechanismly, L3HYPDH specifically inhibits protein translation mediated by EV71 internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Our data thus uncovered a new mechanism utilized by the host cell to restrict EV71 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Logen Liu
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shinuan Zeng
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaobin Meng
- Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou 514031, China
| | - Nanfeng Lei
- Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou 514031, China
| | - Hai Yang
- Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou 514031, China
| | - Runcai Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Mu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin University and Health-Biotech United Group Joint Laboratory of Innovative Drug Development and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Xuemin Guo
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou 514031, China; Guangdong Engineering Technological Research Center of Clinical Molecular Diagnosis and Antibody Drugs, Meizhou 514031, China.
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7
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Uribe FR, González VPI, Kalergis AM, Soto JA, Bohmwald K. Understanding the Neurotrophic Virus Mechanisms and Their Potential Effect on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Development. Brain Sci 2024; 14:59. [PMID: 38248274 PMCID: PMC10813552 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) pathologies are a public health concern, with viral infections one of their principal causes. These viruses are known as neurotropic pathogens, characterized by their ability to infiltrate the CNS and thus interact with various cell populations, inducing several diseases. The immune response elicited by neurotropic viruses in the CNS is commanded mainly by microglia, which, together with other local cells, can secrete inflammatory cytokines to fight the infection. The most relevant neurotropic viruses are adenovirus (AdV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), enterovirus (EV), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), and the newly discovered SARS-CoV-2. Several studies have associated a viral infection with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE) manifestations. This article will review the knowledge about viral infections, CNS pathologies, and the immune response against them. Also, it allows us to understand the relevance of the different viral proteins in developing neuronal pathologies, SLE and NPSLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe R. Uribe
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Laboratorio de Inmunología Traslacional, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile; (F.R.U.); (V.P.I.G.)
| | - Valentina P. I. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Laboratorio de Inmunología Traslacional, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile; (F.R.U.); (V.P.I.G.)
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330025, Chile;
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Jorge A. Soto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Laboratorio de Inmunología Traslacional, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile; (F.R.U.); (V.P.I.G.)
| | - Karen Bohmwald
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma, Santiago 8910060, Chile
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Mondal S, Sarvari G, Boehr DD. Picornavirus 3C Proteins Intervene in Host Cell Processes through Proteolysis and Interactions with RNA. Viruses 2023; 15:2413. [PMID: 38140654 PMCID: PMC10747604 DOI: 10.3390/v15122413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Picornaviridae family comprises a large group of non-enveloped viruses with enormous impact on human and animal health. The picornaviral genome contains one open reading frame encoding a single polyprotein that can be processed by viral proteases. The picornaviral 3C proteases share similar three-dimensional structures and play a significant role in the viral life cycle and virus-host interactions. Picornaviral 3C proteins also have conserved RNA-binding activities that contribute to the assembly of the viral RNA replication complex. The 3C protease is important for regulating the host cell response through the cleavage of critical host cell proteins, acting to selectively 'hijack' host factors involved in gene expression, promoting picornavirus replication, and inactivating key factors in innate immunity signaling pathways. The protease and RNA-binding activities of 3C are involved in viral polyprotein processing and the initiation of viral RNA synthesis. Most importantly, 3C modifies critical molecules in host organelles and maintains virus infection by subtly subverting host cell death through the blocking of transcription, translation, and nucleocytoplasmic trafficking to modulate cell physiology for viral replication. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms through which 3C mediates physiological processes involved in promoting virus infection, replication, and release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David D. Boehr
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Zhang J, Teng P, Sun B, Zhang J, Zhou X, Chen W. Down-regulated TAB1 suppresses the replication of Coxsackievirus B5 via activating the NF-κB pathways through interaction with viral 3D polymerase. Virol J 2023; 20:291. [PMID: 38072991 PMCID: PMC10712077 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02259-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus Group B type 5 (CVB5), an important pathogen of hand-foot-mouth disease, is also associated with neurological complications and poses a public health threat to young infants. Among the CVB5 proteins, the nonstructural protein 3D, known as the Enteroviral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, is mainly involved in viral genome replication and transcription. In this study, we performed immunoprecipitation coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to identify host proteins that interacted with CVB5 3D polymerase. A total of 116 differentially expressed proteins were obtained. Gene Ontology analysis identified that the proteins were involved in cell development and cell adhesion, distributed in the desmosome and envelope, and participated in GTPase binding. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis further revealed they participated in nerve diseases, such as Parkinson disease. Among them, 35 proteins were significantly differentially expressed and the cellular protein TGF-BATA-activated kinase1 binding protein 1 (TAB1) was found to be specifically interacting with the 3D polymerase. 3D polymerase facilitated the entry of TAB1 into the nucleus and down-regulated TAB1 expression via the lysosomal pathway. In addition, TAB1 inhibited CVB5 replication via inducing inflammatory factors and activated the NF-κB pathway through IκBα phosphorylation. Moreover, the 90-96aa domain of TAB1 was an important structure for the function. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the mechanism by which cellular TAB1 inhibits the CVB5 replication via activation of the host innate immune response, providing a novel insight into the virus-host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zhang
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 727, Southern Jingming Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiying Teng
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 727, Southern Jingming Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Sun
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 727, Southern Jingming Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihong Zhang
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 727, Southern Jingming Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zhou
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 727, Southern Jingming Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 727, Southern Jingming Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Wang SH, Du J, Yu J, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Hua S, Zhao K. Coxsackievirus A6 2C protein antagonizes IFN-β production through MDA5 and RIG-I depletion. J Virol 2023; 97:e0107523. [PMID: 37847581 PMCID: PMC10688345 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01075-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) is a major emerging pathogen associated with atypical hand, foot, and mouth disease and can cause serious complications such as encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and neurorespiratory syndrome. Therefore, revealing the associated pathogenic mechanisms could benefit the control of CV-A6 infections. In this study, we demonstrate that the nonstructural 2CCV-A6 suppresses IFN-β production, which supports CV-A6 infection. This is achieved by depleting RNA sensors such as melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) through the lysosomal pathway. Such a function is shared by 2CEV-A71 and 2CCV-B3 but not 2CCV-A16, suggesting the latter might have an alternative way to promote viral replication. This study broadens our understanding of enterovirus 2C protein regulation of the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway and reveals a novel mechanism by which CV-A6 and other enteroviruses evade the host innate immune response. These findings on 2C may provide new therapeutic targets for the development of effective inhibitors against CV-A6 and other enterovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hua Wang
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Juan Du
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinghua Yu
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yifei Zhao
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shucheng Hua
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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11
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Wan L, Wang X, Wang T, Yuan X, Liu W, Huang Y, Deng C, Cao S. Comparison of Target Pocket Similarity and Progress into Research on Inhibitors of Picornavirus 3C Proteases. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202201100. [PMID: 36808685 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202201100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The 3C protease (3C Pro) plays a significant role in the life cycle of picornaviruses from replication to translation, making it an attractive target for structure-based design of drugs against picornaviruses. The structurally related 3C-like protease (3CL Pro) is an important protein involved in the replication of coronaviruses. With the emergence of COVID-19 and consequent intensive research into 3CL Pro, development of 3CL Pro inhibitors has emerged as a popular topic. This article compares the similarities of the target pockets of various 3C and 3CL Pros from numerous pathogenic viruses. This article also reports several types of 3C Pro inhibitors that are currently undergoing extensive studies and introduces various structural modifications of 3C Pro inhibitors to provide a reference for the development of new and more effective inhibitors of 3C Pro and 3CL Pro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, P. R. China
| | - Tangle Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Changyong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
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12
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TRAF3 activates STING-mediated suppression of EV-A71 and target of viral evasion. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:79. [PMID: 36823147 PMCID: PMC9950063 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity represents one of the main host responses to viral infection.1-3 STING (Stimulator of interferon genes), a crucial immune adapter functioning in host cells, mediates cGAS (Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase) sensing of exogenous and endogenous DNA fragments and generates innate immune responses.4 Whether STING activation was involved in infection and replication of enterovirus remains largely unknown. In the present study, we discovered that human enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection triggered STING activation in a cGAS dependent manner. EV-A71 infection caused mitochondrial damage and the discharge of mitochondrial DNA into the cytosol of infected cells. However, during EV-A71 infection, cGAS-STING activation was attenuated. EV-A71 proteins were screened and the viral protease 2Apro had the greatest capacity to inhibit cGAS-STING activation. We identified TRAF3 as an important factor during STING activation and as a target of 2Apro. Supplement of TRAF3 rescued cGAS-STING activation suppression by 2Apro. TRAF3 supported STING activation mediated TBK1 phosphorylation. Moreover, we found that 2Apro protease activity was essential for inhibiting STING activation. Furthermore, EV-D68 and CV-A16 infection also triggered STING activation. The viral protease 2Apro from EV-D68 and CV-A16 also had the ability to inhibit STING activation. As STING activation prior to EV-A71 infection generated cellular resistance to EV-A71 replication, blocking EV-A71-mediated STING suppression represents a new anti-viral target.
