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Abstract
Rubella virus (RUBV), a rubivirus, is an airborne human pathogen that generally causes mild measles-like symptoms in children or adults. However, RUBV infection of pregnant women can result in miscarriage or congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), a collection of long-term birth defects including incomplete organ development and mental retardation. Worldwide vaccination campaigns have significantly reduced the number of RUBV infections, but RUBV continues to be a problem in countries with low vaccination coverage. Further, the recent discovery of pathogenic rubiviruses in other mammals emphasizes the spillover potential of rubella-related viruses to humans. In the last decade, our understanding of RUBV has been significantly increased by virological, biochemical, and structural studies, providing a platform to begin understanding the life cycle of RUBV at the molecular level. This review concentrates on recent work on RUBV, focusing on the virion, its structural components, and its entry, fusion, and assembly mechanisms. Important features of RUBV are compared with those of viruses from other families. We also use comparative genomics, manual curation, and protein homology modeling to highlight distinct features of RUBV that are evolutionarily conserved in the non-human rubiviruses. Since rubella-like viruses may potentially have higher pathogenicity and transmissibility to humans, we also propose a framework for utilizing RUBV as a model to study its more pathogenic cousins.
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Perelygina L, Chen MH, Suppiah S, Adebayo A, Abernathy E, Dorsey M, Bercovitch L, Paris K, White KP, Krol A, Dhossche J, Torshin IY, Saini N, Klimczak LJ, Gordenin DA, Zharkikh A, Plotkin S, Sullivan KE, Icenogle J. Infectious vaccine-derived rubella viruses emerge, persist, and evolve in cutaneous granulomas of children with primary immunodeficiencies. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008080. [PMID: 31658304 PMCID: PMC6837625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubella viruses (RV) have been found in an association with granulomas in children with primary immune deficiencies (PID). Here, we report the recovery and characterization of infectious immunodeficiency-related vaccine-derived rubella viruses (iVDRV) from diagnostic skin biopsies of four patients. Sequence evolution within PID hosts was studied by comparison of the complete genomic sequences of the iVDRVs with the genome of the vaccine virus RA27/3. The degree of divergence of each iVDRV correlated with the duration of persistence indicating continuous intrahost evolution. The evolution rates for synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions were estimated to be 5.7 x 10-3 subs/site/year and 8.9 x 10-4 subs/site/year, respectively. Mutational spectra and signatures indicated a major role for APOBEC cytidine deaminases and a secondary role for ADAR adenosine deaminases in generating diversity of iVDRVs. The distributions of mutations across the genes and 3D hotspots for amino acid substitutions in the E1 glycoprotein identified regions that may be under positive selective pressure. Quasispecies diversity was higher in granulomas than in recovered infectious iVDRVs. Growth properties of iVDRVs were assessed in WI-38 fibroblast cultures. None of the iVDRV isolates showed complete reversion to wild type phenotype but the replicative and persistence characteristics of iVDRVs were different from those of the RA27/3 vaccine strain, making predictions of iVDRV transmissibility and teratogenicity difficult. However, detection of iVDRV RNA in nasopharyngeal specimen and poor neutralization of some iVDRV strains by sera from vaccinated persons suggests possible public health risks associated with iVDRV carriers. Detection of IgM antibody to RV in sera of two out of three patients may be a marker of virus persistence, potentially useful for identifying patients with iVDRV before development of lesions. Studies of the evolutionary dynamics of iVDRV during persistence will contribute to development of infection control strategies and antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Perelygina
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Min-hsin Chen
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Suganthi Suppiah
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Adebola Adebayo
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Emily Abernathy
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Morna Dorsey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lionel Bercovitch
- Department of Dermatology, Hasbro Children's Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Paris
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Kevin P. White
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Alfons Krol
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Julie Dhossche
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ivan Y. Torshin
- Institute of Pharmacoinformatics, Federal Research Center “Computer Science and Control” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Dorodnicyn Computing Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Natalie Saini
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Leszek J. Klimczak
- Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dmitry A. Gordenin
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrey Zharkikh
- Myriad Genetics, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Stanley Plotkin
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kathleen E. Sullivan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joseph Icenogle
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Baschirotto PT, Krieger MA, Foti L. Preliminary multiplex microarray IgG immunoassay for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and rubella. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:428-436. [PMID: 28591403 PMCID: PMC5446232 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During pregnancy, toxoplasmosis and rubella can cause serious damage to the mother and the foetus through vertical transmission. Early diagnosis enables implementation of health measures aimed at preventing vertical transmission and minimising damage caused by these diseases. OBJECTIVE Here, we report the development of a multiplex assay for simultaneous detection of IgG antibodies produced during toxoplasmosis and rubella infection. METHODS This assay is based on xMap technology. Initially, by singleplex assays, we evaluated the following antigens: one Toxoplasma gondii lysate; two antigenic extracts of T. gondii (TOX8131 and TOX8122); fragments of T. gondii antigens [SAG-1 (amino acids 45-198), GRA-7 (24-100), GRA-1 (57-149), ROP-4, and MIC-3 (234-306)]; two chimeric antigens composed of fragments of SAG-1, GRA-7, and P35 (CTOX and CTOXH); and fragments of Rubella virus antigens [E-1 (157-176, 213-239, 374-390), E-2 (31-105), and C (1-123)]. FINDINGS A multiplex assay to simultaneously diagnose toxoplasmosis and rubella was designed with the best-performing antigens in singleplex and multiplex assays, which included CTOXH, T. gondii lysate, TOX8131, E-1, and E-2. The multiplex assay showed 100% sensitivity and specificity for anti-T. gondii IgG detection and 95.6% sensitivity and 100% specificity for anti-R. virus IgG detection. MAIN CONCLUSIONS We found that, despite the difficulties related to developing multiplex systems, different types of antigens (extracts and recombinant proteins) can be used to develop high-performance diagnostic tests. The assay developed is suitable to screen for prior T. gondii and R. virus infections, because it is a rapid, high-throughput, low-cost alternative to the current standard diagnostic tools, which require multiple individual tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila T Baschirotto
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Marco A Krieger
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Leonardo Foti
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
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Mori Y, Miyoshi M, Kikuchi M, Sekine M, Umezawa M, Saikusa M, Matsushima Y, Itamochi M, Yasui Y, Kanbayashi D, Miyoshi T, Akiyoshi K, Tatsumi C, Zaitsu S, Kadoguchi M, Otsuki N, Okamoto K, Sakata M, Komase K, Takeda M. Molecular Epidemiology of Rubella Virus Strains Detected Around the Time of the 2012-2013 Epidemic in Japan. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1513. [PMID: 28848523 PMCID: PMC5553008 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A nationwide rubella epidemic occurred from 2012 to 2013 in Japan, resulting in around 17,000 rubella cases and the birth of 45 infants with congenital rubella syndrome. The aim of this study was to genetically characterize the rubella viruses (RVs) circulating around the time of the epidemic in Japan. In total, 221 RV strains detected from 14 prefectures in Japan between 2010 and 2014 were sequenced in the 739 nucleotide-window region within the E1 gene. The virus strains were chronologically and geographically characterized into groups based on phylogenetic analysis. Among the 221 strains analyzed, 192 (87%), 26 (12%), and 3 (1%) strains were classified into genotypes 2B, 1E, and 1J, respectively. The majority (n = 184) of the genotype 2B strains belonged to lineage 2B-L1 and shared nucleotide homology with the strains detected in Southeast and East Asian countries. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that at least six distinct clusters of RV strains (clusters 1-6) induced outbreaks in Japan between 2010 and 2014. Among them, strains from clusters 3, 4, and 6 circulated almost simultaneously during 2012-2013. The cluster 3 strains circulated locally, whereas strains from cluster 4 spread nationwide. The findings suggest that RVs were introduced into Japan many times from neighboring countries. The 2012-2013 epidemic was a complex of outbreaks induced by at least three clusters of RV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Mori
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Masao Sekine
- Sendai City Institute of Public HealthSendai, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chika Tatsumi
- Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental ScienceShimane, Japan
| | - Shuichi Zaitsu
- Fukuoka City Institute of Health and EnvironmentFukuoka, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kadoguchi
- Kumamoto City Environmental Research CenterKumamoto, Japan
- Kumamoto City HospitalKumamoto, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Otsuki
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Okamoto
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Sakata
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Komase
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyo, Japan
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyo, Japan
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Mangala Prasad V, Klose T, Rossmann MG. Assembly, maturation and three-dimensional helical structure of the teratogenic rubella virus. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006377. [PMID: 28575072 PMCID: PMC5470745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections during pregnancy are a significant cause of infant morbidity and mortality. Of these, rubella virus infection is a well-substantiated example that leads to miscarriages or severe fetal defects. However, structural information about the rubella virus has been lacking due to the pleomorphic nature of the virions. Here we report a helical structure of rubella virions using cryo-electron tomography. Sub-tomogram averaging of the surface spikes established the relative positions of the viral glycoproteins, which differed from the earlier icosahedral models of the virus. Tomographic analyses of in vitro assembled nucleocapsids and virions provide a template for viral assembly. Comparisons of immature and mature virions show large rearrangements in the glycoproteins that may be essential for forming the infectious virions. These results present the first known example of a helical membrane-enveloped virus, while also providing a structural basis for its assembly and maturation pathway. Rubella virus (RV) causes serious fetal defects when contracted during pregnancy. Despite its medical importance, due to the irregular shapes and different sizes of the virions, the RV structure has remained unknown. Using cryo-electron tomography, we have determined the RV structure, which shows a unique, helical outer surface. Subsequent local averaging of the RV surface spikes has established the conformations of its immunogenic glycoproteins. In vitro assembly studies on the virus capsid protein have provided insights into the interactions necessary for virus assembly. Comparisons between mature and immature RV show large conformational changes in the virion structure that are essential for virus maturation. These results help to gain a structural understanding of RV pathogenicity, which may also be relevant to other teratogenic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Mangala Prasad
- Department of Biological Sciences, 240 S. Martin Jischke Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Thomas Klose
- Department of Biological Sciences, 240 S. Martin Jischke Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Rossmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, 240 S. Martin Jischke Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Petrova EK, Dmitrieva AA, Trifonova EA, Nikitin NA, Karpova OV. The key role of rubella virus glycoproteins in the formation of immune response, and perspectives on their use in the development of new recombinant vaccines. Vaccine 2016; 34:1006-11. [PMID: 26776468 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Rubella is a highly contagious viral disease which is mostly threatens to women of reproductive age. Existent live attenuated vaccines are effective enough, but have some drawbacks and are unusable for a certain group of people, including pregnant women and people with AIDS and other immunodeficiency. Thereby the development of alternative non-replicating, recombinant vaccines undoubtedly is needed. This review discusses the protein E1 and E2 role in formation of immune response and perspectives in development of new generation recombinant vaccines using them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina K Petrova
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119234, Russia.
