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Brady EL, Prado O, Johansson F, Mitchell SN, Martinson AM, Karbassi E, Reinecke H, Murry CE, Davis J, Stevens KR. Engineered tissue vascularization and engraftment depends on host model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1973. [PMID: 36737618 PMCID: PMC9898562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23895-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing vascular networks that integrate with the host circulation and support cells engrafted within engineered tissues remains a key challenge in tissue engineering. Most previous work in this field has focused on developing new methods to build human vascular networks within engineered tissues prior to their implant in vivo, with substantively less attention paid to the role of the host in tissue vascularization and engraftment. Here, we assessed the role that different host animal models and anatomic implant locations play in vascularization and cardiomyocyte survival within engineered tissues. We found major differences in the formation of graft-derived blood vessels and survival of cardiomyocytes after implantation of identical tissues in immunodeficient athymic nude mice versus rats. Athymic mice supported robust guided vascularization of human microvessels carrying host blood but relatively sparse cardiac grafts within engineered tissues, regardless of implant site. Conversely, athymic rats produced substantive inflammatory changes that degraded grafts (abdomen) or disrupted vascular patterning (heart). Despite disrupted vascular patterning, athymic rats supported > 3-fold larger human cardiomyocyte grafts compared to athymic mice. This work demonstrates the critical importance of the host for vascularization and engraftment of engineered tissues, which has broad translational implications across regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen L Brady
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Olivia Prado
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Fredrik Johansson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Shannon N Mitchell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Amy M Martinson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Elaheh Karbassi
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Hans Reinecke
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Charles E Murry
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jennifer Davis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Kelly R Stevens
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Brotman Baty Institute, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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Radke JR, Routes JM, Cook JL. E1A oncogene induced sensitization to NK cell induced apoptosis requires PIDD and Caspase-2. Cell Death Discov 2019; 5:110. [PMID: 31285853 PMCID: PMC6602934 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-019-0189-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the adenovirus E1A oncogene sensitizes tumor cells to innate immune rejection by NK cells. This increased NK sensitivity is only partly explained by an E1A-induced increase in target cell surface expression of NKG2D ligands. The post-recognition mechanisms by which E1A sensitizes cells to the apoptotic cell death response to NK injury remains to be defined. E1A sensitizes cells to apoptotic stimuli through two distinct mechanisms-repression of NF-κB-dependent antiapoptotic responses and enhancement of caspase-2 activation and related mitochondrial injury. The current studies examined the roles of each of these post-NKG2D-recognition pathways in the increased sensitivity of E1A-positive target cells to NK killing. Sensitization to NK-induced apoptosis was independent of E1A-mediated repression of cellular NF-κB responses but was dependent on the expression of both caspase-2 and the upstream, caspase-2 activating molecule, PIDD. Target cells lacking caspase-2 or PIDD expression retained E1A-induced increased expression of the NKG2D ligand, RAE-1. NK cell-induced mitochondrial injury of E1A-expressing cells did not require expression of the mitochondrial molecules, Bak or Bax. These results define a PIDD/caspase-2-dependent pathway, through which E1A sensitizes cells to NK-mediated cytolysis independently of and complementarily to E1A-enhanced NKG2D/RAE-1 ligand expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay R Radke
- 1Research Section, Boise VA Hospital and Idaho Veterans Research and Education Foundation, Boise, ID 83702 USA
| | - John M Routes
- 2Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
| | - James L Cook
- 3Research Section, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Maywood, IL 60141 USA.,4Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Infectious Diseases and Immunology Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago-Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153 USA
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Ascierto ML, Idowu MO, Zhao Y, Khalak H, Payne KK, Wang XY, Dumur CI, Bedognetti D, Tomei S, Ascierto PA, Shanker A, Bear HD, Wang E, Marincola FM, De Maria A, Manjili MH. Molecular signatures mostly associated with NK cells are predictive of relapse free survival in breast cancer patients. J Transl Med 2013; 11:145. [PMID: 23758773 PMCID: PMC3694475 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent observations suggest that immune-mediated tissue destruction is dependent upon coordinate activation of immune genes expressed by cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Methods Here, we performed a retrospective pilot study to investigate whether the coordinate expression of molecular signature mostly associated with NK cells could be used to segregate breast cancer patients into relapse and relapse-free outcomes. Results By analyzing primary breast cancer specimens derived from patients who experienced either 58–116 months (~5-9 years) relapse-free survival or developed tumor relapse within 9–76 months (~1-6 years) we found that the expression of molecules involved in activating signaling of NK cells and in NK cells: target interaction is increased in patients with favorable prognosis. Conclusions The parameters identified in this study, together with the prognostic signature previously reported by our group, highlight the cooperation between the innate and adaptive immune components within the tumor microenvironment.