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13
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Sui N, Zhang R, Jiang Y, Yu H, Xu G, Wang J, Zhu Y, Xie Z, Hu J, Jiang S. Nonstructural protein 2A2 from Duck hepatitis A virus type 1 inhibits interferon beta production by interaction with mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein and TANK-binding kinase 1. Vet Microbiol 2023; 280:109679. [PMID: 36822034 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I) is essential for the regulation of host-virus interactions, and viruses have evolved strategies to escape the host immune response. Duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) causes severe liver necrosis and hemorrhage, neurological symptoms, and high mortality in ducklings. However, how DHAV-1 interacts with the duck innate immune system remains unclear. In this study, DHAV-1-encoded proteins were cloned, and DHAV-1 2A2 was shown to strongly suppress IFN-β-luciferase activity, triggered by Sendai virus and polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], along with the transcription of IFN-β and downstream antiviral genes, including OASL, PKR, and TNF-a. In addition, 2A2 interacts with the central adaptor proteins mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) by its N-terminal 1-100 amino acids (aa), thus leading to the inhibition of IFN-β production. Importantly, the deletion of the N-terminal 1-100 aa region of 2A2 abolished inhibition of IFN-I production. Moreover, the transmembrane domain of the MAVS protein and the ubiquitin domain of TBK1 were demonstrated to be required for interaction with DHAV-1 2A2. These findings revealed a novel strategy by which DHAV-1 hijacks cellular immunosurveillance and provided new insights into controlling the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Sui
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China
| | - Honglei Yu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China
| | - Guige Xu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China
| | - Yanli Zhu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China
| | - Zhijing Xie
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China
| | - Jiaqing Hu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China; Shandong GreenBlue Biotechnology Co. Ltd. Economic development zone, Tai'an 271400, China.
| | - Shijin Jiang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian 271018, China.
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14
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Liu H, Zhu Z, Xue Q, Yang F, Li Z, Xue Z, Cao W, He J, Guo J, Liu X, Shaw AE, King DP, Zheng H. Innate sensing of picornavirus infection involves cGAS-STING-mediated antiviral responses triggered by mitochondrial DNA release. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011132. [PMID: 36745686 PMCID: PMC9934381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) plays a key role in the innate immune responses to both DNA and RNA virus infection. Here, we found that enterovirus 71 (EV-A71), Seneca Valley virus (SVV), and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection triggered mitochondria damage and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release in vitro and vivo. These responses were mediated by picornavirus 2B proteins which induced mtDNA release during viral replication. SVV infection caused the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and led to voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1)- and BCL2 antagonist/killer 1 (Bak) and Bak/BCL2-associated X (Bax)-dependent mtDNA leakage into the cytoplasm, while EV-A71 and FMDV infection induced mPTP opening and resulted in VDAC1-dependent mtDNA release. The released mtDNA bound to cGAS and activated cGAS-mediated antiviral immune response. cGAS was essential for inhibiting EV-A71, SVV, and FMDV replication by regulation of IFN-β production. cGAS deficiency contributed to higher mortality of EV-A71- or FMDV-infected mice. In addition, we found that SVV 2C protein was responsible for decreasing cGAS expression through the autophagy pathway. The 9th and 153rd amino acid sites in 2C were critical for induction of cGAS degradation. Furthermore, we also show that EV-A71, CA16, and EMCV 2C antagonize the cGAS-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway through interaction with STING, and highly conserved amino acids Y155 and S156 were critical for this inhibitory effect. In conclusion, these data reveal novel mechanisms of picornaviruses to block the antiviral effect mediated by the cGAS-STING signaling pathway, which will provide insights for developing antiviral strategies against picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huisheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zongqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoning Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jijun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Andrew E. Shaw
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P. King
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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15
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Zang L, Gu J, Yang X, Yuan Y, Guo H, Zhou W, Ma J, Chen Y, Wu Y, Zheng H, Shi W. Ubiquitin-specific protease 24 promotes EV71 infection by restricting K63-linked polyubiquitination of TBK1. Virol Sin 2023; 38:75-83. [PMID: 36334706 PMCID: PMC10006192 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is an essential protein kinase for activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and induction of the type I interferons (IFN-I). Although the biochemical regulation of TBK1 activation has been studied, little is known about how enterovirus 71 (EV71) employs the deubiquitinases (DUBs) to regulate TBK1 activation for viral immune evasion. Here, we found that EV71 infection upregulated the expression of ubiquitin-specific protease 24 (USP24). Further studies revealed that USP24 physically interacted with TBK1, and can reduce K63-linked polyubiquitination of TBK1. Knockdown of USP24 upregulated TBK1 K63-linked polyubiquitination, promoted the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF3, and in turn improved IFN-I production during EV71 infection. As a consequence, USP24 knockdown dramatically inhibited EV71 infection. This study revealed USP24 as a novel regulator of TBK1 activation, which promotes the understanding of immune evasion mechanisms of EV71 and could provide a potential strategy for treatment of EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Zang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Jin Gu
- Hubei Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuhan, 430015, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Yukang Yuan
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Jinhong Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Yumin Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, China.
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16
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TBK1 and IRF3 are potential therapeutic targets in Enterovirus A71-associated diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011001. [PMID: 36626364 PMCID: PMC9831319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is an important causative agent of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) associated with enormous healthcare and socioeconomic burden. Although a range of studies about EV-A71 pathogenesis have been well described, the underlying molecular mechanism in terms of innate immune response is still not fully understood, especially the roles of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and interferon-regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here, we applied TBK1 inhibitor and IRF3 agonist, for the first time, to evaluate the antiviral activities of TBK1 and IRF3 in vivo. We found that, through regulating EV-A71-induced type I interferon (IFN) response, IRF3 agonist effectively alleviated EV-A71-induced illness, while TBK1 inhibitor aggravated disease progression. In addition, EV-A71 replication was suppressed in EVA-71-infected mice administrated with IRF3 agonist. On the other hand, more severe pathological alterations of neuronal degeneration, muscle fiber breaks, fractured or fused alveolar walls, and diffuse congestion occurred in EVA-71-infected mice treated with TBK1 inhibitor administration. Furthermore, we determined the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and IL-10 in both lungs and brains of mice and found that TBK1 inhibitor promoted EV-A71-induced inflammatory response, while IRF3 agonist alleviated it, which was consistent with clinical manifestations and pathological alterations. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our findings suggest that TBK1 and IRF3 are potential therapeutic targets in EV-A71-induced illness.
