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Bergevin MD, Ng V, Sadeghieh T, Menzies P, Ludwig A, Mubareka S, Clow KM. A Scoping Review on the Epidemiology of Orthobunyaviruses in Canada, in the Context of Human, Wildlife, and Domestic Animal Host Species. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2024; 24:249-264. [PMID: 38206763 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Mosquito-borne orthobunyaviruses in Canada are a growing public health concern. Orthobunyaviral diseases are commonly underdiagnosed and in Canada, likely underreported as surveillance is passive. No vaccines or specific treatments exist for these disease agents. Further, climate change is facilitating habitat expansion for relevant reservoirs and vectors, and it is likely that the majority of the Canadian population is susceptible to these viruses. Methods: A scoping review was conducted to describe the current state of knowledge on orthobunyavirus epidemiology in Canada. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guideline was used. Literature searches were conducted in six databases and in gray literature. The epidemiology of orthobunyaviruses was characterized for studies focusing on host species, including spatiotemporal patterns, risk factors, and climate change impact. Results: A total of 172 relevant studies were identified from 1734 citations from which 95 addressed host species, including humans, wildlife, and domestic animals including livestock. The orthobunyaviruses-Cache Valley virus (CVV), Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV), Snowshoe Hare virus (SHV), and La Crosse virus (LACV)-were identified, and prevalence was widespread across vertebrate species. CVV, JCV, and SHV were detected across Canada and the United States. LACV was reported only in the United States, predominantly the Mid-Atlantic and Appalachian regions. Disease varied by orthobunyavirus and was associated with age, environment, preexisting compromised immune systems, or livestock breeding schedule. Conclusion: Knowledge gaps included seroprevalence data in Canada, risk factor analyses, particularly for livestock, and disease projections in the context of climate change. Additional surveillance and mitigation strategies, especially accounting for climate change, are needed to guide future public health efforts to prevent orthobunyavirus exposure and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele D Bergevin
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria Ng
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tara Sadeghieh
- Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paula Menzies
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antoinette Ludwig
- National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, St. Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katie M Clow
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Hughes HR, Kenney JL, Calvert AE. Cache Valley virus: an emerging arbovirus of public and veterinary health importance. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:1230-1241. [PMID: 37862064 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Cache Valley virus (CVV) is a mosquito-borne virus in the genus Orthobunyavirus (Bunyavirales: Peribunyaviridae) that has been identified as a teratogen in ruminants causing fetal death and severe malformations during epizootics in the U.S. CVV has recently emerged as a viral pathogen causing severe disease in humans. Despite its emergence as a public health and agricultural concern, CVV has yet to be significantly studied by the scientific community. Limited information exists on CVV's geographic distribution, ecological cycle, seroprevalence in humans and animals, and spectrum of disease, including its potential as a human teratogen. Here, we present what is known of CVV's virology, ecology, and clinical disease in ruminants and humans. We discuss the current diagnostic techniques available and highlight gaps in our current knowledge and considerations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly R Hughes
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Joan L Kenney
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Amanda E Calvert
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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3
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Bergevin MD, Ng V, Menzies P, Ludwig A, Mubareka S, Clow KM. Cache a Killer: Cache Valley virus seropositivity and associated farm management risk factors in sheep in Ontario, Canada. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290443. [PMID: 37616323 PMCID: PMC10449202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cache Valley virus (CVV) disease is a mosquito-borne zoonosis endemic to North America. CVV disease is reported most often in sheep, causing lethal congenital deformities. There are limited data on CVV in Ontario, which is the largest sheep producing province in Canada. This study aimed to determine CVV seroprevalence in Ontario sheep flocks and investigate farm management factors associated with CVV exposure. A cross-sectional study was performed including 364 mature ewes across 18 farms selected from the five largest sheep districts in the province. A questionnaire was administered at each farm to determine farm management practices pertinent to the flock and ewes specifically sampled. Mixed multivariable logistic regression with a random effect for farm was conducted to assess associations between CVV seropositivity (outcome variable) and farm management risk factors (predictor variables). CVV seroprevalence was 33.2% in individual ewes (95% CI: 28.4%-38.1%) as determined by a virus neutralization assay with a titre > 4. Sixteen of the eighteen flocks (88.9%) had at least one CVV seropositive ewe. Increased age, smaller flock size, and sheep housing near wetlands, lakes, or ponds were found to be significantly associated with higher odds of CVV seropositivity. These findings are valuable in guiding breeding practices and housing during mosquito season to minimize infection and, ultimately, CVV disease in the flock.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria Ng
- Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paula Menzies
- Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antoinette Ludwig
- National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Health Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katie M. Clow
- Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Skinner B, Mikula S, Davis BS, Powers JA, Hughes HR, Calvert AE. Monoclonal antibodies to Cache Valley virus for serological diagnosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010156. [PMID: 35073325 PMCID: PMC8812937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cache Valley virus (CVV) is a mosquito-borne virus in the genus Orthobunyavirus, family Peribunyaviridae. It was first isolated from a Culiseta inorata mosquito in Cache Valley, Utah in 1956 and is known to circulate widely in the Americas. While only a handful of human cases have been reported since its discovery, it is the causative agent of fetal death and severe malformations in livestock. CVV has recently emerged as a potential viral pathogen causing severe disease in humans. Currently, the only serological assay available for diagnostic testing is plaque reduction neutralization test which takes several days to perform and requires biocontainment. To expand diagnostic capacity to detect CVV infections by immunoassays, 12 hybridoma clones secreting anti-CVV murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were developed. All MAbs developed were found to be non-neutralizing and specific to the nucleoprotein of CVV. Cross-reactivity experiments with related orthobunyaviruses revealed several of the MAbs reacted with Tensaw, Fort Sherman, Tlacotalpan, Maguari, Playas, and Potosi viruses. Our data shows that MAbs CVV14, CVV15, CVV17, and CVV18 have high specific reactivity as a detector in an IgM antibody capture test with human sera. Cache Valley virus is a mosquito-borne virus found throughout the Americas. It causes fetal death and severe malformations in livestock, and only a few cases of human viral disease have been identified. Currently, we do not fully understand the spectrum of disease in humans including its potential to cause fetal malformations. The only serological diagnostic assay available to detect recent viral infection is plaque reduction neutralization test which requires the use of live virus in biocontainment. In order to develop faster and safer serodiagnostics we generated 12 monoclonal antibodies for incorporation into new assays. These antibodies are specific to the nucleoprotein of the virus and cross-react with other closely related mosquito-borne viruses. Four of these antibodies were incorporated into an immunoassay for the detection of IgM from human sera demonstrating their utility in serodiagnosis. Rapid and higher throughput assays utilizing these antibodies will expand diagnostic capacity and facilitate research to increase our understanding of Cache Valley disease prevalence and the virus’s impact on at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Skinner
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sierra Mikula
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brent S. Davis
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jordan A. Powers
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Holly R. Hughes
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Amanda E. Calvert
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dunlop JI, Szemiel AM, Navarro A, Wilkie GS, Tong L, Modha S, Mair D, Sreenu VB, Da Silva Filipe A, Li P, Huang YJS, Brennan B, Hughes J, Vanlandingham DL, Higgs S, Elliott RM, Kohl A. Development of reverse genetics systems and investigation of host response antagonism and reassortment potential for Cache Valley and Kairi viruses, two emerging orthobunyaviruses of the Americas. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006884. [PMID: 30372452 PMCID: PMC6245839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthobunyaviruses such as Cache Valley virus (CVV) and Kairi virus (KRIV) are important animal pathogens. Periodic outbreaks of CVV have resulted in the significant loss of lambs on North American farms, whilst KRIV has mainly been detected in South and Central America with little overlap in geographical range. Vaccines or treatments for these viruses are unavailable. One approach to develop novel vaccine candidates is based on the use of reverse genetics to produce attenuated viruses that elicit immune responses but cannot revert to full virulence. The full genomes of both viruses were sequenced to obtain up to date genome sequence information. Following sequencing, minigenome systems and reverse genetics systems for both CVV and KRIV were developed. Both CVV and KRIV showed a wide in vitro cell host range, with BHK-21 cells a suitable host cell line for virus propagation and titration. To develop attenuated viruses, the open reading frames of the NSs proteins were disrupted. The recombinant viruses with no NSs protein expression induced the production of type I interferon (IFN), indicating that for both viruses NSs functions as an IFN antagonist and that such attenuated viruses could form the basis for attenuated viral vaccines. To assess the potential for reassortment between CVV and KRIV, which could be relevant during vaccination campaigns in areas of overlap, we attempted to produce M segment reassortants by reverse genetics. We were unable to obtain such viruses, suggesting that it is an unlikely event.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I. Dunlop
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Agnieszka M. Szemiel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Aitor Navarro
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin S. Wilkie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lily Tong
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Sejal Modha
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Mair
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Vattipally B. Sreenu
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Da Silva Filipe
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ping Li
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Yan-Jang S. Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Brennan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Dana L. Vanlandingham
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Elliott
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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6
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Noronha LE, Wilson WC. Comparison of two zoonotic viruses from the order Bunyavirales. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 27:36-41. [PMID: 29128744 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A comparison of two geographicallly distinct viruses in the order Bunyavirales that are zoonotic and known to cause congenital abnormalities in ruminant livestock was performed. One of these viruses, Cache Valley fever virus, is found in the Americas and is primarily associated with disease in sheep. The other, Rift Valley fever virus, is found in Sub-Saharan Africa and is associated with disease in camels, cattle, goats and sheep. Neither virus has been associated with teratogenicity in humans to date. These two viruses are briefly reviewed and potential for genetic changes especially if introduced into new ecology that could affect pathogenicity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leela E Noronha
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - William C Wilson
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Manhattan, KS, United States.