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Saito H, Osaki T, Ikeguchi M. Decreased NKG2D expression on NK cells correlates with impaired NK cell function in patients with gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2012; 15:27-33. [PMID: 21626292 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-011-0059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although malignant diseases are known to be associated with immune suppression, the detailed mechanisms involved are still unknown. NKG2D is an activating cell surface receptor expressed by natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T cells, and the engagement of NKG2D is extremely important for NK cell activation. Although decreased NKG2D expression on NK cells is closely related to immune evasion by some cancers, the immunopathological importance of this phenomenon in gastric cancer patients remains unclear. METHODS NKG2D expression on NK cells was determined, using multicolor flow cytometry, to investigate the mechanisms responsible for immune evasion in gastric cancer patients. RESULTS NKG2D expression on NK cells from gastric cancer patients was significantly lower than that in healthy controls. Also, NKG2D expression in advanced gastric cancer was significantly lower than that in early gastric cancer. NK cells from patients with lymph node metastasis expressed significantly lower levels of NKG2D than the NK cells from those without lymph node metastasis, and NKG2D expression on NK cells in gastric cancer tissue was significantly lower than that of circulating NK cells. NKG2D expression on NK cells obtained from cancer patients was restored after 48 h in culture with RPMI containing 10% AB serum. Furthermore, NKG2D expression on NK cells obtained after surgery was significantly higher than that before surgery. CONCLUSIONS Decreased NKG2D expression on NK cells may be one of the key mechanisms responsible for NK cell dysfunction in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Saito
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Tottori University School of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Japan.
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Radke JR, Siddiqui ZK, Miura TA, Routes JM, Cook JL. E1A oncogene enhancement of caspase-2-mediated mitochondrial injury sensitizes cells to macrophage nitric oxide-induced apoptosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:8272-9. [PMID: 18523293 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.8272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The adenovirus E1A oncogene induces innate immune rejection of tumors by sensitizing tumor cells to apoptosis in response to injuries, such as those inflicted by macrophage-produced TNF alpha and NO. E1A sensitizes cells to TNF by repressing its activation of NF-kappaB-dependent, antiapoptotic defenses. This suggested the hypothesis that E1A blockade of the NF-kappaB activation response might be the central mechanism of E1A induced cellular sensitivity to other proapoptotic injuries, such as macrophage-produced NO. However, creation of E1A-positive NIH-3T3 mouse cell variants with high-level, NF-kappaB-dependent resistance to TNF did not coselect for resistance to apoptosis induced by either macrophage-NO or chemical-NO, as the hypothesis would predict. E1A expression did block cellular recovery from NO-induced mitochondrial injury and converted the reversible, NO-induced cytostasis response of cells to an apoptotic response. This viral oncogene-induced phenotypic conversion of the cellular injury response of mouse and human cells was mediated by an E1A-related increase in NO-induced activation of caspase-2, an apical initiator of intrinsic apoptosis. Blocking caspase-2 activation or expression eliminated the NO-induced apoptotic response of E1A-positive cells. These results define an NF-kappaB-independent pathway through which the E1A gene of human adenovirus sensitizes mouse and human cells to apoptosis by enhancement of caspase-2-mediated mitochondrial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay R Radke
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and International Medicine, Department of Medicine and Microbiology-Immunology and the Cancer Center, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Abstract
The field of psychoneuroimmunology has witnessed an explosion of empirical findings during the last two decades. Research has documented the mechanisms through which stressful emotions alter white blood cell function. Stress diminishes white blood cell response to viral infected cells and to cancer cells. Moreover, vaccination is less effective in those who are stressed and wounds heal less readily in those who are stressed. While stress decreases the activity of some white blood cells, stress does not compromise the function of all types of white blood cells. Indeed, some types of autoimmune disease, which involve particular subsets of white blood cells, are exacerbated by stress. The literature documents the efficacy of talk-therapy interventions in altering immune system parameters and enhancing the body's ability to combat disease. The literature also documents the impact of the chronic stress of poverty on immune system function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Littrell
- School of Social Work, Georgia State University, 585 Indian Acres Court, Tucker, GA 30084, USA.