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17
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Xia X, Cheng A, Wang M, Ou X, Sun D, Zhang S, Mao S, Yang Q, Tian B, Wu Y, Huang J, Gao Q, Jia R, Chen S, Liu M, Zhao XX, Zhu D, Yu Y, Zhang L. DHAV 3CD targets IRF7 and RIG-I proteins to block the type I interferon upstream signaling pathway. Vet Res 2023; 54:5. [PMID: 36703166 PMCID: PMC9878786 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) is an acute, highly lethal infectious agent that infects ducklings and causes up to 95% mortality in ducklings up to 1 week of age, posing a significant economic threat to the duck farming industry. Previous studies have found that the proteolytic enzyme 3 C encoded by DHAV-1 can inhibit the IRF7 protein from blocking the upstream signaling pathway of the type I interferon to promote viral replication. However, there are still few studies on the mechanism of DHAV-1 in immune evasion. Here, we demonstrate that the DHAV-1 3CD protein can interact with IRF7 protein and reduce IRF7 protein expression without directly affecting IRF7 protein nuclear translocation. Further studies showed that the 3CD protein could reduce the expression of RIG-I protein without affecting its transcription level. Furthermore, we found that the 3CD protein interacted with the N-terminal structural domain of RIG-I protein, interfered with the interaction between RIG-I and MAVS, and degraded RIG-I protein through the proteasomal degradation pathway, thereby inhibiting its mediated antiviral innate immunity to promote DHAV-1 replication. These data suggest a novel immune evasion mechanism of DHAV-1 mediated by the 3CD protein, and the results of this experiment are expected to improve the understanding of the biological functions of the viral precursor protein and provide scientific data to elucidate the mechanism of DHAV-1 infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Xia
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Xumin Ou
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Di Sun
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Sai Mao
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Qiao Yang
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Bin Tian
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Ying Wu
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Juan Huang
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Qun Gao
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Renyong Jia
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Shun Chen
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhao
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Yanling Yu
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Ling Zhang
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China ,grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
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18
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Zhao K, Zhang S, Liu X, Guo X, Guo Z, Zhang X, Yuan W. The game between host antiviral innate immunity and immune evasion strategies of senecavirus A - A cell biological perspective. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1107173. [PMID: 36618383 PMCID: PMC9813683 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1107173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of the cellular host to defend against viral infection. Upon infection, viruses can be sensed by the cellular host's pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading to the activation of the signaling cascade and the robust production of interferons (IFNs) to restrict the infection and replication of the viruses. However, numerous cunning viruses have evolved strategies to evade host innate immunity. The senecavirus A (SVA) is a newly identified member of the Picornaviridae family, causing severe vesicular or ulcerative lesions on the oral mucosa, snout, coronary bands, and hooves of pigs of different ages. During SVA infection, the cellular host will launch the innate immune response and various physiological processes to restrict SVA. In contrast, SVA has evolved several strategies to evade the porcine innate immune responses. This review focus on the underlying mechanisms employed by SVA to evade pattern recognition receptor signaling pathways, type I interferon (IFN-α/β) receptor (IFNAR) signaling pathway, interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and autophagy, and stress granules. Deciphering the antiviral immune evasion mechanisms by SVA will enhance our understanding of SVA's pathogenesis and provide insights into developing antiviral strategies and improving vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China,Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shixia Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaona Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoran Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhaomeng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaozhan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China,*Correspondence: Wanzhe Yuan, ; Xiaozhan Zhang,
| | - Wanzhe Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China,Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China,*Correspondence: Wanzhe Yuan, ; Xiaozhan Zhang,
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19
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Activation of Host Cellular Signaling and Mechanism of Enterovirus 71 Viral Proteins Associated with Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102190. [PMID: 36298746 PMCID: PMC9609926 DOI: 10.3390/v14102190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are members of the Picornaviridae family consisting of human enterovirus groups A, B, C, and D as well as nonhuman enteroviruses. Human enterovirus type 71 (EV71) has emerged as a major cause of viral encephalitis, known as hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), in children worldwide, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. EV71 and coxsackievirus A16 are the two viruses responsible for HFMD which are members of group A enteroviruses. The identified EV71 receptors provide useful information for understanding viral replication and tissue tropism. Host factors interact with the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of EV71 to regulate viral translation. However, the specific molecular features of the respective viral genome that determine virulence remain unclear. Although a vaccine is currently approved, there is no effective therapy for treating EV71-infected patients. Therefore, understanding the host-pathogen interaction could provide knowledge in viral pathogenesis and further benefits to anti-viral therapy development. The aim of this study was to investigate the latest findings about the interaction of viral ligands with the host receptors as well as the activation of immunerelated signaling pathways for innate immunity and the involvement of different cytokines and chemokines during host-pathogen interaction. The study also examined the roles of viral proteins, mainly 2A and 3C protease, interferons production and their inhibitory effects.
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20
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Li H, Yao Y, Chen Y, Zhang S, Deng Z, Qiao W, Tan J. TRAF3IP3 Is Cleaved by EV71 3C Protease and Exhibits Antiviral Activity. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:914971. [PMID: 35814660 PMCID: PMC9260427 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.914971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major pathogens of hand, foot, and mouth disease, which poses a major risk to public health and infant safety. 3C protease (3Cpro), a non-structural protein of EV71, promotes viral protein maturation by cleaving polyprotein precursors and facilitates viral immune escape by cleaving host proteins. In this study, we screened for human proteins that could interact with EV71 3Cpro using a yeast two-hybrid assay. Immune-associated protein TRAF3 Interacting Protein 3 (TRAF3IP3) was selected for further study. The results of co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence demonstrated the interaction between TRAF3IP3 and EV71 3Cpro. A cleavage band was detected, indicating that both transfected 3Cpro and EV71 infection could cleave TRAF3IP3. 87Q-88G was identified as the only 3Cpro cleavage site in TRAF3IP3. In Jurkat and rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells, TRAF3IP3 inhibited EV71 replication, and 3Cpro cleavage partially resisted TRAF3IP3-induced inhibition. Additionally, the nuclear localization signal (NLS) and nuclear export signal (NES) of TRAF3IP3 were identified. The NES contributed to TRAF3IP3 alteration of 3Cpro localization and inhibition of EV71 replication. Together, these results indicate that TRAF3IP3 inhibits EV71 replication and 3Cpro resists such inhibition via proteolytic cleavage, providing a new example of virus-host interaction.
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21
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Norovirus 3C-Like protease antagonizes interferon-β production by cleaving NEMO. Virology 2022; 571:12-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Huan C, Qu X, Li Z. Host Restrictive Factors Are the Emerging Storm Troopers Against Enterovirus: A Mini-Review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:910780. [PMID: 35603180 PMCID: PMC9114347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.910780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus infection continues to be a global health problem. The lack of specific drugs and broad-spectrum vaccines means an urgent need to develop effective strategies against enteroviruses. Host restrictive factors are a class of intrinsic host antiviral factors that have been broadly defined and investigated during HIV infections and have great significance for drug development and treatment design. In recent years, the essential role of host restrictive factors in regulating enteroviral infections has been gradually recognized and investigated. An increasing number of studies have shown that host-restrictive factors regulate multiple steps in the life cycle of enteroviruses. This mini-review discusses the restrictive factors against enteroviruses, their antiviral mechanism, and the arms race between them and enteroviruses. We also summarise the pathways that enteroviruses use to impair host antiviral signals. This mini-review characterizes the essential role of host restriction factors in enterovirus infections, which provides ideas and potential targets for antiviral drug design by regulating host restrictive factors. It also reveals potential future research on the interplay between host restrictive factors and enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huan
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinglong Qu
- Respiratory Department of the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaolong Li
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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23
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Surgical Strikes on Host Defenses: Role of the Viral Protease Activity in Innate Immune Antagonism. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050522. [PMID: 35631043 PMCID: PMC9145062 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As a frontline defense mechanism against viral infections, the innate immune system is the primary target of viral antagonism. A number of virulence factors encoded by viruses play roles in circumventing host defenses and augmenting viral replication. Among these factors are viral proteases, which are primarily responsible for maturation of viral proteins, but in addition cause proteolytic cleavage of cellular proteins involved in innate immune signaling. The study of these viral protease-mediated host cleavages has illuminated the intricacies of innate immune networks and yielded valuable insights into viral pathogenesis. In this review, we will provide a brief summary of how proteases of positive-strand RNA viruses, mainly from the Picornaviridae, Flaviviridae and Coronaviridae families, proteolytically process innate immune components and blunt their functions.
