1
|
Choi J, Ceribelli M, Phelan JD, Häupl B, Huang DW, Wright GW, Hsiao T, Morris V, Ciccarese F, Wang B, Corcoran S, Scheich S, Yu X, Xu W, Yang Y, Zhao H, Zhou J, Zhang G, Muppidi J, Inghirami GG, Oellerich T, Wilson WH, Thomas CJ, Staudt LM. Molecular targets of glucocorticoids that elucidate their therapeutic efficacy in aggressive lymphomas. Cancer Cell 2024; 42:833-849.e12. [PMID: 38701792 PMCID: PMC11168741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids have been used for decades to treat lymphomas without an established mechanism of action. Using functional genomic, proteomic, and chemical screens, we discover that glucocorticoids inhibit oncogenic signaling by the B cell receptor (BCR), a recurrent feature of aggressive B cell malignancies, including diffuse large B cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma. Glucocorticoids induce the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) to directly transactivate genes encoding negative regulators of BCR stability (LAPTM5; KLHL14) and the PI3 kinase pathway (INPP5D; DDIT4). GR directly represses transcription of CSK, a kinase that limits the activity of BCR-proximal Src-family kinases. CSK inhibition attenuates the constitutive BCR signaling of lymphomas by hyperactivating Src-family kinases, triggering their ubiquitination and degradation. With the knowledge that glucocorticoids disable oncogenic BCR signaling, they can now be deployed rationally to treat BCR-dependent aggressive lymphomas and used to construct mechanistically sound combination regimens with inhibitors of BTK, PI3 kinase, BCL2, and CSK.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Humans
- Glucocorticoids/pharmacology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Animals
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
- Mice
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Burkitt Lymphoma/drug therapy
- Burkitt Lymphoma/genetics
- Burkitt Lymphoma/metabolism
- Burkitt Lymphoma/pathology
- Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- src-Family Kinases/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoo Choi
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michele Ceribelli
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James D Phelan
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Björn Häupl
- Department of Medicine II, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Da Wei Huang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - George W Wright
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tony Hsiao
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vivian Morris
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francesco Ciccarese
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, via Gattamelata 64, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Boya Wang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sean Corcoran
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sebastian Scheich
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Medicine II, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; University Cancer Center (UCT) Frankfurt, University Hospital, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Xin Yu
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Weihong Xu
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yandan Yang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hong Zhao
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joyce Zhou
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Grace Zhang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jagan Muppidi
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Giorgio G Inghirami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Oellerich
- Department of Medicine II, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wyndham H Wilson
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Craig J Thomas
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Louis M Staudt
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gregory DA, Rushford C, Hunter T, Lin CH, Darby C, Niehues N, Semkiw E, Reynolds M, Wenzel J, Johnson MC. Continued selection on cryptic SARS-CoV-2 observed in Missouri wastewater. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011688. [PMID: 38153929 PMCID: PMC10781090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep sequencing of wastewater to detect SARS-CoV-2 has been used during the COVID-19 pandemic to monitor viral variants as they appear and circulate in communities. SARS-CoV-2 lineages of an unknown source that have not been detected in clinical samples, referred to as cryptic lineages, are sometimes repeatedly detected from specific locations. We have continued to detect one such lineage previously seen in a Missouri site. This cryptic lineage has continued to evolve, indicating continued selective pressure similar to that observed in Omicron lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devon A. Gregory
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Clayton Rushford
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Torin Hunter
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Chung-Ho Lin
- Center of Agroforestry, School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christie Darby
- Bureau of Environmental Epidemiology, Division of Community and Public Health, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nicole Niehues