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Chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression is restored by a fermented soybean extract: a proof of concept clinical trial. Nutr Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Routes JM. Measurement of natural-killer cell lytic activity of adenovirus-infected or adenovirus-transformed cells. METHODS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2007; 131:213-9. [PMID: 17656785 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-277-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Natural-killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that do not express the CD3 T-cell receptor but do express the CD16 (FcgammaRIII) and CD56 (isoform of NCAM) in humans or NK1.1 antigen in certain strains of mice. NK cells display spontaneous lytic activity but do not exhibit immunological memory. NK cells are important mediators of antiviral and antitumor immunity. Standard NK cytolysis assays measure the ability of NK cells to kill certain target cells (tumor cells, virally infected cells) in short-term (usually 4-6 h) cytolysis assays. This chapter details the use of the NK cell cytolysis assay using polyclonal populations of human or rodent NK cells.
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Sajti E, Kavelaars A, van Meeteren N, Teunis M, Gispen WH, Heijnen C. Tumor angiogenesis and metastasis formation are associated with individual differences in behavior of inbred Lewis rats. Brain Behav Immun 2004; 18:497-504. [PMID: 15331120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2003.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2003] [Revised: 11/12/2003] [Accepted: 11/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There are large individual differences in cancer progression and it has been suggested that behavioral and psychological characteristics of cancer patients may contribute to the course of the disease. To get more insight in the contribution of behavioral characteristics to cancer progression, we investigated in rats, whether a stable behavioral trait characteristic is associated with NK cell activity, tumor angiogenesis, and tumor metastasis formation. Lewis rats were characterized based on locomotor activity in an open field. Rats in the upper and lower quartile were designated as high and low active rats. Low active animals had higher NK cell activity compared to their high active counterparts. In addition, we examined tumor angiogenesis by using a subcutaneous Matrigel implant containing MADB106 adenocarcinoma cells. Tumor Matrigel implants from low active animals contained significantly more hemoglobin compared to implants from high active animals, indicating a more pronounced angiogenic response in the low active animals. Finally, experimental lung metastasis formation was investigated by injecting MADB106 cells into the tail vein. Low active animals tended to develop more metastases. Moreover, low active animals developed significantly more tumors with a diameter larger than 2 mm, which is in line with higher angiogenic capacity. In conclusion, we demonstrated that individual differences in a stable behavioral trait are linked to individual differences in angiogenic capacity and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enikö Sajti
- Lab for Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Routes JM, Ryan JC, Ryan S, Nakamura M. MHC class I molecules on adenovirus E1A-expressing tumor cells inhibit NK cell killing but not NK cell-mediated tumor rejection. Int Immunol 2001; 13:1301-7. [PMID: 11581175 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/13.10.1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of adenovirus E1A gene products in tumor cells enhances NK cell lysis in vitro and NK-mediated rejection in vivo, despite increasing class I molecules on tumor cells. It is unclear why the increased expression of MHC class I molecules does not appear to confer resistance to killing by NK cells. One possibility is the unique capacity of E1A to sensitize cells to multiple NK cell killing mechanisms including perforin/granzyme, Fas ligand, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and TRAIL. To examine this issue, MCA-102-E1A tumor cells (H-2(b)) that express E1A and are NK sensitive were transfected with H-2D(d), the ligand for the NK inhibitory receptor, Ly49A. Expression of H-2D(d) molecules by MCA-102-E1A cells protected them from lysis by a Ly49A(+) NK cell clone and Ly49A(+) NK cells isolated from C57BL/6 nude mice. In contrast, NK cell-mediated rejection of MCA-102-E1A tumor cells was not inhibited by the expression of H-2D(d) molecules, nor was killing by polyclonal populations of NK cells isolated from C57BL/6-nude mice. H-2D(d) interacts with several inhibitory Ly49 receptors that are non-clonally expressed on NK cells in C57BL/6 mice: Ly49A (20% of NK cells), Ly49G2 (54% of NK cells) and Ly49C/I (47% of NK cells). Our data indicate that while E1A sensitizes cells to NK cell killing, it does not interfere with signal transduction by inhibitory NK receptors. Therefore, a small population of NK cells that do not express Ly49A, Ly49G2 or Ly49C/I inhibitory receptors are likely responsible for the rejection of MCA-102-E1A-D(d) tumor cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Routes
