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Willis KL, Langland JO, Shisler JL. Viral double-stranded RNAs from vaccinia virus early or intermediate gene transcripts possess PKR activating function, resulting in NF-kappaB activation, when the K1 protein is absent or mutated. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:7765-7778. [PMID: 21183678 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.194704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PKR is a potent antiviral molecule that can terminate infection by inhibiting protein synthesis and stimulating NF-κB activation and apoptosis. Originally, it was thought that only intermediate and late gene transcription produced double-stranded (ds) RNA to activate PKR during vaccinia virus (VACV) infection. The VACV E3 or K3 proteins squelch this effect by binding to either dsRNA or PKR. However, in the absence of the K1 protein, VACV infection activates PKR at very early times post-infection and despite the presence of E3 and K3. These data suggest that VACV infection induces PKR activation by a currently unknown mechanism. To determine this mechanism, cells were infected with K1L-containing or -deficient VACVs. By using conditions that limited the progression of the poxvirus replication cycle, we observed that early gene transcripts activated PKR in RK13 cells, identifying a new PKR-activating mechanism of poxvirus infection. Using a similar approach for HeLa cells, intermediate gene transcription was sufficient to activate PKR. RNA isolated from infected RK13 or HeLa cells maintained PKR-activating properties only when dsRNA was present. Moreover, viral dsRNA was directly detected in infected cells either by RT-PCR or immunofluorescent microscopy. Interestingly, dsRNA levels were higher in infected cells in which the K1 protein was nonfunctional. Only K1 proteins with PKR inhibitory function prevented downstream NF-κB activation. These results reveal a new PKR activation pathway during VACV infection, in which the K1 protein reduces dsRNA levels early in VACV infection to directly inhibit PKR and several of its downstream antiviral effects, thereby enhancing virus survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Willis
- From the Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Jeffrey O Langland
- the Department of Naturopathic Research, Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, Tempe, Arizona 85282, and; the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Joanna L Shisler
- From the Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,.
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Radwan M, Stiefvater R, Grunert T, Sharif O, Miller I, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Allmaier G, Gemeiner M, Knapp S, Kovarik P, Müller M, Strobl B. Tyrosine kinase 2 controls IL-1ß production at the translational level. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3544-53. [PMID: 20713887 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0904000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IL-1beta is an important proinflammatory cytokine with a major role in several inflammatory diseases. Expression of IL-1beta is tightly regulated at the level of transcription, mRNA stability, and proteolytic processing. In this study, we report that IL-1beta expression in response to LPS is also regulated at the translational level. LPS-induced IL-1beta protein levels in macrophages derived from murine bone marrow are markedly increased in the absence of tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2). Increased IL-1beta is found intra- and extracellularly, irrespective of the efficiency of IL-1beta processing. We show that the absence of Tyk2 results both in higher translational rates and in enhanced association of IL-1beta mRNA with polysomes. Induction and stability of IL-1beta mRNA are not affected by the lack of Tyk2. We show further that the Tyk2-dependent translational inhibition is mediated by autocrine/paracrine type I IFN signaling and requires signal transducer and activator of transcription 1. Enhanced IL-1beta production in Tyk2- and IFN receptor 1-deficient macrophages is also observed following Listeria monocytogenes infection. Taken together, the data describe a novel mechanism for the control of IL-1beta synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Radwan