- Bureau of Environmental Epidemiology, Division of Community and Public Health, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Semkiw
- Bureau of Environmental Epidemiology, Division of Community and Public Health, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Melissa Reynolds
- Bureau of Environmental Epidemiology, Division of Community and Public Health, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jeff Wenzel
- Bureau of Environmental Epidemiology, Division of Community and Public Health, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Marc C. Johnson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Robinson CA, Lyddon TD, Gil HM, Evans DT, Kuzmichev YV, Richard J, Finzi A, Welbourn S, Rasmussen L, Nebane NM, Gupta VV, Ananthan S, Cai Z, Wonderlich ER, Augelli-Szafran CE, Bostwick R, Ptak RG, Schader SM, Johnson MC. Novel Compound Inhibitors of HIV-1 NL4-3 Vpu. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040817. [PMID: 35458546 PMCID: PMC9024541 DOI: 10.3390/v14040817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 Vpu targets the host cell proteins CD4 and BST-2/Tetherin for degradation, ultimately resulting in enhanced virus spread and host immune evasion. The discovery and characterization of small molecules that antagonize Vpu would further elucidate the contribution of Vpu to pathogenesis and lay the foundation for the study of a new class of novel HIV-1 therapeutics. To identify novel compounds that block Vpu activity, we have developed a cell-based ‘gain of function’ assay that produces a positive signal in response to Vpu inhibition. To develop this assay, we took advantage of the viral glycoprotein, GaLV Env. In the presence of Vpu, GaLV Env is not incorporated into viral particles, resulting in non-infectious virions. Vpu inhibition restores infectious particle production. Using this assay, a high throughput screen of >650,000 compounds was performed to identify inhibitors that block the biological activity of Vpu. From this screen, we identified several positive hits but focused on two compounds from one structural family, SRI-41897 and SRI-42371. We developed independent counter-screens for off target interactions of the compounds and found no off target interactions. Additionally, these compounds block Vpu-mediated modulation of CD4, BST-2/Tetherin and antibody dependent cell-mediated toxicity (ADCC). Unfortunately, both SRI-41897 and SRI-42371 were shown to be specific to the N-terminal region of NL4-3 Vpu and did not function against other, more clinically relevant, strains of Vpu; however, this assay may be slightly modified to include more significant Vpu strains in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A. Robinson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, School of Medicine and the Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (C.A.R.); (T.D.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Terri D. Lyddon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, School of Medicine and the Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (C.A.R.); (T.D.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Hwi Min Gil
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (H.M.G.); (D.T.E.)
| | - David T. Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (H.M.G.); (D.T.E.)
| | - Yury V. Kuzmichev
- Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development Division, Southern Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (Y.V.K.); (Z.C.); (E.R.W.); (R.G.P.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC HX2 0A9, Canada; (J.R.); (A.F.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC HX2 0A9, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC HX2 0A9, Canada; (J.R.); (A.F.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC HX2 0A9, Canada
| | - Sarah Welbourn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, School of Medicine and the Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (C.A.R.); (T.D.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Lynn Rasmussen
- High-Throughput Screening Center, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (L.R.); (N.M.N.); (R.B.)
| | - N. Miranda Nebane
- High-Throughput Screening Center, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (L.R.); (N.M.N.); (R.B.)
| | - Vandana V. Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (V.V.G.); (S.A.); (C.E.A.-S.)
| | - Sam Ananthan
- Department of Chemistry, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (V.V.G.); (S.A.); (C.E.A.-S.)
| | - Zhaohui Cai
- Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development Division, Southern Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (Y.V.K.); (Z.C.); (E.R.W.); (R.G.P.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Elizabeth R. Wonderlich
- Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development Division, Southern Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (Y.V.K.); (Z.C.); (E.R.W.); (R.G.P.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Corinne E. Augelli-Szafran
- Department of Chemistry, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (V.V.G.); (S.A.); (C.E.A.-S.)
| | - Robert Bostwick
- High-Throughput Screening Center, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (L.R.); (N.M.N.); (R.B.)