| | - Anastasia A Dmitrieva
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Trifonova
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Nikolai A Nikitin
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Olga V Karpova
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119234, Russia
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Willows S, Ilkow CS, Hobman TC. Phosphorylation and membrane association of the Rubella virus capsid protein is important for its anti-apoptotic function. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:1201-10. [PMID: 24456140 PMCID: PMC7162283 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rubella virus (RV), a member of Togaviridae, is an important human pathogen that can cause severe defects in the developing fetus. Compared to other togaviruses, RV replicates very slowly suggesting that it must employ effective mechanisms to delay the innate immune response. A recent study by our laboratory revealed that the capsid protein of RV is a potent inhibitor of apoptosis. A primary mechanism by which RV capsid interferes with programmed cell death appears to be through interaction with the pro‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 family member Bax. In the present study, we report that the capsid protein also blocks IRF3‐dependent apoptosis induced by the double‐strand RNA mimic polyinosinic‐polycytidylic acid. In addition, analyses of cis‐acting elements revealed that phosphorylation and membrane association are important for its anti‐apoptotic function. Finally, the observation that hypo‐phosphorylated capsid binds Bax just as well as wild‐type capsid protein suggests that interaction with this pro‐apoptotic host protein in and of itself is not sufficient to block programmed cell death. This provides additional evidence that this viral protein inhibits apoptosis through multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Willows
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, 5-14 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 2H7
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Cheng WY, Wang HC, Liu MT, Wu HS. Molecular surveillance of rubella viruses in Taiwan from 2005 to 2011. J Med Virol 2013; 85:745-53. [PMID: 23417619 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Rubella has been listed as a mandatory notifiable disease in Taiwan since 1988. Because of high coverage rates with an effective vaccine, rubella cases have decreased dramatically in Taiwan since 1994. However, rubella outbreaks still occur due to imported transmission. Five large clusters were detected in Taiwan from 2007 to 2011. In 2007, one cluster was caused by rubella genotype 1E viruses that were imported from Vietnam, whereas another cluster was caused by genotype 2B viruses and was untraceable. In 2008, two clusters were caused by different lineages of genotype 1E viruses that were imported from Malaysia. In 2009, a cluster that was caused by genotype 2B viruses was associated with imported cases from Vietnam. The rubella viruses from 124 confirmed cases from 2005 to 2011 were characterized, and the data revealed that these viruses were distributed in the following four genotypes: 1E (n = 56), 1h (n = 1), 1j (n = 4), and 2B (n = 63). Of these viruses, 93 (75%) were associated with imported cases, and 43 of 56 genotype 1E viruses were associated with imported cases from China, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia. One genotype 1h virus was imported from Belarus, and three of four genotype 1j viruses were imported from the Philippines. Of 63 rubella genotype 2B viruses, 46 were imported from Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, China, Germany, and South Africa. Molecular surveillance allows for the differentiation of circulating rubella viruses and can be used to investigate transmission pathways, which are important to identify the interruption of endemic virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yueh Cheng
- Center for Research and Diagnostic, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Abernathy E, Chen MH, Bera J, Shrivastava S, Kirkness E, Zheng Q, Bellini W, Icenogle J. Analysis of whole genome sequences of 16 strains of rubella virus from the United States, 1961-2009. Virol J 2013; 10:32. [PMID: 23351667 PMCID: PMC3574052 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubella virus is the causative agent of rubella, a mild rash illness, and a potent teratogenic agent when contracted by a pregnant woman. Global rubella control programs target the reduction and elimination of congenital rubella syndrome. Phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of rubella viruses has contributed to virus surveillance efforts and played an important role in demonstrating that indigenous rubella viruses have been eliminated in the United States. Sixteen wild-type rubella viruses were chosen for whole genome sequencing. All 16 viruses were collected in the United States from 1961 to 2009 and are from 8 of the 13 known rubella genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis of 30 whole genome sequences produced a maximum likelihood tree giving high bootstrap values for all genotypes except provisional genotype 1a. Comparison of the 16 new complete sequences and 14 previously sequenced wild-type viruses found regions with clusters of variable amino acids. The 5' 250 nucleotides of the genome are more conserved than any other part of the genome. Genotype specific deletions in the untranslated region between the non-structural and structural open reading frames were observed for genotypes 2B and genotype 1G. No evidence was seen for recombination events among the 30 viruses. The analysis presented here is consistent with previous reports on the genetic characterization of rubella virus genomes. Conserved and variable regions were identified and additional evidence for genotype specific nucleotide deletions in the intergenic region was found. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed genotype groupings originally based on structural protein coding region sequences, which provides support for the WHO nomenclature for genetic characterization of wild-type rubella viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Abernathy
- National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Min-hsin Chen
- National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jayati Bera
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Qi Zheng
- National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - William Bellini
- National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joseph Icenogle
- National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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10
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Hayakawa Y, Zhou Y, Mizuguchi M, Frey TK, Ushijima H. Quantitative and qualitative assay of rubella IgA antibody in breast milk. J Med Virol 2010; 82:1475-9. [PMID: 20572092 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Breast milk contains immunological factors, such as IgA antibody, which help to prevent infectious diseases. A total of 197 paired samples of colostrum and breast milk was collected from postpartum mothers in Gunma City, Japan, and examined for anti-rubella IgA antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting (WB). The anti-rubella virus IgA ranged from 0.5 to 78.5 U/ml with a mean of 6.05 U/ml and a median of 3.6 U/ml in colostrum, and from 0.5 to 32.7 U/ml with a mean of 2.74 U/ml and a median of 2 U/ml in milk. The differences between the means of titers of total IgA and anti-rubella virus IgA in colostrum and in milk were significant statistically. The levels of anti-rubella virus IgA in both colostrum and breast milk correlated positively with the anti-rubella virus hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers in the sera of mother, indicating that the levels of these different classes of antibodies correlated. Based on WB, anti-rubella virus IgA in both colostrum and breast milk reacted with the rubella viral protein E1 and C, but not with the E2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Hayakawa
- Department of Health Science, Gunma Paz College, Gunma, Japan
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11
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Phylogenetic analysis of rubella viruses involved in congenital rubella infections in France between 1995 and 2009. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:2530-5. [PMID: 20463161 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00181-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubella is an acute infectious disease that normally has a mild clinical course. However, infections during pregnancy, especially before week 12 of gestation (WG), can cause severe birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The aim of this study was to perform genotyping and molecular characterization of rubella viruses involved in congenital infections in France over the past 15 years (1995 to 2009). Amniotic fluid (AF) specimens (n = 80) from pregnant women with congenital rubella infections (CRI) before week 20 of gestation, and a few other samples available from children/newborns with CRS (n = 26), were analyzed. The coding region of the rubella virus E1 gene was amplified directly from clinical specimens by reverse transcriptase PCR, and the resulting DNA fragments were sequenced. Sequences were assigned to genotypes by phylogenetic analysis with rubella virus reference sequences. Sufficient E1 gene sequences were obtained from 56 cases. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences showed that at least five different genotypes (1E, 1G, 1B, 2B, and 1h) were present in France and were involved in congenital infections, with a strong predominance of genotype 1E (87%). This is one of the very few comprehensive studies of rubella viruses involved in CRI. The results indicated that over the past 15 years, multiple introductions of the dominant genotype E caused most of the CRI cases in France. A few sporadic cases were due to other genotypes (1B, 1G, 1h, 2B).