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Player MR, Torrence PF. The 2-5A system: modulation of viral and cellular processes through acceleration of RNA degradation. Pharmacol Ther 1998; 78:55-113. [PMID: 9623881 PMCID: PMC7157933 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(97)00167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The 2-5A system is an RNA degradation pathway that can be induced by the interferons (IFNs). Treatment of cells with IFN activates genes encoding several double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent synthetases. These enzymes generate 5'-triphosphorylated, 2',5'-phosphodiester-linked oligoadenylates (2-5A) from ATP. The effects of 2-5A in cells are transient since 2-5A is unstable in cells due to the activities of phosphodiesterase and phosphatase. 2-5A activates the endoribonuclease 2-5A-dependent RNase L, causing degradation of single-stranded RNA with moderate specificity. The human 2-5A-dependent RNase is an 83.5 kDa polypeptide that has little, if any, RNase activity, unless 2-5A is present. 2-5A binding to RNase L switches the enzyme from its off-state to its on-state. At least three 2',5'-linked oligoadenylates and a single 5'-phosphoryl group are required for maximal activation of the RNase. Even though the constitutive presence of 2-5A-dependent RNase is observed in nearly all mammalian cell types, cellular amounts of 2-5A-dependent mRNA and activity can increase after IFN treatment. One well-established role of the 2-5A system is as a host defense against some types of viruses. Since virus infection of cells results in the production and secretion of IFNs, and since dsRNA is both a frequent product of virus infection and an activator of 2-5A synthesis, the replication of encephalomyocarditis virus, which produces dsRNA during its life cycle, is greatly suppressed in IFN-treated cells as a direct result of RNA decay by the activated 2-5A-dependent RNase. This review covers the organic chemistry, enzymology, and molecular biology of 2-5A and its associated enzymes. Additional possible biological roles of the 2-5A system, such as in cell growth and differentiation, human immunodeficiency virus replication, heat shock, atherosclerotic plaque, pathogenesis of Type I diabetes, and apoptosis, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Player
- Section on Biomedical Chemistry, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0805, USA
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Bisbal C. RNase L: effector nuclease of an activatable RNA degradation system in mammals. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 1997; 18:19-34. [PMID: 8994259 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-60471-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Bisbal
- IGMM CNRS UMR 5535, Montpellier, France
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Ruf K, Pfleiderer W. Synthesis and properties of 5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole 2'----5'- and 3'----5'-nucleotide dimers and trimers. Carbohydr Res 1991; 216:421-39. [PMID: 1797388 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(92)84178-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
5,6-Dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (2), synthesised by the fusion method, was used for the synthesis of 2'----5'- and 3'----5'-linked di- and tri-meric oligonucleotides. The protecting groups used were p-methoxytrityl for HO-5', tert-butyldimethylsilyl for HO-2',3', and 2,5-dichlorophenyl and 2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethyl for the phosphate group. The internucleotidic linkages were established by the phosphotriester approach to give the fully protected 2'----5' dimers (15, 17, and 18) and trimers (27 and 28), as well as the 3'----5' dimers (22 and 23) and trimers (31 and 32). Deprotection involved a sequence of steps to afford the corresponding free oligonucleotides 21, 26, 30, and 33 isolated as the triethylammonium salts in good yields. The new compounds were characterised by elemental analysis and by u.v. and 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ruf
- Fakultät für Chemie Universität Konstanz, F.R.G
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Hovanessian AG. Interferon-induced and double-stranded RNA-activated enzymes: a specific protein kinase and 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetases. JOURNAL OF INTERFERON RESEARCH 1991; 11:199-205. [PMID: 1717615 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1991.11.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of cells with interferon (IFN) results in the induction of two double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated enzymes: a specific protein kinase and 2'-5' linked oligoadenylate [pppA(2'p5'A)n referred to as 2-5A] synthetases. The protein kinase, when activated by dsRNA, becomes autophosphorylated and catalyzes and phosphorylation of the protein synthesis initiation factor, eIF2. The 2-5A synthetases, when activated by dsRNA, form 2-5A molecules capable of activating a latent endoribonuclease that degrades RNA. By inhibiting initiation of protein synthesis or by degrading of RNA, these enzymes play key roles in two independent pathways that regulate overall protein synthesis.