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24
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Dong S, Shi Y, Dong X, Xiao X, Qi J, Ren L, Xiang Z, Zhuo Z, Wang J, Lei X. Gasdermin E is required for induction of pyroptosis and severe disease during enterovirus 71 infection. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101850. [PMID: 35339492 PMCID: PMC9035723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is an inflammatory form of programmed cell death that is executed by the gasdermin (GSDM)-N domain of GSDM family proteins, which form pores in the plasma membrane. Although pyroptosis acts as a host defense against invasive pathogen infection, its role in the pathogenesis of enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection is unclear. In the current study, we found that EV71 infection induces cleavage of GSDM E (GSDME) by using western blotting analysis, an essential step in the switch from caspase-3-mediated apoptosis to pyroptosis. We show that this cleavage is independent of the 3C and 2A proteases of EV71. However, caspase-3 activation is essential for this cleavage, as GSDME could not be cleaved in caspase-3-KO cells upon EV71 infection. Further analyses showed that EV71 infection induced pyroptosis in WT cells but not in caspase-3/GSDME double-KO cells. Importantly, GSDME is required to induce severe disease during EV71 infection, as GSDME deficiency in mice was shown to alleviate pathological symptoms. In conclusion, our results reveal that GSDME is important for the pathogenesis of EV71 via mediating initiation of pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Dong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, P.R. China
| | - Yujin Shi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojing Dong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, P.R. China
| | - Xia Xiao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, P.R. China
| | - Jianli Qi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lili Ren
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, P.R. China
| | - Zichun Xiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Zhuo
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaobo Lei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, P.R. China.
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25
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Dong Y, Liu J, Lu N, Zhang C. Enterovirus 71 Antagonizes Antiviral Effects of Type III Interferon and Evades the Clearance of Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:806084. [PMID: 35185830 PMCID: PMC8848745 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.806084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the major pathogen causing severe neurological complications and hand, foot, and mouth disease. The intestinal mucosal immune system has a complete immune response and immune regulation mechanism, consisting of densely arranged monolayer intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIELs) distributed among the IECs, which constitute the first line of intestinal mucosa against infection of foreign pathogens. As an enterovirus, EV71 is transmitted by the intestinal tract; however, the mechanisms it uses to evade the immunosurveillance of the intestinal mucosal immune system are still incompletely clarified. The present study investigated how EV71 evades from recognizing and eliminating IECs, iIELs, and iNK cells. We found that EV71 infection induced a higher level of type III interferons (IFN-λ) than type I interferons (IFN-β) in IECs, and the addition of IFN-λ markedly restricted EV71 replication in IECs. These results indicate that IFN-λ plays a more important role in anti-EV71 intestinal infection. However, EV71 infection could markedly attenuate the antiviral responses of IFN-λ. Mechanistically, 2A protease (2Apro) and 3C protease (3Cpro) of EV71 inhibited the IFN-λ production and IFN-λ receptor expression and further decreased the response of IECs to IFN-λ. In addition, we found that EV71-infected IECs were less susceptible to the lysis of intestinal NK (iNK) cells and CD3+iIELs. We revealed that the viral 2Apro and 3Cpro could significantly reduce the expression of the ligands of natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) and promote the expression of PD-L1 on IECs, rendering them to evade the recognition and killing of iNK and CD3+iIELs. These results provide novel evasion mechanisms of EV71 from intestinal mucosal innate immunity and may give new insights into antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanmin Dong
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Lu
- Institute of Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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26
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Sun M, Lin Q, Wang C, Xing J, Yan K, Liu Z, Jin Y, Cardona CJ, Xing Z. Enterovirus A71 2B Inhibits Interferon-Activated JAK/STAT Signaling by Inducing Caspase-3-Dependent Karyopherin-α1 Degradation. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:762869. [PMID: 34992585 PMCID: PMC8725996 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.762869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a major pathogen that causes the hand, foot, and mouth disease, which could be fatal with neurological complications in children. The underlying mechanism for the severe pathogenicity remains obscure, but impaired or aberrant innate immunity is considered to play a key role in viral pathogenesis. We reported previously that EV-A71 suppressed type I interferon (IFN) responses by inducing degradation of karyopherin-α1 (KPNA1), a component of the p-STAT1/2 complex. In this report, we showed that 2B, a non-structural protein of EV-A71, was critical to the suppression of the IFN-α-induced type I response in infected cells. Among viral proteins, 2B was the only one that was involved in the degradation of KPNA1, which impeded the formation of the p-STAT1/2/KPNA1 complex and blocked the translocation of p-STAT1/2 into the nucleus upon IFN-α stimulation. Degradation of KPNA1 induced by 2B can be inhibited in the cells pre-treated with Z-DEVD-FMK, a caspase-3 inhibitor, or siRNA targeting caspase-3, indicating that 2B-induced degradation of KPNA1 was caspase-3 dependent. The mechanism by which 2B functioned in the dysregulation of the IFN signaling was analyzed and a putative hydrophilic domain (H1) in the N-terminus of 2B was characterized to be critical for the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol for the activation of pro-caspase-3. We generated an EV-A71 infectious clone (rD1), which was deficient of the H1 domain. In rD1-infected cells, degradation of KPNA1 was relieved and the infected cells were more sensitive to IFN-α, leading to decreased viral replication, in comparison to the cells infected with the virus carrying a full length 2B. Our findings demonstrate that EV-A71 2B protein plays an important role in dysregulating JAK-STAT signaling through its involvement in promoting caspase-3 dependent degradation of KPNA1, which represents a novel strategy employed by EV-A71 to evade host antiviral innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghuai Sun
- Medical School and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical, University, National Center for Children's Health, China
| | - Qian Lin
- Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunyang Wang
- Clinical Medical College, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiao Xing
- Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kunlong Yan
- Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Jin
- Medical School and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Carol J Cardona
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Zheng Xing
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN, United States
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27
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Swain SK, Gadnayak A, Mohanty JN, Sarangi R, Das J. Does enterovirus 71 urge for effective vaccine control strategies? Challenges and current opinion. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2322. [PMID: 34997684 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is an infectious virus affecting all age groups of people around the world. It is one of the major aetiologic agents for HFMD (hand, foot and mouth disease) identified globally. It has led to many outbreaks and epidemics in Asian countries. Infection caused by this virus that can lead to serious psychological problems, heart diseases and respiratory issues in children younger than 10 years of age. Many studies are being carried out on the pathogenesis of the virus, but little is known. The host immune response and other molecular responses against the virus are also not clearly determined. This review deals with the interaction between the host and the EV71 virus. We discuss how the virus makes use of its proteins to affect the host's immunity and how the viral proteins help their replication. Additionally, we describe other useful resources that enable the virus to evade the host's immune responses. The knowledge of the viral structure and its interactions with host cells has led to the discovery of various drug targets for the treatment of the virus. Additionally, this review focusses on the antiviral drugs and vaccines developed by targeting various viral surface molecules during their infectious period. Furthermore, it is asserted that the improvement of prevailing vaccines will be the simplest method to manage EV71 infection swiftly. Therefore, we summarise numerous vaccines candidate for the EV71, such as the use of an inactivated complete virus, recombinant VP1 protein, artificial peptides, VLPs (viral-like particles) and live attenuated vaccines for combating the viral outbreaks promptly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrat Kumar Swain
- Centre for Genomics and Biomedical Informatics, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ayushman Gadnayak
- Centre for Genomics and Biomedical Informatics, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Jatindra Nath Mohanty
- Centre for Genomics and Biomedical Informatics, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Rachita Sarangi
- Department of Pediatrics, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Jayashankar Das
- Centre for Genomics and Biomedical Informatics, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
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28
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Li YP, Liu CR, Deng HL, Wang MQ, Tian Y, Chen Y, Zhang YF, Dang SS, Zhai S. DNA methylation and single-nucleotide polymorphisms in DDX58 are associated with hand, foot and mouth disease caused by enterovirus 71. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010090. [PMID: 35041675 PMCID: PMC8765647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This research aimed to explore the association between the RIG-I-like receptor (RIG-I and MDA5 encoded by DDX58 and IFIH1, respectively) pathways and the risk or severity of hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enterovirus 71 (EV71-HFMD). In this context, we explored the influence of gene methylation and polymorphism on EV71-HFMD. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS 60 healthy controls and 120 EV71-HFMD patients, including 60 mild EV71-HFMD and 60 severe EV71-HFMD patients, were enrolled. First, MiSeq was performed to explore the methylation of CpG islands in the DDX58 and IFIH1 promoter regions. Then, DDX58 and IFIH1 expression were detected in PBMCs using RT-qPCR. Finally, imLDR was used to detect DDX58 and IFIH1 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes. Severe EV71-HFMD patients exhibited higher DDX58 promoter methylation levels than healthy controls and mild EV71-HFMD patients. DDX58 promoter methylation was significantly associated with severe HFMD, sex, vomiting, high fever, neutrophil abundance, and lymphocyte abundance. DDX58 expression levels were significantly lower in mild patients than in healthy controls and lower in severe patients than in mild patients. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed statistically significant differences in the genotype frequencies of DDX58 rs3739674 between the mild and severe groups. GeneMANIA revealed that 19 proteins displayed correlations with DDX58, including DHX58, HERC5, MAVS, RAI14, WRNIP1 and ISG15, and 19 proteins displayed correlations with IFIH1, including TKFC, IDE, MAVS, DHX58, NLRC5, TSPAN6, USP3 and DDX58. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE DDX58 expression and promoter methylation were associated with EV71 infection progression, especially in severe EV71-HFMD patients. The effect of DDX58 in EV71-HFMD is worth further attention.