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7
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Wilson MR, Suan D, Duggins A, Schubert RD, Khan LM, Sample HA, Zorn KC, Rodrigues Hoffman A, Blick A, Shingde M, DeRisi JL. A novel cause of chronic viral meningoencephalitis: Cache Valley virus. Ann Neurol 2017. [PMID: 28628941 PMCID: PMC5546801 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective Immunodeficient patients are particularly vulnerable to neuroinvasive infections that can be challenging to diagnose. Metagenomic next generation sequencing can identify unusual or novel microbes and is therefore well suited for investigating the etiology of chronic meningoencephalitis in immunodeficient patients. Methods We present the case of a 34‐year‐old man with X‐linked agammaglobulinemia from Australia suffering from 3 years of meningoencephalitis that defied an etiologic diagnosis despite extensive conventional testing, including a brain biopsy. Metagenomic next generation sequencing of his cerebrospinal fluid and brain biopsy tissue was performed to identify a causative pathogen. Results Sequences aligning to multiple Cache Valley virus genes were identified via metagenomic next generation sequencing. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry subsequently confirmed the presence of Cache Valley virus in the brain biopsy tissue. Interpretation Cache Valley virus, a mosquito‐borne orthobunyavirus, has only been identified in 3 immunocompetent North American patients with acute neuroinvasive disease. The reported severity ranges from a self‐limiting meningitis to a rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis with multiorgan failure. The virus has never been known to cause a chronic systemic or neurologic infection in humans. Cache Valley virus has also never previously been detected on the Australian continent. Our research subject traveled to North and South Carolina and Michigan in the weeks prior to the onset of his illness. This report demonstrates that metagenomic next generation sequencing allows for unbiased pathogen identification, the early detection of emerging viruses as they spread to new locales, and the discovery of novel disease phenotypes. Ann Neurol 2017;82:105–114
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Wilson
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Dan Suan
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Duggins
- Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ryan D Schubert
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Lillian M Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Hannah A Sample
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kelsey C Zorn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Aline Rodrigues Hoffman
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Anna Blick
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Meena Shingde
- Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
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8
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Charlier C, Beaudoin MC, Couderc T, Lortholary O, Lecuit M. Arboviruses and pregnancy: maternal, fetal, and neonatal effects. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2017; 1:134-146. [PMID: 30169203 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(17)30021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Arboviruses are an expanding public health threat, with pregnant women facing unique complications from arbovirus infections. These infections, such as dengue and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, can be more severe in pregnant women than in the general population. Vertical transmission is reported for many arboviruses and can severely affect pregnancy outcome. Indeed, arboviruses-particularly flaviviruses and alphaviruses-are associated with increased risks of fetal loss and premature birth. Arboviruses can be teratogenic, as is the case for Zika virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Finally, intrapartum transmission can result in severe neonatal infections, as is true for chikungunya virus. Although the global burden of arboviruses is well recognised, few studies have provided data on arbovirus infection specifically in the context of maternal and child health. Epidemiological and clinical studies are therefore needed to better assess the burden of arbovirus infections during pregnancy and to improve the prevention and clinical management of these viral infections. In this Review, we analyse the information available and identify gaps in knowledge that require further assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Charlier
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France; Inserm U1117, Paris, France; Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Institut Imagine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Marie-Claude Beaudoin
- Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Institut Imagine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Division of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Laval University and CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Thérèse Couderc
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France; Inserm U1117, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lortholary
- Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Institut Imagine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France; Inserm U1117, Paris, France; Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Institut Imagine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
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9
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Kim K, Shresta S. Neuroteratogenic Viruses and Lessons for Zika Virus Models. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:622-636. [PMID: 27387029 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has confirmed that Zika virus (ZIKV) causes congenital microcephaly. ZIKV now joins five other neuroteratogenic (NT) viruses in humans and ZIKV research is in its infancy. In addition, there is only one other NT human arbovirus (Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus), which is also poorly understood. But further insight into ZIKV can be found by evaluating arboviruses in domestic animals, of which there are at least seven NT viruses, three of which have been well studied. Here we review two key anatomical structures involved in modeling transplacental NT virus transmission: the placenta and the fetal blood-brain barrier. We then survey major research findings regarding transmission of NT viruses for guidance in establishing a mouse model of Zika disease that is crucial for a better understanding of ZIKV transmission and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Kim