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Valinotto LE, Viegas M, Acevedo ME, Barrero PR, Mistchenko AS. Phylogenetic analysis of rubella viruses isolated in 2008 outbreak in Argentina. J Clin Virol 2009; 46:286-9. [PMID: 19700367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A rubella outbreak was recorded in Buenos Aires during 2008. OBJECTIVES The objective of this communication is to present the genetic and phylogenetic analyses of wild-type RUBV circulating in Buenos Aires during the 2008 outbreak. STUDY DESIGN Throat swab samples collected from patients diagnosed with rubella between June 2008 and December 2008 were inoculated in cell culture and 23 isolates were sequenced. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis of the WHO-recommended window (nt 8731-9469) of the E1 envelope glycoprotein was performed and all isolates clustered with the 2B genotype. CONCLUSIONS Genotype 2B seems to be endemically circulating in the Southern cone of Latin America, thus causing recent outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Valinotto
- Laboratorio de Virología, Hospital de Niños R. Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Phylogenetic analysis of rubella virus strains from an outbreak in Madrid, Spain, from 2004 to 2005. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 47:158-63. [PMID: 19020066 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00469-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of rubella affected 460 individuals in 2004 and 2005 in the community of Madrid, Spain. Most of the patients were nonvaccinated Latin American immigrants or Spanish males. This study presents the first data on rubella virus genotypes in Spain. Forty selected clinical samples (2 urine, 5 serum, 3 blood, 2 saliva, and 28 pharyngeal exudate samples) from 40 cases were collected. The 739-nucleotide sequence recommended by the World Health Organization obtained from viral RNA in these samples was analyzed by using the MEGA v4.0 software. Seventeen isolates were obtained from 40 clinical samples from the outbreak, including two isolated from congenital rubella syndrome cases. Only viral RNA of genotype 1j was detected in both isolates and clinical specimens. Two variations in amino acids, G253C and T394S, which are involved in neutralization epitopes arose during the outbreak, but apparently there was no positive selection of either of them. The origin of the outbreak remains unknown because of poor virologic surveillance in Latin America and the African countries neighboring Spain. On the other hand, this is the first report of this genotype in Europe. The few published sequences of genotype 1j indicate that it comes from Japan and the Philippines, but there are no epidemiological data supporting this as the origin of the Madrid outbreak.
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Scholz C, Thirault L, Schaarschmidt P, Zarnt T, Faatz E, Engel AM, Upmeier B, Bollhagen R, Eckert B, Schmid FX. Chaperone-Aided in Vitro Renaturation of an Engineered E1 Envelope Protein for Detection of Anti-Rubella Virus IgG Antibodies. Biochemistry 2008; 47:4276-87. [DOI: 10.1021/bi702435v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Scholz
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany, and Laboratorium für Biochemie, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Laurence Thirault
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany, and Laboratorium für Biochemie, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Peter Schaarschmidt
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany, and Laboratorium für Biochemie, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Toralf Zarnt
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany, and Laboratorium für Biochemie, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Elke Faatz
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany, and Laboratorium für Biochemie, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alfred Michael Engel
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany, and Laboratorium für Biochemie, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Barbara Upmeier
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany, and Laboratorium für Biochemie, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ralf Bollhagen
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany, and Laboratorium für Biochemie, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Barbara Eckert
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany, and Laboratorium für Biochemie, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Franz Xaver Schmid
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, D-82377 Penzberg, Germany, and Laboratorium für Biochemie, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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15
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Costa JZ, Adams A, Bron JE, Thompson KD, Starkey WG, Richards RH. Identification of B-cell epitopes on the betanodavirus capsid protein. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2007; 30:419-26. [PMID: 17584439 PMCID: PMC7197462 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00824.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The pepscan procedure was used to identify betanodavirus B-cell epitopes recognized by neutralizing mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and serum samples obtained from sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, naturally infected with betanodavirus. Pepscan was performed with a panel of thirty-four 12-mer synthetic peptides that mimicked the entire betanodavirus capsid protein. Sea bass serum samples reacted strongly with three regions of the capsid protein comprising amino acid residues 1-32, 91-162 and 181-212. The latter region was also recognized by neutralizing MAbs and coincided with a region of high antigenic propensity identified by an antigen prediction algorithm. These data suggest that a region of the betanodavirus capsid protein spanning amino acid residues 181-212 may represent a neutralization domain that could potentially be used to inform the development of nodavirus vaccines and immunodiagnostic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Z Costa
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
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16
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Wen H, Wang Z. Expression and characterization of rubella virus glycoprotein E1 in yeast cells. Intervirology 2005; 48:321-8. [PMID: 15956800 DOI: 10.1159/000085101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2004] [Accepted: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To express E1 glycoprotein of rubella virus (RuV) strain JR23 in yeast and develop a diagnostic assay using expressed E1 protein as coating antigen in comparison with other diagnostic assays. METHODS cDNA of E1 open reading frame of RuV was PCR amplified using plasmid pMD18-T-E1 as template and cloned into plasmid pBluscriptII SK+. After being confirmed by PCR, restriction endonuclease digestion and sequencing, pBluscriptII SK(+)-E1 plasmid DNA was digested by restriction endonuclease EcoR I and Xba I, and a fragment of 1.5 kb was isolated and cloned into a yeast expression pGAPZ(alpha)A, resulting in pGAPZ(alpha)A-E1. After confirmation by sequencing, pGAPZ(alpha)A- E1 was transformed into yeast GS115 cells with LiCl method. E1 protein expression in GS115 was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. An indirect ELISA was developed using the recombinant E1 protein as coating antigen for detecting RuV E1 antibodies in 90 serum samples. To compare the specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility of the assay with other methods, the same serum samples were also assayed by RuV culture medium as coating antigen (Jingmei kit and German RECI kit). Statistical analyses were performed to compare the differences among these methods and to determine which coating antigen source, the recombinant E1 protein or RuV-infected culture medium, is more suitable for the assay. RESULTS A fragment of 1.5 kb, corresponding to the full open reading frame of E1, was PCR amplified and cloned in yeast expression vector. The clone was confirmed by restriction digestion, PCR and sequencing. E1 as a secretive protein was successfully expressed by GS115. Its molecular weight was about 58 kDa. SDS-PAGE showed that the recombinant protein was expressed efficiently and constantly in Pichia pastoris GS115 cells. The expression level reached a peak 48 h after culturing and stabilized thereafter. E1 protein was detected in both supernatant and cells. Western blot showed that the secretive E1 protein in the supernatants could react with both the anti-RuV-positive serum and a monoclonal antibody against E1. However, E1 protein derived from cells could only react with the anti-RuV-positive serum, polyclonal antibody, but not the monoclonal antibody. Compared with the German RECI kit, the sensitivity, specificity, and accordance rate of the assay using recombinant E1 protein as coating antigen were 67.11, 71.43 and 67.78%, respectively, while those of the assay using RuV-infected culture medium as coating antigen were 50, 78.57 and 54.44%, respectively. Compared with the German RECI kit, the sensitivity, specificity, and accordance rate of the ELISA assay using the Jingmei kit were 84.71, 71.43 and 82.22%, respectively. The data indicated that recombinant E1 protein derived from the yeast expression system can serve as a better source than RuV-infected cell medium as coating antigen for detecting antibodies against RuV in the indirect ELISA assay. Statistical analysis of the data generated from two independent experiments using recombinant E1 protein as coating antigen indicated that the assay was very consistent with no statistically significant difference between the two experiments (p > 0.05). 76 out of 90 serum samples were detected positive using the German RECI kit, while 68, 55 and 41 samples were positive using the Jingmei kit, recombinant E1 and RuV-infected cell medium, respectively. Statistical analyses indicated that the positive rates were significantly different among all four assays (p < 0.05) except for one pair (German RECI kit and the Jingmei kit: p > 0.05). Comparing the positive rates obtained from the assay using recombinant E1 and that using RuV-infected cell medium, it seems that the recombinant E1 protein is a better source than RuV culture medium as coating antigen in the indirect ELISA assay for detection of RuV antibody. CONCLUSIONS The recombinant yeast expression vector of RuV E1 glycoprotein was constructed successfully. The E1 protein as a secretive protein was successfully expressed by GS115 and maintained its antigenicity very well. As coating antigen, the recombinant E1 protein served a better source than RuV culture medium in the indirect ELISA method for the detection of RuV antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Wen