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MESH Headings
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- CpG Islands/genetics
- DEAD Box Protein 58/genetics
- DEAD Box Protein 58/metabolism
- DNA Methylation/genetics
- Enterovirus A, Human
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/pathology
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/virology
- Humans
- Infant
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/genetics
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/metabolism
- Male
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Severity of Illness Index
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Chen-Rui Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Hui-Ling Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi’an Children’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
- Department of Pediatric, Xi’an Central Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Mu-Qi Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Yan Tian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi’an Children’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi’an Children’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Shuang-Suo Dang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Song Zhai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an, China
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29
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Li J, Yang S, Liu S, Chen Y, Liu H, Su Y, Liu R, Cui Y, Song Y, Teng Y, Wang T. Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals a Role for TREM-1 Activation in Enterovirus D68 Infection-Induced Proinflammatory Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:749618. [PMID: 34887856 PMCID: PMC8650217 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.749618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing cases related to the pathogenicity of Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) have made it a growing worldwide public health concern, especially due to increased severe respiratory illness and acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in children. There are currently no vaccines or medicines to prevent or treat EV-D68 infections. Herein, we performed genome-wide transcriptional profiling of EV-D68-infected human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells to investigate host-pathogen interplay. RNA sequencing and subsequent experiments revealed that EV-D68 infection induced a profound transcriptional dysregulation of host genes, causing significantly elevated inflammatory responses and altered antiviral immune responses. In particular, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) is involved in highly activated TREM-1 signaling processes, acting as an important mediator in EV-D68 infection, and it is related to upregulation of interleukin 8 (IL-8), IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Further results demonstrated that NF-κB p65 was essential for EV-D68-induced TREM-1 upregulation. Moreover, inhibition of the TREM1 signaling pathway by the specific inhibitor LP17 dampened activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade, suggesting that TREM-1 mainly transmits activation signals to phosphorylate p38 MAPK. Interestingly, treatment with LP17 to inhibit TREM-1 inhibited viral replication and infection. These findings imply the pathogenic mechanisms of EV-D68 and provide critical insight into therapeutic intervention in enterovirus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Sihua Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yulu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yazhi Su
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruicun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yajun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Institute of Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin, China
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30
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Lai Y, Xia X, Cheng A, Wang M, Ou X, Mao S, Sun D, Zhang S, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhu D, Jia R, Chen S, Liu M, Zhao XX, Huang J, Gao Q, Tian B, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Pan L. DHAV-1 Blocks the Signaling Pathway Upstream of Type I Interferon by Inhibiting the Interferon Regulatory Factor 7 Protein. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:700434. [PMID: 34867836 PMCID: PMC8633874 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.700434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV), which mainly infects 1- to 4-week-old ducklings, has a fatality rate of 95% and poses a huge economic threat to the duck industry. However, the mechanism by which DHAV-1 regulates the immune response of host cells is rarely reported. This study examined whether DHAV-1 contains a viral protein that can regulate the innate immunity of host cells and its specific regulatory mechanism, further exploring the mechanism by which DHAV-1 resists the host immune response. In the study, the dual-luciferase reporter gene system was used to screen the viral protein that regulates the host innate immunity and the target of this viral protein. The results indicate that the DHAV-1 3C protein inhibits the pathway upstream of interferon (IFN)-β by targeting the interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) protein. In addition, we found that the 3C protein inhibits the nuclear translocation of the IRF7 protein. Further experiments showed that the 3C protein interacts with the IRF7 protein through its N-terminus and that the 3C protein degrades the IRF7 protein in a caspase 3-dependent manner, thereby inhibiting the IFN-β-mediated antiviral response to promote the replication of DHAV-1. The results of this study are expected to serve as a reference for elucidating the mechanisms of DHAV-1 infection and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Lai
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Leichang Pan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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31
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Xiao H, Li J, Yang X, Li Z, Wang Y, Rui Y, Liu B, Zhang W. Ectopic Expression of TRIM25 Restores RIG-I Expression and IFN Production Reduced by Multiple Enteroviruses 3C pro. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1363-1374. [PMID: 34170466 PMCID: PMC8226358 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00410-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) 3C proteins suppress type I interferon (IFN) responses mediated by retinoid acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), while an E3 ubiquitin ligase, tripartite motif protein 25 (TRIM25)-mediated RIG-I ubiquitination is essential for RIG-I antiviral activity. Therefore, whether the effect of EVs 3C on RIG-I is associated with TRIM25 expression is worth to be further investigated. Here, we demonstrate that 3C proteins of EV71 and coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) reduced not only RIG-I expression but also TRIM25 expression through protease cleavage activity, while overexpression of TRIM25 restored RIG-I expression and IFN-β production reduced by 3C proteins. Further investigation confirmed that the two amino acids and functional domains in TRIM25 required for RIG-I ubiquitination and TRIM25 structural conformation were essential for the recovery of RIG-I expression. Moreover, we also observed that TRIM25 could rescue RIG-I expression reduced by 3C proteins of CVA6 and EV-D68 but not CVA16. Our findings provide an insightful interpretation of 3C-mediated host innate immune suppression and support TRIM25 as an attractive target against multiple EVs infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Xiao
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jingliang Li
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
- Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zhaolong Li
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yajuan Rui
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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32
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Li Y, Shen S, Guo H, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Yang Q, Gao Y, Niu J, Wei W. Enterovirus Infection Restricts Long Interspersed Element 1 Retrotransposition. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:706241. [PMID: 34733242 PMCID: PMC8559978 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.706241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Long interspersed element 1 (LINE-1 or L1) is the only active autonomous retrotransposon in the human genome that can serve as an endogenous upstream activator of cytoplasmic nucleic acid sensing pathways to elicit an antiviral immune response. In this study, we investigated the influence of enteroviral infection on L1 mobility. The results showed that infection with different enteroviruses, both EV-D68 and EV-A71, blocked L1 transposition. We screened diverse viral accessory proteins for L1 activity and identified EV-D68 2A, 3A, 3C, and EV-A71 ORF2p proteins as viral L1 inhibitors. EV-D68 2A suppressed L1 mobility by expression suppression of L1 proteins. Viral proteins 3A and 3C restricted ORF2p-mediated L1 reverse transcription in isolated L1 ribonucleoproteins. The newly identified enteroviral protein ORF2p inhibited the expression of L1 ORF1p. Altogether, our findings shed light on the strict modulation of L1 retrotransposons during enterovirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Siyu Shen
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haoran Guo
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qingran Yang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanhang Gao
- Department of Hepatology, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Translational Medicine, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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33
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Analysis of the Complete Genomes of Enterovirus 71 Subtypes in China. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2021; 2021:5564099. [PMID: 34484496 PMCID: PMC8416384 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5564099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is one of the most pathogens to hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) as well as neurological complications in young children. Molecular characteristic of EV-A71 is important to prevent the virus outbreak. Here, the complete genomes of EV-A71 from China between 1998 and 2019 were downloaded from GenBank. The phylogenetic trees were developed by MEGA7.0 software, and the complete genetic epidemiological characteristics and amino acid mutations of EV-A71 from China were also analysed. The results showed that major epidemic EV-A71 subtype was C4b before 2004, while it turned to C4a after 2004 in mainland China, and C4 and B5 were major subtypes in Taiwan. VP1, VP4, 2C, 3C, 3D, and complete genome sequence can be used for virus genotyping, and VP1, VP4, and complete genomes have obvious advantages over other segments. There were many significant mutations in the viral complete genome sequence. This study indicated that the major C4 and B5 subtypes will contribute to the development of vaccines and drugs of EV-A71 for prevention and monitoring of EV-A71-associated HFMD in China.