| | - Roger G. Ptak
- Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development Division, Southern Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (Y.V.K.); (Z.C.); (E.R.W.); (R.G.P.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Susan M. Schader
- Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development Division, Southern Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (Y.V.K.); (Z.C.); (E.R.W.); (R.G.P.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Marc C. Johnson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, School of Medicine and the Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (C.A.R.); (T.D.L.); (S.W.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Smyth DS, Trujillo M, Gregory DA, Cheung K, Gao A, Graham M, Guan Y, Guldenpfennig C, Hoxie I, Kannoly S, Kubota N, Lyddon TD, Markman M, Rushford C, San KM, Sompanya G, Spagnolo F, Suarez R, Teixeiro E, Daniels M, Johnson MC, Dennehy JJ. Tracking cryptic SARS-CoV-2 lineages detected in NYC wastewater. Nat Commun 2022; 13:635. [PMID: 35115523 PMCID: PMC8813986 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28246-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tracking SARS-CoV-2 genetic diversity is strongly indicated because diversifying selection may lead to the emergence of novel variants resistant to naturally acquired or vaccine-induced immunity. To monitor New York City (NYC) for the presence of novel variants, we deep sequence most of the receptor binding domain coding sequence of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 isolated from the New York City wastewater. Here we report detecting increasing frequencies of novel cryptic SARS-CoV-2 lineages not recognized in GISAID's EpiCoV database. These lineages contain mutations that had been rarely observed in clinical samples, including Q493K, Q498Y, E484A, and T572N and share many mutations with the Omicron variant of concern. Some of these mutations expand the tropism of SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses by allowing infection of cells expressing the human, mouse, or rat ACE2 receptor. Finally, pseudoviruses containing the spike amino acid sequence of these lineages were resistant to different classes of receptor binding domain neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. We offer several hypotheses for the anomalous presence of these lineages, including the possibility that these lineages are derived from unsampled human COVID-19 infections or that they indicate the presence of a non-human animal reservoir.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davida S Smyth
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78224, USA
| | - Monica Trujillo
- Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, Queensborough Community College of The City University of New York, Queens, NY, 11364, USA
| | - Devon A Gregory
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Kristen Cheung
- Biology Department, Queens College and The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, Queens, NY, 11367, USA
| | - Anna Gao
- Biology Department, Queens College and The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, Queens, NY, 11367, USA
| | - Maddie Graham
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Yue Guan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Caitlyn Guldenpfennig
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Irene Hoxie
- Biology Department, Queens College and The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, Queens, NY, 11367, USA
| | - Sherin Kannoly
- Biology Department, Queens College and The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, Queens, NY, 11367, USA
| | - Nanami Kubota
- Biology Department, Queens College and The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, Queens, NY, 11367, USA
| | - Terri D Lyddon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Michelle Markman
- Biology Department, Queens College and The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, Queens, NY, 11367, USA
| | - Clayton Rushford
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Kaung Myat San
- Biology Department, Queens College and The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, Queens, NY, 11367, USA
| | - Geena Sompanya
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78224, USA
| | - Fabrizio Spagnolo
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Long Island University-Post, Greenvale, New York, 11548, USA
| | - Reinier Suarez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Emma Teixeiro
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Mark Daniels
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Marc C Johnson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
| | - John J Dennehy
- Biology Department, Queens College and The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, Queens, NY, 11367, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Optimized Pseudotyping Conditions for the SARS-COV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01062-20. [PMID: 32788194 PMCID: PMC7565639 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01062-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In work with pathogenic viruses, it is useful to have rapid quantitative tests for viral infectivity that can be performed without strict biocontainment restrictions. A common way of accomplishing this is to generate viral pseudoparticles that contain the surface glycoprotein from the pathogenic virus incorporated into a replication-defective viral particle that contains a sensitive reporter system. These pseudoparticles enter cells using the glycoprotein from the pathogenic virus, leading to a readout for infection. Conditions that block entry of the pathogenic virus, such as neutralizing antibodies, will also block entry of the viral pseudoparticles. However, viral glycoproteins often are not readily suited for generating pseudoparticles. Here, we describe a series of modifications that result in the production of relatively high-titer SARS-COV-2 pseudoparticles that are suitable for the detection of neutralizing antibodies from COVID-19 patients. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) Spike glycoprotein is solely responsible for binding to the host cell receptor and facilitating fusion between the viral and host membranes. The ability to generate viral particles pseudotyped with SARS-COV-2 Spike is useful for many types of studies, such as characterization of neutralizing antibodies or development of fusion-inhibiting small molecules. Here, we characterized the use of a codon-optimized SARS-COV-2 Spike glycoprotein for the generation of pseudotyped HIV-1, murine leukemia virus (MLV), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) particles. The full-length Spike protein functioned inefficiently with all three systems but was enhanced over 10-fold by deleting the last 19 amino acids of the cytoplasmic tail. Infection of 293FT target cells was possible only if the cells were engineered to stably express the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, but stably introducing an additional copy of this receptor did not further enhance susceptibility. Stable introduction of the Spike-activating protease TMPRSS2 further enhanced susceptibility to infection by 5- to 10-fold. Replacement of the signal peptide of the Spike protein with an optimal signal peptide did not enhance or reduce infectious particle production. However, modifications D614G and R682Q further enhanced infectious particle production. With all enhancing elements combined, the titer of pseudotyped HIV-1 particles reached almost 106 infectious particles/ml. Finally, HIV-1 particles pseudotyped with SARS-COV-2 Spike were successfully used to detect neutralizing antibodies in plasma from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, but not in plasma from uninfected individuals. IMPORTANCE In work with pathogenic viruses, it is useful to have rapid quantitative tests for viral infectivity that can be performed without strict biocontainment restrictions. A common way of accomplishing this is to generate viral pseudoparticles that contain the surface glycoprotein from the pathogenic virus incorporated into a replication-defective viral particle that contains a sensitive reporter system. These pseudoparticles enter cells using the glycoprotein from the pathogenic virus, leading to a readout for infection. Conditions that block entry of the pathogenic virus, such as neutralizing antibodies, will also block entry of the viral pseudoparticles. However, viral glycoproteins often are not readily suited for generating pseudoparticles. Here, we describe a series of modifications that result in the production of relatively high-titer SARS-COV-2 pseudoparticles that are suitable for the detection of neutralizing antibodies from COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
|
6
|
Sequence Determinants in Gammaretroviral Env Cytoplasmic Tails Dictate Virus-Specific Pseudotyping Compatibility. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02172-18. [PMID: 30894464 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02172-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses can incorporate foreign glycoproteins to form infectious particles through a process known as pseudotyping. However, not all glycoproteins are compatible with all viruses. Despite the fact that viral pseudotyping is widely used, what makes a virus/glycoprotein pair compatible is poorly understood. To study this, we chose to analyze a gammaretroviral glycoprotein (Env) whose compatibility with different viruses could be modulated through small changes in its cytoplasmic tail (CT). One form of this glycoprotein is compatible with murine leukemia virus (MLV) particles but incompatible with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles, while the second is compatible with HIV-1 particles but not with MLV particles. To decipher the factors affecting virus-specific Env incompatibility, we characterized Env incorporation, maturation, cell-to-cell fusogenicity, and virus-to-cell fusogenicity of each Env. The HIV-1 particle incompatibility correlated with less efficient cleavage of the R peptide by HIV-1 protease. However, the MLV particle incompatibility was more nuanced. MLV incompatibility appeared to be caused by lack of incorporation into particles, yet incorporation could be restored by further truncating the CT or by using a chimeric MLV Gag protein containing the HIV-1 MA without fully restoring infectivity. The MLV particle incompatibility appeared to be caused in part by fusogenic repression in MLV particles through an unknown mechanism. This study demonstrates that the Env CT can dictate functionality of Env within particles in a virus-specific manner.IMPORTANCE Viruses utilize viral glycoproteins to efficiently enter target cells during infection. How viruses acquire viral glycoproteins has been studied to understand the pathogenesis of viruses and develop safer and more efficient viral vectors for gene therapies. The CTs of viral glycoproteins have been shown to regulate various stages of glycoprotein biogenesis, but a gap still remains in understanding the molecular mechanism of glycoprotein acquisition and functionality regarding the CT. Here, we studied the mechanism of how specific mutations in the CT of a gammaretroviral envelope glycoprotein distinctly affect infectivity of two different viruses. Different mutations caused failure of glycoproteins to function in a virus-specific manner due to distinct fusion defects, suggesting that there are virus-specific characteristics affecting glycoprotein functionality.