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Charubala R, Uhlmann E, Himmelsbach F, Pfleiderer W. Nucleotides. Part XXVIII. Chemical syntheses of the 2?-5?-cordycepin-trimer core. Helv Chim Acta 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19870700808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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8
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Rice AP, Roberts WK, Kerr IM. 2-5A accumulates to high levels in interferon-treated, vaccinia virus-infected cells in the absence of any inhibition of virus replication. J Virol 1984; 50:220-8. [PMID: 6422053 PMCID: PMC255602 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.50.1.220-228.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of interferon treatment on virus yield, protein synthesis, and the 2-5A system in vaccinia virus-infected HeLa, L929, and CV1 cells. Under the culture conditions used, vaccinia virus replication was relatively insensitive to the antiviral effects of interferon. In L929 and HeLa cells, interferon at 400 reference units (r.u.) per ml had little effect on viral protein synthesis, the virus-induced inhibition of host protein synthesis, or virus yield: 2,000 to 20,000 r.u./ml were required to inhibit these. Despite this, high levels (up to 5 microM) of 2-5A [ppp(A2'p)nA; n greater than or equal to 2] were found during vaccinia infection of all of these types of cells treated with 400 r.u. of interferon per ml, i.e., at interferon concentrations too low to inhibit significantly virus growth. High levels (up to 5 microM) were also found in non-interferon-treated HeLa cells (which have a high constitutive level of 2-5A synthetase) in which vaccinia virus replicates perfectly well. It can be concluded that high levels of 2-5A per se have no necessary antiviral effect on vaccinia virus in these systems. These results are in marked contrast to those obtained here and previously with encephalomyocarditis virus. For example, in HeLa cells less than 20 nM 2-5A accumulated, but virus replication was inhibited by 50 r.u. of interferon per ml (Silverman et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 124:131-138, 1982). The characteristic cleavage of rRNA by the 2-5A-dependent RNase was delayed relative to 2-5A accumulation in the vaccinia virus-infected cells. This delay was not the result of either defective 2-5A or of a stable virus-induced inhibition of the 2-5A-dependent RNase; 2-5A extracted from the cells had full biological activity when assayed by activation of the 2-5A-dependent RNase in cell extract, and the 2-5A-dependent RNase extracted from the vaccinia virus-infected cells was fully active in vitro. The basis for the delay remains to be determined. High levels of 2-5A were not observed when late (DNA synthesis-dependent) vaccinia transcription was inhibited by either cycloheximide or cytosine arabinoside. The only known activator of the 2-5A synthetase is double-stranded RNA. The presence of 2-5A therefore implies the natural occurrence of double-stranded structures in late viral RNA in intact vaccinia virus-infected cells.
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9
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Collins PL, Fuller FJ, Marcus PI, Hightower LE, Ball LA. Synthesis and processing of Sindbis virus nonstructural proteins in vitro. Virology 1982; 118:363-79. [PMID: 6920207 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(82)90356-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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10
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Sen GC. Mechanism of interferon action: progress toward its understanding. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1982; 27:105-56. [PMID: 6179128 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60599-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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11
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Epstein DA, Czarniecki CW, Jacobsen H, Friedman RM, Panet A. A mouse cell line, which is unprotected by interferon against lytic virus infection, lacks ribonuclease F activity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1981; 118:9-15. [PMID: 6169526 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb05479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A mouse cell line, NIH 3T3, does not respond to some of the activities of interferon. Even after treatment with high concentrations of interferon the replication of lytic viruses, such as encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is not inhibited in these cells. In contrast, interferon treatment of these same cells results in the inhibition of Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMuLV) production. We have analyzed enzymatic pathways which are induced by interferon in these cells. After interferon treatment, the level of the (2'-5')oligoadenylate [(2'-5)An] synthetase activity and the phosphorylation of the 67000-dalton protein (P1) are enhanced in NIH 3T3 cells to approximately the same level as interferon-sensitive mouse L-cells. Moreover, NIH 3T3 and L-cells, contain approximately the same levels of enzymes which inactivate (2'-5')An. Both exogenously added (2'-5')A3 or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) failed to inhibit protein synthesis in NIH 3T3 extracts even though they were potent inhibitors of L-cell extract-directed protein synthesis. Direct measurements of the (2'-5')An-dependent ribonuclease F (RNase F) failed to detect such activity in NIH 3T3 cells. Our results, therefore, suggest that the presence of RNase F activity is necessary for the interferon-induced antiviral activity against EMCV and against VSV. The induction of protein kinase activity by interferon treatment of NIH 3T3 cells appears to have no direct effect on EMCV and VSV replication.