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34
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Mohanty MC, Varose SY, Saxena VK. Susceptibility and cytokine responses of human neuronal cells to multiple circulating EV-A71 genotypes in India. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17751. [PMID: 34493781 PMCID: PMC8423732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus-A71 (EV-A71) associated Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a highly contagious viral infection affecting children in Asia–Pacific region and has become a major threat to public health. Although several EV-A71 genotypes (C, D, and G) were isolated in India in recent years, no recognizable outbreak of EV-A71 caused HFMD, Acute Flaccid paralysis (AFP) or encephalitis have been reported so far. It is essential to study the pathogenicity or cell tropism of these Indian isolates in order to understand their tendency to cause disease. We investigated the susceptibility and cytokine responses of indigenous EV-A71 genotypes (D and G) isolated from cases of AFP and genotype C viruses isolated from cases of HFMD and encephalitis, in human cells in-vitro. Although all three EV-A71 genotypes could infect and replicate in human muscle and neuronal cells, the genotype D virus showed a delayed response in human neuronal cells. Quantification of cytokine secretion in response to these isolates followed by confirmation with gene expression assays in human neuronal cells revealed significantly higher secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α IL-8, IL-6, IP-10 (p < 0.001) in G genotype infected cells as compared to pathogenic C genotypes whereas the genotype D virus could not induce any of the inflammatory cytokines. These findings will help to better understand the host response to indigenous EV-A71 genotypes for management of future EV-A71 outbreaks in India, if any.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Chhanda Mohanty
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai Unit, Formerly Enterovirus Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Haffkine Institute Campus, Acharya Donde Marg, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India.
| | - Swapnil Yashavant Varose
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai Unit, Formerly Enterovirus Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Haffkine Institute Campus, Acharya Donde Marg, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Saxena
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai Unit, Formerly Enterovirus Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Haffkine Institute Campus, Acharya Donde Marg, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India
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35
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Zhang R, Cheng M, Liu B, Yuan M, Chen D, Wang Y, Wu Z. DEAD-Box Helicase DDX6 Facilitated RIG-I-Mediated Type-I Interferon Response to EV71 Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:725392. [PMID: 34485180 PMCID: PMC8414799 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.725392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that DEAD (Glu-Asp-Ala-Glu)-box RNA helicases play important roles in viral infection, either as cytosolic sensors of pathogenic molecules or as essential host factors against viral infection. In the current study, we found that DDX6, an RNA helicase belonging to the DEAD-box family of helicase, exhibited anti-Enterovirus 71 activity through augmenting RIG-I-mediated type-I IFN response. Moreover, DDX6 binds viral RNA to form an RNA-protein complex to positively regulate the RIG-I-mediated interferon response; however, EV71 has evolved a strategy to antagonize the antiviral effect of DDX6 by proteolytic degradation of the molecule through its non-structural protein 2A, a virus-encoded protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Cheng
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingxin Liu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Deyan Chen
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujiong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- Medical School and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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36
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Liu M, Xu B, Ma Y, Shang L, Ye S, Wang Y. Reversible covalent inhibitors suppress enterovirus 71 infection by targeting the 3C protease. Antiviral Res 2021; 192:105102. [PMID: 34082057 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As one of the principal etiological agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), enterovirus 71 (EV71) is associated with severe neurological complications or fatal diseases, while without effective medications thus far. Here we applied dually activated Michael acceptor to develop a series of reversible covalent compounds for EV71 3C protease (3Cpro), a promising antiviral drug target that plays an essential role during viral replication by cleaving the precursor polyprotein, inhibiting host protein synthesis, and evading innate immunity. Among them, cyanoacrylate and Boc-protected cyanoarylamide derivatives (SLQ-4 and SLQ-5) showed effective antiviral activity against EV71. The two inhibitors exhibited broad antiviral effects, acting on RD, 293T, and Vero cell lines, as well as on EV71 A, B, C, CVA16, and CVB3 viral strains. We further determined the binding pockets between the two inhibitors and 3Cpro based on docking studies. These results, together with our previous studies, provide evidence to elucidate the mechanism of action of these two reversible covalent inhibitors and contribute to the development of clinically effective medicines to treat EV71 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijun Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Binghong Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yuying Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China; Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Luqing Shang
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Sheng Ye
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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Mirzaie S, Abdi F, GhavamiNejad A, Lu B, Wu XY. Covalent Antiviral Agents. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1322:285-312. [PMID: 34258745 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-0267-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, many viral infections have emerged and are taking a huge toll on human lives globally. Meanwhile, viral resistance to current drugs has drastically increased. Hence, there is a pressing need to design potent broad-spectrum antiviral agents to treat a variety of viral infections and overcome viral resistance. Covalent inhibitors have the potential to achieve both goals owing to their biochemical efficiency, prolonged duration of action, and the capability to inhibit shallow, solvent-exposed substrate-binding domains. In this chapter, we review the structures, activities, and inhibition mechanisms of covalent inhibitors against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, dengue virus, enterovirus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and influenza viruses. We also discuss the application of in silico study in covalent inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sako Mirzaie
- Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie L. Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Fatemeh Abdi
- Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie L. Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amin GhavamiNejad
- Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie L. Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Lu
- Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie L. Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xiao Yu Wu
- Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie L. Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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IKKε isoform switching governs the immune response against EV71 infection. Commun Biol 2021; 4:663. [PMID: 34079066 PMCID: PMC8172566 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The reciprocal interactions between pathogens and hosts are complicated and profound. A comprehensive understanding of these interactions is essential for developing effective therapies against infectious diseases. Interferon responses induced upon virus infection are critical for establishing host antiviral innate immunity. Here, we provide a molecular mechanism wherein isoform switching of the host IKKε gene, an interferon-associated molecule, leads to alterations in IFN production during EV71 infection. We found that IKKε isoform 2 (IKKε v2) is upregulated while IKKε v1 is downregulated in EV71 infection. IKKε v2 interacts with IRF7 and promotes IRF7 activation through phosphorylation and translocation of IRF7 in the presence of ubiquitin, by which the expression of IFNβ and ISGs is elicited and virus propagation is attenuated. We also identified that IKKε v2 is activated via K63-linked ubiquitination. Our results suggest that host cells induce IKKε isoform switching and result in IFN production against EV71 infection. This finding highlights a gene regulatory mechanism in pathogen-host interactions and provides a potential strategy for establishing host first-line defense against pathogens.