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Takeuchi H, Maehara Y, Tokunaga E, Koga T, Kakeji Y, Sugimachi K. Prognostic significance of natural killer cell activity in patients with gastric carcinoma: a multivariate analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96:574-8. [PMID: 11232710 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Natural cytotoxicity, mediated by natural killer (NK) cells, has been believed to play an important role in inhibiting experimental tumor metastasis, and diminished NK cell activities leads to a high incidence of tumor occurrence. Despite convincing evidence from experimental studies, the role of NK cells in the immunological surveillance against cancer in human is poorly defined. METHODS The present study was based on a retrospective analysis of data on 156 patients with gastric cancer, who were surgically treated in the Department of Surgery II, Kyushu University Hospital from 1993 to 1996. All patients were examined for NK cell activity based on a peripheral blood sampling done preoperatively. RESULTS Significant association between NK cell activity and clinicopathological parameters including tumor size, lymphatic involvement, vascular involvement, and lymph node metastases was evident. When comparing the two groups according to NK cell activity, tumors with low NK cell activity tend to have lymphatic involvement. The 5-yr survival rates were 94.6% and 72.3% for those with NK cell activity > 25% lysis and < or = 25% lysis, respectively, the value being statistically significant (p < 0.05). The independent risk factors for prognosis examined by logistic regression analysis were lymphatic involvement. NK cell activity, depth of tumor invasion, and lymph node dissection. CONCLUSIONS These current data showed that NK cell activity may be related to tumor volume and dissemination. Measurement of preoperative NK cell activity may be pertinent for the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer and for follow-up clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Takeuchi
- Department of Surgery II, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Routes JM, Ryan S, Clase A, Miura T, Kuhl A, Potter TA, Cook JL. Adenovirus E1A oncogene expression in tumor cells enhances killing by TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:4522-7. [PMID: 11035092 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.8.4522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) E1A oncogene sensitizes cells to apoptosis by TNF-alpha and Fas-ligand. Because TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) kills cells in a similar manner as TNF-alpha and Fas ligand, we asked whether E1A expression might sensitize cells to lysis by TRAIL. To test this hypothesis, we examined TRAIL-induced killing of human melanoma (A2058) or fibrosarcoma (H4) cells that expressed E1A following either infection with Ad5 or stable transfection with Ad5-E1A. E1A-transfected A2058 (A2058-E1A) or H4 (H4-E1A) cells were highly sensitive to TRAIL-induced killing, but Ad5-infected cells expressing equally high levels of E1A protein remained resistant to TRAIL. Infection of A2058-E1A cells with Ad5 reduced their sensitivity to TRAIL-dependent killing. Therefore, viral gene products expressed following infection with Ad5 inhibited the sensitivity to TRAIL-induced killing conferred by transfection with E1A. E1B and E3 gene products have been shown to inhibit TNF-alpha- and Fas-dependent killing. The effect of these gene products on TRAIL-dependent killing was examined by using Ad5-mutants that did not express either the E3 (H5dl327) or E1B-19K (H5dl250) coding regions. A2058 cells infected with H5dl327 were susceptible to TRAIL-dependent killing. Furthermore, TRAIL-dependent killing of A2058-E1A cells was not inhibited by infection with H5dl327. Infection with H5dl250 sensitized A2058 cells to TRAIL-induced killing, but considerably less than H5dl327-infection. In summary, expression of Ad5-E1A gene products sensitizes cells to TRAIL-dependent killing, whereas E3 gene products, and to a lesser extent E1B-19K, inhibit this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Routes
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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13
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Cook JL, Routes BA, Leu CY, Walker TA, Colvin KL. E1A oncogene-induced cellular sensitization to immune-mediated apoptosis is independent of p53 and resistant to blockade by E1B 19 kDa protein. Exp Cell Res 1999; 252:199-210. [PMID: 10502412 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1999.4617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
E1A oncogene expression sensitizes mammalian cells to apoptosis triggered by cytolytic lymphocytes (CL) [16]. Most studies suggest that E1A-induced apoptosis involves a p53-dependent cellular pathway that is blocked by the E1B 19 kDa gene product. In this study, the roles of p53 and E1B 19 kDa were tested for E1A sensitization to CL-induced apoptosis in contrast with apoptosis triggered by TNF alpha or chemical injuries. E1A sensitization to immune-mediated (CL- or TNF-induced) apoptosis was independent of p53 expression and was resistant to blockade by E1B 19 kDa protein in mouse and hamster cells. In contrast, the p53 requirement for chemically induced apoptosis of E1A-sensitized cells varied with the agent used to treat cells. Apoptosis induced by diverse chemical agents (hygromycin, beauvericin, etoposide, H(2)O(2)) was blocked by E1B 19 kDa expression. Therefore, both the p53-dependence and the E1B 19 kDa blockade of E1A-induced cellular sensitization to apoptotic injury depend on the type of proapoptotic injury tested. These data suggest that the mechanisms by which E1A sensitizes tumor cells to immune-mediated apoptosis and to rejection by immunocompetent animals do not require cellular expression of wild-type p53 and can function independently of the Bcl-2-like, antiapoptotic mechanisms of E1B 19 kDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Cook