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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10
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Meyers MT, Bahnson CS, Hanlon M, Kopral C, Srisinlapaudom S, Cochrane ZN, Sabas CE, Saiyasombat R, Burrough ER, Plummer PJ, O'Connor AM, Marshall KL, Blitvich BJ. Management Factors Associated with Operation-Level Prevalence of Antibodies to Cache Valley Virus and Other Bunyamwera Serogroup Viruses in Sheep in the United States. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015; 15:683-93. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Meyers
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Charlie S. Bahnson
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Michael Hanlon
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Christine Kopral
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Saengchan Srisinlapaudom
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
- Veterinary Research and Development Center (Western Region), Ratchaburi, Thailand
| | - Zachary N. Cochrane
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Carlene E. Sabas
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Rungrat Saiyasombat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Eric R. Burrough
- Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Paul J. Plummer
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
- Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Annette M. O'Connor
- Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Katherine L. Marshall
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Bradley J. Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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11
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Seehusen F, Hahn K, Herder V, Weigand M, Habierski A, Gerhauser I, Wohlsein P, Peters M, Varela M, Palmarini M, Baumgärtner W. Skeletal Muscle Hypoplasia Represents the Only Significant Lesion in Peripheral Organs of Ruminants Infected with Schmallenberg Virus during Gestation. J Comp Pathol 2014; 151:148-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Herder V, Hansmann F, Wohlsein P, Peters M, Varela M, Palmarini M, Baumgärtner W. Immunophenotyping of inflammatory cells associated with Schmallenberg virus infection of the central nervous system of ruminants. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62939. [PMID: 23667545 PMCID: PMC3646890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is a recently discovered Bunyavirus associated mainly with abortions, stillbirths and malformations of the skeletal and central nervous system (CNS) in newborn ruminants. In this study, a detailed immunophenotyping of the inflammatory cells of the CNS of affected animals was carried out in order to increase our understanding of SBV pathogenesis. A total of 82 SBV-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive neonatal ruminants (46 sheep lambs, 34 calves and 2 goat kids) were investigated for the presence of inflammation in the brain and spinal cord. The study focused on 15 out of 82 animals (18.3%) showing inflammation in the CNS. All 15 neonates displayed lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalomyelitis affecting most frequently the mesencephalon and the parietal and temporal lobes. The majority of infiltrating cells were CD3-positive T cells, followed by CD79α-positive B cells and CD68-positive microglia/macrophages. Malformations like por- and hydranencephaly, frequently found in the temporal lobe, showed associated demyelination and axonal loss. SBV antigen was detected in 37 out of 82 (45.1%) neonatal brains by immunohistochemistry. In particular, SBV antigen was found in 93.3% (14 out of 15 ruminants) and 32.8% (22 out of 67 ruminants) of animals with and without encephalitis, respectively. Highest amounts of virus-protein expression levels were found in the temporal lobe. Our findings suggest that: (i) different brain regions display differential susceptibility to SBV infection; (ii) inflammatory cells in the CNS are found only in a minority of virus infected animals; (iii) malformations occur in association with and without inflammation in the CNS; and (iv) viral antigen is strongly associated with the presence of inflammation in naturally infected animals. Further studies are required to explore the cell tropism and pathogenesis of SBV infection in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Herder
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Peter Wohlsein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Martin Peters
- Staatliches Veterinäruntersuchungsamt, Arnsberg, North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany
| | - Mariana Varela
- MRC Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Palmarini
- MRC Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Cache Valley virus (CVV)-induced malformations have been previously reproduced in ovine fetuses. To evaluate the development of the antiviral response by the early, infected fetus, before the development of immunocompetency, ovine fetuses at 35 days of gestation were inoculated in utero with CVV and euthanized at 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 days postinfection. The antiviral immune response in immature fetuses infected with CVV was evaluated. Gene expression associated with an innate, immune response was quantified by real-time quantitative PCR. The upregulated genes in infected fetuses included ISG15, Mx1, Mx2, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, TLR-7, and TLR-8. The amount of Mx1 protein, an interferon-stimulated GTPase capable of restricting growth of bunyaviruses, was elevated in the allantoic and amniotic fluid in infected fetuses. ISG15 protein expression was significantly increased in target tissues of infected animals. B lymphocytes and immunoglobulin-positive cells were detected in lymphoid tissues and in the meninges of infected animals. These results demonstrated that the infected ovine fetus is able to initiate an innate and adaptive immune response much earlier than previously known, which presumably contributes to viral clearance in infected animals.
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