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Yang Z, Zhuo Q, Qin W, Wang J, Wang L, Tien P. MicroRNAs miR-18a and miR-452 regulate the replication of enterovirus 71 by targeting the gene encoding VP3. Virus Genes 2021; 57:318-326. [PMID: 34002325 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01842-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial in the process of host-pathogen interaction. In this study, we established a screening system for miRNAs of target genes to detect the effect of miRNAs on Enterovirus 71 (EV71) replication in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. A 3'-untranslated region (UTR) dual-luciferase assay was performed to confirm putative miRNA targets in EV71 genome. Firstly, 13 fragments of EV71 genome were inserted into the vector pMIR, and luciferase activities were analyzed to identify the putative miRNAs of target genes. The expression of the reporter protein was significantly downregulated in cells transfected with the vector containing gene VP3. Then we screened for miRNAs that might target to VP3 through online analysis software. In addition, Western blot, real-time PCR, virus titration, and morphological changes were considered to examine the effects of miRNAs on virus replication. The results suggested that miR-18a and miR-452 repress the reproduction of EV71 virus by binding to VP3. Moreover, EV71 infection also affected the expression of endogenous miR-18a and miR-452. In addition, no significant cytotoxic effects were observed. The results from this study suggest that the intracellular miRNAs may play vital roles in the host-virus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Yang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Qin Zhuo
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wen Qin
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jingbo Wang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Po Tien
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Wang W, Zhou Z, Xiao X, Tian Z, Dong X, Wang C, Li L, Ren L, Lei X, Xiang Z, Wang J. SARS-CoV-2 nsp12 attenuates type I interferon production by inhibiting IRF3 nuclear translocation. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:945-953. [PMID: 33637958 PMCID: PMC7907794 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00619-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the pathogenic agent of COVID-19, which has evolved into a global pandemic. Compared with some other respiratory RNA viruses, SARS-CoV-2 is a poor inducer of type I interferon (IFN). Here, we report that SARS-CoV-2 nsp12, the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), suppresses host antiviral responses. SARS-CoV-2 nsp12 attenuated Sendai virus (SeV)- or poly(I:C)-induced IFN-β promoter activation in a dose-dependent manner. It also inhibited IFN promoter activation triggered by RIG-I, MDA5, MAVS, and IRF3 overexpression. Nsp12 did not impair IRF3 phosphorylation but suppressed the nuclear translocation of IRF3. Mutational analyses suggested that this suppression was not dependent on the polymerase activity of nsp12. Given these findings, our study reveals that SARS-CoV-2 RdRp can antagonize host antiviral innate immunity and thus provides insights into viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China
- Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China
| | - Zhuo Zhou
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xia Xiao
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China
- Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China
| | - Zhongqin Tian
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China
- Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Dong
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China
- Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China
| | - Conghui Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China
- Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China
| | - Li Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China
| | - Lili Ren
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China
- Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Lei
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China.
- Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China.
| | - Zichun Xiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China.
- Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China.
| | - Jianwei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China.
- Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, PR China.
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Yi J, Peng J, Yang W, Zhu G, Ren J, Li D, Zheng H. Picornavirus 3C - a protease ensuring virus replication and subverting host responses. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:134/5/jcs253237. [PMID: 33692152 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.253237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The protease 3C is encoded by all known picornaviruses, and the structural features related to its protease and RNA-binding activities are conserved; these contribute to the cleavage of viral polyproteins and the assembly of the viral RNA replication complex during virus replication. Furthermore, 3C performs functions in the host cell through its interaction with host proteins. For instance, 3C has been shown to selectively 'hijack' host factors involved in gene expression, promoting picornavirus replication, and to inactivate key factors in innate immunity signaling pathways, inhibiting the production of interferon and inflammatory cytokines. Importantly, 3C maintains virus infection by subtly subverting host cell death and modifying critical molecules in host organelles. This Review focuses on the molecular mechanisms through which 3C mediates physiological processes involved in virus-host interaction, thus highlighting the picornavirus-mediated pathogenesis caused by 3C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Jiangling Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Wenping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Jingjing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
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Pei J, Wagner ND, Zou AJ, Chatterjee S, Borek D, Cole AR, Kim PJ, Basler CF, Otwinowski Z, Gross ML, Amarasinghe GK, Leung DW. Structural basis for IFN antagonism by human respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural protein 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2020587118. [PMID: 33649232 PMCID: PMC7958447 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020587118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) nonstructural protein 2 (NS2) inhibits host interferon (IFN) responses stimulated by RSV infection by targeting early steps in the IFN-signaling pathway. But the molecular mechanisms related to how NS2 regulates these processes remain incompletely understood. To address this gap, here we solved the X-ray crystal structure of NS2. This structure revealed a unique fold that is distinct from other known viral IFN antagonists, including RSV NS1. We also show that NS2 directly interacts with an inactive conformation of the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) RIG-I and MDA5. NS2 binding prevents RLR ubiquitination, a process critical for prolonged activation of downstream signaling. Structural analysis, including by hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry, revealed that the N terminus of NS2 is essential for binding to the RIG-I caspase activation and recruitment domains. N-terminal mutations significantly diminish RIG-I interactions and result in increased IFNβ messenger RNA levels. Collectively, our studies uncover a previously unappreciated regulatory mechanism by which NS2 further modulates host responses and define an approach for targeting host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Pei
- John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Nicole D Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Angela J Zou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Srirupa Chatterjee
- John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Dominika Borek
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Aidan R Cole
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Preston J Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Zbyszek Otwinowski
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Daisy W Leung
- John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110;
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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43
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Tee HK, Zainol MI, Sam IC, Chan YF. Recent advances in the understanding of enterovirus A71 infection: a focus on neuropathogenesis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 19:733-747. [PMID: 33183118 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1851194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is more frequently associated with neurological complications and deaths compared to other enteroviruses.Areas covered: The authors discuss current understanding of the neuropathogenesis of EV-A71 based on various clinical, human, and animal model studies. The authors discuss the important advancements in virus entry, virus dissemination, and neuroinvasion. The authors highlight the role of host immune system, host genetic factors, viral quasispecies, and heparan sulfate in EV-A71 neuropathogenesis.Expert opinion: Comparison of EV-A71 with EV-D68 and PV shows similarity in primary target sites and dissemination to the central nervous system. More research is needed to understand cellular tropisms, persistence of EV-A71, and other possible invasion routes. EV-A71 infection has varied clinical manifestations which may be attributed to multiple receptors usage. Future development of antivirals and vaccines should target neurotropic enteroviruses. Repurposing drug and immunomodulators used in combination could reduce the severity of EV-A71 infection. Only a few drugs have been tested in clinical trials, and in the absence of antiviral and vaccines (except China), active virus surveillance, good hand hygiene, and physical distancing should be advocated. A better understanding of EV-A71 neuropathogenesis is critical for antiviral and multivalent vaccines development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Kang Tee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Izwan Zainol
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Wo X, Yuan Y, Xu Y, Chen Y, Wang Y, Zhao S, Lin L, Zhong X, Wang Y, Zhong Z, Zhao W. TAR DNA-Binding Protein 43 is Cleaved by the Protease 3C of Enterovirus A71. Virol Sin 2021; 36:95-103. [PMID: 32696397 PMCID: PMC7973337 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00262-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the etiological pathogens leading to hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which can cause severe neurological complications. The neuropathogenesis of EV-A71 infection is not well understood. The mislocalization and aggregation of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is the pathological hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, whether TDP-43 was impacted by EV-A71 infection is unknown. This study demonstrated that TDP-43 was cleaved during EV-A71 infection. The cleavage of TDP-43 requires EV-A71 replication rather than the activated caspases due to viral infection. TDP-43 is cleaved by viral protease 3C between the residues 331Q and 332S, while mutated TDP-43 (Q331A) was not cleaved. In addition, mutated 3C which lacks the protease activity failed to induce TDP-43 cleavage. We also found that TDP-43 was translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and the mislocalization of TDP-43 was induced by viral protease 2A rather than 3C. Taken together, we demonstrated that TDP-43 was cleaved by viral protease and translocated to the cytoplasm during EV-A71 infection, implicating the possible involvement of TDP-43 in the pathogenesis of EV-A71infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Wo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Shuoxuan Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Lexun Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Zhaohua Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Wenran Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
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45