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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17
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Giessauf A, Letschka T, Walder G, Dierich MP, Würzner R. A synthetic peptide ELISA for the screening of rubella virus neutralizing antibodies in order to ascertain immunity. J Immunol Methods 2004; 287:1-11. [PMID: 15099751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2003.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2003] [Revised: 11/10/2003] [Accepted: 12/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
One hundred and fifty-one human sera from patients exposed to rubella virus (RV) and shown to be negative for IgM antibodies were tested for total RV-IgG, hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and for virus neutralizing (VN) antibodies using a peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on BCH-178, a peptide representing one of several known neutralizing epitopes on RV hemagglutinin (E1). The data showed that, among 39 and 51 sera with HAI and RV-IgG titres of 1/128 and >150 IU/ml, respectively, neutralizing antibody readings using the BCH-178 ELISA were above cut-off values. However, 13% of HAI positive sera (titre > or =1/16) and 16% of RV-IgG ELISA positive sera (> or =20 IU/ml) were below the cut-off value of the BCH-178 ELISA. This may explain why several cases of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) have been observed in spite of positive titres. We suggest that a diagnosis of sufficient immunity against RV infection or reinfection may be safer if an additional test detecting antibodies against VN RV epitopes is positive as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Giessauf
- Institut für Hygiene und Sozialmedizin, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Fritz Pregl-Str. 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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18
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Oker-Blom C, Vuento M. Reconstitution of recombinant viral envelope proteins. Methods Enzymol 2003; 372:418-28. [PMID: 14610828 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)72025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Oker-Blom
- University of Jvaskyla, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 35, FIN 40351 Jyvaskyla, Finland
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19
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Abstract
Rubella virus (RV) is the causative agent of the disease known more popularly as German measles. Rubella is predominantly a childhood disease and is endemic throughout the world. Natural infections of rubella occur only in humans and are generally mild. Complications of rubella infection, most commonly polyarthralgia in adult women, do exist; occasionally more serious sequelae occur. However, the primary public health concern of RV infection is its teratogenicity. RV infection of women during the first trimester of pregnancy can induce a spectrum of congenital defects in the newborn, known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The development of vaccines and implementation of vaccination strategies have substantially reduced the incidence of disease and in turn of CRS in developed countries. The pathway whereby RV infection leads to teratogenesis has not been elucidated, but the cytopathology in infected fetal tissues suggests necrosis and/or apoptosis as well as inhibition of cell division of critical precursor cells involved in organogenesis. In cell culture, a number of unusual features of RV replication have been observed, including mitochondrial abnormalities, and disruption of the cytoskeleton; these manifestations are most probably linked and play some role in RV teratogenesis. Further understanding of the mechanism of RV teratogenesis will be brought about by the investigation of RV replication and virus-host interactions.
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20
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Abstract
Rubella virus (RV) is the causative agent of the disease known more popularly as German measles. Rubella is predominantly a childhood disease and is endemic throughout the world. Natural infections of rubella occur only in humans and are generally mild. Complications of rubella infection, most commonly polyarthralgia in adult women, do exist; occasionally more serious sequelae occur. However, the primary public health concern of RV infection is its teratogenicity. RV infection of women during the first trimester of pregnancy can induce a spectrum of congenital defects in the newborn, known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The development of vaccines and implementation of vaccination strategies have substantially reduced the incidence of disease and in turn of CRS in developed countries. The pathway whereby RV infection leads to teratogenesis has not been elucidated, but the cytopathology in infected fetal tissues suggests necrosis and/or apoptosis as well as inhibition of cell division of critical precursor cells involved in organogenesis. In cell culture, a number of unusual features of RV replication have been observed, including mitochondrial abnormalities, and disruption of the cytoskeleton; these manifestations are most probably linked and play some role in RV teratogenesis. Further understanding of the mechanism of RV teratogenesis will be brought about by the investigation of RV replication and virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Lee
- Research and Molecular Development Division, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria 3051, Australia.
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21
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Pugachev KV, Galinski MS, Frey TK. Infectious cDNA clone of the RA27/3 vaccine strain of Rubella virus. Virology 2000; 273:189-97. [PMID: 10891421 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rubella virus (RUB), a small plus-strand RNA virus, is a significant human pathogen. The RA27/3 vaccine strain of RUB is one of the most successful live attenuated vaccines developed. In this article, we report the construction of an RA27/3 infectious clone, a complete cDNA copy of the RA27/3 genome that can be transcribed in vitro to generate infectious RNA molecules. Virus generated from such in vitro transcripts was phenotypically similar to RA27/3 virus. To investigate the attenuation of the RA27/3 strain, a series of chimeras was made by the insertion of different fragments of the RA27/3 genome into an infectious clone based on the Therien wild-type strain of RUB. Analysis of the resulting chimeric viruses revealed that the pattern of RA27/3 attenuation in cell culture is complex: attenuating elements in the RA27/3 genome were found in the 5' untranslated region (UTR), a region of the nonstructural proteins containing the protease motif and the capsid gene. Within the 5' UTR, the attenuation determinant was mapped to nt 7. Surprisingly, these analyses also revealed a potentiating mutation at nt 164 of the RA27/3 genome. Although this determinant was within the coding sequences of the nonstructural proteins, the encoded amino acid had no effect on cell culture phenotype and thus the determinant may operate at the level of RNA structure. In addition to investigation of the mechanisms of RA27/3 attenuation, the availability of the RA27/3 infectious clone offers the opportunity for strict genetic control over RUB vaccine manufacturing, for development of novel DNA-based vaccines against RUB, and for development of recombinant RUB vaccines that also target other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Pugachev
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30303, USA
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22
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Cordoba P, Grutadauria S, Cuffini C, Zapata M. Neutralizing monoclonal antibody to the E1 glycoprotein epitope of rubella virus mediates virus arrest in VERO cells. Viral Immunol 2000; 13:83-92. [PMID: 10733171 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2000.13.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The best-known mechanism of action of antibody-mediated virus neutralization is to impede the entrance of viruses to host cells, as determined by neutralization assays. Antibodies may also inhibit the exit of rubella virus (RV) from infected host cells; in this case, the interaction of the antibodies with their domains must occur on the plasma membrane, because antibodies cannot enter the cells. In the present study, we were able to block temporally the exit of virions from RV-infected cells by the binding of monoclonal antibody (mAb) H3 to their surface. The objective was accomplished in three steps: first, we determined the duration of the viral replication cycle; then we established the kinetics of the presence of the domains defined by our mAbs in the cytoplasm of RV-infected VERO cells; and, finally, we assessed the release of viral particles to the supernatant of infected VERO cells in the presence or absence of mAbs or positive and negative mice sera. RV-specific mice sera and mAb H3, which binds to the amino acid sequence 208-239 of the RV-E1 glycoprotein, were able to delay for 24 hours the release of virions from infected cultures, suggesting that the reaction of mAb H3 with its epitope may arrest any change necessary for the assembly and/or release of virions. In conclusion, the neutralizing domain recognized by mAb induces antibodies that can block the viral replication by several mechanisms of action, such as the obstruction of virus entry into cells and the delay of viral release. All of these mechanisms are intimately involved in the critical virus-host cell interactions that allow self-limitation of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cordoba
- Instituto de Virologia, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Argentina.