Collapse
|
7
|
βTrCP is Required for HIV-1 Vpu Modulation of CD4, GaLV Env, and BST-2/Tetherin. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100573. [PMID: 30347660 PMCID: PMC6212966 DOI: 10.3390/v10100573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) accessory protein Vpu modulates numerous proteins, including the host proteins CD4 and BST-2/tetherin. Vpu interacts with the Skp, Cullin, F-Box (SCF) ubiquitin ligase through interactions with the F-Box protein βTrCP (1 and/or 2). This interaction is dependent on phosphorylation of S52,56 in Vpu. Mutation of S52,56, or inhibition of the SCF, abolishes most Vpu activity against CD4 and partly reduces activity against BST-2/tetherin. Recently, Vpu has also been reported to interact with the clathrin adapter proteins AP-1 and AP-2, and these interactions were also found to be required for BST-2/tetherin antagonism in an S52,56 -dependent manner. In assays where HIV-1 is pseudotyped with gibbon ape leukemia virus (GaLV Env), Vpu has also been found to prevent GaLV Env from being incorporated into viral particles, but the mechanism for this antagonism is not fully understood. To clarify the role of the βTrCPs in Vpu function we used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate a clonal cell line lacking both βTrCP-1 and -2. Vpu activity against CD4 and GaLV Env was abolished in this cell line, and activity against BST-2/tetherin reduced significantly. Mutation of the S52,56 residues no longer affected Vpu activity against BST-2/tetherin in this cell line. These data suggest that the primary role of the S52,56 residues in antagonism of CD4, GaLV Env, and BST-2/tetherin is to recruit the SCF/βTrCP ubiquitin ligase.
Collapse
|
8
|
Retrovirus glycoprotein functionality requires proper alignment of the ectodomain and the membrane-proximal cytoplasmic tail. J Virol 2013; 87:12805-13. [PMID: 24049172 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01847-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonnative viral glycoproteins, including Friend murine leukemia virus envelope (F-MLV Env) are actively recruited to HIV-1 assembly sites by an unknown mechanism. Because interactions with the lipid microenvironment at budding sites could contribute to recruitment, we examined the contribution of the hydrophobicity of the F-MLV Env membrane-spanning domain (MSD) to its incorporation into HIV-1 particles. A series of F-MLV Env mutants that added or deleted one, two, or three leucines in the MSD were constructed. All six mutants retained the ability to be incorporated into HIV-1 particles, but the -1L, -2L, -3L, +1L, and +2L mutants were not capable of producing infectious particles. Surprisingly, the +3L Env glycoprotein was able to produce infectious particles and was constitutively fusogenic. However, when the cytoplasmic tail domains (CTDs) in the Env constructs were deleted, all six of the MSD mutants were able to produce infectious particles. Further mutational analyses revealed that the first 10 amino acids of the CTD is a critical regulator of infectivity. A similar phenotype was observed in HIV-1 Env upon addition of leucines in the MSD, with +1 and +2 leucine mutations greatly reducing Env activity, but +3 leucine mutations behaving similar to the wild type. Unlike F-MLV Env (+1L and +2L), HIV-1 Env (+1L and +2L) infectivity was not restored by deletion of the CTD. We hypothesize that the CTD forms a coiled-coil that disrupts the protein's functionality if it is not in phase with the trimer interface of the ectodomain.