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12
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13
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Baglioni C, Maroney PA, Nilsen TW. Assay for (2'-5')-oligo(A)-dependent endonuclease activity. Methods Enzymol 1981; 79:249-57. [PMID: 6173668 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(81)79036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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14
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Jagus R, Anderson WF, Safer B. The regulation of initiation of mammalian protein synthesis. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1981; 25:127-85. [PMID: 6164076 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60484-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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15
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Person A, Beaud G. Shut-off of host protein synthesis in vaccinia-virus-infected cells exposed to cordycepin. A study in vitro. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 103:85-93. [PMID: 6965641 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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16
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Williams BR, Golgher RR, Brown RE, Gilbert CS, Kerr IM. Natural occurrence of 2-5A in interferon-treated EMC virus-infected L cells. Nature 1979; 282:582-6. [PMID: 95208 DOI: 10.1038/282582a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Until now the interferon-mediated 2'-5' adenine oligonucleotide inhibitors (2-5A) of cell-free protein synthesis have not been detected in intact cells. Here we report their natural occurrence in interferon-treated, EMC virus-infected mouse L cells in amounts consistent with the idea that they play a part in the inhibition of virus growth.
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17
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18
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Samuel CE. Mechanism of interferon action. Kinetics of interferon action in mouse L929 cells: phosphorylation of protein synthesis initiation factor elF-2 and ribosome-associated protein P1. Virology 1979; 93:281-5. [PMID: 433156 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90300-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Samuel CE. Mechanism of interferon action: phosphorylation of protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-2 in interferon-treated human cells by a ribosome-associated kinase processing site specificity similar to hemin-regulated rabbit reticulocyte kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1979; 76:600-4. [PMID: 284384 PMCID: PMC382996 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.76.2.600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphorylation of purified protein synthesis factors catalyzed by protein kinase preparations isolated from interferon-treated human amnion cells was examined. Ribosomal salt-wash fractions prepared from interferon-treated human cells contained a protein kinase that catalyzed the [gamma-(32)P]ATP-mediated phosphorylation of the 38,000-dalton subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2alpha); this kinase activity was significantly enhanced in interferon-treated as compared to untreated cells. The tryptic [(32)P]phosphopeptide pattern obtained for eIF-2alpha phosphorylated by the interferon-mediated human kinase was indistinguishable from the pattern obtained for eIF-2alpha phosphorylated by the hemin-regulated rabbit reticulocyte kinase when analyzed by thin-layer chromatography with three different solvent systems and by high-voltage electrophoresis. O-[(32)P]Phosphoserine was liberated by partial acid hydrolysis from eIF-2alpha phosphorylated by either the human or the rabbit kinase. In addition to the phosphorylation of eIF-2alpha, interferon treatment of human cells enhanced the phosphorylation of two additional ribosome-associated proteins designated P(1) and P(f). The major phosphoester linkage observed for the human, as well as murine, phosphoprotein P(1) was O-phosphoserine. The interferon-mediated phosphorylation of both eIF-2alpha and protein P(1) was dependent upon the presence of RNA with double-stranded character; P(f) phosphorylation was not affected by double-stranded RNA. These results suggest that the interferon-mediated ribosome-associated human protein kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of eIF-2alpha in a site-specific manner that is apparently identical with the reaction catalyzed by the hemin-regulated rabbit reticulocyte kinase; hence, the phosphorylation of eIF-2 may play a role in regulating the initiation of translation in interferon-treated cells.