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23
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Orellana A, Mottershead D, van der Linden I, Keinänen K, Oker-Blom C. Mimicking rubella virus particles by using recombinant envelope glycoproteins and liposomes. J Biotechnol 1999; 75:209-19. [PMID: 10553659 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(99)00162-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 of rubella virus (RV) were engineered to display the FLAG epitope tag and a polyhistidine tag, at their amino and carboxy termini, respectively. These modified envelope proteins were produced in Sf9 insect cells utilizing baculovirus expression vectors, the E1 and E2 vectors giving rise to protein products of about 58 and 42 kDa, respectively. The recombinant proteins were purified by immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography and reconstituted into liposomes via their hydrophobic transmembrane anchors. The liposomes were prepared by detergent dialysis in the presence of europium-DTPA chelate, enabling the subsequent measurement of the binding of the resultant proteoliposomes to the antibodies by time resolved fluorescence. RV mimicking proteoliposomes were recognized by antibodies specific for the E1 and E2 proteins, as well as the FLAG epitope tag. This type of virosome may prove useful for studies on the basic biological events of an RV infection or as diagnostic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Orellana
- VTT Biotechnology and Food Research, Finland
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24
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Kujala P, Ahola T, Ehsani N, Auvinen P, Vihinen H, Kääriäinen L. Intracellular distribution of rubella virus nonstructural protein P150. J Virol 1999; 73:7805-11. [PMID: 10438871 PMCID: PMC104308 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.9.7805-7811.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiserum prepared against an amino-terminal fragment of rubella virus (RUB) nonstructural polyprotein was used to study RUB-infected Vero cells. Replicase protein P150 was associated with vesicles and vacuoles of endolysosomal origin and later with large, convoluted, tubular membrane structures. Newly incorporated bromouridine was associated with the same structures and specifically with small membrane invaginations, spherules, indicating that these structures may be the sites of viral RNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kujala
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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25
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Schmidt M, Tuominen N, Johansson T, Weiss SA, Keinänen K, Oker-Blom C. Baculovirus-mediated large-scale expression and purification of a polyhistidine-tagged rubella virus capsid protein. Protein Expr Purif 1998; 12:323-30. [PMID: 9535699 DOI: 10.1006/prep.1997.0851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The capsid protein of rubella virus was produced in baculovirus-infected Spodoptera frugiperda insect cells, with a polyhistidine affinity tag at the carboxy terminus. The RV capsid recombinant protein was produced in a 10-liter bioreactor and purified, under nondenaturing conditions, using immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography. Immunoblot analyses indicated that the purified recombinant protein was intact and migrated with the expected molecular weight. The final yield was 5 mg of purified protein per liter of cell culture. Surface plasmon resonance was used to investigate the antigenic potential of the histidine tagged capsid protein in an antigen-antibody interaction study. A specific interaction between the two proteins was shown. Our results suggest that this strategy should be useful in interaction studies of other virus-specific proteins and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schmidt
- VTT Biotechnology and Food Research, Espoo, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland
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26
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Pugachev KV, Frey TK. Effects of defined mutations in the 5' nontranslated region of rubella virus genomic RNA on virus viability and macromolecule synthesis. J Virol 1998; 72:641-50. [PMID: 9420269 PMCID: PMC109418 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.1.641-650.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/1997] [Accepted: 10/02/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The 5' end of the genomic RNA of rubella virus (RUB) contains a 14-nucleotide (nt) single-stranded leader (ss-leader) followed by a stem-and-loop structure [5'(+)SL] (nt 15 to 65), the complement of which at the 3' end of the minus-strand RNA [3'(-)SL] has been proposed to function as a promoter for synthesis of genomic plus strands. A second intriguing feature of the 5' end of the RUB genomic RNA is the presence of a short (17 codons) open reading frame (ORF) located between nt 3 and 54; the ORF encoding the viral nonstructural proteins (NSPs) initiates at nt 41 in an alternate translational frame. To address the functional significance of these features, we compared the 5'-terminal sequences of six different strains of RUB, with the result that the short ORF is preserved (although the coding sequence is not conserved) as is the stem part of both the 5'(+)SL and 3'(-)SL, while the upper loop part of both structures varies. Next, using Robo302, an infectious cDNA clone of RUB, we introduced 31 different mutations into the 5'-terminal noncoding region, and their effects on virus replication and macromolecular synthesis were examined. This mutagenesis revealed that the short ORF is not essential for virus replication. The AA dinucleotide at nt 2 and 3 is of critical importance since point mutations and deletions that altered or removed both of these nucleotides were lethal. None of the other mutations within either the ss-leader or the 5'(+)SL [and accordingly within the 3'(-)SL], including deletions of up to 15 nt from the 5'(+)SL and three different multiple-point mutations that lead to destabilization of the 5'(+)SL, were lethal. Some of the mutations within both ss-leader and the 5'(+)SL resulted in viruses that grew to lower titers than the wild-type virus and formed opaque and/or small plaques; in general mutations within the stem had a more profound effect on viral phenotype than did mutations in either the ss-leader or upper loop. Mutations in the 5'(+)SL, but not in the ss-leader, resulted in a significant reduction in NSP synthesis, indicating that this structure is important for efficient translation of the NSP ORF. In contrast, viral plus-strand RNA synthesis was unaffected by the 5'(+)SL mutations as well as the ss-leader mutations, which argues against the proposed function of the 3'(-)SL as a promoter for initiation of the genomic plus-strand RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Pugachev
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta 30303, USA
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27
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Ou D, Mitchell LA, Décarie D, Gillam S, Tingle AJ. Characterization of an overlapping CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell epitope on rubella capsid protein. Virology 1997; 235:286-92. [PMID: 9281508 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic peptide corresponding to rubella virus capsid protein residues 263 to 275 which contains an epitope recognized by a cloned CD4+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) line was used to induce CD8+ T-cell lines specific to this peptide. A peptide-specific CD8+ CTL clone was derived and characterized. This peptide-specific CD8+ CTL clone exhibited cytotoxicity against target cells infected by a vaccinia recombinant virus expressing rubella virus capsid protein, but not by target cells infected by vaccinia recombinant virus expressing rubella virus E1 or E2 envelope proteins. Analysis of HLA class I restriction of the CD8+ CTL clone revealed that A11 and A3 were restrictive elements. Fine mapping with truncated and overlapping peptide analogs revealed a nonamer sequence, C(264-272), as the T-cell epitope eliciting stronger cytotoxicity. Two anchor residues for binding to HLA A11 and A3 were identified at position 2 (isoleucine) and at position 9 (histidine) or at position 8 (arginine) of the epitope sequence. The identification of overlapping CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell epitopes within the capsid protein sequence C(263-275) implicates a strategy for using such epitopes in a candidate peptide-based rubella vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ou
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4H4, Canada
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28
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Cordoba P, Grutadauria SL, Cuffini C, Zapata MT. Presence of a neutralizing domain in isolates of rubella virus in Cordoba, Argentina. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 1997; 4:493-5. [PMID: 9220172 PMCID: PMC170558 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.4.4.493-495.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We studied the presence of a neutralizing epitope of rubella virus (RV) in locally circulating strains in Cordoba, Argentina, using binding by the monoclonal antibody (MAb) H3. This epitope is contained in a sequence of the E1 glycoprotein (E1208-239) represented by the synthetic peptide SP15. H3 MAb showed specific binding to SP15 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). One wild-type postnatal isolate, four clones derived from this isolate, and one congenital isolate were reactive with H3 by ELISA. These results suggest that the region of RV represented by SP15 is a domain present in locally circulating strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cordoba
- Instituto de Virología J. M. Vanella, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
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29
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Pugachev KV, Abernathy ES, Frey TK. Improvement of the specific infectivity of the rubella virus (RUB) infectious clone: determinants of cytopathogenicity induced by RUB map to the nonstructural proteins. J Virol 1997; 71:562-8. [PMID: 8985384 PMCID: PMC191085 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.1.562-568.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A plasmid, Robo102, which contains a cDNA copy of the rubella virus (RUB) genomic RNA from which infectious transcripts can be synthesized in vitro, was recently developed (C. Y. Wang, G. Dominguez, and T. K. Frey, J. Virol. 68:3550-3557, 1994). To increase the specific infectivity of Robo102 transcripts (approximately 5 plaques/10 microg of transcripts), a modified reverse transcription-PCR method was used to amplify nearly 90% of the RUB genome in three fragments, which were then used to replace the corresponding fragments in Robo102. Replacement of a fragment covering nucleotides (nt) 5352 to 9759 of the RUB genome yielded a construct, Robo202, which produced highly infectious transcripts (10(4) plaques/microg), indicating the presence of an unrecognized deleterious mutation (or mutations) in this region of the Robo102 cDNA. Robo102 was based on the w-Therien strain of RUB, which forms opaque plaques in Vero cells, while the PCR replacement fragments were generated from a variant, f-Therien, which produces clear plaques in Vero cells. Although Robo202 contains over 4,000 nt from f-Therien, Robo202 virus produces opaque plaques. However, when the other two PCR fragments amplified from f-Therien (nt 1 to 1723 and nt 2800 to 5352) were introduced into Robo202, the resulting construct, Robo302, yielded transcripts that produced a virus that formed clear plaques. This indicates that the determinants of plaque morphology map to the regions of the genome covered by these two fragments, both of which are in the nonstructural open reading frame. Generation of Robo202/302 chimeras indicated that the most 5' terminal fragment (nt. 1 to 1723) had the greatest effect on plaque morphology. The plaque morphology was correlated with the ability of the viruses to kill infected cells. The only difference at the molecular level detected among the viruses was that the more cytopathic viruses produced more nonstructural proteins than did the less cytopathic viruses. This finding, as well as the mapping of the genetic determinants to the region of the genome encoding these proteins, indicates that the nonstructural proteins can mediate cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Pugachev