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Elrick MJ, Pekosz A, Duggal P. Enterovirus D68 molecular and cellular biology and pathogenesis. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100317. [PMID: 33484714 PMCID: PMC7949111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) has advanced from a rarely detected respiratory virus to a widespread pathogen responsible for increasing rates of severe respiratory illness and acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in children worldwide. In this review, we discuss the accumulating data on the molecular features of EV-D68 and place these into the context of enterovirus biology in general. We highlight similarities and differences with other enteroviruses and genetic divergence from own historical prototype strains of EV-D68. These include changes in capsid antigens, host cell receptor usage, and viral RNA metabolism collectively leading to increased virulence. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of EV-D68 infection on the biology of its host cells, and how these changes are hypothesized to contribute to motor neuron toxicity in AFM. We highlight areas in need of further research, including the identification of its primary receptor and an understanding of the pathogenic cascade leading to motor neuron injury in AFM. Finally, we discuss the epidemiology of the EV-D68 and potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Elrick
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Priya Duggal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Phanthong S, Densumite J, Seesuay W, Thanongsaksrikul J, Teimoori S, Sookrung N, Poovorawan Y, Onvimala N, Guntapong R, Pattanapanyasat K, Chaicumpa W. Human Antibodies to VP4 Inhibit Replication of Enteroviruses Across Subgenotypes and Serotypes, and Enhance Host Innate Immunity. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:562768. [PMID: 33101238 PMCID: PMC7545151 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.562768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a highly contagious disease that usually affects infants and young children (<5 years). HFMD outbreaks occur frequently in the Asia-Pacific region, and these outbreaks are associated with enormous healthcare and socioeconomic burden. There is currently no specific antiviral agent to treat HFMD and/or the severe complications that are frequently associated with the enterovirus of serotype EV71. Therefore, the development of a broadly effective and safe anti-enterovirus agent is an existential necessity. In this study, human single-chain antibodies (HuscFvs) specific to the EV71-internal capsid protein (VP4) were generated using phage display technology. VP4 specific-HuscFvs were linked to cell penetrating peptides to make them cell penetrable HuscFvs (transbodies), and readily accessible to the intracellular target. The transbodies, as well as the original HuscFvs that were tested, entered the enterovirus-infected cells, bound to intracellular VP4, and inhibited replication of EV71 across subgenotypes A, B, and C, and coxsackieviruses CVA16 and CVA6. The antibodies also enhanced the antiviral response of the virus-infected cells. Computerized simulation, indirect and competitive ELISAs, and experiments on cells infected with EV71 particles to which the VP4 and VP1-N-terminus were surface-exposed (i.e., A-particles that don’t require receptor binding for infection) indicated that the VP4 specific-antibodies inhibit virus replication by interfering with the VP4-N-terminus, which is important for membrane pore formation and virus genome release leading to less production of virus proteins, less infectious virions, and restoration of host innate immunity. The antibodies may inhibit polyprotein/intermediate protein processing and cause sterically strained configurations of the capsid pentamers, which impairs virus morphogenesis. These antibodies should be further investigated for application as a safe and broadly effective HFMD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siratcha Phanthong
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jaslan Densumite
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watee Seesuay
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jeeraphong Thanongsaksrikul
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Salma Teimoori
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Biomedical Research Incubator Unit, Department of Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Napa Onvimala
- Department of Medical Science, Ministry of Public Health, National Institute of Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Ratigorn Guntapong
- Department of Medical Science, Ministry of Public Health, National Institute of Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Kovit Pattanapanyasat
- Biomedical Research Incubator Unit, Department of Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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47
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Wen W, Qi Z, Wang J. The Function and Mechanism of Enterovirus 71 (EV71) 3C Protease. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:1968-1975. [PMID: 32556480 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main pathogen of the hand, foot, and mouth disease. It was firstly isolated from sputum specimens of infants with central nervous system diseases in California in 1969, and has been repeatedly reported in various parts of the world, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. EV71 3C protein is a 183 amino acid cysteine protease that can cleave most structural and non-structural proteins of EV71. Based on the analysis and understanding of EV71 3C protease, it is helpful to study and treat diseases caused by EV71 virus infection. The EV71 3C protease promotes virus replication by cleaving EV71 synthesis or host proteins. Moreover, EV71 3C protease inhibits the innate immune system and causes apoptosis. At present, in order to deal with the damage caused by the EV71, it is urgent to develop antiviral drugs targeting 3C protease. This review will focus on the structure, function, and mechanism of EV71 3C protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihui Wen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Qi
- School of Medicine, Forth Clinical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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48
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Zhang X, Paget M, Wang C, Zhu Z, Zheng H. Innate immune evasion by picornaviruses. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1268-1282. [PMID: 32767562 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The family Picornaviridae comprises a large number of viruses that cause disease in broad spectrum of hosts, which have posed serious public health concerns worldwide and led to significant economic burden. A comprehensive understanding of the virus-host interactions during picornavirus infections will help to prevent and cure these diseases. Upon picornavirus infection, host pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) sense viral RNA to activate host innate immune responses. The activated PRRs initiate signal transduction through a series of adaptor proteins, which leads to activation of several kinases and transcription factors, and contributes to the consequent expression of interferons (IFNs), IFN-inducible antiviral genes, as well as various inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In contrast, to maintain viral replication and spread, picornaviruses have evolved several elegant strategies to block innate immune signaling and hinder host antiviral response. In this review, we will summarize the recent progress of how the members of family Picornaviridae counteract host immune response through evasion of PRRs detection, blocking activation of adaptor molecules and kinases, disrupting transcription factors, as well as counteraction of antiviral restriction factors. Such knowledge of immune evasion will help us better understand the pathogenesis of picornaviruses, and provide insights into developing antiviral strategies and improvement of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangle Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Max Paget
- Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA, U.S.A
| | - Congcong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
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49
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Lei X, Dong X, Ma R, Wang W, Xiao X, Tian Z, Wang C, Wang Y, Li L, Ren L, Guo F, Zhao Z, Zhou Z, Xiang Z, Wang J. Activation and evasion of type I interferon responses by SARS-CoV-2. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3810. [PMID: 32733001 PMCID: PMC7392898 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 689] [Impact Index Per Article: 172.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of COVID-19 has posed an unprecedented threat to global public health. However, the interplay between the viral pathogen of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, and host innate immunity is poorly understood. Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 induces overt but delayed type-I interferon (IFN) responses. By screening 23 viral proteins, we find that SARS-CoV-2 NSP1, NSP3, NSP12, NSP13, NSP14, ORF3, ORF6 and M protein inhibit Sendai virus-induced IFN-β promoter activation, whereas NSP2 and S protein exert opposite effects. Further analyses suggest that ORF6 inhibits both type I IFN production and downstream signaling, and that the C-terminus region of ORF6 is critical for its antagonistic effect. Finally, we find that IFN-β treatment effectively blocks SARS-CoV-2 replication. In summary, our study shows that SARS-CoV-2 perturbs host innate immune response via both its structural and nonstructural proteins, and thus provides insights into the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. The pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 post a significant threat to public health. Here the authors show, by screening 23 viral proteins, that both structural and non-structural SARS-CoV-2 proteins are capable of modulating host innate immunity and type interferon responses, with this information serves to warrant further studies on SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Lei
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China.,Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojing Dong
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ruiyi Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xia Xiao
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhongqin Tian
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Conghui Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lili Ren
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China.,Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fei Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhendong Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Zhou
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China.
| | - Zichun Xiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China. .,Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China.
| | - Jianwei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of System Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China. .,Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China.
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50
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Lai Y, Wang M, Cheng A, Mao S, Ou X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Jia R, Liu M, Zhu D, Chen S, Zhang S, Zhao XX, Huang J, Gao Q, Wang Y, Xu Z, Chen Z, Zhu L, Luo Q, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Tian B, Pan L, Rehman MU, Chen X. Regulation of Apoptosis by Enteroviruses. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1145. [PMID: 32582091 PMCID: PMC7283464 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus infection can cause a variety of diseases and severely impair the health of humans, animals, poultry, and other organisms. To resist viral infection, host organisms clear infected cells and viruses via apoptosis. However, throughout their long-term competition with host cells, enteroviruses have evolved a series of mechanisms to regulate the balance of apoptosis in order to replicate and proliferate. In the early stage of infection, enteroviruses mainly inhibit apoptosis by regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway and the autophagy pathway and by impairing cell sensors, thereby delaying viral replication. In the late stage of infection, enteroviruses mainly regulate apoptotic pathways and the host translation process via various viral proteins, ultimately inducing apoptosis. This paper discusses the means by which these two phenomena are balanced in enteroviruses to produce virus-favoring conditions – in a temporal sequence or through competition with each other. This information is important for further elucidation of the relevant mechanisms of acute infection by enteroviruses and other members of the picornavirus family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Lai
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qihui Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Leichang Pan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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