Collapse
|
9
|
Functional complementation of a model target to study Vpu sensitivity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68507. [PMID: 23840857 PMCID: PMC3695915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 forms infectious particles with Murine Leukemia virus (MLV) Env, but not with the closely related Gibbon ape Leukemia Virus (GaLV) Env. We have determined that the incompatibility between HIV-1 and GaLV Env is primarily caused by the HIV-1 accessory protein Vpu, which prevents GaLV Env from being incorporated into particles. We have characterized the ‘Vpu sensitivity sequence’ in the cytoplasmic tail domain (CTD) of GaLV Env using a chimeric MLV Env with the GaLV Env CTD (MLV/GaLV Env). Vpu sensitivity is dependent on an alpha helix with a positively charged face containing at least one Lysine. In the present study, we utilized functional complementation to address whether all the three helices in the CTD of an Env trimer have to contain the Vpu sensitivity motif for the trimer to be modulated by Vpu. Taking advantage of the functional complementation of the binding defective (D84K) and fusion defective (L493V) MLV and MLV/GaLV Env mutants, we were able to assay the activity of mixed trimers containing both MLV and GaLV CTDs. Mixed trimers containing both MLV and GaLV CTDs were functionally active and remained sensitive to Vpu. However, trimers containing an Env with the GaLV CTD and an Env with no CTD remained functional but were resistant to Vpu. Together these data suggest that the presence of at least one GaLV CTD is sufficient to make an Env trimer sensitive to Vpu, but only if it is part of a trimeric CTD complex.
Collapse
|
10
|
Lucas TM, Janaka SK, Stephens EB, Johnson MC. Vpu downmodulates two distinct targets, tetherin and gibbon ape leukemia virus envelope, through shared features in the Vpu cytoplasmic tail. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51741. [PMID: 23284757 PMCID: PMC3526647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) assembly, the host proteins CD4 (the HIV-1 receptor) and tetherin (an interferon stimulated anti-viral protein) both reduce viral fitness. The HIV-1 accessory gene Vpu counteracts both of these proteins, but it is thought to do so through two distinct mechanisms. Modulation of CD4 likely occurs through proteasomal degradation from the endoplasmic reticulum. The exact mechanism of tetherin modulation is less clear, with possible roles for degradation and alteration of protein transport to the plasma membrane. Most investigations of Vpu function have used different assays for CD4 and tetherin. In addition, many of these investigations used exogenously expressed Vpu, which could result in variable expression levels. Thus, few studies have investigated these two Vpu functions in parallel assays, making direct comparisons difficult. Here, we present results from a rapid assay used to simultaneously investigate Vpu-targeting of both tetherin and a viral glycoprotein, gibbon ape leukemia virus envelope (GaLV Env). We previously reported that Vpu modulates GaLV Env and prevents its incorporation into HIV-1 particles through a recognition motif similar to that found in CD4. Using this assay, we performed a comprehensive mutagenic scan of Vpu in its native proviral context to identify features required for both types of activity. We observed considerable overlap in the Vpu sequences required to modulate tetherin and GaLV Env. We found that features in the cytoplasmic tail of Vpu, specifically within the cytoplasmic tail hinge region, were required for modulation of both tetherin and GaLV Env. Interestingly, these same regions features have been determined to be critical for CD4 downmodulation. We also observed a role for the transmembrane domain in the restriction of tetherin, as previously reported, but not of GaLV Env. We propose that Vpu may target both proteins in a mechanistically similar manner, albeit in different cellular locations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M. Lucas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Christopher S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sanath K. Janaka
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Christopher S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Edward B. Stephens
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Marc C. Johnson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Christopher S. Bond Life Science Center, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|