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta 30303, USA
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Cordoba P, Grutadauria S, Cuffini C, Zapata MT. Different affinity of monoclonal antibodies for conserved neutralizing epitopes on two strains of rubella virus. Viral Immunol 1997; 10:103-10. [PMID: 9210284 DOI: 10.1089/vim.1997.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There is, apparently, only one serological type of rubella virus (RV) in the population, although several isolates exist with different characteristics. Some authors failed to detect significant differences among RV strains by neutralization, hemagglutination inhibition, and enzyme immunoassay using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, but differences in growth, plaque morphology, and temperature sensitivity between vaccine and wild-type strains were shown by Chantler et al. (3) With the purpose of analyzing the possible differences among several strains of RV, we studied the affinity constant of two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for two conserved neutralizing epitopes. Wild-type Cordoba (regional isolation of a post-natal infection) and RA 27/3 (vaccine) strains of RV were tested. H3 and H14 MAbs were generated against wild-type Cordoba strain. They defined two epitopes with conserved neutralizing and hemagglutinating activity on both strains. The affinity of the MAbs (expressed as the affinity constant), was greater for Cordoba strain than for RA 27/3. Analyzing the results obtained, we conclude that the neutralizing epitopes defined by our MAbs on E1 glycoprotein are conserved in the two strains, but react with significative different affinities. This could be a way to characterize antigenically different viral strains of the same serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cordoba
- Instituto de Virología J. M. Vanella, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
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31
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Grangeot-Keros L, Pustowoit B, Hobman T. Evaluation of Cobas Core Rubella IgG EIA recomb, a new enzyme immunoassay based on recombinant rubella-like particles. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:2392-4. [PMID: 7494034 PMCID: PMC228421 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.33.9.2392-2394.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cobas Core Rubella IgG EIA recomb (Roche), a new, commercially available rubella enzyme immunoassay using recombinant rubella-like particles, was compared with a hemagglutination inhibition assay (Rubenosticon; Organon Teknika) and two whole-virus enzyme immunoassays (IMx [Abbott] and Platelia [Sanofi Diagnostics Pasteur]). Compared with those of these reference assays, the relative sensitivities of Cobas Core Rubella IgG recomb were 100, 94, and 95.9%, with specificities amounting to 80.8, 98, and 98.2%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Grangeot-Keros
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart, France
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32
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Starkey WG, Newcombe J, Corbett KM, Liu KM, Sanders PG, Best JM. Use of rubella virus E1 fusion proteins for detection of rubella virus antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:270-4. [PMID: 7714176 PMCID: PMC227930 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.33.2.270-274.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Two glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins containing 44 (p1503) and 75 (p1509) amino acid residues of the rubella virus E1 glycoprotein were expressed in Escherichia coli with the aim of producing a recombinant rubella virus antigen for use in serological assays. p1503 contained three neutralizing and hemagglutinating epitopes (G. M. Terry, L. M. Ho-Terry, P. Londesborough, and K. R. Rees, Arch. Virol. 98:189-197, 1988); p1509 contained the putative neutralization domain described by Mitchell et al. (L. A. Mitchell, T. Zhang, M. Ho, D. Decarie, A. Tingle, M. Zrein, and M. Lacroix, J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:1841-1847, 1992) in addition to the three epitopes present in p1503. Both fusion proteins were soluble and affinity purified on glutathione-Sepharose 4B. In Western blots (immunoblots), p1503 and p1509 reacted with human sera containing rubella virus-specific immunoglobulin G. When used as antigens in indirect enzyme immunoassays to detect rubella virus-specific immunoglobulin G, p1503 correctly identified the rubella virus antibody status of 43 (76.8%) and p1509 correctly identified that of 48 (85.7%) of 56 serum samples received for routine rubella virus antibody screening. The results obtained with p1509 compare well with those obtained with a latex agglutination assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Starkey
- Department of Virology, United Medical School, St. Thomas Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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33
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Seto NO, Gillam S. Expression and characterization of a soluble rubella virus E1 envelope protein. J Med Virol 1994; 44:192-9. [PMID: 7852960 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890440214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Individual specific antigenic rubella virus (RV) structural proteins are required for accurate serological diagnosis of acute and congenital rubella infections as well as rubella immune status. The RV envelope glycoprotein E1 is the major target antigen and plays an important role in viral-specific immune responses. The native virion is difficult to produce in large quantities and the protein subunits are also difficult to isolate without loss of antigenicity. The production of a soluble RV E1 (designated E1 delta Tm) using the baculovirus-insect cell expression system is described. In contrast to wild-type RV E1, the genetically engineered E1 delta Tm protein lacks a transmembrane anchor. It behaved as a secretory protein and was secreted abundantly from insect cells. Pulse-chase studies were used to examine the synthesis, glycosylation, and secretion of E1 delta Tm by the insect cells. The secreted E1 delta Tm protein was purified from serum-free medium by one-step immunochromatography. The purified E1 delta Tm protein retained full antigenicity and may be a convenient source of E1 protein for use in diagnostic assay and rubella vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- N O Seto
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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34
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Qiu Z, Ou D, Hobman TC, Gillam S. Expression and characterization of virus-like particles containing rubella virus structural proteins. J Virol 1994; 68:4086-91. [PMID: 8189549 PMCID: PMC236923 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.6.4086-4091.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rubella virus (RV) virions contain two envelope glycoproteins (E1 and E2) and a capsid protein (C). Noninfectious RV-like particles (VLPs) containing three structural proteins were expressed in a BHK cell line (BHK-24S) by using an inducible promoter. These VLPs were found to resemble RV virons in terms of their size, their morphology, and some biological activities. In immunoblotting studies, VLPs were found to bind similarly to native RV virions with 10 of a panel of 12 RV-specific murine monoclonal antibodies. Immunization of mice with VLPs induced specific antibody responses against RV structural proteins as well as virus-neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies. After immunization of mice with VLPs, in vitro challenge of isolated lymphocytes with inactivated RV and individual RV structural proteins stimulated proliferation. Our data suggest the possibility of using VLPs as immunogens for serodiagnostic assays and RV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Qiu
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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35
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Newcombe J, Starkey W, Al-Mumin S, Knight AI, Best JM, Sanders PG. Recombinant rubella E1 fusion proteins for antibody screening and diagnosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994; 2:149-63. [PMID: 15566762 DOI: 10.1016/0928-0197(94)90019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/1993] [Revised: 11/10/1993] [Accepted: 11/19/1993] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Until rubella is eradicated there will be a continuing need for rubella antibody surveillance. Antigen production using recombinant DNA technology may be a viable alternative to traditional techniques of producing antigens for enzyme immunoassays (EIAs). OBJECTIVES To investigate the potential of bacterial fusion proteins containing rubella E1 protein sequences for use in EIAs to detect rubella antibodies. STUDY DESIGN Purified bacterial fusion proteins containing rubella E1 sequences to be used as antigens in EIAs and compared to 'traditional' assays using virus derived antigens for rubella antibody screening. RESULTS cDNA clones coding for the complete rubella E1 protein sequence and subfragments of E1 were modified for expression as carboxy terminal fusions with either beta-galactosidase or glutathione-S-transferase. beta-galactosidase fusions with the complete E1 coding sequence or amino acids 201 to 307, which contain known epitopes, resulted in the production of predominantly insoluble fusion proteins unsuitable for use in EIA. Nine glutathione-S-transferase-E1 fusion proteins were produced with individual fusion proteins exhibiting varying properties with regard to the levels of protein produced, apparent stability, solubility and the potential for affinity purification using glutathione agarose. Reduction of the E1 component to only 44 amino acids containing three B-cell epitopes (Terry et al., 1988) produced an abundant soluble GST-E1 fusion protein (3.5 mug/ml), which could be affinity purified using glutathione agarose. This fusion protein has been successfully used in EIA to detect rubella antibodies. CONCLUSIONS We have shown that GST-E1 fusions have potential as antigens in tests for rubella antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Newcombe
- Molecular Microbiology Group, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 5XH, UK
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36