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21
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Zilberstein A, Kimchi A, Schmidt A, Revel M. Isolation of two interferon-induced translational inhibitors: a protein kinase and an oligo-isoadenylate synthetase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1978; 75:4734-8. [PMID: 283387 PMCID: PMC336194 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.75.10.4734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale purification of translational inhibitors present in interferon-treated mouse L cells, but not in untreated cells, led to the isolation of two interferon-induced activities. One is a protein kinase system that is activatable by double-stranded RNA and ATP and that phosphorylates a Mr 67,000 protein and the smallest subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor-2. The purified protein kinase is a strong translational inhibitor. The second activity is an enzyme that, with double-stranded RNA, slowly polymerizes ATP into oligoadenylate with a 2'-5' phosphodiester linkage. The oligo-isoadenylate in turn activates a potent inhibitor of mRNA translation.
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22
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Yau PM, Godefroy-Colburn T, Birge CH, Ramabhadran TV, Thach RE. Specificity of interferon action in protein synthesis. J Virol 1978; 27:648-58. [PMID: 212587 PMCID: PMC525853 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.27.3.648-658.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of elongation steps in protein synthesis such as cycloheximide and anisomycin mimic interferon treatment in that they specifically inhibit the synthesis of certain viral proteins. These specific effects are seen only at very low concentrations of the antibiotics, under conditions where host cellular protein synthesis, as well as cell viability, are not severely reduced. A qualitatively as well as quantitatively close correlation between the effects of the two types of agents has been established for encephalomyocarditis virus, vesicular stomatitis virus and murine leukemia virus protein synthesis. It is concluded that one of the primary mechanisms of interferon action may be a nonspecific retardation of one or more elongation steps, and that this may be sufficient to account for its effects on the replication of certain viruses such as encephalomyocarditis and vesicular stomatitis viruses.
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Lewis JA, Falcoff E, Falcoff R. Dual action of double-stranded RNA inhibiting protein synthesis in extracts of interferon-treated mouse L cells. Translation is impaired at the level of initiation and by mRNA degradation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 86:497-509. [PMID: 207529 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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24
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Falcoff R, Falcoff E, Sanceau J, Lewis JA. Influence of preincubation on the development of the inhibition of protein synthesis in extracts from interferon-treated mouse L cells. Action on tRNA. Virology 1978; 86:507-15. [PMID: 208258 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Hovanessian AG, Kerr IM. Synthesis of an oligonucleotide inhibitor of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates analogous to that formed in extracts from interferon-treated cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 84:149-59. [PMID: 206430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight inhibitor of protein synthesis is formed on incubation of haemin-supplemented rabbit reticulocyte lysates with ATP and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). It inhibits the translation of both added encephalomyocarditis virus RNA (EMC RNA) and endogeneous messenger RNA in reticulocyte lysates and mouse L-cell extracts. The enzyme responsible for the synthesis of the inhibitor binds to dsRNA and can be purified on a column of poly(I).poly (C) bound to an inert support. The highly purified enzyme in its stable column-bound state can be conveniently employed to synthesise the inhibitor and to label it with [3H]ATP, or [alpha-32P]ATP or [gamma-32P]ATP as substrate. The radioactive inhibitor synthesised in this way with material from rabbit reticulocyte lysates shows the same spectrum of resistance and sensitivity to alkali and a variety of enzymes as corresponding material similarly synthesised with extracts from interferon-treated mouse L-cells. The inhibitors from the two systems have comparable absorbance spectra, are chromatographically and electrophoretically indistinguishable and are apparently identical in specific activity in the inhibition of protein synthesis in the cell-free system. The inhibitor is also formed on inhibition of protein synthesis by dsRNA in reticulocyte lysates. On comparison of the spectrum of polypeptide products synthesised in response to EMC RNA in the reticulocyte lysate, the effects of the inhibitor or dsRNA were similar: a distinctly different effect was obtained with the haemin-controlled repressor, a known inhibitor of initiation. The significance of these results with respect to the mechanism of action of the inhibitor and its role in the inhibition observed in response to dsRNA is discussed.