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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14
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Cook JL, Routes BA, Walker TA, Colvin KL, Routes JM. E1A oncogene induction of cellular susceptibility to killing by cytolytic lymphocytes through target cell sensitization to apoptotic injury. Exp Cell Res 1999; 251:414-23. [PMID: 10471326 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1999.4597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
E1A oncogene expression increases mammalian cell susceptibility to lysis by cytolytic lymphocytes (CLs) at a stage in this intercellular interaction that is independent of cell surface recognition events. Since CLs can induce either apoptotic or necrotic cell death, we asked whether E1A sensitization to injury-induced apoptosis is sufficient to explain E1A-induced cytolytic susceptibility. Mouse, rat, hamster, and human cells that were rendered cytolytic susceptible by E1A were also sensitized to CL-induced and chemically induced apoptosis. In contrast, E1A-positive cells were no more susceptible to injury-induced necrosis than E1A-negative cells. Similar to induction of cytolytic susceptibility and in contrast to other E1A activities, cellular sensitization to chemically induced apoptosis depended on high-level E1A oncoprotein expression. Loss of both cytolytic susceptibility and sensitization to chemically induced apoptosis was coselected during in vivo selection of E1A-positive sarcoma cells for increased tumorigenicity. Furthermore, E1A mutant proteins that cannot bind the cellular transcriptional coactivator, p300, and that fail to induce cytolytic susceptibility also failed to sensitize cells to injury-induced apoptosis. These data indicate that E1A induces susceptibility to killer cell-induced lysis through sensitization of cells to injury-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Cook
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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15
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Cook JL, Krantz CK, Routes BA. Role of p300-family proteins in E1A oncogene induction of cytolytic susceptibility and tumor cell rejection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:13985-90. [PMID: 8943047 PMCID: PMC19481 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.24.13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which the adenoviral (Ad) E1A oncogene induces cellular susceptibility to lysis by killer lymphocytes involves interactions between its first exon and different second-exon accessory regions. Mutational analysis showed that two first-exon regions--one in the N terminus and one in the conserved region 1 (CR1) domain--are necessary for this activity. E1A complex formation with cellular p300 protein through these first-exon-encoded regions correlated with induction of the cytolytic susceptible phenotype but was only effective in the context of E1A second-exon expression. An E1A first-exon deletion that prevented p300 binding eliminated both oncoprotein-induced cytolytic susceptibility and rejection of transfected sarcoma cells by immunocompetent animals. These results suggest that the E1A oncogene induces cytolytic susceptibility and tumor rejection by interactions with cellular proteins of the p300 family that affect transcription of genes involved in the cellular response to injury inflicted by host killer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Cook
- Robert W. Lisle Research Laboratory in Immunology and Tumor Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Routes JM, Ryan S. Oncogenicity of human papillomavirus- or adenovirus-transformed cells correlates with resistance to lysis by natural killer cells. J Virol 1995; 69:7639-47. [PMID: 7494272 PMCID: PMC189704 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.12.7639-7647.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The reasons for the dissimilar oncogenicities of human adenoviruses and human papillomaviruses (HPV) in humans are unknown but may relate to differences in the capacities of the E1A and E7 proteins to target cells for rejection by the host natural killer (NK) cell response. As one test of this hypothesis, we compared the abilities of E1A- and E7-expressing human fibroblastic or keratinocyte-derived human cells to be selectively killed by either unstimulated or interferon (IFN)-activated NK cells. Cells expressing the E1A oncoprotein were selectively killed by unstimulated NK cells, while the same parental cells but expressing the HPV type 16 (HPV-16) or HPV-18 E7 oncoprotein were resistant to NK cell lysis. The ability of IFN-activated NK cells to selectively kill virally transformed cells depends on IFN's ability to induce resistance to NK cell lysis in normal (i.e., non-viral oncogene-expressing) but not virally transformed cells. E1A blocked IFN's induction of cytolytic resistance, resulting in the selective lysis of adenovirus-transformed cells by IFN-activated NK cells. The extent of IFN-induced NK cell killing of E1A-expressing cells was proportional to the level of E1A expression and correlated with the ability of E1A to block IFN-stimulated gene expression in target cells. In contrast, E7 blocked neither IFN-stimulated gene expression nor IFN's induction of cytolytic resistance, thereby precluding the selective lysis of HPV-transformed cells by IFN-activated NK cells. In conclusion, E1A expression marks cells for destruction by the host NK cell response, whereas the E7 oncoprotein lacks this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Routes