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Pedneault L, Zrein M, Robillard L, Landry F, Lacroix M, Joncas J. Comparison of novel synthetic peptide-based DETECT-RUBELLA enzyme immunoassays with Enzygnost and IMx for detection of rubella-specific immunoglobulin G. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:1085-7. [PMID: 8027318 PMCID: PMC267191 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.32.4.1085-1087.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) using synthetic peptides SP-E1 and SP-E1E2 (DETECT-RUBELLA [Bio-Chem]) were compared with two viral lysate-based EIAs (Enzygnost [Behring] and IMx [Abbott]) for the detection of rubella virus-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies. Sensitivities of 94.7, 100, 98.6, and 100% and specificities of 100, 97.4, 100, and 73.7% were found for the SP-E1, SP-E1E2, Enzygnost, and IMx EIAs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pedneault
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Québec
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37
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Abstract
Rubella virus (RV) virions contain two envelope glycoproteins, E1 and E2. Removal of hydrophobic regions in their carboxyl termini by genetic engineering caused them to be secreted rather than maintained in cell membranes of transfected COS cells. Truncated E2 was secreted in the absence of E1, whereas E1 lacking its transmembrane domain required coexpression of E2 for export from the cell. Secreted E2 was found to contain both O-linked and N-linked complex glycans, whereas secreted E1 retained virus neutralization and hemagglutination epitopes, suggesting the possibility of using soluble RV antigens as subunit vaccines and for serodiagnostic purposes. Stable Chinese hamster ovary cell lines secreting RV E1 were constructed for large scale preparation of recombinant E1.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Hobman
- Department of Pathology University of British Columbia Research Centre Vancouver, Canada
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38
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Kalvenes MB, Kalland KH, Haukenes G. Radioimmunoprecipitation and immunoblot studies of antibodies to rubella virus in patients with chronic liver disease. Arch Virol 1994; 136:73-85. [PMID: 8002792 DOI: 10.1007/bf01538818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis (AICAH) and some other chronic liver disorders often have very high titres of rubella HI antibodies. In the present study sera from 46 patients with chronic liver disease and controls were examined for rubella antibodies using radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) and Western blot. RIPA appeared to be more suitable than Western blot for the study of the individual antibody specificities provided that proteins (possibly actin) interfering with the resolution of the E2 glycoprotein band are identified. It was shown that patients with high rubella HI titres reacted strongly against the E1 glycoprotein and in general also against the core protein (C). Reactivity to the E2 glycoprotein was detected with all sera from patients with chronic liver disease but varied more in strength. Three patients with post-acute rubella showed very faint E2 reactivity, but strong E1 and C reactivities. Patients with primary biliary cirrhosis had normal HI titres and showed no increase in reactivity in RIPA. The present findings show that patients with chronic liver disease and high rubella HI antibody titres exhibit an enhanced specific antibody response to rubella virus structural proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Kalvenes
- Gade Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Bergen, Norway
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39
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Cusi MG, Bianchi S, Cioè L, Valensin PE. Expression of recombinant E2 and C proteins of rubella virus in insect cells. Arch Virol 1994; 137:35-41. [PMID: 7979996 DOI: 10.1007/bf01311171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have constructed a recombinant baculovirus expressing the rubella virus E2 (42-45 KDa) and C (34 KDa) proteins. Sf9 cells infected with recombinant virus were able to synthesize and process the two proteins coded by a unique precursor gene. By immunoblot and immunoprecipitation analysis with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, a precursor polyprotein (66 KDa) and two other proteins migrating with an apparent molecular weight of 42 KDa and 36 KDa were recognized as E2 glycoprotein and C protein, respectively. The recombinant E2 protein appeared to be glycosylated since it was susceptible to tunicamycin. The results indicate that the RV polyprotein coding for E2 and C is expressed and proteolytically cleaved in insect cells. This baculovirus expression system provides a useful alternative approach for the production of rubella virus antigens and should allow the purification of large quantities of the RV proteins for further biochemical and immunological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Cusi
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Siena, Italy
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40
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Abstract
This chapter summarizes the present medical significance of rubella virus. Rubella virus infection is systemic in nature and the accompanying symptoms are generally benign, the most pronounced being a mild rash of short duration. The most common complication of rubella virus infection is transient joint involvement such as polyarthralgia and arthritis. The primary health impact of rubella virus is that it is a teratogenic agent. The vaccination strategy is aimed at elimination of rubella and includes both universal vaccination of infants at 15 months of age with the trivalent measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine and specific targeting with the rubella vaccine of seronegative women planning pregnancy and seronegative adults who could come in contact with women of childbearing age, although it is recommended that any individual over the age of 12 months without evidence of natural infection or vaccination be vaccinated. Medically, the current challenge posed by rubella virus is to achieve complete vaccination coverage to prevent resurgences.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Frey
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta 30303
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41
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Muller CP, Schroeder T, Tu R, Brons NH, Jung G, Schneider F, Wiesmüller KH. Analysis of the neutralizing antibody response to the measles virus using synthetic peptides of the haemagglutinin protein. Scand J Immunol 1993; 38:463-71. [PMID: 7694357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1993.tb02589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Infection or immunization with measles virus induces a protective immune reaction including neutralizing antibodies against the haemagglutinin and fusion protein. The reactivity of the polyclonal IgG response of sera obtained from late convalescent donors was studied, using overlapping 15mer peptides covering the complete sequence of the measles virus haemagglutinin. Most sera reacted with a similar set of peptides generating a characteristic binding pattern. The reactive peptides correspond to a region mediating cell hemolysis (aa310-325), to regions which serve as targets to neutralizing antibodies and to a putative transmembrane region (aa35-58). The latter region contains also a human T-cell epitope providing evidence of a non-random association of T- and B-cell epitopes. We also immunized different strains of mice and rabbits with measles virus. In contrast to the human sera, animal sera with strong neutralizing activities did not react with any of the H-protein peptides. The mostly weak reactivities with the linear sequences contrast with the strong neutralizing activities of the human or animal antibodies, suggesting that these primarily recognize the fusion protein or conformational epitopes of the haemagglutinin protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Muller
- Laboratoire National de Santé, Luxembourg
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42
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Lovett AE, Hahn CS, Rice CM, Frey TK, Wolinsky JS. Rubella virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses: identification of the capsid as a target of major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted lysis and definition of two epitopes. J Virol 1993; 67:5849-58. [PMID: 7690412 PMCID: PMC238003 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.10.5849-5858.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in immunity to rubella virus (RV) infection is unknown. Lymphocytes of RV-immune individuals were prestimulated on an RV-infected MHC class I-matched (or partially matched) fibroblast monolayer which generated CD8+ lymphoblasts capable of lysing RV-infected fibroblast targets in a class I-restricted manner. Using an infectious Sindbis virus (SV) vector which expressed the RV capsid protein (SV/RubC), lymphocytes from 17 of 22 RV-immune individuals prestimulated on RV-infected fibroblast monolayers lysed SV/RubC-infected fibroblast targets. A sequence within the amino terminus of the capsid protein that was previously shown to contain immunodominant class II-restricted T-cell epitopes was evaluated for class I-restricted epitopes. Fibroblast targets pulsed with synthetic peptides representing subsequences within C1 to C29 (subscripts indicate amino acid positions) were lysed effectively when the targets and effectors matched at multiple class I alleles. By limiting the number of matching class I alleles, an A2-restricted epitope was identified within C9 to C22 and an epitope that could be presented by multiple class I molecules was identified within C11 to C29. A sequence such as C1 to C29 which contains both MHC class I- and MHC class II-restricted epitopes recognized by a heterologous human population may serve as a component of an effective synthetic vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Lovett
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston 77030
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43
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Mitchell LA, Décarie D, Tingle AJ, Zrein M, Lacroix M. Identification of immunoreactive regions of rubella virus E1 and E2 envelope proteins by using synthetic peptides. Virus Res 1993; 29:33-57. [PMID: 7692685 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(93)90124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Relatively large (16-33 aa) synthetic peptides (SPs) representing defined sequences of rubella virus (RV) E1 and E2 envelope proteins were used in lymphocyte stimulation and enzyme immunoassays to map immunoreactive regions recognized by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) and serum antibodies from healthy RV-seropositive, RV-seronegative, and RV-vaccinated adults. Five distinct immunoreactive regions were identified in RV E1 protein, spanning residues (11-39), (154-179), (199-239), (226-277), and (389-412), which stimulated cellular responses in 29-83% of the subjects tested. Two SPs, E1(213-239) and E1(258-277) containing previously-identified virus neutralizing antibody domains, reacted with serum antibodies and also stimulated lymphoproliferation suggesting that these E1 sequences contain linked or overlapping B-and T-cell antigenic sites. The frequency and magnitude of cellular responses to E2 SPs were somewhat lower. SPs encompassing E2 residues (50-72), (140-199), and (244-263) stimulated lymphocyte responses in 28-64% of the subjects tested, while to a lesser degree, SPs within residues (1-36) were also stimulatory. E2 SPs within the regions (1-36), (151-170), and (244-263) also showed low levels of antibody reactivity with sera from RV-seropositive subjects. E2(244-263) which induced the highest level of response among the E2 SPs tested, was of interest due to previous reports of sequence homology of this RV region with human myelin and its potential immunopathogenic role in demyelinating autoimmune diseases. Identification of these potentially immunodominant regions of RV envelope proteins is an important first step in the rational design of new RV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Mitchell