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26
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Ball LA, White CN. Effect of interferon pretreatment on coupled transcription and translation in cell-free extracts of primary chick embryo cells. Virology 1978; 84:496-508. [PMID: 203098 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90265-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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INTERFERON-INDUCED TRANSLATIONAL REGULATION. Gene Expr 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-022624-8.50011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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28
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Ohtsuki K, Dianzani F, Baron S. Decreased initiation factor activity in mouse L cells treated with interferon. Nature 1977; 269:536-8. [PMID: 909608 DOI: 10.1038/269536a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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29
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Yakobson E, Prives C, Hartman JR, Winocour E, Revel M. Inhibition of viral protein synthesis in monkey cells treated with interferon late in simian virus 40 lytic cycle. Cell 1977; 12:73-81. [PMID: 198143 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90186-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of interferon on SV40 gene expression late in the lytic cycle, after early functions have been expressed and viral DNA replication has been initiated. Whereas pretreatment with interferon prior to infection reduces the amount of early SV40 RNA, post-infection treatment does not inhibit viral RNA synthesis. Viral 19S and 16S RNA species are found undiminished in quantity and poly(A) content. Despite the apparent normalcy of viral RNA classes, however, there is a marked reduction in the synthesis of their protein products, both T antigen and capsid polypeptides. The association of viral RNA with heavy polyribosomes is strongly reduced. On the other hand, there is no degradation of nonviral polyribosomes and the synthesis of most cellular proteins continues. These experiments demonstrate that late in infection, interferon treatment results in an inhibition of viral mRNA translation.
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30
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Hunter AR, Farrell PJ, Jackson RJ, Hunt T. The role of polyamines in cell-free protein synthesis in the wheat-germ system. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1977; 75:149-57. [PMID: 862615 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Samuel CE. Mechanism of interferon action. Studies on the mechanism of interferon-mediated inhibition of reovirus messenger RNA translation in cell-free protein synthesis systems from mouse ascites tumor cells. Virology 1976; 75:166-76. [PMID: 982845 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zilberstein A, Dudock B, Berissi H, Revel M. Control of messenger RNA translation by minor species of leucyl-transfer RNA in extracts from interferon-treated L cells. J Mol Biol 1976; 108:43-54. [PMID: 1003485 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(76)80093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zilberstein A, Federman P, Shulman L, Revel M. Specific phosphorylation in vitro of a protein associated with ribosomes of interferon-treated mouse L cells. FEBS Lett 1976; 68:119-24. [PMID: 964373 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(76)80418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Roberts WK, Clemens MJ, Kerr IM. Interferon-induced inhibition of protein synthesis in L-cell extracts: an ATP-dependent step in the activation of an inhibitor by double-stranded RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976; 73:3136-40. [PMID: 184463 PMCID: PMC430957 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.73.9.3136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The translation of encephalomyocarditis virion RNA in extracts from interferon-treated L-cells is inhibited by the addition of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) at 400 ng/ml. A similar inhibition in response to dsRNA is seen in control cell extracts supplemented with small amounts of a postribosomal supernatant fraction from interferon-treated cells (interferon cell sap): Neither interferon cell sap nor dsRNA alone is inhibitory in control systems. The inhibition is much reduced if translation is carried out at low ATP concentrations.Conversely, the inhibitory capacity of the interferon cell sap is increased 100-fold if it is preincubated with dsRNA and ATP prior to its addition to the protein-synthesizing system. After this preincubation all detectable dsRNA can be removed without any diminution of the inhibitory activity of the cell sap. These results are compatible with a two-step model for the inhibition in which a pre-inhibitor is activated by dsRNA, the activated inhibitor then interacting with the protein synthesis system to inhibit translation.