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
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17
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Vargas-Cortes M, O'Donnell CL, Maciaszek JW, Welsh RM. Generation of "natural killer cell-escape" variants of Pichinde virus during acute and persistent infections. J Virol 1992; 66:2532-5. [PMID: 1372371 PMCID: PMC289053 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.66.4.2532-2535.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pichinde virus (PV) strain AN 3739 was determined to be sensitive to natural killer (NK) cells in vivo by enhanced replication in NK-cell-depleted mice. An NK-sensitive subclone (PV-NKs1) was serially passed in mice whose NK cells had previously been activated by an interferon inducer, and two plaque isolates were shown to be resistant to NK cells but not to interferon. Inoculation of severe-combined-immunodeficient mice with PV-NKs1 led to a persistent infection resulting in an NK-resistant viral population. This is the first demonstration of the isolation of viral "NK-escape" variants, as defined by the ability of the virus to replicate in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vargas-Cortes
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655
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18
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Walker TA, Wilson BA, Lewis AM, Cook JL. E1A oncogene induction of cytolytic susceptibility eliminates sarcoma cell tumorigenicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:6491-5. [PMID: 1830664 PMCID: PMC52111 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.15.6491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The manner in which oncogenes influence tumorigenicity beyond their ability to immortalize cells is uncertain. We tested the hypothesis that, in addition to subverting cellular growth controls, oncogenes can actively determine tumor-inducing capacity by affecting neoplastic cell susceptibility to destruction by the host cellular immune response. The adenovirus type 5 E1A oncogene, which induces susceptibility to lysis by natural killer cells and encodes epitopes recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, was transfected into highly tumorigenic sarcoma cells. E1A expression in these sarcoma cells eliminated their tumorigenicity in recipients with natural killer cell activity that was competent to lyse these E1A-positive targets. Thymus-dependent responses were not required for tumor rejection. These results indicate that oncogene-regulated cellular pathways that affect neoplastic cell susceptibility to natural killer cell lytic mechanisms may influence tumor development in the immunocompetent host.
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MESH Headings
- Adenovirus Early Proteins
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/genetics
- Cell Line
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Cricetinae
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Kinetics
- Mesocricetus
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/immunology
- Oncogenes
- Rats
- Rats, Mutant Strains
- Sarcoma, Experimental/immunology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Walker
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206
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19
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Chuang WL, Liu HW, Chang WY. Natural killer cell activity in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma relative to early development and tumor invasion. Cancer 1990; 65:926-30. [PMID: 2153437 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19900215)65:4<926::aid-cncr2820650418>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the significance of natural killer (NK) cell activity in the clinical assessment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 32 patients combined with liver cirrhosis (LC) and HCC, and 29 LC patients were studied. The NK cell activity was markedly decreased in HCC patients and the LC group as compared with the control group, but there was no statistical difference between the NK cell activity of the HCC group and the LC group. The depression of NK cell activity in HCC patients was inversely correlated with the patient's age, and the HCC patients with venous invasion or with both lobes involved had lower NK cell activity. These results suggest that the decreased NK cell activity in HCC patients might be related to the coexistent liver disease, and marked decrease in NK cell activity might be one of the causes for the early development and invasion of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Chuang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan, Republic of China
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