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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44
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Ou D, Chong P, Tingle AJ, Gillam S. Mapping T-cell epitopes of rubella virus structural proteins E1, E2, and C recognized by T-cell lines and clones derived from infected and immunized populations. J Med Virol 1993; 40:175-83. [PMID: 7689090 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890400302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To design a safe and effective synthetic peptide vaccine against rubella virus (RV) infection, it is necessary to identify immunodominant T-cell epitopes of RV structural proteins. To define such epitopes, 49 overlapping synthetic peptides (17-34 residues in length) corresponding to more than 95% of the amino acid sequence of RV virion proteins E1 (23 peptides) and C (11 peptides) and all of E2 (15 peptides) were synthesized and tested for their capacities to induce proliferative responses of rubella-specific T-cell lines and T-cell clones derived from 4 study groups (5 women infected with RV in pregnancy, 5 patients with congenital rubella syndrome, 5 seropositive healthy donors, and 5 RV vaccine recipients). The most frequently recognized epitopes were E1-21 (residues 358-377) with 11/20 responders, E2-4 (residues 54-74) with 6/20 responders, and C11 (residues 255-280) with 11/20 responders, respectively. E1-10 (residues 174-193), E1-16 (residues 272-291) and E1-18 (residues 307-326) were responded to strongly by corresponding T-cell clones, and were recognized by 4 or 5 T-cell lines. T-cell lines derived from three congenital rubella syndrome patients did not respond to any of the synthetic peptides. The results showed that more T-cell epitopes were present in E1 (19/23) and C (10/11) than in E2 (8/15). The identification of T cell sites recognized frequently by RV-infected or -immunized populations could provide the basis for selecting candidate T-cell epitopes for the development of an effective synthetic vaccine against rubella.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ou
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Canada
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45
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Urade M, Mima T, Yamamoto N. Structural gene products and morphogenesis of a hybrid between rubella virus and a hamster latent retrovirus. RESEARCH IN VIROLOGY 1993; 144:129-39. [PMID: 8511398 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2516(06)80021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We studied the structural gene products and morphogenesis of the hybrid between rubella virus (RV) and a latent retrovirus (R-type virus or R virus) of a baby hamster kidney cell line, BHK21/WI-2. In electron microscopic analysis, the rubella virion measures 80 nm in diameter and has a round nucleoid form with an electron-lucid centre, while R-type virus is 110 nm in diameter and has a round nucleoid with radial spokes. The type 2 hybrid (H2) virion is pleomorphic, ranging from 85 to 110 nm in diameter, and has a nucleoid structure similar to R virus, with short spokes. Indirect immunofluorescence staining of H2-infected cells with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against the RV structural proteins demonstrated expression of the homologous RV gene products. SDS-PAGE of 35S-methionine-labelled proteins in RV- and H2-infected cells revealed that they both produce four major immunoprecipitable proteins, three of which (E2a, E2b and C) are products of the two genetic homologous loci (e2 and c). In nonhomologous regions, RV-infected cells exhibited E1 protein, while H2-infected cells produced the Env protein of R virus. Western immunoblotting analysis of RV and H2 viral proteins with mAb confirmed that H2 virions carry rubella viral E2 and C proteins and that E1 protein is carried by RV but not H2 virion. These results explained the absence of serological cross-neutralization of haemagglutination and plaque-forming ability of RV and H2 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Urade
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Faculty of Dentistry, Japan
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46
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Moore WT. Integration of mass spectrometry into strategies for peptide synthesis. BIOLOGICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1993; 22:149-62. [PMID: 8461339 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200220303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W T Moore
- Analytical Chemistry Center, University of Texas Medical School, Houston 77030
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47
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Wolinsky JS, Sukholutsky E, Moore WT, Lovett A, McCarthy M, Adame B. An antibody- and synthetic peptide-defined rubella virus E1 glycoprotein neutralization domain. J Virol 1993; 67:961-8. [PMID: 7678312 PMCID: PMC237450 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.2.961-968.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously described a monoclonal antibody (MAb) library generated by infecting BALB/c mice with rubella virus (RV) and selected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using purified virion targets. Plasmid pARV02-01, which expresses the fusion protein RecA1-35-GIGDLGSP-E1(202)-E1(283)-GDP-LacZ9-1015 in Escherichia coli, was shown to be a ligand for MAbs E1-18 and E1-20 (J. S. Wolinsky, M. McCarthy, O. Allen-Cannady, W. T. Moore, R. Jin, S. N. Cao, A. Lovett, and D. Simmons, J. Virol. 65:3986-3994, 1991). Both of these MAbs neutralize RV infectivity. A series of five overlapping synthetic peptides was made to further explore the requirements of this MAb binding domain. One of these peptides (SP15; E1(208) to E1(239)) proved an effective ligand for both MAbs in the ELISA. Stepwise synthesis of SP15 defined the minimal amino-terminal requirement for binding MAb E1-18 as E1(221) and that of MAb E1-20 as E1(223); the minimal carboxyl-terminal requirement is uncertain but does not exceed E1(239). Immunization of mice and rabbits with SP15 induced polyvalent antibody reactive with SP15, with other overlapped and related but not unrelated synthetic peptides, and with RV. The rabbit anti-SP15 antibody showed neutralization activity to RV similar to that of MAbs E1-18 and E1-20 but lacked hemagglutination inhibition activity. These data define a neutralization domain on E1 and suggest that the RV epitopes conserved by SP15 may be critical for protective host humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Wolinsky
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston 77225
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48
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Williams LL, Lew HM, Shannon BT, Singley CT, Davidorf FH, Jin R, Wolinsky JS. Phagocytosis of latex beads is defective in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells with persistent rubella virus infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1993; 142:451-61. [PMID: 8434641 PMCID: PMC1886738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis, a secondary function of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells essential to sight, was significantly decreased, when measured with latex beads, during persistent rubella virus (RV) infection of human cultured RPE cells. A target for RV in vivo, RPE cells infected with RV (RPE/RV) ingested fewer fluorescent microspheres (26%) than did uninfected RPE cells (68%) (P < 0.001), as measured by flow cytometry. In RPE/RV cells, with characteristic RPE monolayer appearance and normal growth during subculturing over 6 months, persistent RV infection was shown by specific RV antigen immunofluorescence, by the presence of the RV genome in RPE/RV cell messenger RNA, and by recovery of cell-free RV after cocultivation with Vero cells. The adhesion of latex beads to apical cell surfaces of RPE/RV and uninfected RPE cells appeared similar, as imaged by scanning electron microscopy. Cytoskeletal actin, a component of phagocytosis in RPE, appeared altered in 60 to 75% of RPE/RV cells by antiactin immunofluorescence staining, as previously described in other RV-infected cells, but its role in the disturbed phagocytosis of latex beads was not determined. Persistently RV-infected human RPE is an additional example of RV-associated secondary cellular dysfunction in the absence of cytopathic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus
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McCarthy M, Lovett A, Kerman RH, Overstreet A, Wolinsky JS. Immunodominant T-cell epitopes of rubella virus structural proteins defined by synthetic peptides. J Virol 1993; 67:673-81. [PMID: 7678302 PMCID: PMC237418 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.2.673-681.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sets of overlapping synthetic peptides containing predicted T-cell epitope motifs were designed from the murine monoclonal antibody-defined map of linear B-cell epitope domains within each of the structural proteins of rubella virus (RV). The peptides represented well-defined subsequences of two capsid domains (C1 to C29 and C64 to C97), of a domain of glycoprotein E1 containing neutralizing determinants (E1(202) to E1(283), and of a domain of glycoprotein E2 (E2(31) to E2(105). With the exception of peptides representing C64 to C97, each set of peptides stimulated varied but individually specific lymphoproliferative responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 25 to 50% of a representatively large number of normal, RV-immune human donors with diverse human leukocyte antigen (HLA) backgrounds. Responses were mediated by CD4+ T cells in association with HLA class II antigens, though lymphoproliferative responses to a given peptide were usually not HLA-DR allele specific. Correlation analysis of responses to overlapping peptides suggests that there is an immunodominant T-proliferative epitope within C14 to C29 recognized by approximately 50% of the donor population. However, limiting-dilution analysis indicated much variability between individuals in lymphocyte recognition of this T-cell determinant, even within similar HLA-DR contexts. Thus, the fine specificity of relatively immunodominant T-cell epitopes may vary from individual to individual. Synthetic peptides with predicted T-cell motifs have proved to be useful probes of the molecular determinants of cellular immunity to RV and should expand the rational basis for the design of synthetic RV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M McCarthy
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston 77225
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Leinikki P, Lehtinen M, Hyöty H, Parkkonen P, Kantanen ML, Hakulinen J. Synthetic peptides as diagnostic tools in virology. Adv Virus Res 1993; 42:149-86. [PMID: 7679241 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60085-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Leinikki
- HIV Laboratory, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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