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Brown GE, Lebleu B, Kawakita M, Shaila S, Sen GC, Lengyel P. Increased endonuclease activity in an extract from mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells which had been treated with a partially purified interferon preparation: dependence of double-stranded RNA;. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1976; 69:114-22. [PMID: 1259747 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(76)80280-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Sen GC, Gupta SL, Brown GE, Lebleu B, Rebello MA, Lengyel P. Interferon treatment of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells: effects on exogenous mRNA translation and tRNA inactivation in the cell extract. J Virol 1976; 17:191-203. [PMID: 173882 PMCID: PMC515403 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.17.1.191-203.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported earlier that in cell extracts that were prepared from interferon-treated Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and preincubated and passed through Sephadex G-25 (S60INT), the translation of exogenous mRNA (viral and host) was impaired and the impairment could be overcome to a large extent by adding a crude tRNA preparation from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells but not from Escherichia coli. We find now that the rate of inactivation of some tRNA's (especially those specific for leucine, lysine, and serine) but not those of many others is faster in S30INT than in corresponding extracts from control cells. This increased rate of tRNA inactivation may perhaps account for the need for added RNA to overcome at least partially the impairment of translation in S30INT. The relationship of the increased rate of tRNA inactivation to the antiviral effect of interferon is unclear. So far no significant difference has been detected in the amount of tRNA needed to overcome the impairment of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA translation in S30INT between tRNA from interferon-treated cells and tRNA from control cells. Futhermore, no difference was found in the rate of inactivation in S30INT between leucine-specific tRNA's from interferon-treated and from control cells. tRNA's specific for leucine and lysine were not inactivated (unless very slowly) during incubation under out conditions in an extract from interferon-treated (or from control) cells unless the extract had been passed through Sephadex G-25 or dialyzed. The translation fo exogenous mRNA was, however, impaired in an extract from interferon-treated cells that had not been passed through Sephadex G-25. This impairment was apparently not overcome by added tRNA.
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De Maeyer-Guignard J, Cachard A, De Maeyer E. Delayed-type hypersensitivity to sheep red blood cells: inhibition of sensitization by interferon. Science 1975; 190:574-6. [PMID: 1188355 DOI: 10.1126/science.1188355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Interferon, when given or induced 24 hours before contact of mice with sheep red blood cells, prevented sensitization, and no delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction could be elicited 4 days later, after challenge with the antigen, as shown by the absence of footpad swelling in treated animals.
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Content J, Lebleu B, Nudel U, Zilberstein A, Berissi H, Revel M. Blocks in elongation and initiation of protein synthesis induced by interferon treatment in mouse L cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 54:1-10. [PMID: 168074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb04106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of polypeptide chains coded by exogenous messenger RNAs is inhibited in cell-free extracts from interferon-treated mouse L cells, due to a "deficiency" in some specific tRNA species. A detailed analysis shows that polypeptide chain elongation is blocked and incomplete chains are formed. After a few minutes, however, initiation of new polypeptide chains is also blocked. Messenger RNA still binds to ribosomes but initiator Met-tRNA(FMET) binding is inhibited. The block in initiation appears to be secondary to the block in elongation.
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Cahn F, Lubin M. Ability of formyl-methionyl-tRNA to initiate globin synthesis in the presence of double-stranded RNA or in the absence of hemin. Mol Biol Rep 1975; 2:49-57. [PMID: 1093002 DOI: 10.1007/bf00357297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kerr IM, Brown RE, Ball LA. Increased sensitivity of cell-free protein synthesis to double-stranded RNA after interferon treatment. Nature 1974; 250:57-9. [PMID: 4366491 DOI: 10.1038/250057a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Esteban M, Kerr IM. The synthesis of encephalomyocarditis virus polypeptides in infected L-cells and cell-free systems. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 45:567-76. [PMID: 4369366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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